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Combinational Circuit Analysis and Design

This document discusses analysis and design of combinational circuits. It begins by distinguishing combinational circuits, whose outputs depend only on current inputs, from sequential circuits, whose outputs depend on input history. There are three main types of combinational analysis: exhaustive using truth tables, algebraic using expressions, and simulation. Circuit outputs are compared to functional descriptions under various test conditions. The document then covers constructing truth tables, signal expressions, equivalent logic functions, and transforming circuits to optimize implementations. Examples analyze different combinational circuit designs and transformations.

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119 views

Combinational Circuit Analysis and Design

This document discusses analysis and design of combinational circuits. It begins by distinguishing combinational circuits, whose outputs depend only on current inputs, from sequential circuits, whose outputs depend on input history. There are three main types of combinational analysis: exhaustive using truth tables, algebraic using expressions, and simulation. Circuit outputs are compared to functional descriptions under various test conditions. The document then covers constructing truth tables, signal expressions, equivalent logic functions, and transforming circuits to optimize implementations. Examples analyze different combinational circuit designs and transformations.

Uploaded by

PECMURUGAN
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Combinational Circuit Analysis and Design

Z. Jerry Shi Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Connecticut

CSE2300W:Digital Logic Design

Combinational versus sequential


Combinational circuit: the outputs depend on the current input values Sequential circuit: the outputs also depend on the history of inputs
Two identical sequential circuits may produce different outputs even if their current inputs are the same

Examples?

Combinational circuit analysis


Combinational circuits -- outputs depend only on current inputs (not on history) Types of combinational analysis:
Exhaustive (truth table) Algebraic (expressions) Simulation / test bench
Write functional description in HDL Define test conditions / test vectors, including corner cases Compare circuit output with functional description (or known-good realization) Repeat for random test vectors

Combinational analysis

Record outputs generated on all input combinations. You do not need to know the implementation details.

Constructing the truth table

Signal expressions
If you know the implementation details

New circuit, same function


Multiply out: F = ((X + Y) Z) + (X Y Z) = (X Z) + (Y Z) + (X Y Z) Two-level AND-OR circuit

Add out logic function


F = ((X + Y) Z) + (X Y Z) = (X+Y+X) (X+Y+Y) (X+Y+Z) (Z+X)(Z+Y)(Z+ Z) = 1 1 (X+Y+Z) (X+) (Y+Z) 1 = (X+Y+Z) (X+) (Y+Z) Two-level OR-AND circuit

Using symbol substitution directly

Cancelling bubbles

Another example: different implementations


G(W, X, Y, Z) = W X Y + Y Z (a) Two-level AND-OR (b) Two-level NAND-NAND (c) 2-input gates only

Sum-of-products Form

AND-OR NAND-NAND

Product-of-sums form

OR-AND NOR-NOR

Sum-of-products preferred in CMOS and TTL (NAND-NAND)

One more example

AB B+C = AB+BC(B + C) BC(B + C) BC

Reduction of logic expressions


AB+BC(B + C) = AB+BCB+BCC (T8: distributivity) = AB+BC+BC (T3: Idempotency) = AB+BC (T3: Idempotency) = B(A+C) (T8: distributivity)

Combinational Circuit Design


Sometimes you can write an equation or equations directly using logic (the kind in your brain). Example (alarm circuit): The ALARM output is 1 if the PANIC input is 1, or if the ENABLE input is 1, the EXITING input is 0, and the house is not sure; The house is secure if the WINDOW, DOOR, and GARAGE inputs are all 1

Alarm circuit derived from logic expression

Alarm Circuit Transformation


Multiply out
Sum-of-products form (two-level AND-OR circuit)
Useful for programmable logic devices

Brute-force design
Truth table Canonical sum (Sum of minterms) Example: Design a circuit to detect prime numbers between 0-15 Given a 4-bit input, N3N2N1N0, produce a 1 output for N = 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 and a 0 otherwise
row N3 N2 N1 N0 F 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 3 0 0 1 1 1 4 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 1 1 6 0 1 1 0 0 7 0 1 1 1 1 8 1 0 0 0 0 9 1 0 0 1 0 10 1 0 1 0 0 11 0 0 1 1 1 12 1 1 0 0 0 13 1 1 0 1 1 14 1 1 1 0 0 15 1 1 1 1 0

F = N3, N2, N1, N0(1,2,3,5,7,11,13)

Minterm list Canonical sum

Algebraic simplification
Theorem T10: X Y + X Y ' = X

Reduce number of gates and gate inputs

Resulting circuit

More design examples


Pass or fail
There are three components in a course: homework (H), lab(L), and exam (E). You pass the course (P) only if you pass two or more components

Compare two 1-bit numbers


Given two bits A and B, produce three signals G, L, and E so that G is 1 only when only when A > B, L is 1 only when A < B, and E is 1 only when A = B

Compare two 2-bit numbers


Repeat the comparison for two 2-bit numbers A = (A1, A0) and B = (B1, B0)

Compare two 3-bit twos complement numbers


A = (A2, A1, A0) and B = (B2, B1, B0)

Delay of a combinational circuit


The propagation delay of a signal path is the time that it takes for a change at the input of the path to produce a change at the output of the path
Many different paths from inputs to outputs Different delays for LOW to HIGH and HIGH to LOW changes

Critical path: the path that has the longest delay

Design goals
Function Delay Area Power

Testability Reliability Security

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