Scribd
Upload
334 views4 pages

Human Physiology

This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of human physiology. It describes how physiology began as the study of the functions of anatomical structures and specialized into areas like cell physiology and organ-specific physiology. Key figures like Aristotle, Herophilus, Erasistratus, and Galen made early observations and theories about anatomical structures and blood flow. However, William Harvey's discovery of the modern circulatory system significantly advanced the field. Later, microscopic studies by Malpighi, Hooke, Schleiden, and Schwann led to the discoveries of cells and cellular processes. The modern concept of homeostasis describes the body's ability to self-regulate its internal environment through dynamic balancing of various fluids, substances, and functions

Uploaded by

shahzain92
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
334 views4 pages

Human Physiology

This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of human physiology. It describes how physiology began as the study of the functions of anatomical structures and specialized into areas like cell physiology and organ-specific physiology. Key figures like Aristotle, Herophilus, Erasistratus, and Galen made early observations and theories about anatomical structures and blood flow. However, William Harvey's discovery of the modern circulatory system significantly advanced the field. Later, microscopic studies by Malpighi, Hooke, Schleiden, and Schwann led to the discoveries of cells and cellular processes. The modern concept of homeostasis describes the body's ability to self-regulate its internal environment through dynamic balancing of various fluids, substances, and functions

Uploaded by

shahzain92
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Introduction to Human Physiology

Physiology- Is the study of the functions of anatomical structures. All physiological


functions are performed by specific anatomical structures. The functions allow
standard physical and mechanical principles.

Specialities of physiology:

Cell physiology-

Special physiology- Function of specific organs.

Systematic physiology -

Pathological physiology-

Pathophysiology-

-The body is divided into 11 organ systems

-Blood → Sanguine type; cheerful, confident.

-Black Bile → Melancholy.

-Yellow Bile → Choleric person associated with excitement and easily angered.

Blood corresponds to air.

Phlegm represents water.

Black bile represents earth.

Choler represents fire.

-Human quantities and proportions balance a person’s shape, physical, and


psychological.

-There are 105 element subs

-Genetic makeup constitutes individual uniqueness.


-The body is composed of universal elements obeying laws of nature. The hormones
balance within body.

Today’s concept of Homeostasis-

-Self regulating process involves not only fluids but also dynamic process.

-Health results from balances among body fluids, substances, and functions
(achieves equilibrium).

→ Inherited from Renaissance.

→ Body worthy of most rigorous study and eloquent description.

Aristotle (383-322 B.C.)

-Blood vessel.

-Heart → Keeps human alive.

- Lungs (furnace requirement).

-Air (cooling agent).

-Observed flow of blood between arteries and veins (no capillaries were identified
then).

-Suggested vessels disappear and appear on blood flow.

Herophilus (335-280 B.C.)- The first psychologist.

-Brain → Seat of intellect.

-Arteries → Thicker than veins.

-Pulse determined

-Variation occurs when diseased condition.

Erasistratus (310-240 B.C.)-

-Blood → In liver from food.

-Delivered to body parts → via veins.

-Arteries → Air vessels.

-Air → Pneuma (living force). Through lungs to heart’s left side.

-Transported to body → In “airy” form through artery.


-Explained blood instead of air from cut vessel.

The Pneumatology of Galen (Greek: 130-201 B.C.)- demonstrated that blood,


and not air flows through the arteries (used a goose feather).

-Practiced dissection of gladiators.

-Expanded previous observation and despite some disproven ideas regarded as


pioneer physiology till Renaissance.

-Blood from food in liver, took natural spirits, carried to organs (natural spirits
needed for functions).

-Depletion of spirit blood returned on same venous pathways to liver for refuelling.

-Blood flows in both ways in vessel. (Later the knowledge of valves was introduced
in the Renaissance).

-Some blood with natural spirits went from the right side of the heart to the left side
and contracted pneuma → further transformed into vital spirits, which is a higher
form of pneuma → further carried to the brain → further transformed into animal
spirit (higher form of pneuma).

-Forms of pneuma are responsible for various functions.

Discoveries of European Renaissance-

→ Revolutionized physiology.

-Dominated with Galen’s physiology.

William Harvey’s (1578-1657)-

-Discovered the modern theory of heart circulation.

-Passing of blood from right to left via lungs.

-Notion of heart as a pump.

-Maintains circular movement of blood.

-Air and blood meeting within heart, but accepting lungs. (Like as Galen’s cooling
organs).

Key features:

→Heart as a pump by contraction to expel blood.

→Blood passage.
Vesalium (1514-1564)-

-Drawing of dissections revised Galen’s suggestions.

-Created 6 anatomical tables, showing labelled parts of the body.

-Initially followed Glen’s assumptions → vital spirits changed into animal spirits at
base of human brain (as presence of organ).

-Showed in drawings and never observed in human body.

→Conclusions based on combination of creative speculation and simple


experiments.

-He reasoned instead of each beat pumping a new...

Microscopic studies of Malpighi (1628-1694)-

-Harvey’s explanation of blood flow.

What we breathe-

-Air elemental, irreducible, a living substance drawn into lungs to cool heart and
become pneuma.

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)- Identified special compartments called cells in cork


using a simple microscope.

-German biologists, Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann discovered cells.

-All cells have the same fundamental chemical makeup and metabolic processes.

ATP → Source of cell energy.

-Oxygen linked to utilization of ATP, release of ATP allows cells to function.

-ATP fuels the life of cells.

Idea of Homeostasis-

→ Body temperature thought to vary from person to person, and also be gender,
age, and etc.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy