Flaws in Pakistans Education System

Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences; Vo. 4 No.

Flaws in Pakistans Educational System

Dr. Nushad Khan2

Abstract The paper aims to identify prevalent problems in the Pakistani educational system with a view to find out their solution. Education system of any country is meant to equip and facilitate the nation to pursue national goals and strengthen its ideological foundations. Presumably the existing education system of the country has failed to deliver matching response to the call of our national ob ectives and aspirations. Introduction Education plays an important role in political stability! economic development and social progress of a nation. "t brings political stability by reali#ing the people their national rights and duties and thus through awareness of their rights and duties! a very good environment is created for better implementation of the policies and good participation and cooperation of the people. Education brings economic development because it enhances the productivity and efficiency of the people! and provides them necessary skills which enable the people to play their role in supporting the sustainable economic growth of the country. Education shapes the personality of the people! seeks them moral obligations and duties! so they can play their part in the society. Today Pakistan is facing a number of problems i.e. poverty! insecurity! terrorism! sectarianism and many more and base provided to all these problems by lack of awareness! tolerance and illiteracy! developed by ineffective educational system. The vital role and significance of education system is largely neglected in Pakistan. There are also some other factors responsible for instability in Pakistan but education is the crucial one. Education system of Pakistan is facing some serious problems. Though! $% years have been past and %& policies and actions planned have been introduced yet the education sector is waiting for solution of its problem i.e. multiple system of education! lacking of adequate funds! inadequate physical and other facilities! poor examination system! dropouts! low enrollment rate! inconsistency in education policies! aimless education! no free and compulsory education! political interference!
1 2

Hina Rehman, M.Phil Research Scholar, Dept. of Pakistan Studies, Islamia olle!e uni"ersit#, Pakistan, Dr Nushad Khan, Dean of Social $ %eha"ioral sciences, Islamia olle!e &ni"ersit#, Pesha'ar, Pakistan

() Hina Rehman & Dr Nushad Khan

Flaws in Pakistans Education System

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corruption! ! outdated curricula! poor management and supervision! lack of research! seculari#ation of education and deficiency of professional teachers. "n order to address these problems! there is a dire need for the formulation of rational policies and plans as well as adequate system for their implementation. The ob ective of this study is to scrutini#e the problem being faced by the education sector in Pakistan and to suggest possible solutions to these problems. 'efore we come to the more complex and complicated problems of education! let us first determine what education really is. The word education is derived from the (atin word )educare* which literally means )to bring out*. Thus education in a way can mean the bringing out and the development of all the inherent potentialities of an individual +"qbal! ,-.,/ Education is the constructive factor for any society. "t open new hori#on for the people to perceive things in different dimension. 0e need education because without it we cannot be a united and strong nation. 0e cannot properly understand our national aims and the way of achieving them if most of our people remain uneducated. "f most of our people get education they can understand the value of unity and discipline in life. They can cooperate with one another in different fields of life. They can understand and work for their own high aims and those of their nation or country. They can understand and obey the law of land and become good citi#ens. Education can enable our people to make proper industrial! agricultural! and technical progress. Educated people prove to be more efficient and beneficial for the society. +1enium! %2,,/. Educational objectives-in case of Pakistan 3ince independence! attempts have been made to relate the education system to the needs and inspirations of the country. "n a message to the first educational conference! held in ,-45! the founder of Pakistan 6uiad7e78#am 9uhammad 8li :innah had observed that 0e have to build up the character of our future generations! which means highest sends of honor! integrity! selfless services to the nation! and sense of responsibility! and we have to see that they fully qualified and equipped to play their part in the various branches of economic life in a manner which will do honor to Pakistan. +6urashi! ,-5;/ <arious commissions and committees were established from time to time during the educational history of Pakistan by various regimes. "t is however our sad to observe that in spite of all efforts and important given to education sector! standards of education have gone down. "t is a matter of serious concern to find that educational degree awarded in Pakistan have lost their past prestige and recognition +"qbal! ,-.,/. However aims and ob ectives of education are formulated by various national educational policies as= (1 Hina Rehman & Dr Nushad Khan

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To reestablish the existing education system with a view to provide social! political and spiritual need of society. To preserve the ideology of Pakistan within the "slamic ethos ensured in the ,-5& constitution To promote unity and patriotism and the desire for the welfare state To preserve and promote cultural and ethical norms and religious toleration To provide equal educational opportunities to all citi#ens of Pakistan To create responsible members of society and global citi#ens To develop democratic and moral values To review confidence in public education systems by raising the quality of education in government institutions To improve services of education governance and management To improve the quality of education particularly relevant to the need of the economy To eradicate illiteracy within the shortest possible time through different illiteracy programs To enable the individuals to earn their livelihood through skills which further contribute to the national economy To encourage planning have been undertaken by the government but without taking the ground realities into account and without participation of the community and proper implementation of these policies +"qbal! ,-.,/. research in higher education institutions that will contribute to economic growth of the country To organi#e a national process for education development that will reduce disparities across the country +>aki! ,-.-/.

ANA !SES "F PE#$AI IN% E&'(A)I"N S!S)E*

(2 Hina Rehman & Dr Nushad Khan

Flaws in Pakistans Education System

Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences; Vo. 4 No.

?espite lot of effort that has gone in since ,-45! Pakistan@s education system of Pakistan is facing a lot of problem because it is not according to the needs of the society. 8 number of draw backs A grey areas that have been identified by this study are=

*ulti+le System of Education Today our education system does not offer the environment and opportunity of one and equal system of education. 0e have a very divisive education system which has created a huge gap among the nation and penetrated deeply into our culture. Thus different tiers have been created in our system over a period of $2 years to facilitate the hold of the elite over the governing of our nation. There are many systems working in the country! resulting in social division and conflict. Today our multiple tier education system can be highlighted in the following categories= (ambrid,e Education system- This foreign education system is exclusively for the children of very rich so that they can after graduation go overseas for higher education on the foreign exchange provided to them by Pakistan 3ate 'ank. 3o the students from the elite class follow the )B* and )8* levels curriculum instead of Pakistan@s domestic! the poor quality curriculum. They have little or no awareness of their religion and culture. Pakistan Secondary Education System- This is provided by private and government schools! one for the middle class and other for the poor. The one for the middle class has medium instruction in English and the other one in Crdu. The children from these institutions! if they happen to have good grades and the parental financial capital go to the colleges of their preference and the rest either become clerkA cashiersA sales person in a shopA worker in the factoryA any other work which comes in their way. *aderessa. Education System- This is supposed to provide religious educationD however! poverty is another factor that restricts the parents to send their children to public or private school so that they prefer to send their children to madressah where education is free. Religious madrassas churn out yet another class that is usually unaware of the world outside their own. This one has no name and consists of children who are born in misery and die in misery. +3ayan! %22./ Aimless EducationEducation develops the roots of any nation. 8ny nation prepares

their generation according to their ideological! cultural! social and religious norms through (* Hina Rehman & Dr Nushad Khan

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Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences; Vo. 4 No.

education but the education system of Pakistan is entirely aimless. "t would probably be more correct to say that its sole aim is to produce manpower for running the administration which inherited by Pakistan from colonial system +6uddus! ,--2/. Bur education system is producing goods for no means and use. 3ocially culturally and politically unrest is caused by improper education of our new generation! who can play a role of weapon for the developing of country. Bur education system did not preserve our social cultural and religious norms +6urashi .,-5;/.in %,st century where western countries have made huge advancement towards science and technology we are still lagging behind in them in respective field. Bur system is not imparting knowledge rather preparing parrots. ?evelopment of thinking! reasoning and talent creation is missing. +Hayes! ,-.5/ Seculari/ation of Education= ideology but it is still unclear 8ny nation prepares their generation according to their that what should be the "slamic content of our curriculum. Bur

ideology! culture and religion through education. Pakistan is an ideological state based on "slamic system of education is not able to protect our religious norms and guide our new generation according to "slam. ?espite highlighting technological and literal knowledge backwardness! government is concentrating on abolishing "slamic norms and values and hinders patriotism of Pakistani people +Hayes! ,-.5/ ake of +rofessional teac.ers= Bver the years since independence public have seen various

political parties in action! various reforms about education! various declarations on paper but nothing has been fulfilled in prosperous way. The main reason of the failure of our educational system is grooming of less technical faculty. Bur methods have been stereotyped and new techniques of teaching and materials to make lessons more interesting to the students have not been adopted. 9ost of our teachers oined teaching ust as a ob to earn their livelihood. Eramming is part and parcel of our academic calendar! students are asked to spoon feed the technical terms instead of perceiving their fundamental concept! emphasi#e is given on amount then on logic. Bver these years education department have hardly spend any funds on advance coaching of their faculty staff which still stuck in the old age teaching techniques and are unaware of modern methods of teaching and convincing students thorough sheer knowledge. 3tudents are not able to lose library and other modern educational facilities nor are they able to get helped from their teachers. Rote learning is common practice both because of the educational tradition and because of lack of teaching material. Teachers relay mainly on lecture method. +"qbal! ,-.,/.Bne of the chronic problem of our education system is the shortage of teachers due (+ Hina Rehman & Dr Nushad Khan

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to which merit criteria is ignored though the number of teachers has been gradually increasing but it does not match favorably with the number of students and there is a gap between the students and teachers ratio. +6urashi ,-5;/ &ro+outs= The provision of providing basic education has been a goal since independence

and enrolment have been increasing but percentage of student completing primary school has been falling. Bnly &2 percent of those who enroll in primary education ever reach to their matriculation exam. The ma or problem in our education is the large number of dropouts. "t is estimated that it is mostly due to economic reason and unattractive school environment. Thus our school going children cannot even acquire the basic skill of learning and a number of them fall back in to the category of illiterates. +6uddus! ,--2/ Poor e0amination SystemExaminations are conducted to test the ability of a student and find

out his standard of academic learning and knowledge. 'y the use of illegal practice in our examinations have become very widespread and spoiled its ob ectives. The problem of illegal practices concern the examiners the invigilators! the students! the parents and examination board. The students look upon a degree as a passport to employment in a commercial commodity which can be purchased if you pay the price. Cnfortunately! some parents also share same views and have actively helped their children in using unfair means to pass the examination but the most tragic part of the story is that our educationists has also been contaminated by the poison of this evil. Bur poor examination system encourages rote learning and cramming. This system is critici#ing for its tendency to define education as the pursuit of high marks and not the development of intellectual power through learning. Bur examination system is not regarding as an accurate measure of actual achievement and future performance. This poor system spoiled our education standard. +6urashi! ,-5;/ Inade1uate Facilities= 8ccording to several reports! most of the public sector educational

institutions remain in a state of disrepair and lack even basic facilities resulting in substandard education. Bvert crowded classroom! low standard and over worked teachers in adequate teaching material ill7equipped laboratories having poor staff ! shortage of diaries with lack of modern books verities! lack of physical facilities and virtually crippled children under the dead weight of their curriculum are some of the usual site in educational institutes of Pakistan. Cnder such condition they cannot be expected to achieve the standard expected from them. +Hayes! ,-.5/

(, Hina Rehman & Dr Nushad Khan

Flaws in Pakistans Education System ow Enrollment #ate=

Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences; Vo. 4 No.

Though Pakistan has made some effort and improving the enrollment

rates at the primary level! the achievement at present in this regard is still far below than other countries in the region. The present enrollment rate at Pakistan is ;4 percent for males and &2 percent which is very low and comparison to other countries of the region which have by and large crossed the ,22 percent mark for both male and female. Teacher absenteeism! untrained teachers! inadequate materials and obsolete teaching methods are the main reasons for low enrolment in schools2 9ost of the public schools are poorly managed! impart education of poor quality! use poorly written textbooks and use curricula that are not relevant for the needs of the %,st century. "ut -dated (urriculum= Pakistan emphasi#e is given on quantity not on quality which will

make things more worse for our future generation. The curriculum of our education system is not based on its ob ectives to create the power of reasoning in a child. "t has no direct connection with the practical life which the students will have to face! when he becomes a mature person of the society. Bur curriculum is not updated to compete with the rest of the world in modern education. Bur national survival both in term of economy and defense potentials depends entirely on the kind of education we provide to our children. The basic problem is that our curriculum is not promoting the interest of the student towards practical work and scientific knowledge. +Hayes! ,-.5/ Administration and Su+ervision= 9ost of our educators are not trained and experienced enough in the skill of organi#ation and the art of administration. 3upervision in our government institution in particular and many private ones in general is totally lacking. This may be due to the complacent attitude of supervisor are due to their incompetence. Csually in efficient supervisor are often introduce in academic in there is relatively little incentive for them to improve their skills in the relive field. "t is mostly concerned with procedural ensued such is controlling the teachers rather than giving direction. 3upervisor are generally overburden with a wide variety of tasks. 8ll education institution need to be efficiently supervised and administer in order to ensure quality of education. There for an effective efficient system of checks and balances is required otherwise we will keep on grouping in the dark in our aim to become in enlightened will never reach. Political Interference= Educational planning and administration suffered from a lack of in

effective feedback. Regular input enquiry from the bottom is lacking because our educational (Hina Rehman & Dr Nushad Khan

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planning in administration is regularly effecting by unnecessary and uncalled political and bureaucratic intervention. 8 lot of political interference is noted in the appointments transfer and violation of merit. +Husain. %2,,/ Pakistan has not been able to develop basic administration and infrastructure for an effective planning! is it existsD planning is based too much on the idea of political official and little gross root enrollment. +Hayes! ,-.5/ None free (om+ulsory Education= 3eeking of knowledge is the religious duty of every

9uslim to get it is the religious duty of every 9uslim. To get it done is the biggest responsibility of the state. "n our education system is there is no free and compulsory education for the entire citi#en available on equal bases. "n the other countries of the region there is free and compulsory basic education in order to create discipline and feelings of common identity and integration! irrespective of their social and economic background. +Hayes! ,--5/ Educational Policies= 8 number of educational policies were introduced from time to time

by various regimes in the history of Pakistan for reforms but due lack of implementation and inconsistency! it showed no result. 9a or policies decisions are made under threats from strongest pressure group or by the political leaders for their own political slogan rather than in keeping with the overall needs of the country. (ittle are no research is done on the implication of these policies and there long term costs. 3imilarly! there is hardly any harmoni#ation between the federal and provincial governments which leads to poor policy implementation. There are also complaints that the government@s consultation with the non7state sector does not necessarily result in action. Teachers have also been generally ignored in the policy making process +>aki! ,-.-/ Insufficient 3ud,et Allocation= The share of public education expenditure in national

budgets increased in many regional countries but it has declined in Pakistan. 8ccording to the "nternational Erisis Froup! Pakistan is one of only ,% countries in the world that spends less than % percent of its F?P on education. (ess than fifty percent of the funds allocated for development expenditure of the 9inistry of Education at the federal level are actually utili#ed 2 8 ma or reason for this underutili#ation of funds is their complex financial allocation and release system. The province lack the finical resources to achieve the goal of universally primary education +3ayan! %22./ (entrali/ationThe problem with the education in Pakistan is that we donGt make academic decision! we make political decision in academic areas Pakistan is normally federal system under which the authority over education as centrali#ed. The province has no independent (( Hina Rehman & Dr Nushad Khan

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authority in all institution of education but share it with the central government. "n addition all specific important institution of education department e.g. budget! policy making etc are control by centre. +Hayes! ,-.5/ (orru+tion= Eorruption is one of the ma or contributing factors for failure of educational

policy. "t is due to lack of accountability and transparency along with low salaries of the staff. 3imilarly a large number of schools are operating in the records but do not actually exist! rose in record by some corrupt officials. There is also political! social cultural and moral corruption found in our education system. Teachers poorly paid in the best of circumstances! made extra money by tutoring and payment of bribes. The ultimate corruption was the outright sale of bogus certificate and degree. Hor transferring and posting often required payment of bribes to government agencies. +Hayes! ,-.5/ %ender &iscrimination and #e,ional Ine1ualities= The adult female illiteracy rate in

the country was twice as high as for males. The illiteracy rate was %&.&I for males and 4$.-I for females. The number of educational institutions! the literacy rate among both males and females! the number of private educational institutes and the available educational facilities are not equally provided all over the country.+6uddus!,--2/ #E("**EN&A)I"NS Hollowing are some suggestions to improve the education system in Pakistan= A++ro+riateness of (urriculumThe curriculum is usually inappropriate or at least

inadequate for the set goals in many disciplines. There should be an integrated system in which one step leads to the next to enable a student to develop a truly sound base for the discipline he or she is interested in .curriculum should be made updated to compete he the modern world. Eomputer education should also be introduced gradually. Religious education should be incorporated in curriculum. 8t the proper stage! 8rabic language should also be introduced for greater unity in the Cmmah! and for better understanding of "slam. True understanding of "slamic teaching can only be achieved if the people of "slamic ideology are given due important in the teaching of "slamiyat! Pakistan studies and 8rabic language. Eurriculum should be made interesting by institutions as museums! internet clubs! libraries! etc. "nteresting and informative documentaries and activities should also be design. Eontributions from the public can also be sought for this purpose. (. Hina Rehman & Dr Nushad Khan

Flaws in Pakistans Education System 'niformity of Educational Systems=

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There are many systems working here! resulting in

social division and conflict. Hor example we have English medium schools! Crdu medium schools! and religious madrasas. There for a uniform system of education for all the citi#ens should be introduced. Bne medium of instruction should be introduced! for which English is suggesting which the demand of the modern world is. &eclare Educational Emer,ency= The present government should declare a national

educational emergency and involve the whole nation! including the army! in waging a war against illiteracy. Hor this it is suggested that it should be made a mandatory requirement for various degree programmes that the candidates! after taking their exams! shall spend a specified period of time in teaching at assigned institutions which should be given in a udicious and practical manner! 8sk for volunteers with specified qualifications to contribute their services in their areas of work or residence under organi#ed bodies of the government. 8sk the public to contribute voluntarily for this purpose financially. Im+rove )eac.er4s Selection Process and )eac.in, met.ods0e can improve quality of

our education through teachers training because the education can only be good as the teachers. Teaching is not an as much easy profession as much it is considered in our country. Hence while hiring teachers there should be very critical process. "n our country most of teachers hired due to their relationships with local 9J8s. 8nd in most places teachers hired but they do not attend schools in remote places. 3ome time teachers put any one else on their place and en oy their pay while sitting in home and give some percentage to their substitute teachers. Hiring process should include written test! interview and demonstration .Teaching is an art and everyone could not teach! it should be checked through demonstrations. Fovernment should compare its training mode with training of elite schools teachers. Br government should train trainers from elite school@s trainers to improve whole training menu. "ntroduce high quality selection procedure for higher level teachers and introduce modern teaching techniques by use of 8.< aids. 3tress should be given to develop basic skills because usually even our postgraduates lack basic skills. Poor teaching is the most prominent problem! so various teams of experts should be involve in performing the improvement teaching methods by introducing and implementation of various trainings. 9odern techniques should be adopted. "nstruction in science! history and social studies should be incorporated in language teaching at the primary and secondary levels through activities and pro ects.

(/ Hina Rehman & Dr Nushad Khan

Flaws in Pakistans Education System Facilitate t.e )eac.ers -

Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences; Vo. 4 No.

Teaching ob is not attractive in Pakistan. 9ost of girls and boys do

teaching ust for time pass in their study gaps. The teacher@s ob has no respect and status in or country! that@s why we have lot of low standard and unqualified teachers. The hiring process! facilities and pay packages of teachers also shows that teacher ob is a poor ob and professional people do not prefer it. Fovernment should make this ob attractive by announcing number of income packages especially for those who hired in remote areas. Remote area teachers should be facilitated by resident and transport facility along with additional pay. 8ttractive salaries pakage should be introduced for the teachers and other officials to minimi#e the chances of corruption . 8nother problem with Pakistan is brain drain. Eapable and outstanding professionals prefer foreign obs instead of serving in their own country. This is due to the low financial output and indifferent attitude of go. 'y facilitating them we can restore our outstanding professionals. 8ward system should also be introduced in shape of medals and increments for good performance. Sc.olars.i+s Pro,rams3tudents should be given more scholarships and government should

support the intelligent and outstanding students. Higher education commission should send position holder students of intermediate under their strict observations and conditions! to foreign developed countries for studies with full facilities and contracts to return after completion of studies. Ehina adopts the same strategy to meet the global competitiveness. 'anks should be encouraged to give student loans on easy bases. Parents trainin, Institute and Adult iteracy Sc.ools"n developed countries besides

teacher@s training there is strong concentration on parents training. Ehildren passed only . to $ hours with teachers and remaining ,$ hours with parents. Ehildren learn from all sorts of activities and experiences in their life therefore there is a dire need to improve their all teachers +parents are real teachers/. Parents should be trained that how should they behave with their children in different matters! how could they create tolerance and democratic attitude in their children Formation of 3ook 3anks- 'ook banks mostly exist within schoolsD they should be developing officially like other banks. Elite people and foreign donors along with government and JFBs should donate books! copies! stationary! uniform and bags in the bank for poor people in the country. 9oreover there should be special branch for student@s fee! where fee for poor children could be submitted by rich people. The bank should be advertised in media and "nternet and people should encourage in supporting poor people for education. .) Hina Rehman & Dr Nushad Khan

Flaws in Pakistans Education System *ake Annual #e+orts (om+ulsory-

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Hor better monitoring and evaluation all schools

should bound to submit annual reports to complaint desks. Then compliant desk should compare reports with complaints and manipulate progress of each. 9embers from complaint desks should also visit suddenly to schools for strict check and balance. 8nnual reports should contain all sorts of statistics on students along with number of parents meeting in the school and views complaints and problems of parents. These reports should be utili#ed to check improvement in whole system and to establish new policies to new issues Promote #esearc.The research is the key to the solution of many problems and has

basic significant in bringing above qualities and improvement in education. "n recognition of this fact national institute of educational research should be establish to conduct research! facility and communication! provide gelidness and counseling. Cniversities professors should be facilitated to conduct research. 0e are ust allocating less than two percents of F?P. Educational budget should be increased at par with international limited to research related activities. The standard of Cniversities should be research centers only and must not be allowed to conduct graduate or post7 graduate examinations. High priority should be given to research and development and technology! in order to solve practical problem. Educational AdministrationExisting administrative in supervision has never been

equating the tasks of a society. There for the federal ministry of education! provisional department of education and directives of education plus other agencies should be managed by qualified and experienced educationist. Free and (om+ulsory Education- Hree and compulsory education should be provided on equal bases up to metric. Primary education should be made compulsory and free of costD it is already free of cost but not compulsory. Provision of Necessary Fundin,- (ack of funding is also a problem. 8ccording to CJB standards a country should allocate 4 percent of its F?P towards education but in Pakistan a very low spending on education is found! only about ,.5 percent of the F?P. 9oreover it is very clear that if existing funds utili#ed fairly then there could be no shortfall of funds. Im+lementation of Policies"mplementation of policy should be insuring instead of

introducing new policies. There should consistency in these policies which can provide gradual

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steps for one another for better implementation. Teachers professors and other educationist should be consulted in the policy making process. E0amination System)o show good result in educational reforms great stress should be

given examination system. Education ministry should try their best to conduct pure examination system. "t is suggested that equal important should be given to external as well as to internal assessment! to eliminate the chances of corruption and illegal promotion. (onclusion There is no denying the fact that education is the backbone in the development of any nation. "t develops the people mentally! physically! socially and spiritually. The countries that have an effective system of education also happen to be the leaders of the world! both socially and economically. 8ny nation prepares their generation according to their ideological! cultural and religious norms but our education system did not preserve our norms. "f we prepare our generation properly! according to our needs and make them faithful and patriotic then they can play their role as useful and secured weapon otherwise we are preparing enemies of our own country. "n short it is education! which can turn the population of any country from a burden to human resource. 9oreover! prior to devolution! the policy and planning have been undertaken by the central and provincial governments without taking into account the ground realities and without the participation of community. The main ob ective of the devolution plan is to empower the community at the grassroots level in planning! management! resource mobili#ation and utili#ation! implementation! monitoring and evaluation of Education system to improve the standard. The main problematic issues of education systems in Pakistan are= lack of professional teachers! high dropout rates particularly at primary level! outdated curriculum! lack of accountability! multiple system! political interference! insufficient funds! corruption! poor examination system! lack of research and lack of proper implementation of policies etc. Pakistan@s dire state of education sector and policy implementation demands immediate attention from the government. 0ithout doubling its current financial commitment to education! Pakistan cannot meet it. 0e are on the verge of destruction and only factor which can build up our society is Education! so it@s our responsibility to work for betterment of our education reforms so that we lie up our self along western countries.

.2 Hina Rehman & Dr Nushad Khan

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#eferences Hayes!?.(ouis!+,-.5/! !"e crises of Education in Pakistan! (ahore= <anguard 'ook! (td. Hussain! 9a#har +%2,,! :anuary! % nd/! Food supervision Kkey to quality Larachi! P! %&. "qbal! 9! +,-.,/! Education in Pakistan! (ahore= 8#i# publishers. 6urashi! ".H! +,-5;/! Education in Pakistan! karachi= 9a!aref (T?. 6uddus! :afar Jaseem! +,--2/! Problem of education in Pakistan! Larachi= Royal 'ook Eompany. 3ayan!Hida!Hussain!+%22.!?ec!&,st/!Pakistan existing education system! Retrieved from wwwM +%2,,!:uly!,./ >aki! 0.9! +,-.-/ E$aluation of education %lans and %ro&ects ! "slamabad= Jational 'ook Houndation Education! !"e #awn!

.* Hina Rehman & Dr Nushad Khan