Rare-earth elements in New Mexico

by VirginiaTMcLemore, Robert M. North, and Shawn Leppert, New Mexico Bureau of Mines andMineral Resources, NM,87801 Socorro, Introduction The rare-earth elements (REE) include a group of 15chemicallysimilar elementscalled the lanthanide group because lanthanum is the first of the series(Tablel). One of the group, promethium, is a fission product of uranium and occurs in nature only in trace amounts(Adamsand Staatz, 1973). Yttrium, although not a lanthanide, is included as a REEbecause it typicallyoccurswith REEand has similar chemicalproperties(Fig. l). AII REE, including yttriuh, harr" u val6nce of 3 and similar ionic radii (0.85-1.03 A; Weast, 1970); therefore, they can easily substitute for one another in crystal structures and are always found together. Scandium has chemical properties similar to those of the REE and is sometimesincluded with them; however, scandium and the REE don't always occur togetherin nature. REE are grouped into two classesaccording to chemicalsimilaritiesand geochemical 1trinili9s: the light REEor cerium group (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu) and the heavy REEor vttrium group (Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, tm, Yb, Lu, Y). Typically one group tends to predominateover,theother group in rnineralsalthough nearly all are usually present. REE are found in more than 100 minerals (Adams and Staatz,1973; Anstett, 1986), but significanteconomicconcentrations of them are rare. Some of the more common REEbearing minerals are monazite (lanthanumcerium phosphate),bastnaesite (cerium fluocarbonate),xenotime (yttrium phosphate), and euxenite (REE columbite-tanialitei, qTong others. Monazite generally contains 55-65% REE oxides although it can contain as much as 707oREE oxides and 2VoYrO, (Anstett, 1986). Bastnaesite and xenotime contain appreciableamounts of REE. Apatites normally contain only small amounts of REE but can contain up to 20Vototal REE oxides (Roederet al., 1987). Other minerals, especiallymultiple oxide minerals, such as samarskite (REE columbite-tantalite), contain substantialamounts of REE, but their economicsignificance is minor. Industrial applications of REE include petroleum cracking catalysts, metallurgical uses, ceramics and glass, electrical applications, and other uses such as phosphors (Adams, 1965; Anstett, 1986; U.S. Bureauof Mines, 1987).Mixtures of REEchloridesare used as catalyststo convert crude oil into various petroleum products. They are important components of permanent magnets, the most powerful of which usesa neodymium-iron-boron alloy. This application alone is worth almost $100million annually (Anstett, 1986). Superconductors allow the transmissionof electriccurrent with very low resistanceand may replacecurrent methods of producing and transmitting energy. Superconductorscurrently utilize a REE ceramic, but they function most efficiently at extremely low temperatures (-300'C to - 175"C). Research is aimedat more practical superconductorsand will most likely require a specific REE. Recent developments in superconductors and better, more powerful permanentmagnetsmay increase the demand for REE. REE are currently recovered by two companies in the United States. Molycorp Inc. mines bastnaesitefrom a carbonatite at Mountain Pass,California, and accountsfor much of the country's REEproduction and reserves. Reserves at Mountain Pass areestimated to be 40 million tons of ore grading l2Vo bastnaesite(Anstett, 1985).AMC Ltd., a subsidiary of Renison Goldfields Ltd., recovers monazite as a by-product of titanium-zirconium placer deposits at Green Cover Springs, Florida. Total production of REE oxides from these two deposits in 1986 amounted to approximately14,000 tons (U.S. Bureauof Mines, 1987). Although current and past production of REEis low, reflecting the limited demand for these elements, technological advances in superconductors may significantly increase the demand for REE.Therefore the NMBMMR is investigating REEdepositsin New Mexico; this article is a summary of known deposits and occurrences in the state. Geology of REE in New Mexico General Four types of REEdeposits are recognized in New Mexico: veins and breccias,pegmatites, carbonatites, and Cretaceous heavymineral, beach-placerdeposits (Table2, Fig. 2). The most significant deposits in the state arefound in veins and breccias although some pegmatites contain substantial amounts of REE. Even though the largest REEdeposit in the world occursin a carbonatite,known carbonatites in New Mexico tend to be small and contain, at best, modestamounts of REE. Minor amounts of REE have been produced from veins and brecciasand pegmatites in New Mexico (Table 3). Most of this production occurred during the 1940'sand 1950's (jahns, t9M; Adams,1965; |ahns and Ewing, 1976).None of the deposits in the statehave yielded anv ore recently,but a few "being areas are currently investigated by
mrnrng comPames.

TABLE 1-REE

and related elements.

Element

Atomic Atomic Symbol number weight

Lanthanides (rare-earth elements) Lathanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Related elements Scandium Yttrium

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tt) Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Sc Y39

57 58 59 60 67 62 63 & 65 66 67 68 69 70 7t 2l

138.9 140.1 740.9 1M.2 745 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0 45.0 88.9

Mg

9o.r'.
FIGURE 1-Section

i.9;:''.'.' Tfi

of the periodic table of the elements showing the REE and related elements.

New Mexico Geology May 1988

Vein and breccia deposits Vein and breccia deposits of REE occur as tabular bodies, narrow lenses, and breccia zonesalong faults, fractures,and shearzones. The deposits vary from a few feet to 1,000ft long and from less than one inch to 10 ft wide. The veins are spotty, discontinuous, of variable grade, and may contain signifiof niobium, thorium, and cant concentrations uranium in addition to REE. Vein and breccia deposits are found at Laughlin Peak (1 in Fig. 2), Gallinas Mountains (2), Capitan Mountains (3), Cornudas Mountains (4), Caballo Mountains (5), Zuni Mountains (6), and the Bromide district (7). Many of these deposits are associatedwith fluorite veins.The GallinasMountains deposit had been a significant nonplacer and nonpegmatite deposit in the U.S. prior to the

discoveryat Mountain Pass.Depositsin the Capitan Mountains occur with quartz. The host rocks are alkalic and include trachyte, alaskite,nephelinesyenite,syenite,and alkali granite. The veins in the Caballo Mountains might be Cambrian-Ordovician in age (Mclemore, 1986)whereas the majority of the remaining depositsare probablyTertiary. Elsewhere in the United States and the world, vein and breccia deposits of REE are commonly associatedwith alkalic rocks and Adams (Heinrich, 1955; carbonatite complexes and Staatz,7973).Twosmall carbonatitedikes occur in the vicinity of REEveins at Laughlin Peak and REE veins might occur in areasin have been New Mexico where carbonatites found. The mineralogy of known vein and breccia deposits in New Mexico is poorly understood. In the Laughlin Peak area, brockite,

crandallite,and xenotime have been reported occurs in the Gal(Staatz,1985).Bastnaesite linas Mountains (Glass and Smalley, 1945) and possibly the Zuni Mountains (Zadra et al., 1952). Specific mineralogy of other deposits in New Mexico is shown in Table2. The potential for REEin veins and breccias in the state is good; however, very little geologic work has occurredin most areas. Detailed geologic mapping, geochemical sampling, mineralogicalstudies, and drilling of these depositsare needed. Pegmatites A number of pegmatiteshave yielded production of REE in the past (Tables2 and 3), but in general pegmatites are Poor mining targetslthe REE minerals are scattered throughout the rock and are difficult to mine
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FIGURE 2-REE

deposits and occurrences in New Mexico. Location numbers referred to in Table 2

May 1988 Nm Meico Geology

*Chemical analyses by Lynn Brandvold and associates, TABLE 2-Deposits and occurrences of REE in New Mexico. Location numbers refer to Figure 2. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, samples collected by V. T. Mclemore; -, no data. Location no.

Name Laughlin Peak

Location Colfax County

Type(s) of deposit
veins,carbonatite dikes veins, breccia

REE-bearingminerals
brockite, crandalite, xenotrme bastnaesite (5-707")

Chemical analyses 70-7000ppm La, 70-10,000ppm I 150-2000ppm Ce

1400 lbs fluorite contained 3.2% REE oxides

References

Staarz, L982,1985,1986,1987; Mclemore and North, 1987 Glass and Smalley, 1945; Soul6, 7946a;Perhacand Heinrich, 7964;Perhac, 7970; DeMark, 1980 Mclemore, Griswold, 1959; NMBMMR file data 1983a; Zapp, 1l94l;Collins, 1958; Warner et al.,1959; Barker and Hodges, 7977; NMBMMR file data Doyle, 7951;Melancon, 1952; et a\.,7965; Staatz Mclemore, 1983a,1986 Zadra et aI., 7952;Goddard, 1966,7974;Mclemore et al., 1986 Bingler, 1968;NMBMMR file data Kelley, 1968;Foord et a1., 1983;Moore and Foord, 1986; Roederet a1.,7987

Gallinas Mountains

Corona

Capitan Mountains

Capitan

breccia veins

allanite

Cornudas Mountains (Wind Mountain)

Otero County

velns

eudialyte

*2500ppm La, 4350ppm Ce, 330 ppm Y *1235ppm Ce, 770 ppmLa, 270ppm Nd, 242 ppmY

Caballo Mountains

Sierra County Grants

velns

thorite, bastnaesite, thorogummite bastnaesite

Zuni Mountains Bromide district Pajarito Mountain

velns

Tusas Mountains Otero County

vetns

allanite, monzonite, xenotlme allanite, thorite, eudialyte, elpidite, apatrte monazrte, samarskite, apatlte

unknown (possibly veins); occurrence ln quartz syenite pegmatlte

Petaca district

Tusas Mountains

*660 ppm I 660 ppmYb, 606 ppm Dy, 396 ppmEr, 186ppm Gd

Jlst, 1937;lahns, 1946; Wright, 1948;Redmon, 1961; Bingler, 1968;Robertson, 1976;Merker, 7981 Soul6, 7946b;Jahns, 1946, 1953;Jahns and Ewing, 1976, 1977 ; Taggart, 1976;Brookrns et a|.,1979

Harding district

Picuris Range

pegmatite

microlite, monazite, allanite, thorite, tantalitecolumbite allanite, thorite, thorogummite, apatrte, zircon, uranophane monazrte/ samarskite, tantalitecolumbite microlite, mica, rcPaz monazite

11

Vermejo Park area

northern Taos County

pegmatite

91-337 ppm Ce, 40-737 ppmY, 0-130 ppm La, 23-176 ppm Nb

Zalenka, l9M

12

Elk Mountain

Sangre de Cristo Mountains

pegmatite

Holmquist, 1946;Jahns, 7946; Griggs and Hendrickson, 1951; Redmon, 1961; Survey et al., U.S. Geological 1980;Klich, 1983 Jahns,1953;Shefferand Robertson, Goldsmith, 1969; Survey 197 6; U.S. Geological et al., 1980 whole rock samplesof quartzite: 582 ppm La,1160 ppm Y; 959 ppm La,1020 ppm Y by ernission spectromehy (U.S. Dept. of Energy files) Harley, 7940;Robertson, 1976

Rociada district

Las Vegas Range

pegmatite

14

El Porvenir

Las Vegas Range

pegmatite, vein

(continued on page 36)

Nat Mexico Geology MaY 1988

TABLE 2 (continued) Location no'

Name
Tecolote

Location
Las Vegas Range

Type(s) of deposit
pegrnatite

REE-bearingminerals
monazlte, tantalite--columbite allanite, euxenlte/ samarskite, cyrtolite allanite, euxenlte/ samarskite, ryrtolite, thorite

Chemical analyses

References Harley, 1940;Robertson, 1976 Gillerman, 1964;Richter and Lawrence, 1983;Richter et al..,7986 Gillerman, 7964;Staatz, 7974; Hedlund, 1978

t5
16

White Signal

Burro Mountains

pegmatite, veins(?)

1,7

Gold Hill

Burro Mountains

pegmatite, veins

18

Monte Largo Hills Lobo Hiil

Sandia Mountains

carbonatite dikes

79

Moriarty

carbonatite dike

*795 ppm Ce, 385 ppm La, 305ppm Nd, 123ppm Y *2225 ppmLa, 3500ppm Ce, 975 ppm Nd, 146ppm Y

Lambert, L961;Kelley and Northrop, 1975; Mclemore, 1983b Loring and Armstrong, L980; Mclemore, 1984

20 21

Lemitar Mountains Chupadera Mountains

Socorro County Socorro County

carbonatite dikes, veins carbonatite dikes, veins

bastnaesite zirkelite

Total REE0.19wt% 46-7ffi ppmY, 8-4, 900 ppm Ce, 80-1700ppm La, 110-650ppm Nb

Mclemore, 7982,7983b,7987 Mclemore, 1983b,7987; Van Allen et al., 1986

22

Sanostee

Sanfuan County

heary-mineral, beach-placer deposit heary-mineral, beach-placer deposit healy-mineral, beach-placer deposit

z1rcon/ monazite

Allen and Balk, 1954;

Chenoweth, 1957;Dow and Batty, 1967;Binglea 1963; Brookins, 1977 Archet 1957;Chenoweth, 1957;Dow and Batty, 1961 *8375ppm 4230ppm 3250ppm 650 ppm 550 ppm Ce, La, Nd, Pr, Y Allen, 1956;Chenoweth, 1957; Sun and Allen, 1957; Houston and Murphy, 7977

Toadlena

SanJuan County McKinley County

zlrcon, monazlte

Gallup

zircon, monazlte

25

Farmington placers Other placers

Farminugton heary-mineral,
beach-placer deposit

ztcof\, monazite

Chenoweth, 1957;Dow and BaIty, 1961;Mclemore, 1983a Chenoweth, L957;Dow and Batty, 7967;Mclemore, 1983a

San Juan Basin

healy-mineral, beach-placer deposit

zficon, monazrte

and process selectively.At least 75 pegmatites in New Mexico contain minerals of REE, thorium, and uranium; 49 of these pegmatites occur in the Petacadistrict (9 in Fig 2). The pegmatites generally are Precambiian in age and intrude granitic and metamorphic rocks; however, some in the Burro Mountains are Tertiary. They vary in size but are typically several hundred feet long and several tens of feet wide. The REE-bearing mineralscommonly occur in the albite-rich zones and some concentration of REE minerals occurs in fractures within the quartz cores. Numerous REE-bearing mineralshavebeen reported to occur in pegmatitesin New Mexico (Northrop, t959; fahns, 1946);the more common minerals include monazite, samarskite, apatite, allanite, microlite, and thorite.

In New Mexico, the carbonatitesoccur as dikes with associatedstockworks; large intrusive bodies such as those at Iron Hill, Coloradoand Mountain Pass,Califomia have Carbonatites notbeen found here.Allcarbonatites,except Carbonatites are unique carbonate-rich the one at Laughlin Peak, intrude Precamrocks of apparent magmatic origin that are brian host rocks and are probably Paleozoic characterized by distinct but variable minin age (Mclemore, 1983b,1987).TheLaugheralogy, composition, and associatedalter- lin Peak carbonatite intrudes a phonoteation. They commonly contain minerals of phrite that was dated by potassium-argon REE, uranium, thorium, niobium, and other methods as 25.3 + 0.9 m.y. (Staatz,1986). valuableelements.In New Mexico, carbon- The dikes range in thickness from less than atites have been found in five areas:Lemitar one inch to more than 3 ft, and they are and Chupadera Mountains, SocorroCounty discontinuousalong strike because of pinch(20and 21 in Fig. 2 and Table2); Monte Largo outs, faults, or erosion. A few dikes in the Hills, Bernalillo County (18);Lobo Hill, Tor- Lemitar and Chupadera Mountains can be rance County (19);and Laughlin Peak,Col- traced intermittently along strike for more fax County (1). than 1,000ft (Mclemore, 1982;Kent, 1982).

Geochemical analyses of selected samples from pegmatites in the Petaca district are shown in Table 2.

May 1988

Nan Mexico Geology

TABLE 3-Production of REE-bearingminerals from New Mexico deposits.Locationnri-b"rr refer to Figure 2 and Table2.
Location No.
Gallinas Mountains

Production 1,16,000lbs of bastnaesite concentrate 112 lbs of samarskite, few hundred pounds of monazite, 12,0tX) lbs of Ta-Nb-REE ore More than 22,000 pounds of miaolite concentrate containing an average of 58% Ta2Oqand 7% Nb2O. 500 lbs of Ta-U-REE concentrate 1.5 tons of nicrolite concentrate, several thousand tons of REETa ore $10,000 worth of teryl, tantaItHolumbite, and monzite Some production the 1950's during

Petaca district

Harding district

t2
13

Elk Mountain

Rmiada district

15

Tecolote

17

Gold Hill

at the top of beach deposits and, in places, in two or more intervals. Thev rarelv extend for more than several hundred feet in length and are on.ly tens of feet wide and 3-5 ft thick. Heavy minerals compose about 50-60% of the sandstones and consist predominately of magnetite, ilmenite, and other iron-titanium oxide minerals. REE-bearing minerals found in these deposits include monazite, zircon, aPatite, and allanite, among others. Very little geochemical work has been done; one sample from the Gallup placer contained8,375 ppm Ce, 4,230 ppm La, and 550 ppm Y. The individual beach placers in New Mexico are low tonnage and probably low grade; they remain undeveloped. It is estimated that collectively the resources amount to a total of 4,747,2N tons of material contatningT2.S2Vo TiOr,2.07% ZrO,, 15.51% Fe, and less than 0.10% eThO, (radiometric equivalent; Dow and Batty, 1951). The REE content is unknown and probably low. Additional deposits probablv remain undiscovered in the San Juan Basin. Similar deposits have been intercepted in several holes during drilling for coal by the NMBMMR. However, the small size, Iow grade, and difficulty in recovering economic metals currently discourages largescale mining.

Barker, D. S., and Hodges, F. N., 79n, Mineralogy of intrusions in the Dablo Plateau, northern Trans-Pecos magmatic province, Texas and New Mexico: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 88, pp. 1428-74:35. Bingler, E. C.,7963, Niobium-bearing Sanostee heavy mineral deposit, San Juan Basin, northwestern New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Circular 58, 63 pp. Bingler, E. C., 1968, Geology and mineral resources of Rio Aniba County, New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Bulletin 91, 158 pp. Brookins, D. G., 79n, Upper Cretaceous black sand deposits of the San Juan Basin: New Mexico Geological Society, Supplement to Guidebook to 28th Field Conference, pp. 31 33. Brookins, D. G., Chakoumakos, B. C., Cook, C. W., Ewing, '1.979, R. C., Landis, G. P, and Register, M. E., The Harding pegmatit+summary of recentresearch: New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook to 30th Field Conference, pp. 127-133. Chenoweth, W. L., 1957, Radioactive titaniferous healymineral deposits in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado: New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook to 8th Field Conference, pp. 212277. Collins, G. E.,1958, Preliminary reconnaissance for uranium in the Comudas Mountains, Otero County, New Mexico, and Hudspeth County, Texas: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, DBO-4-TM-5, 1,6 pp. DeMark, R. S., 1980, The Red Cloud mines, Gallinas Mountains, New Mexico: Mineralogical Record, v. 11,

pp. 69-72. Dow,V T., andBatty, Reconnaissance of titanl. V, 1951,

iferous sandstone deposits of Utah, Wyomtng, New Mexico, and Colorado: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report Investigations 585(), 52 pp. Doyle, J. C., 1951, Geology of the northern Caballo Mountains, Siena County, New Mexico: unpublished M.S. thesis, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socono,51 pp. Foord, E. E., Moore, S. L., Marvin, R. F., andTaggart, J. 8., Jr., 1983, Petrology of the Proterozoic syenites at Paiarito Mountain and the Tertiary igneous complex of the Siena Blanca region, Otero County, New Mexico (abs.): Mineralogical Society of America, Symposium on Alkaline Complexes, abstracts, 5 pp. Gillerman, E., 1964, Mineral deposits of western Crant County, New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Bulletin 83, 213 pp. Glass, J. J., and Smalley, R. G., 1945, Bastnaesite [Gallinas Mountains, New Mexico]: American Mineralogist, v. 30, pp. 601-615. Goddard, E. N., 1956, Geologic map and sections of the Zuni Mountains fluorspar district, Valencia [Cibola] Counry New Mexico: U.S. Geological Suruey, Miscellaneous Geological Investigations Map I-454. Goddard, E. N., 1974, Fluorspar deposits of the Zuni Mountains, Valencia [Cibola] County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Suruey, Geologic Division Field Records File 3735. Griggs, R. L., and Hendrickson, G. 8., 1951, Geology and ground-water resources of San Mrguel County, New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Ground-water Report 2, 121 pp. Griswold, G. 8., 1959, Mineral deposits of Lincoln Coun$, New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Bulletin 67, 117 pp. Harley. G. T., 7940, The geology and ore deposits of northeastem New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Bulletin 15, 104 pp. Hedlund, D. C., 1978, Geologic map of ihe Gold Hill quadrangle, Hidalgo and Grant Counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Suruey, Miscellaneous Field Map MF1035, scale 7:24,0ffi. Heinrich, E. W., 7966, The geology of carbonatites: Chicago, Rand McNally and Company, reprinted in 1980, 555 p. Holmquist, R. J., 1946, Exploration of the Elk Mountain nica deposit, San Miguel County, New Mexico: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigation 3927,7 pp. Houston, R. S., and Murphy, I. F., 9n, Depositional environment of Upper Cretaceous black sandstones of the western interior: U.S. Geological Suruey, Professional Paper 994-4, pp. A7-A29. Jahns, R. H., 1946, Mica deposits of the Petaca district, Rio Aniba County, New Mexico, with a brief description of the O;o Caliente district, Rio Aniba County, and the Elk Mountain dishict, San Miguel County; New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Bul-

REE-bearing minerals in these carbonatites include apatite, fluorite, and complex iron-titanium oxides. Bastnaesite occurs in a Lemitar carbonatite dike (Mclemorc, 1982, L983b, 798n. REE contents are variable. Four samples of carbonatites from the Lemitar Mountains ranged in composition from 503 to 661 ppm La, 999 to I,207 ppm Ce, 59 to 76 ppm Sm, and 90 to 122 ppm Y (Mclemore, 1987). Samples of the Chupadera carbonatites ranged from 80 to 1,7fi) ppm La, 8 to 4,900 ppm Ce, and 46 to 700 ppm Y (Van Allen et al., 1985). Other analyses are listed in Table 2. The potential for minable concentrations of REE in carbonatites in New Mexico is uncertain. None of the areas have been explored at depth; only a few shallow trenches have been dug in some areas. It is possible that greater potential lies at depth; drilling is needed, especially in the Lemifar and Chu-padera Mountains where numerous dikes are found at the surface. Heavy-mineral, beach-placer sandstones Heavy-mineral, beach-placer sandstone deposits are concentrations of heavy minerals that were formed on beaches or in longshore bars in a marginal marine environment (Houston and Murphy, 1977). Numerous beach-placer sandstone deposits are found in the San Juan Basin and aaleast three wells have penetrated similar deposits in the subsurface (Table 2). Although beach-placer deposits may be found in sfrata of ali ages, "are the known deposits in New Mexico restricted to Cretaceous rocks. These deposits vary in color from olive gray, to rust brown, to maroon; they are commonly called black sandstones. They occur

Summary Economically, the most important REE

deposits in New Mexico are found in veins and breccias. Pegmatites can be mined sporadically but yield little REE production. Exploration of the REE deposits, especially of the veins, breccias, and carbonatites, is required to properly assess the REE potential in New Mexico. The New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources plans to continue geologic mapping and geochemical sampling of some of these areas and additional potential targets. AcrNowr-EpcMENT#This manuscript was reviewed by john Adams, Mortimer Staatz, Bill Mansker, and Robert Eveleth, and their comments are greatly appreciated. Lynn Brandvold and associates, New Mexico Buteau of Mines and Mineral Resourcesanalyzed various samples for REE content.

References
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Nru Mexico Geology May 1988

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Neur Mexico Ceology