BASIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS UNIT-I PART-A

1. What is a graph of network? When all elements in a network are replaced by lines with circles of dos at both ends. 2. What is tree of a network? It is an interconnected given graph. open set of branches which include all the nodes of the 3. Give the properties of tree in a graph. It consists of all the nodes of the graph If the graph has N no of nodes the tree will have N-I branches There will be no closed path in the tree There can be many possible different trees for a given graph depending on the no of nodes and branches. 4. Define Ohms Law. The potential difference cross any two ends of a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing between remains constant. 5. Define Quality factor. the two ends provided the temperature of the conductor The quality factor is defined as the ratio of maximum energy stored to the energy dissipated in one period 6. What are half power frequencies? In RLC circuits the frequ ncies at which the power is half the max/min power are called half power frequencies. 7. Define selectivity. It is defined as the ratio of bandwidth and resonant frequency 8. Write the characteristics of series resonance. At resonance impedance in min and equal to resistance therefore current is max. Before resonant frequency the circuit behaves as capacitive circuit and above resonant frequency the circuit will behave as inductive circuit. At resonance the magnitude of voltage across the inductance and capacitance will be Q times the supply voltage but they are in phase opposition. 9. What is anti resonance? In RLC parallel circuit the current is min at resonance whereas in series resonance the current is max. Therefore the parallel resonance is called anti resonance. 10. Write the characteristics of parallel resonance. At resonance admittance in min and equal to conductance therefore the current is min. Below resonant frequency the circuits behave as inductive circuit and above resonant frequency the circuit behaves as capacitive circuit. At resonance the magnitude of current through inductance and capacitance will be q times the current supplied by the source but they are in phase opposition.

11. Define KCL KCL states that the algebraic sum of currents in node is zero. 12. Define KVL KVL states that the algebraic sum of voltages in a closed path is zero. 13. What is meant by linear and nonlinear elements? Linear element shows the linear characteristics of voltage Vs current. Nonlinear element the current passing through it does not change linearity with the linear change in applied voltage at a particular frequency. 14. What is meant by active and passive elements? If a circuit element has the capability of enhancing the energy level of a signal passing through it is called an active element. Passive elements do not have any intrinsic means of signal boosting. 15. What is meant by unilateral and bilateral elements? If the magnitude of the current passing through an element is affected due to change in the polarity of the applied voltage is called unilateral elements. If the current magnitude remains the same even if the applied EMFs polarity is changed is called bilateral elements. 16. What is a dual network? In an electrical circuit itself there are pairs of terms, which can be interchanged to get new circuits. Such pair of dual terms is given below Current- Voltage Open- Short L-C R-G Series Parallel Voltage source- Current source KCL-KVL 17. Give the steps to draw a Dual Network In each loop of a network place a node Draw the lines connecting adjacent nodes passing through each element and also to the reference node. 18. Mention the disadvantages of Ohms Law. It does not apply to all non metallic conductors It also does not apply to non linear devices such as zener diode, vacuum tubes etc. It is true for metal conductors at constant temperature. If the temperature changes the law is not applicable. 19. Compare series and parallel circuit. S Series circuit Parallel circuit No 1 The total effective resistance is the sum of the The reciprocal of the total effective individual resistance ie Reff=R1+R2+R n resistance is the sum of the reciprocals of individual resistance 1/Reff= 1/R1+1/R2+.1/R n

2 Only one path for the current flow More than one path for the current to flow 3 The current flowing through all the The current flowing through each resistances will be the same and equal to the resistance is different total current 4 The voltage is divided across each resistance The voltage across each resistance is according to the value of resistance. same which will be equal to the input voltage. 20. What is a node? A node is a point in a network in which two or more elements have a common connection. 21. What are the classificatio Active element Passive element s of Circuit elements? Lumped and distributed elements Bilateral and unilateral elements Linear and non linear elements. 22. What are dependent and independent sources? The electrical energy supplied by dependent sources a source of electrical energy. The electrical energy supplied by independent source does not depend on another electrical source. They convert some energy in to electrical form. 23. Define series and parallel connection. If the resistances are connected end to end the combination is said to be series. 24. What is a super node? The region surrounding a voltage source which connects the two nodes directly called super node. 25. What is principle node? The meeting point of three or more elements is called principle node. 26. What is a closed path? A closed path which starts at a node and travels through some part of the circuit and arrives at the same node without crossing the node or more than once. 27. State voltage division rule. Voltage across a resistor in series circuit is equal to the total voltage across the series elements multiplied by the value of that resistor divided by the total resistance of the series elements. 28. State current division rule. The current in any branch is equal to the ratio of the opposite parallel branch resistances to the total resistance value, multiplied by the total current in the circuit. 29. Define mesh. A mesh is defined as a lo 30. What is a planar circuit? p which does not contain any other loops within it. A circuit is said to be non planar if it cannot be drawn on a plane surface without crossovers. 31. Define super mesh. The loop existing around a current source which is common to the two loops is called

super mesh.

UNIT II
1. Sate superposition theorem. It states that the response of a linear circuit with multiple sources is given by algebraic sum of response due to individual sources acting alone. 2. State Thevenins theorem It states that any linear bilateral network can be replaced by a single VTH, in series with single impedance Zth urrent source 3. State Nortons theorem It states that any linear bilateral network can be replaced by a single current source, IN in parallel with single impedance Zth. 4. State maximum power transfer theorem. Max power is transferred to load impedance if the load impedance is the complex conjugate of the source impedance. 5. State reciprocity theorem. It states that in a linear, bilateral single source circuit the ratio of excitation to the response is constant w interchanged. en the position of excitation and response are 6. State compensation theorem. Let I be the current through an impedance Z in a brach of circuit. It states that the change in current due to change in impedance in a branch will be produced by a compensation voltage source in the same branch with polarity opposing the original current. 7. State Millmans theorem It states that if a number of voltage sources with internal impedance are in parallel then they can be combined to give a voltage source with an equivalent emf and internal impedance. 8. State Tellegens theorem. It states that the summation of all the product of branch voltage and its current of a circuit is zero. 9. State the steps to solve the super position theorem. Take only one independent voltage or current source Obtain the branch currents Repeat the above for To determine the net ther sources ranch current just adds the currents obtained above. 10. State the steps to solve the Thevenins theorem. Remove the load resistance and find the open circuit voltage VOC Deactivate the consta t sources (fro voltage source remove it by internal resistance & for current source delete the source by OC) and find the internal resistance (RTH) of the source side looking through the open circuited load terminals

Obtain the Thevenins equivalent circuit by connecting VOC in series with RTH Reconnect the load resistance across the load terminals. 11. State the steps to solve the Nortons theorem. Remove the load resistor and find the internal resistance of the source N/W by deactivating the constant source. Short the load terminals and find the short circuit current Nortons equivalent circuit is drawn by keeping R TH in parallel with ISC 12.What is the Load current in a Nortons circuit? IL= (ISC.RTH) / (RTH+RL) 13. What is the load current in Thevenins circuit? IL= VOC / (RTH+RL) 14. What is the maximum power in a circuit? Max power:VO 2/4 R 15. Write some applications of maximum power transfer theorem. Power amplifiers Communication system Microwave transmission 16.What is the limitation of superposition theorem? This theorem is valid only for linear systems. This theorem can be applied for calculating the current through or voltage across in particular element. But this superposition theorem is not applicable for calculation of the power. 17. What are the limitations of maximum power transfer theorem? The maximum efficiency can be obtained by using this theorem is only 50% . It is because of 50% of the power is unnecessarily wasted in Rth. Therefore this theorem only applicable for communication circuits and not for power circuits where efficiency is greater importance rather than power delivered. 18. State voltgae division rule. Voltage across a resistor in a series ciruict is equal to the total voltage across elements mulitiplied by the value of that resistor divided by the total resistance of the series elements. V1=(R1)*V/ (R1+R2) 19. State current division rule. Current in any branch is equal to the ratio of the opposite paralel branch resistance to the total resistance value, multiplied by the total current in the circuit. I1=(R2)*I/(R1+R2) 20. Define source transformtion. The current and voltage sources may be inter changed without affecting the remainder of the circuit, this technique is the source transformation. It is the tool for simplifying the circuit. 21. List the applications of Thevinins theorem. It is applied to all linear circuits including electronic circuits represented by the controlled source. This theorem is useful when t is desired to know the effect of the response in network or varying part of the network.

22. Explain the purpose of star delta transformation. The transformation of a given set of resistances in star to delta or vice versa proves extremely useful in circuit analysis and the apparent complexity of a given circuit can sometime by very much reduced UNIT III

RESONANCE AND COUPLED CIRCUITS

1. What is meant by Resonance? An A.C circuit is said to be resonance if it behaves as a purely resistive circuit. The total current drawn by the circuit is then in phase with the applied voltage, and the power factor will then unity. Thus at resonance the equivalent complex impedance of the circuit has no j component. 2. Write the expression for the resonant frequency of a RLC series circuit. Resonant frequency fr=1/2LC 3. What is resonant frequency? The frequency at which resonance occurs is called resonant frequency. At resonant frequency XL=XC 4. Define series resonance. A resonance occurs in RLC series circuit called series resonance. Under resonance condition, the input current is in phase with applied voltage. 5. Define Quality factor. The quality factor is defi dissipated in one period. ed as the ratio of maximum energy stored to the energy 6. What are half power frequencies? In RLC circuits the frequ ncies at which the power is half the max/min power are called half power frequencies. 7. Write the characteristics of series resonance. At resonance impedance in min and equal to resistance therefore current is max. Before resonant frequency the circuit behaves as capacitive circuit and above resonant frequency the circuit will behave as inductive circuit. At resonance the magnitude of voltage across the inductance and capacitance will be Q times the supply voltage but they are in phase opposition 8. Define selectivity. It is defined as the ratio of bandwidth and resonant frequency. 9. What is anti resonance? In RLC parallel circuit the current is min at resonance whereas in series resonance the current is max. Therefore the parallel resonance is called anti resonance. 10. Write the characteristics of parallel resonance. At resonance admittance in min and equal to conductance therefore the current is min. Below resonant frequency the circuits behave as inductive circuit and above resonant frequency the circuit behaves as capacitive circuit. At resonance the magnitude of current through inductance and capacitance will be q times the current supplied by the source but they are in phase opposition. 11. What is Bandwidth and sel ctivity? The frequency band within the limits of lower and upper half frequency is called

bandwidth. BW=f2-f1 Selectivity is the ratio of fr to the bandwidth Selectivity= fr / (f2-f1) 12. What are coupled circuits? It refers to circuit involving elements with magnetic coupling. If the flux produced by an element of a circuit links other elements of the same circuit then the elements are said to be magnetic coupling. 13. What are coupled circuits? When two or more coils are linked by magnetic flux, then the coils are called coupled circuits. 14. State the properties of a series RLC circuit. The applied voltage and the resulting current are in phase, when also means than the p.f of RLC circuit is unity. The net reactance is resistive part only. zero at resonance and the impedance does not have the The current in the circuit is max: and is V/R amperes At resonance the circuit has got minimum impedance and max: curre t Frequency of resonance is given by fr=1/(2LC) 15. State the properties of a parallel RLC circuit. PF is unity Current at resonance is (V/(L/RC)) and is in phase with the applied voltage. The value of current at resonance is minimum. Net impedance at resonance is max: & is equal to L/RC The admittance is min: and the net susceptance is zero at resonance. 16. Define self inductance. When permeability is constant the self inductance of a coil is defined as the ratio of flux linkage and current. 17. Define mutual inductance. When permeability is constant the mutual inductance between two coupled coils is defined as the ratio of flux linkage in one coil due to common flux and current through another coil. 18. Define coefficient of coupling. In coupled coils the coefficient of coupling is defined as the raction of the total flux produced by one coil linking another coil. 19. What is DOT convention? The sign of mutual induced emf depends on the winding sense and the current through the coil. The winding sense is decided by the manufacturer and to inform the user about the winding sense a dot is placed at one end of each coil. When current enter at dotted end in one coil then the mutual induced emf in the other coil is positive at dot end. 21. State dot rule for coupled c rcuit. It states that in coupled coils current entering at the dotted terminal of one coil induce an emf in second coil which is +ve at dotted terminal of second coil. Current entering at the un dotted terminal of one coil induce an emf in second coil

which is +ve at un dotted terminal of second coil. 22. Define coefficient of coupling. The amount of coupling between to inductively coupled coils is expressed in terms of the coefficient of coupling. K=M/L1L2

UNIT IV TRANSIENT RESPONSE FOR DC CIRCUITS

1. What is transient state? If a network contains energy storage elements, with change in excitation, the current and voltage change from one state to other state the behavior of the voltage or current when it is changed from one state to another state is called transient state. 2. What is transient time? The time taken for the circuit to change from one steady state to another steady state is called transient time. 3. What is transient response? The storage elements deliver their energy to the resistances, hence the response changes with time, get sturated after sometime, and are referred to the transient response. 4. Define time constant of RLC circuit. The time taken to reach 63.2% of final value in a RL circuit is called the time constant of RL circuit. Time constant=L/R 5. Define time constant of RC circuit. The time to taken to reach 36.8% of initial current in an RC circuit is called the time constant of RC circuit. Time constant= RC 6. What is meant by natural frequency? If the damping is made zero then the response oscillates with natural frequency without any opposition, such a frequency is called natural frequency of oscillations. 7. Define damping ratio. It is the ratio orf actual resistance in the circuit to the critical resistance. 8. Write down the condition, for the response of RLC series circuit to be under damped for step input. The condition for the reponse of RLC series circuit to be under damped step input is (R/2L)2>(1/LC) 9. Write down the condition fo for step input. the response of RLC sereis circuit to be over damped The condition for the response of RLC series circuit to be over damped for step input is, (R/2L)2>(1/LC) 10. Write down the few applications of RL, RC, RLC circuits. Coupling circuits Phase shift circuits

Filters Resonant circuits AC bridge circuits Transformers

11. Define transient response. The transient response is defined as the response or output of a circuit from the instant of switching to attainment of steady state. 12. What is natural response? The response of a circuit due to stored energy alone without external source is called natural response or source free response. 13. What is forced response? The response of the circuit due to the external source is called forced response. 14. Define apparent power. The apparent power is defined as the product of magnitude of voltage and magnitude of current.

15. What is power factor and reactive power? The power factor is defined as the cosine of the phase difference between voltage and current. Power factor= cos The reactive power of the circuit is defined as the sine of the phase angle. Reactive power= sin

UNIT V ANALYZING THREE PHASE CIRCUITS PART-A

1. Define line current and phase current. The current flowing through the line is called line current The current flowing through the phase is called phase current 2. Define line and phase voltag The voltage between two lines is called the line voltage The voltage between any line and the neutral point is called phase voltage. 3. Give the line and phase values in star connection The relation between line and phase voltage in star connection is EL=3Eph The relation between line current and phase current in a star connection is IL=Iph 4. Give the line and phase values in delta connection The relation between line voltage and phase voltage in a delta connection is EL=Eph The relation between line current and phase current in delta connection is IL=3Iph

5. Write few methods available for measuring in 3-phase load. One wattmeter method Two wattmeter method Three wattmeter method 6. List the methods used for power measurement with single wattmeter Potential lead shift method T- method Artificial neutral method Current transformer method 7. List the methods for unbalanced star connected load Equivalents delta method Mesh method Neutral voltage displacement method 8. Write the methods of conne tions of 3 phase windings? Independent connection Star connection and Delta connection