INTRODUCTION Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to discover the flow of fluid through a circular pipe and

its relationship to the friction factor on the Reynolds number. In this experiment, the pipes roughness is not accounted for because they are made out of copper, and for investigative purposes, is considered smooth. Theory Bernoullis equation demonstrates the changes in energy along a fluid flow in a frictionless, incompressible and steady flow. The Bernoullis equation between points 1 and 2 along a streamline is shown as, (1) [1]

where, P denotes the pressure of the fluid at each point, is the specific weight of the fluid, u is the velocity, g is the gravitational acceleration and z is the height above a point that is fixed as 0. Each term in Bernoullis equation represents a different form of energy. The initial term represents potential energy, the second term is kinematic energy and the last term is work done by the fluid on surrounding as it moves along the fluid flow. However, when fluid flow occurs in a realistic scenario, there is a friction factor that decreases the amount of energy obtainable as fluid moves through a pipe. To keep this in consideration, the following term, Darcy-Weisbach, is added to the right hand side of Bernoullis equation (1), (2)
[1]

Where, u again is the velocity of the fluid, g is the gravitational acceleration, f is the friction factor, which corresponds with Reynolds number, D is the diameter of the pipe, and L is the length. Experimental data that relates the friction factor to the Reynolds number has been obtained for fully developed pipe over a wide range of wall roughness. The results of these data are presented in Figure [1.0], which is commonly referred to as Moody diagram, named after Lewis F. Moody (1880-1953). [2]

Figure [1.0] Moody Diagram [2] Bernoullis equation can now be rewritten by combing equations (1) and (2),
[1]

Summary The experiments objective was to analyze the dependence of the friction factor on the Reynolds number (for the flow of a fluid through a circular pipe, neglecting roughness of the insides of the pipes). The procedure basically involved water being pumped through four copper tubes, with variations to the flow rate of water by adjusting the flow control valves. Through the experimental procedure, data, calculations and results, it was determined that the friction factor is correlated to the Reynolds number, because as the Reynolds number got larger, the friction factor got smaller. Additionally, it was also determined that velocity is correlated to the Reynolds number, because as the Reynolds number increased, the velocity also increased.

APPARATUS Four copper tubes of various diameters Pump with automated pressure-regulating valve Differential manometer connected to each pipe by a system of valves Flow control valve Rotameter Figure 1.1 Water is supplied through pump; automated pressure regulating valve

Figure 1.2 Differential manometer connected to each pipe by a system of valves

Figure 1.3 Rotameter at inlet of pipes

Figure 1.4 Copper tubes of various diameters

PROCEDURE 1. All four control valves were opened at the end of each pipe. The pump was then turned on and all of the air in the system was cleared. 2. Next, the flow control valves on all pipes except the smallest were closed, and the flow rate was adjusted to a setting that gave the highest loss when measured by the differential manometer. 3. All manometer readings and flow rate measurements were recorded. 4. The flow control valve was adjusted to a loss of about 10 cm and step 3 was repeated. 5. Again, the flow control valve was adjusted to a loss of about 2.0 cm and step 3 was repeated. 6. The manometer valves for the smallest pipe were closed and the next largest pipe was opened. Steps 3, 4, and 5 were repeated. 7. Step 6 was repeated for the final two pipes. The flow rate through the largest pipe exceeded the rotameters capacity with the flow valve fully open. It was adjusted to the rotameter.

OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS

Table 1: Flow rate, velocity, Reynolds number and friction factor

Pipe Diameter (m) 0.02581

Flow Measure Rotameter (L/min) 75 51 33.5

Head Loss Inlet (in/m) 48 62 62 75 67.75 63 73 67 63 Outlet (in/m) 26.5 51 56.5 39.5 50 54 44.5 52.5 55.25 Loss (m) 21.5 11 5.5 35.5 17.25 9 28.5 14.5 7.75

Flow Rate (m3/s) 1.25 E -3 8.5 E -4 5.58 E -4 6.67 E -4 4.42 E -4 3.08 E -4 1.92 E -4 8.67 E -5 4.67 E-5

Velocity (m/s)

Reynolds Number

Friction Factor

LOG ( Reynolds number) 4.79 4.62 4.44 4.64 4.46 4.31 4.28 3.92 3.66

2.39 1.63 1.07 2.25 1.49 1.04 1.46 0.64 0.35

61686 42070 27617 43785 28995 20238 19141 8390.4 4589

0.00501 0.00552 0.00613 0.00546 0.00605 0.00662 0.00672 0.00825 0.0096

0.01946

40 26.5 18.5

0.01311

11.5 5.2 2.8

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS To find volumetric flow rate, Q, is given in L/min, to get it to m3/s, the following conversion factor was used,

For a flow measure of 75 L/min, the converted volumetric flow rate would be,

Next the area of the cross section, A, of each pipe was found,

where D is the pipes diameter. The area of the cross section with the largest diameter of 25.81 mm was found to be, ( )

With the areas being found, the velocity, v, was able to be calculated,

The velocity of the largest pipe with a volumetric flow rate of 1.25X10-3 m3/s is found to be,

Next Reynolds number, Re, is calculated,

where is the density of water and is the viscosity.

The Reynolds number at a velocity of 2.39 m/s, a density of water, 1000kg/m3 [3] and a viscosity of 0.001 Pas [4] was found to be

Finally, the friction factor, f, was found. The equation used was the one for turbulence. This is because all the Reynolds numbers found were larger than 4000. ( )

The friction factor for the Reynolds number of 61685.9 is found to be, ( )

GRAPHS
0.012

0.01

0.008

Friction factor

0.006

0.02581 diameter 0.01946 diameter

0.004

0.01311 diameter

0.002

0 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5

LOG Reynolds number

Figure 2: Friction factor Vs. LOG (Reynolds number) for different pipe sizes. In this graph there are no transition regions or laminar flow, all the flows are turbulent.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The copper wires were considered to be hydraulically smooth. This meant that the friction factor is based only on the Reynolds number formula and thus, the surface roughness could be ignored. The volumetric flow rate correlated with the rotameter, and therefore, we can find the volumetric flow rate from the measurement taken. The velocity was simply found by dividing the volumetric flow rate from the area. The diameters used for the areas were the diameters of each pipe. To find the Reynolds number, the formula

was used. As the Reynolds number

was obtained for each one, several conclusions were made. The first was that the Reynolds number is a function of velocity and as we know, velocity can be found from volumetric flow rate. It is clearly evident that all values were above 4000, which tells us that all flows in this experiment are turbulent. Therefore, there are no laminar or transition flows because those regions would have to correspond to Reynolds number values less than 4000. In a general sense, the Reynolds number is the ratio of the inertial forces and the viscous forces. With low magnitudes of velocity, we can expect the Reynolds number to be incredibly small because the viscous effect would govern the motion of flow. In the case of this experiment, it would be possible to reach the laminar region if the flow rate was adjusted in such a manner that a lower velocity would be obtained. Friction factor is also a function of Reynolds number, and it is seen that as the Reynolds number gets larger, the friction factor gets smaller.

REFERENCES [1] N.p., n.d. Web. <https://courses.ryerson.ca/bbcswebdav/pid-2434899-dt-content-rid4174592_2/courses/che217_f13_01/Lab_Pipe%20friction%281%29.pdf> [2] Potter, Merle C., and D. C. Wiggert. Mechanics of Fluids SI Version. 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1991. Print. [3] O'Neil, M.J., ed. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 14th ed. Internet version 2006, <http://themerckindex.cambridgesoft.com> Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.: Merck& Co. Inc., 2006. [4] "Viscosity." - The Physics Hypertextbook. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://physics.info/viscosity/> 24 Nov. 2013.