A Guide for

Project M&E
Managing for Impact in Rural Development
ii
Credits
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) 2002.
ISBN
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced
without the prior permission in writing of the International Fund
for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
The ideas and opinions contained in this guide are those of the authors
and do not necessarily represent the views of IFAD.
Published by IFAD, Office of Evaluation and Studies (OE).
Coordination: Jean-Philippe Audinet and Paolo Silveri (Office of
Evaluation and Studies, IFAD) and Irene Guijt (Learning by Design)
Authors: Irene Guijt (Learning by Design, Randwijk, The Netherlands)
and Jim Woodhill (International Agriculture Centre, Wageningen,
The Netherlands)
Research and writing assistants: Mundie Salm and Julia Wright
Field researchers (in alphabetical order): Rekha Dayal (India), Irene Guijt
(Mali), Cheick Kamat (Benin), Deb Johnson (Ghana, Morocco,
Tanzania, Uganda), Britha Mikkelsen (Bangladesh, India), Claus Rebien
(Indonesia), Gloria Vela (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala,
Nicaragua, Peru, Venezuela), Jim Woodhill (Armenia), Elsayed Zaki
(Yemen)
Graphic design: Martha Laura (www.lauria.org)
Cartoons: Julie Smith
Diagrams: Michelle Luijben-Marks
Copyeditors: Brett Shapiro and Heidi Craig
A GUIDE FOR PROJECT M&E
Navigating the Guide v
Acknowledgements vii
Acronyms ix
Section 1. Introducing the M&E Guide 1-1
1.1 About the Guide 1-3
1.2 The Basis of the Guide 1-4
1.3 Using the Guide 1-8
1.4 The Nature of IFAD-Supported Projects 1-10
1.5 Implications for M&E of Changing Approaches to Development 1-15
Section 2. Using M&E to Manage for Impact 2-1
2.1 An Overview of Using M&E to Manage for Impact 2-3
2.2 Management and M&E 2-9
2.3 Guiding the Project Strategy for Poverty Impact 2-13
2.4 Creating a Learning Environment 2-18
2.5 Ensuring Effective Operations 2-20
2.6 Setting Up and Using the M&E System 2-22
2.7 The Basics of Participatory M&E 2-26
Section 3. Linking Project Design, Annual Planning and M&E 3-1
3.1 An Overview of Linking Project Design, Annual Planning & M&E 3-3
3.2 Designing for Learning, Empowerment and Sustainability 3-6
3.3 Introducing the Logical Framework Approach 3-12
3.4 Using the Logical Framework Approach 3-17
3.5 From a Logframe Matrix to an Annual Work Plan and Budget 3-25
3.6 Outlining M&E During Initial Project Design 3-29
Section 4. Setting Up the M&E System 4-1
4.1 Overview of Setting Up the M&E System 4-3
4.2 Key Steps in Setting Up the M&E System 4-8
4.3 Documenting the M&E Plan 4-16
4.4 Quality of Your M&E and Keeping it Updated 4-20
Section 5. Deciding What to Monitor and Evaluate 5-1
5.1 An Overview of Deciding What to Monitor and Evaluate 5-3
5.2 Knowing What You Need to Know 5-6
5.3 Using the M&E Matrix for Detailed Planning 5-13
5.4 Being Guided by Performance Questions 5-15
5.5 Focusing on Key Information and Optimal Indicators 5-18
5.6 Making Comparisons and the Role of Baselines 5-30
5.7 Updating Your Information Needs and Indicators 5-35
Section 6. Gathering, Managing and Communicating Information 6-1
6.1 An Overview of Gathering, Managing and Communicating Information 6-3
6.2 Deciding Which Methods to Use 6-7
iii
Table of Contents
A GUIDE FOR PROJECT M&E
A GUIDE FOR PROJECT M&E TABLE OF CONTENTS
6.3 Gathering Data From the Field 6-16
6.4 Collating, Analysing and Storing Information 6-22
6.5 Communicating M&E Findings for Action and Accountability 6-26
Section 7. Putting in Place the Necessary Capacities and Conditions 7-1
7.1 An Overview of Putting in Place the Necessary Capacities and Conditions 7-3
7.2 Human and Institutional Capacity 7-8
7.3 Incentives for M&E 7-19
7.4 Organising M&E Structures and Responsibilities 7-24
7.5 Organising the Project's System for Managing Information 7-31
7.6 Finances and Resources to Operate the M&E System 7-35
Section 8. Reflecting Critically to Improve Action 8-1
8.1 An Overview of Reflecting Critically to Improve Action 8-3
8.2 How to Encourage Critical Reflection 8-6
8.3 Making M&E Events More Reflective 8-12
8.4 The Contribution of External Reviews and Evaluations to Critical Reflection 8-22
Annex A. Glossary of M&E Concepts and Terms A-1
Annex B. Annotated Example of a Project Logframe Matrix B-1
B.1 Reviewing an Existing Logical Framework Matrix B-3
B.2 Reworked Logframe Matrix B-10
Annex C. Annotated Example of an M&E Matrix C-1
C.1 Considerations When Developing an M&E Matrix C-3
C.2 Core M&E Activities in the Example C-5
C.3 The M&E Matrix Example C-6
Annex D. Methods for Monitoring and Evaluation D-1
D.1 Sampling-Related Methods D-3
D.2 Core M&E Methods D-6
D.3 Discussion Methods for Groups D-17
D.4 Methods for Spatially-Distributed Information D-23
D.5 Methods for Time-Based Patterns of Change D-29
D.6 Methods for Analysing Linkages and Relationships D-34
D.7 Methods for Ranking and Prioritising D-42
Annex E. Sample Job Descriptions and Terms of Reference for Key
M&E Tasks and Actors E-1
E.1 Project Director (M&E aspects only) E-5
E.2 M&E Coordinator E-6
E.3 M&E Staff E-10
E.4 M&E Responsibilities of General Project (and Partner) Staff E-12
E.5 M&E Responsibilities for Primary Stakeholder Groups E-15
E.6 TOR for Consultant to Set Up the M&E System E-16
E.7 TOR for Consultant on Participatory M&E E-18
E.8 TOR for Consultant on Information Management E-20
E.9 TOR for Implementing Partner (M&E component only) E-21
E.10 TOR for Mid-Term Review E-22
Index xi
iv
The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and its partners in developing
countries share the challenging mission of enabling the rural poor to overcome their poverty.
A partnership which takes shape primarily through hundreds of rural development projects
and programmes at grass-roots level, often in the poorest and most remote regions of the
world.
Although the performance of these projects has improved in many aspects over the years,
external evaluations continue to report weaknesses in their monitoring and evaluation (M&E)
systems, in particular in the way impact M&E is carried out and used at project management
and policy level. The need for support is also evident from the numerous requests that IFAD
receives each year from its partners for assistance in M&E system design and operation.
In line with the IFAD Action Plan 2000-2002, which seeks to improve impact assessment,
this new practical guide was developed through a yearlong consultative process with its
potential users: project M&E officers, managers, designers and supervisors. Its purpose is to
facilitate the development and use of effective and participatory M&E systems as tools for
impact-oriented management, shared learning processes and accountability.
As such, it is an integral part of our global effort to improve the performance and monitor the
results of our common initiatives to strengthen the capacity of the rural poor and their
organisations, improve equitable access to productive resources and increase access to financial
services and markets.
Lennart Bge
President
International Fund for Agricultural Development
v
Foreword
A GUIDE FOR PROJECT M&E
A GUIDE FOR PROJECT M&E
vi
After a long consultation process and much work by a variety of M&E specialists from all
regions of IFAD operations, I am pleased to present the IFAD Practical Guide for Monitoring
and Evaluation of Rural Development Projects.
The process began in 2000 when the Funds Office of Evaluation and Studies conducted a
stocktaking exercise, which covered a decade of IFAD experience with M&E at project level.
After which, a comparative review was undertaken of the strategies and approaches to M&E
systems at project level of several major development agencies. While the stocktaking exercise
observed a general weakness in most M&E systems, the comparative review concluded that
there is substantial material on M&E concepts and theories, although there remains a lack of
practical resource kits on the methodologies and processes at operational level.
As such, the overriding goal of the guide is to improve the impact of IFAD-funded projects,
through the introduction of effective M&E systems. It focuses on a learning approach to
management that uses achievements and problems to improve decision-making and account-
ability. This requires creating an M&E system that helps primary stakeholders, implementing
partners and project staff to learn together in order to improve their development interven-
tions on a continual basis. As the ultimate objective is to ensure the maximum possible
benefit for the rural poor, they are the ones best placed to assess project impact and must
therefore be considered full partners in any future M&E. The guide also suggests ideas for
implementing this and other forms of participatory M&E.
The primary target audience is composed of staff from project management units, in particular
project directors and M&E officers, together with their implementation partners, such as,
public services, NGOs and CBOs. The guide is also aimed at technical consultants and supervi-
sors from co-operating institutions. Because the effectiveness of M&E systems also depends on
the decisions taken during project design, specific sections of the guide provide advice to
project designers, including IFAD staff and their consultants.
This guide presents a number of original features that I believe could contribute to its success
and usefulness:
It has been developed together with its potential users through a consultative process
lasting over a year. It addresses their practical problems, starting from their current M&E
practices, however rudimentary, and whenever possible uses examples of good practices
from IFAD-funded and other rural development projects.
The guide is geared to the specific context, procedures and partnerships of IFAD supported
operations. It emphasises participatory processes throughout, and proposes options that
can be adapted to the requirements of project managements in different regional and
national contexts.
The guide is organised in eight stand-alone modules that are tailored to the needs of
different categories of users with specific yet differing monitoring responsibilities and
tasks.
The guide is also available to the public in a user-friendly, electronic format on the IFAD
web page (www.ifad.org/evaluation).
vii
Preface
A GUIDE FOR PROJECT M&E
A GUIDE FOR PROJECT M&E PREFACE
Furthermore, the guide is not a stand-alone initiative. In fact, it forms part of broader
spectrum of activities which include, more specifically, improvement of the logical framework
approaches in project design and supervision, training, translation of the guide into local
languages and the development of regional M&E support networks which take stock of IFAD's
experience with the PREVAL (Programme for Strengthening the M&E Capacity of IFAD-funded
Projects in Latin America and the Caribbean). This regional customisation should further
adapt the contents of the guide to the needs of its users and their feedback will be incorpo-
rated in future versions.
I trust that the guide will be a valuable tool and contribution to the enhancement of impact
assessment and achievement in IFAD-supported projects.
Luciano Lavizzari
Director
Office of Evaluation and Studies
viii
Navigating the Guide
Are you responsible for managing the project or a project
component?
A GUIDE FOR PROJECT M&E
ix
Start-up Revising the project design (logical framework) Section 3,
Annex B
Phase in Project Cycle Tasks You Face Section Number
Obtaining an overview of M&E responsibilities Section 2
Supervising development of the M&E system Section 5,
Annex C
Using the logical framework as a basis for developing the annual work plan and budget Section 3
Ensuring M&E staff have sufficient resources, capacities and structures to develop and
implement the M&E system
Section 7,
Annex E
Implementation Requesting and using M&E information to guide project implementation and make
decisions
Sections 2
and 8
Supervising the contributions and performance of staff, partners and consultants Section 4,
Annex E
Engaging team members, primary stakeholders and partners in joint analysis, learning and
decision making
Section 8
Start-up Developing clarity about the role of M&E in project management Section 2
Phase in Project Cycle Tasks You Face Section Number
Ensuring that during revision of project design, the M&E system and procedures are
detailed enough for implementation
Sections 3
and 4
Guiding project implementers in agreeing what to monitor and evaluate Section 5,
Annex C
Guiding project implementers in deciding how to collect and communicate information Section 6,
Annex D
Checking that proposed resources, capacities, support and structures are sufficient for
M&E to be effective
Section 7,
Annex E
Implementation Supporting partners and consultants in fulfilling their M&E responsibilities Section 4
Encouraging reflective use of information by implementers Section 8
Engaging key stakeholders in joint analysis of information Section 8
Reporting findings from M&E Section 6
Are you responsible for ensuring that M&E in the project
as a whole or in a project component is being set up and
implemented well?
A GUIDE FOR PROJECT M&E NAVIGATING THE GUIDE
x
Design Ensuring that the proposed project design is based on good design practice Section 3,
Annex B
Phase in Project Cycle Tasks You Face Section Number
Ensuring that the M&E component has been designed comprehensively enough and with
sufficient resources, capacities and flexibility
Sections 4
and 7
Start-up Ensuring that the M&E system is designed to support managing for impact Sections 2
and 4
Supporting M&E staff in developing appropriate monitoring mechanisms Sections 5
and 6
Ensuring that enough and appropriate resources, capacities and support structures exist for
carrying out M&E responsibilities
Section 7
Implementation Building critical reflection into M&E processes Section 8
Reviewing and updating the M&E system Sections 4, 5,
6, 7 and 8
Design Checking that the proposed project design meets good practice standards Section 3,
Annex B
Tasks You Face Section Number
Stipulating relevant elements of learning-oriented M&E in job descriptions and terms of
reference
Annex E
Ensuring that the proposed project design includes sufficient resources, capacities and
enabling support structures for M&E
Section 7
Start-up Ensuring that the project design is being revised appropriately with sufficient detail to
M&E
Section 3
Encouraging impact-focused monitoring Section 5
Implementation Ensuring that key aspects of the M&E system are in place Section 4
Recognising if a project is taking a learning approach in its implementation Section 8
Checking reports and suggesting reporting formats Sections 3
and 6
Phase in Project Cycle
Are you responsible for providing external technical assistance
in the areas of project design, M&E and information manage-
ment for the project or a project component?
Are you responsible for providing guidance, supervision and
support to the project?
Project-related staff and stakeholders who shared their experiences with M&E
Armenia. G. Matevossian, E. Kojoyan, V. Kanayan, V. Sapharyin, S. Ghazaryan, H. Minasyan, S. Gischyan,
R. Culver, A. Kalantaryan, H. Naschkaryan, senior staff of ANEV (implementing NGO)
Bangladesh. R. Ahmed, M.D.H. Islam, M.D.E. Moslem, S. K. Islam, Dr. N. Sarder, M. Mortuza, M.A. Awal,
K.A. Quadir, T. Shapla, A.K.M. Delwar Hossein, A.S. Khan, K. Akbar, A. Armstrong
Benin. B. Sourokou, T.S. Sgou Sounon, N. Moussa, D. Challa, K. Bagoudou, O. Opian Gabriel,
Mrs. Dieudonn, B. Gassi, Q. Bonaventure, F. Chabi Biaou, A. Djossouvi, R. Yorouba, M.S. Inoussa,
A.M. Marcelline, T. Amidou, A. Benot, A. Franois, A. Boris, T. Medar
Brazil. C. Jurema, A. Medrado Brasileiro, D. Andrade dos Santos, C. Ribeiro Cardoso
Colombia. M.O. Lizarazo, L. Isaacs, A. Rojas
Ecuador. J. Orbe, D. Quilumbaqui
El Salvador. M. Ponce, J.A. Torres, M. Quesada, E. Ancheta, G. Colunga, J. Santos Castillo
Ghana. A.A. Adjekum, A. Ayeebo, A.R.Z. Salifu, S.M. Abd-Allah, A. Dannson, S.N.E. Asante, B. Abanga,
E. Andanye, E. Agumah, E. Adauwieba, F. Dery, F. Seidu, I. Dauda, J.S.Odoi, J. Amiyuure, K.B. Owusu-Sekyere,
K.E. Baah, K.K. Appiah, K. Glseddy, K. Anene, L. Abusat, M. Amaboda, P. Siameh, P. Ayoreko, R. Atengdem,
R. Ayarega, S.A. Benlu, S. Danso, Sanabisi womens group, S. Abdulrahmouni, Saka water users association
Guatemala. C. Mas, M. Mrida
India. V.K. Agarwal, K.N. Banerjee, V. Subramanyan, P. Lakshmi Narayana, V. Reddy, Mr. Gaud, Mr. Naidu,
Dr. Krishna, Mr. Rameshankar, Mr. Ramesh, Mr. Naidu, N. Raju, M. Rao, Mr. Mehaboob, P. Rao,
U. Ramakrishna, P. Reddy, S. Rao, S. Priya, S. Rao, K. Rao, self-help group Gandhiji, Sardamme and Bhedradri
cluster-level associations, J. Kumar, S. Jones, E. Gravgaard, M. Balasubramaniam, Mr. Ramadoss,
S. Ramakrishnan, R. Mangalam, S. Lakshmi, R. Gomathi, Q. Gandhi, A.K. Rajeevan, Dr. K. Shankar,
X.C. Nayakam, G. Kanna, G. Kalidas, S. Ramachndran, K. Marugesan, M. Nawab, S. Pandurahajn, A. Joshep,
M. Moni, D. Varadhan, G. Mathew, G. Kalaiselu, P. Padmanabhan, S.Rajgopalakshmi, Sr. S. Daisy, Sr. Micky,
S. Willam, P. Keshavan, A. Dhanraj, M. Xavier, S. Chinnappan, A.M. Tiwari, Dr. Z. Meenai, Dr. S. Rao,
Ms. Sathyavati, Dr. V. Hebbare, M. Raghu, D.K. Naik, R. Krishnamurthy, E.S. Patole, B.R. Shirsat,
Dr. R.N. Kulkarni, S.R. Dere, A.V. Shimpi, G.V. Purohit, M.R. Gulgule, S.S. Parulekar, G.K. Salvekar, C.R. More,
P.D. Kale, R.G. Chaudhari, S.M. Dalvi, S. Agarwal
Indonesia. D.Purnomo, T.E.H. Basuki, S. Latief, W. Adisaputro, A. Wahyudin, S. Budisetyanto,
H. Moedrdiyono, K. Osman, F. Lamerkabel, N. Jauanedi, C. Lubis, Mr. Widihatmoko, Mr. Sukandi, D. Makka,
N.L. Tobing, Mr. Ery, Mr. Agus, Ms. Widayati, K. Zulkarnain, J.W. Molyneaux, R. Astika
Mali. C. Kamat, Y. Diarra, Mr.Sako, M. Coulibaly, A. Karam, Mr. Sakapon, M. Baba Diatik, A. Traor,
A. Kene, S. Fatoumata, F. Kamara, A. Traor, B. Thiero, O. Traor, F. Diara, N. Keita, B. Doumbia, H. Diallo,
B. Togola, M. Nadio, M. Moutairou, E. Boka, I. Dabo Ndiaye
Nicaragua. J.L. Sandino
Peru. C. Sotomayor, J. Solrzano, E. Mar, I. Loaiza, T. Samagoa
Tanzania. E.A. Anyosisye, L.A.G. Gallet, C.M. Kiberange, H.B. Lungogelo, M. Mboya, S.S. Mkude, E. Mushi,
N.K. Rajabu, L.K. Rweyemamu, T.D.R.Waida, Kibaale village leaders
Uganda. E.B. Aru, J.W. Byakagaba, M. Kajubi, F. Ndozereho, J. Tumushabe, J. Zirabwende, D. Kisauza, commu-
nity development officer of Hoima District
Venezuela. O. Lozano, R. Gonzlez, W. Toledo, C. Snchez, A. Valbuena, A. Gonzlez, L. Velsquez, C.
Snchez, E. Manzanella
Yemen. E.A. Al Mutawakil, M.A. Al Haj, A.S. AL Yosfi, A.G. Turkawi, I. Al Doma, Z.M. Heig, M.A. Fitini, B.A.
Hassan, Mr. Sulieman, M. Al Awaji, M.H. Al Wazan, M.O. Ali
xi
Acknowledgements
A GUIDE FOR PROJECT M&E
A GUIDE FOR PROJECT M&E ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Comments and contributions were gratefully received from the following IFAD-Rome staff members: A.Abdouli, W. Bettink,
N. Brett, F. David e Silva, H. Dommel, K. Elharizi, A. Gerrits, P. Glikman, S. Kennedy, S. Khadka, M. Kherallah, D.
Kingsbury, L. Lavizzari, M. Madsen, M. Manssouri, E. Mertens, A. Muthoo, S. Mwanundu, P. Roy, T. Rice, P. Saint-
Ange, K. van de Sand, G. Thapa, P. Turilli
Comments on early drafts of the Guide and additional material were gratefully received from: A. Adjekum, M. Allaoui, E.
Barrientos, I. Barro, J. Berdegu, J. Bos, L. Caviezel, R. China, I. Christensen, R. Cleveringa, K. Gill, B. Girardin, M.
Ben Hafoune, D. Hedayetul Islam, E. Krogh, R. Lauritto, A. Marini, A. Ocampo, J.S. Odoi, R. Pantanali, J. Pia, R.
Roy, M. Read, F. Sarassoro, A. Sattar Khan, J. Sermeo, D. Tymo, G. van Vliet, R.T.D. Waida, P. Wignaraja, I. van der
Does de Willebois, O. Zafar
This guide has drawn partly on the authors' experience in working for the World Conservation Union's (IUCN)
Global Monitoring and Evaluation Initiative, with particular thanks to Nancy McPherson, Alejandro Imbach,
Veronica Muthui and Mine Pabari for ongoing dialogue about how to improve participatory M&E..
xii
APR annual project review
AWPB annual work plan and budget
BPL below poverty line
CBA cost-benefit analysis
CBO community-based organisation
CCU central coordination unit
CI cooperating institution
COSOP Country Strategic Opportunities Paper
CPM country portfolio manager
CV curriculum vitae (rsum)
DC district council
DPF district project facilitator
DT district team
FUG forestry user group
GIS geographic information system
GPS global positioning system
HYVs high-yielding varieties
ICGs income-generating activities
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
LFA logical framework approach
MIS management information system
MOVs means of verification
MTE mid-term evaluation
MTR mid-term review
M&E monitoring and evaluation
MU monitoring unit
NTCU national technical coordination unit
NGO non-governmental organisation
PCU programme coordination unit
PD project director
PIM participatory impact monitoring
PM&E participatory monitoring and evaluation
PMU project management unit
PNGO participating NGO (i.e. implementing partner)
PRA participatory rural appraisal
SHG self-help group
SOF Special Operations Fund
SWOT strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats
TA technical assistance
TOC table of contents
xiii
Acronyms
A GUIDE FOR PROJECT M&E
A GUIDE FOR PROJECT M&E ACRONYMS
TOR terms of reference
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services
WB World Bank
WUA water users association
Projects mentioned by name in the Guide
ADIP Agricultural Diversification and Intensification Project Bangladesh
APPTDP Andhra Pradesh Participatory Tribal Development Project India
Cuchumatanes Highlands Rural Development Project Guatemala
District Development Project Zambia
DDSP District Development Support Programme Uganda
FODESA Sahelian Areas Development Fund Programme Mali
KAEMP Agricultural and Environmental Management Project Tanzania
Karnataka Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project India
LACOSREP Upper East Region Land Conservation and
Smallholder Rehabilitation Project Ghana
MARENASS Management of Natural Resources in the Southern
Highlands Project Peru
Maharashtra Rural Credit Project India
NWFP North-West Frontier Province Barani Area Development Project Pakistan
Northwest Agricultural Services Project Armenia
WUPAP Nepal Western Uplands Poverty Alleviation Development Project Nepal
P4K Income Generating Project for Marginal Farmers and Landless Indonesia
PADEMER Rural Micro-Enterprises Development Programme Colombia
PDR-San Income Diversification Programme in the Mali Sud Area Mali
PIDP Participatory Irrigation Development Project Tanzania
PROCHALATE Rehabilitation and Development Project of Areas Affected
by Conflict in the Department of Chalatenango El Salvador
PRODECOP Economic Development of Poor Rural Communities Project Venezuela
PROSALAFA Support Project for Small Producers in the Semi-arid Zones
of Falcon and Lara States Venezuela
RADP Raymah Area Development Project Yemen
RDRS Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service Bangladesh
RTIP Root and Tuber Improvement Programme Ghana
SAIP Smallholder Agricultural Improvement Project Bangladesh
SARAGURO Yacuambi Rural Development Project Ecuador
SDPMA Smallholder Development Project for Marginal Areas Tanzania
SFPD Smallholder Flood Plains Development Project Malawi
SISP Smallholder Irrigation Support Programme Zimbabwe
TEPP Tihama Environmental Protection Project Yemen
TROPISEC Project for the Capitalization of Small Farmers in the
Tropisec Area of the Segovias Region 1 Nicaragua
TNWDP Tamil Nadu Womens Development Project India
xiv
accountability, 2-15 to 16, 2-25, 6-26, A-3
actors, seestakeholders
adaptive management, 2-15, 3-3 to 4, 3-11 to 12, 4-7 to 8, A-3
annual
project review, seereview
work plan and budget (AWPB), 2-8, 2-20, 3-5, 3-25 to 28,
5-10, A-3, A-4
appraisal report, 3-3, 3-26, 3-30 to 31, 4-5, 4-8 to 10, A-3
assessment, A-4
also seeimpact
assumption, 2-13 to 15, 3-14, A-3
example of, 3-23 to 24, B-5 to 7, B-13 to 19
role in project design, 3-22 to 25,
assessing quality of, B-8, B-11
audit, A-4
baseline
information, 5-30 to 34, A-4, C-7 to 11
survey/study, 3-19, 5-30 to 34, 7-38, A-4, B-5
benchmark, A-4
beneficiaries, A-4
also seeprimary stakeholders
beneficiary contact monitoring, 2-22
biophysical measurement, D-8 to 9
brainstorming, D-17 to 18
budget
for M&E in appraisal report, 3-12, 3-28, 3-30
for M&E in plan, 2-25, 4-7, 4-16, 5-26, 7-6 to 7, 7-35 to 39
calendars
daily routines, D-32
seasonal, D-31 to 32
capacity, 7-4, A-4
building, 2-27, 3-9 to 11, 6-27, 7-3 to 4, 7-9 to 18, A-4
for M&E, 4-14 to 15, 7-3 to 4, 6-17, 7-8 to 18
also seeconditions for M&E
case study, D-15 to 17
causal relationship, A-4
change, 5-6, 5-18
organisational, 5-24
also seeadaptive management
co-implementing partner, seeimplementing partner
communicating M&E, 4-14, 6-6 to 7, 6-26 to 31, E-6, E-8 to 9,
E-14 to 15
also seereporting M&E
comparative analysis, 5-30 to 31
also seebaseline
completion, 1-11, 4-6, 8-25 to 27, A-4
evaluation/report, 8-27, A-4, A-5, A-9
component management, seeproject management
computerisation, 6-22, 6-25 to 26, 7-6, 7-31 to 35
concepts of M&E, Annex A
conceptual model of M&E, Section 4
conditions for M&E, Section 7
constraints (operating), 2-11
consultants, 1-13, 3-11, 7-9, 7-15, 7-28 to 30, E-16 to 20
context
monitoring of, 5-10 to 11
contracting, seehiring
control group, 5-30 to 31, A-5
also seebaseline
cooperating institution, 1-13, A-5
cost-benefit analysis, A-5, D-10 to 12
cost effectiveness, A-5
costs, seefinances
country programme evaluation, A-5
country/COSOP strategy, 1-11, 3-17, A-5
credit, 5-16, 5-25
critical reflection, 2-7, 2-18, 4-4, 4-13 to 14, Section 8, A-5
data, 2-24, 6-3 to 5, E-12
analysis, 5-28, 6-4, 6-6, 6-18 to 19, 6-22 to 25, 7-31 to 32
database, 6-4, 7-31
collation, 6-4 to 5, 6-21 to 22
gathering/collection, 4-5, 4-12 to 13, 5-9, 5-12, 5-16, 5-28,
5-32 to 35, 6-3 to 5, 6-12, 6-14 to 20,C-3 to 4, C-7 to 11
decentralisation, 1-15, 6-25
decision-making, 1-15, 2-17, 2-24, 2-26, 2-27, 2-28, 6-25
design
project, 1-11, Section 3, 7-27
of the M&E system, 2-12 to 13,
development intervention, 1-15
diagrams
cause-effect, D-34 to 35
chapati, D-36 to 37
impact flow, D-34 to 35
inputs-outputs, D-41 to 42
institutional linkage, D-36 to 37
systems, D-41 to 42
Venn, D-36 to 37
diaries, D-29
direct observation, D-9 to 10
documentation review, D-8
donors, seefunding agencies
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Index
A GUIDE FOR PROJECT M&E
A GUIDE FOR PROJECT M&E INDEX
downward accountability, A-5
drama, D-22 to 23
dreams realised, D-21 to 22
effective operations, 2-8, 2-20 to 22, 4-4, A-5
efficacy, A-5
efficiency, 5-8, A-5
empowerment, 1-5, 1-15, 3-6, 4-15, 5-20, 5-28
enabling factors, seeconditions
evaluation, 2-3, 5-8, 7-22, 8-21, 8-22 to 27, A-5
also seeM&E, participatory M&E
ex-ante evaluation, seeappraisal
ex-post evaluation, seecompletion evaluation
external evaluation/review, 8-22 to 27, A-5
facilitation of M&E, 7-13
feedback, 2-18, 2-19, 6-7, 6-27 to 29, 8-7, 8-14, A-6, C-7 to 11
finances, 7-6 to 7, 7-35 to 39, B-7, B-12, E-14
flexibility (of design), 3-11
food security, seelivelihoods
focus groups, D-18 to 19
formulation report, seeappraisal report
funding agencies, 5-7
funds, seefinances
gender issues, 3-8 to 9, 3-15, 5-9, 5-14, 5-20, 5-22, 5-28, 5-33,
8-26, B-11, E-13 to 14
goal, 3-14 to 15, 3-20 to 21, A-6
project, 2-14, B-5, B-8
government, 1-13 to 14, 3-11, 7-24
Grassroots Development Framework, 5-19
hiring staff and consultants, 7-9, 7-15, 7-29 to 30, E-16 to 20
historical trends/timelines, D-30 to 31
horizontal project logic, A-6, B-10
household survey, B-13, C-5
human resource development, seecapacity
IFAD
objectives, 1-4 to 7
project cycle, 1-10 to 11
stakeholders, 1-13
impact, 3-11, 4-4, 5-15 to 16, 5-30 to 31, 7-23 to 24, A-6, A-9
assessment, 2-4 to 7, 2-26, 5-6, 5-30 to 31, A-6
managing for, 1-4 to 7, 2-3 to 7, 2-9 to 10, 3-11, 3-16, 4-5
implementation
of project, 1-11, 3-4, 4-3, 4-6
implementing partner, 1-12, 5-29, 7-13, 7-20 to 23, A-6, E-21
incentives for M&E, 2-30, 6-13, 7-4 to 5, 7-19 to 24
independent evaluation, A-6
also seeexternal evaluation
indicator, 3-14, 4-11 to 12, A-6
proxy, 5-20 to 21, 5-24, A-9
input/output, 5-21, B-6 to 7, B-11, B-16 to 19
outcome, 5-18, 5-21 to 22
performance, 5-21
quantitative/qualitative, 4-11, 5-19 to 27, B-11
identifying/developing, 5-15 to 16, 5-18 to 23
information, 4-5, 4-10, 4-12 to 13, 5-3 to 4, 6-3, 6-5 to 6, 7-6
analysis, 6-6, 6-15, 6-22 to 24
baseline, seebaseline
management system, 4-18, 6-21 to 23, 6-25, 7-6,
7-31 to 35, 7-39, A-6, E-20
sources, 5-6 to 10, 5-13 to 15, 5-35, 6-11 to 12, 6-29,
B-13 to 19
also seedata
inputs (M&E of), A-6, B-4, B-6 to 7, B-10, B-16 to 19
institution, seeorganisation
intervention logic, seeobjective hierarchy
interviews, 6-17
semi-structured, D-14 to 15
job description(s), 7-28, 8-6 to 7, E-5 to 15
joint evaluation, A-7
also seeparticipatory M&E
key informant, D-6
learning, 2-10 to 11, 2-18 to 20, 2-25, 3-11 to 12, 4-4, 7-9,
8-4 to 6, 8-7 to 27, A-7
cycle, 8-4 to 6, 8-9 to 11
institutionalising, 7-19 to 23, 7-37, 8-12 to 27
from problems, 1-7, 8-3
livelihood
and food security, 5-14, 5-20, 5-23
indicators to assess improvement in, 5-19, 5-33
logical framework approach (LFA), 3-5, 3-12 to 13, 3-17 to 25,
5-4, 6-30, A-7
logframe matrix, 2-14, 3-8, 3-12, 3-13 to 16, 3-25 to 28, 5-4 to 5,
A-7, B-1, B-2, B-5 to 7, B-14 to 19
managing for impact, Section 2, A-7
also seeimpact
management information system, seeinformation system
mapping sketch, 6-29, D-23 to 24
GIS, D-27
mind, D-34
social, D-42 to 43
matrix scoring, D-44 to 47
means of verification, 3-14, A-7, B-5 to 7, B-14 to 19
meetings (reflective), 8-10 to 11, 8-13 to 17
methods and methodology, 5-13 to 14, 5-16, 5-28, 5-33,
6-5 to 18, 6-21, 6-23, 6-28, Annex D
mid-term review/evaluation, A-7, E-22 to 23
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A GUIDE FOR PROJECT M&E INDEX
mobilisation phase, seestart-up
monitoring, 2-3, 7-25, A-7
mechanisms, 3-14, 5-3, 5-9, 5-12, B-5 to 7, B-13 to 19
also see(participatory) M&E, evaluation
monitoring and evaluation (M&E), 2-28, 3-6, 3-29 to 31, 5-12
officer, E-6 to 12
definition of, 1-3, 2-3, A-7
elements of, 5-7, 8-12
(key) tasks for, 1-6 to 7, 1-12 to 13, 4-6 to 7, 7-5,
7-26 to 28, C-5, E-5 to 23
matrix, 5-4 to 5, 5-13, A-7, C-3 to 11
participation in, 5-30, 5-35, 6-13, 6-23 to 24, 7-5,
7-11 to 14, 7-16, 7-26 to 28
plan, 4-16 to 19
purpose and scope of, 1-3 to 4, 1-6, 1-15, 5-3
system, 2-8, 2-22 to 26, Section 4, 7-25, A-8, E-16 to 18
unit, 7-24 to 26, A-8
wheel, D-40 to 41
most significant change method, 2-25, D-32 to 33
motivation, seeincentives
narrative summary (project), 2-14, A-8
NGOs (non-governmental organisations), 5-24 to 25, 5-28 to 28
nominal group technique, D-19
objective, 3-14, A-8
hierarchy, 2-13 to 15, 2-17, 3-14 to 16, 3-20, 3-22,
5-4 to 5, 5-7 to 8, 5-15 to 17, A-8, B-3, B-12, C-3
tree 3-20, D-37
objectively verifiable indicators, 3-14, A-8
one hundred seeds, D-50
operating constraints, seeconstraints
operational plan, seeannual work plan and budget
organisation, 5-24 to 25
organisational learning, seelearning
outcome, 2-17, 3-11, 3-14 to 16, 3-21, 4-4, 5-8,
definition, 2-6, A-8
indicators, seeindicators
output, 2-6, 2-14, 3-14 to 16, 3-20 to 21, 5-7 to 8,
5-15 to 16, A-8
indicators, A-8 (also seeindicators)
participants, seestakeholders
participation, 2-7, 3-8 to 9, 4-12, A-8
in project design, 3-6 to 8, 3-18
in M&E design, 5-27 to 29
in analysis, 6-11
also seeparticipatory M&E
participatory
evaluation, 4-15, 7-23, A-8
impact monitoring, 4-7, 7-39, A-8, C-5, C-9
learning, 2-10
M&E, 1-5 to 6, 2-26 to 31, 6-11 to 13, 6-23 to 24, 6-28,
7-4, 7-7, 7-11 to 14, 7-38 to 39, C-5, E-18 to 19
making existing project M&E more, 7-23 to 24
partners/partner institutions, A-8
performance, 7-4, 7-20 to 22, A-9
indicator, seeindicators
monitoring, 5-9
questions, 4-11 to 12, 5-15 to 18, 6-14, A-9, B-11,
B-13 to 19, C-7 to 11
phasing out, 1-11, 4-6
photographs, 5-3, 6-29, 6-31, D-28
planning, Section 3, 8-12, A-9, C-7 to 11
pocket charts, D-49 to 50
poverty
alleviation, 1-3 to 6, 2-4, 2-7, 3-8 to 9
M&E of, 5-20, 5-22
presentation of M&E findings, 6-29, 6-31, C-6
also seereporting
primary stakeholders, 2-9, 2-22, 3-6, A-9
capacity building of, 7-14
interests of, 7-23 to 24
participation in M&E of, 1-12, 5-6 to 7, 5-27 to 28, 6-11,
6-23, 7-11 to 12, 7-23 to 24, 8-20, 8-24 to 25, E-15
problem tree, 3-18, 3-20, D-37
process, B-10
evaluation, 8-18 to 21, A-9
monitoring, A-9
progress, monitoring of 5-10 to 11
project, A-9
cycle, 1-10 to 11, A-9
evaluation, A-9
implementation manual, 4-16 to 17, A-9
management, 1-12, A-9
manager, E-5 to 6
performance A-9 (also seeperformance)
strategy, 2-13 to 17, 3-4, 3-20 to 21, 4-4 to 5, 5-8,
5-15 to 16, A-9, B-1
purpose (of project), 2-14, 3-14, 3-15, 3-20 to 21, 4-10, A-9
qualitative, A-10
indicators, seeindicators
methods, 5-10 to 11, 6-9 to 10, 6-13, 6-20, 6-22 to 24
quality
of indicators 5-25 to 27
of M&E 4-20 to 21, 5-10 to 11, 7-10
quantitative, A-10
indicators, seeindicators
methods, 6-9 to 10, 6-13, 6-24
questionnaires, D-12 to 13
ranking, 5-23, D-19, D-49 to 50,
records, 6-21 to 22
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A GUIDE FOR PROJECT M&E INDEX
redesign, seedesign
reflection, 8-3 to 27
collective, 8-4, 8-7 to 10, 8-13 to 27
ways to ensure, 5-11, 8-6 to 27
relative scales and ladders, D-47 to 49
reliability of information, 6-12, 6-15 to 20, A-10
report/reporting, 4-5, 4-14, 6-26 to 31, 8-7, 8-11
resources for M&E, 7-6 to 7, A-10
review, 2-17, 8-18 to 21, A-10, C-6
annual, 2-9, 2-27, 3-3 to 4, 5-17
mid-term, 2 to 10, 3-3 to 4, 4-6
rich pictures, D-34
risks, A-10
also seeassumptions
role plays, D-22 to 23
roles and responsibilities for M&,E E-5 to 23
sampling, 6-14, 6-18, D-3 to 6
frame, D-4
purposive, A-10, D-5 to 6
non-random, D-5
quota, D-6
random, D-4
self-evaluation, 2-9, 2-31, 4-15, 8-6 to 7, 8-21, A-10
service providers, seeimplementing partners
situation analysis, 3-4, 3-18 to 19, A-10
spider web, D-40 to 41
stakeholder, 2-28, 2-29, 3-6 to 8, 3-13, 3-17 to 19, 4-5, A-10
analysis, 3-7, 3-18, 5-6 to 7, D-6 to 8
diversity of, 1-12 to 14, 6-26 to 27, 6-29, 8-16
participation in M&E, 1-12 to 14, 5-6 to 7, 5-27 to 29,
6-15, 6-23 to 24, 6-26, 7-8, 8-7 to 8, 8-15 to 17,
8-24 to 25, A-10
staffing, arrangements for 2-21, 7-10 to 11, 7-13, 7-20 to 23,
7-25 to 28, E-5 to 15
also seehiring
start-up of project, 3-3 to 4, 4-6, 4-9, 7-37, E-16
steering committee, 8-17 to 18
storing, information, 6-5 to 6, 6-25 to 26, 7-31 to 32
strategic objective/plan, A-11
also seeappraisal report and objective hierarchy
supervision mission, 2-10, 8-22 to 23, A-11
survey, 5-30 to 34, 6-18, D-12 to 14
sustainability (project), 2-5, 3-6, 3-9, 6-8, 7-30, A-11
SWOT analysis, D-20 to 21
target group, 5-6 to 7, 5-16, 5-21 to 22, 5-30 to 31, A-11
technical assistance, 1-13, 7-30, E-14
terms of reference (TOR), 7-15, 8-22, E-3, E-16 to 23
also seejob description
timelines, 4-16 to 17, D-30
tools, seemethods
training on M&E, 6-17, 7-9, 7-16 to 18, 7-35
transects, D-26
transparency, seeaccountability
triangulation, 6-20, A-11, C-3
updating, 4-20 to 21
indicators, 5-28 to 29, 5-34 to 35
validity, 6-16, 6-19 to 20, A-11, C-3
vertical project logic, A-11
video, 5-33, 6-29, 6-31, D-28
visioning, D-21 to 22
well-being ranking, D-42 to 44
women, seegender
work plan, A-11
also seeannual work plan and budget
workshop, reflective 6-29, 8-15 to 16
xviii