Network System of

PSTU
Submitted to-
Dr. S.M. Taohidul Islam

Assistant Professor,

Dept. of EEE,
Course Code: CSE-
Patuakhali Science and Technology
414
University
Course Title:
Computer Networks
Laboratory

30-Apr-14
Group Members
Mohammad Zahid Hasan
Roll No. 1002055 Registration No. 02912

Mrinmoy Das
Roll No. 1002051 Registration No. 02908

Samrat Kumar Dey

Roll No. 1002020 Registration No. 02877

Md. Shaha Musabbir Miraj

Roll No. 1002013 Registration No. 02870

Md. Hasan Gazi

Roll No. 1002046 Registration No. 02903

Barun Kumar Biswas

Roll No. 1002048 Registration No. 02905

Subrata Kumer Gain

Roll No. 1002023 Registration No. 02880

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Introduction
Patuakhali Science and Technology University (PSTU) uses one Server PC to distribute its 8
Mbps bandwidth among its users.

The internet line comes from Dhaka to Barisal using Fiber Optic Cable. A CISCO switch
receives the bandwidth and sends it to E1 converter. Then it is transmitted through Barisal
BTCL to Patuakhali BTCL using Microwave frequency. Patuakhali BTCL receives the signal
and sends it to E1 Converter. Then Patuakhali Radio Link sends it to PSTU Radio Link.
PSTU Radio Link receives it and sends to Server PC using Cat-6 cable.

The server PC has 2 LAN ports. One receives the bandwidth and the other is used to
distribute this bandwidth. The connection from distribution port goes into a CISCO switch.
Media Converters are connected with this CISCO switch.The output of a media Converter is
sent to an ODF. Then it is distributed to the routers using Fiber Optic Cable which are located
in the residential halls and academic buildings. To bandwidth allocation of users is controlled
centrally using Microtic winbox software. Each user is given with a username and password
which is embedded with their MAC addresses.

 Data Flow Diagram of Network Connection:

Dhaka

Fiber Optic Cable

Barisal BTCL

CISCO switch > E1 Converter

Patuakhali BTCL

E1 Converter > Radio Link

PSTU Radio Link

Server PC > Distributed

The related components and topics are described below:

1. Server PC
A server is a system (software and suitable computer hardware) that responds to requests
across a computer network to provide, or help to provide, a network service. Servers can
be run on a dedicated computer, which is also often referred to as "the server", but many

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 networked computers are capable of hosting servers. In many cases, a computer can
provide several services and have several servers running.

 Server operating systems

Server-oriented operating systems tend to have certain features that make them more suitable
for the server environment, such as

 GUI not available or optional

 ability to reconfigure and update both hardware and software to some extent without
restart,
 advanced backup facilities to permit regular and frequent online backups of critical data,
 transparent data transfer between different volumes or devices,
 flexible and advanced networking capabilities,
 automation capabilities such as daemons in UNIX and services in Windows
 Tight system security, with advanced user, resource, data, and memory protection.
Server-oriented operating systems can, in many cases, interact with hardware sensors to
detect conditions such as overheating, processor and disk failure, and consequently alert an
operator or take remedial measures themselves.
Windows and Mac OS X server operating systems are deployed on a minority of servers, as
are other proprietary mainframe operating systems, such as z/OS. The dominant operating
systems among servers are UNIX-like open source distributions, such as those based on
Linux and FreeBSD. The rise of the microprocessor-based server was facilitated by the
development of UNIX to run on the x86 microprocessor architecture. The Microsoft
Windows family of operating systems also runs on x86 hardware and, since Windows NT,
have been available in versions suitable for server use.

 Assignment of IP address in LAN

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There are two ways to assign IP addresses in a LAN. Network administrator can manually
assign a static IP address to each computer in the LAN, or Network administrator can use a
special type of server that automatically assigns a dynamic IP address to each computer as it
logs into the network.

 Static IP addressing :

Static IP addressing means manually assigning a unique IP address to each computer in

the LAN. The first three octets must be the same for each host, and the last digit must be a
unique number for each host. In addition, a unique hostname will need to be assigned to
each computer. Each host in the LAN will have the same network address (192.168.1.0),
broadcast address (192.168.1.128), subnet mask (255.255.255.0), and domain name
(companyname.com). It's a good idea to start by visiting each computer in the LAN and
jotting down the hostname and IP address for future reference.

 Dynamic IP addressing :

Dynamic IP addressing is accomplished via a server or host called DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Program) that automatically assigns a unique IP address to each computer
as it connects to the LAN. A similar service called BootP can also automatically assign
unique IP addresses to each host in the network. The DHCP/ BootP service is a program
or device that will act as a host with a unique IP address. An example of a DHCP device
is a router that acts as an Ethernet hub (a communications device that allows multiple host
to be connected via an Ethernet jack and a specific port) on one end and allows a
connection to the Internet on the opposite end.

2. CISCO Switch

CISCO is Computer Information System Company. The name "CISCO" for #1 networking
company actually is taken from the city name San Francisco, CA. Cisco system Inc. was

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founded by computers scientist from Stanford which is located 20 miles from San Francisco.
The Cisco logo is based on the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, CA.

Cisco Systems was founded in 1984, and has quickly grown into one of the world's leading
suppliers of computer networking equipment. Cisco manufactures routers, switches, VoIP
telephony products, wireless access points, security appliances, and dozens of other products.
This Cisco resource page includes news, articles, and tutorials aimed at helping IT
professionals select, deploy, manage, and troubleshoot Cisco products.

SWITCH:

On a network, a switch is a hardware device that filters and forwards packets through the
network, but often not capable of much more. The first network device that was added to the
Internet was a switch called the IMP, which helped send the first message on October 29,
1969. A network switch is more advanced than a hub but not as advanced as a router.
NETGEAR 5 port is an example of switch.

A network switch (sometimes known as a switching hub) is a computer networking device

that is used to connect devices together on a computer network by performing a form of
packet switching. A switch is considered more advanced than a hub because a switch will
only send a message to the device that needs or requests it, rather than broadcasting the same
message out of each of its ports.

INITIAL CONFIGURATION FOR CISCO SWITCH:

Connecting to the Switch:

Step 1 Using an RJ-45-to-DB-9 adapter cable, insert the RJ-45 connector into the console
port that is located on the front of the switch, as shown in 1.

Step 2 Attach the DB-9 female DTE of the adapter cable to a PC serial port, or attach an
appropriate adapter to the terminal.

Figure 1: Connecting a Switch to a PC

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 3. E1 Converter
The RIC-E1 and RIC-T1 enable cost-effective conversion between standard serial or Ethernet
data traffic to E1 or T1 channels

 User ports: V.35, X.21, V.36, RS-530, or Fast Ethernet

 Network interface: Unframed E1 or T1 port
 Full duplex 2.048 Mbps (RIC-E1) or 1.544 Mbps (RIC-T1)
 Receive (from the G.703 interface), internal and external clocking options
 AC or DC power supply

The RIC-E1 and RIC-T1 enable cost-effective conversion between standard serial and
Ethernet data traffic to E1 or T1 channels. Ethernet options support transparent connection
between remote LANs over unframed E1/T1 links with VLAN, diagnostic loopback and
clocking capabilities. The devices support a range of up to 300 meters (1,000 ft.) from the
G.703 equipment over 24 AWG cable.

E1/Ethernet to Fiber Optic Converter:

MODEL7213S is an E1 or Ethernet to Fiber Optic Converter with fiber optic interface is a

multifunction and high performance L2 switch which build in three port cross engine to
realize the conversion between two Ethernet interface and E1 interface. The equipment
supports the function used as Ethernet transceiver or Ethernet net bridge or fiber optic
modem. As the extension of Ethernet, This converter may realize Ethernet interconnection at
low cost via the E1 channel provided by existing network.
The optical Ethernet Interface Converter (also as Optical Ethernet Interface Bridge) is a high
performance, which accomplishes the converting between the 10/100M Ethernet port, the
100M Ethernet Optic Interface and E1 interface. As an extended device of the Ethernet, the
optical Ethernet Interface Converter realizes interconnection of two Ethernet by using the E1
channel provided by exiting networks with the low-cost.

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4. Microwave
Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from
as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter, or equivalently, with frequencies
between 300 MHz (0.3 GHz) and 300 GHz. This broad definition includes both UHF
and EHF (millimeter waves), and various sources use different boundaries. In all
cases, microwave includes the entire SHF band (3 to30 GHz, or 10 to 1 cm) at
minimum, with RF engineering often putting the lower boundary at 1 GHz (30 cm),
and the upper around 100 GHz (3 mm).
Microwave technology is extensively used for point-to-point telecommunications
(i.e., non broadcast uses). Microwaves are especially suitable for this use since they
are more easily focused into narrower beams than radio waves, allowing frequency
reuse; their comparatively higher frequencies allow broad bandwidth and high data
transmission rates, and antenna sizes are smaller than at lower frequencies because
antenna size is inversely proportional to transmitted frequency. Microwaves are used
in spacecraft communication, and much of the world's data, TV, and telephone
communications are transmitted long distances by microwaves between ground
stations and communications satellites. Microwaves are also employed in microwave
ovens and in radar technology.
Microwave Frequency Bands
The microwave spectrum is usually defined as electromagnetic energy ranging from
approximately 1 GHz to 100 GHz in frequency, but older usage includes lower
frequencies. Most common applications are within the 1 to 40 GHz range.

Microwave Frequency Measurement

Microwave frequency can be measured by either electronic or mechanical techniques.
Frequency counters or high frequency heterodyne systems can be used. Here the
unknown frequency is compared with harmonics of a known lower frequency by use
of a low frequency generator, a harmonic generator and a mixer. Accuracy of the
measurement is limited by the accuracy and stability of the reference source.
Mechanical methods require a tunable resonator such as an absorption wavemeter,
which has a known relation between a physical dimension and frequency.
In a laboratory setting, Lecher lines can be used to directly measure the wavelength
on a transmission line made of parallel wires, the frequency can then be calculated. A
similar technique is to use a slotted waveguide or slotted coaxial line to directly
measure the wavelength. These devices consist of a probe introduced into the line
through a longitudinal slot, so that the probe is free to travel up and down the line.
Slotted lines are primarily intended for measurement of the voltage standing wave
ratio on the line. However, provided astanding wave is present, they may also be used
to measure the distance between the nodes, which is equal to half the wavelength.
Precision of this method is limited by the determination of the nodal locations.

5. Radio Link
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 Radio Link Protocol (RLP) is an automatic repeat request (ARQ) fragmentation
protocol used over a wireless (typically cellular) air interface. Most wireless air interfaces
are tuned to provide1% packet loss, and most Vocoders are mutually tuned to sacrifice
very little voice quality at 1% packet loss. However, 1% packet loss is intolerable to all
variants of TCP, and so something must be done to improve reliability for voice networks
carrying TCP/IP data.
A RLP detects packet losses and performs retransmissions to bring packet loss down to
.01%, or even .0001%, which is suitable for TCP/IP applications. RLP also implements
stream fragmentation and reassembly, and sometimes, in-order delivery. Newer forms of
RLP also provide framing and compression, while older forms of RLP rely upon a higher-
layer PPP protocols to provide these functions.

Fig: Signal transmission through radio link protocol

A RLP transport cannot ask the air interface to provide a certain payload size. Instead, the air
interface scheduler determines the packet size, based upon constantly changing channel
conditions, and upcalls RLP with the chosen packet payload size, right before transmission.
Most other fragmentation protocols, such as those of 802.11b and IP, used payload sizes
determined by the upper layers, and call upon the MAC to create a payload of a certain size.
These other protocols are not as flexible as RLP, and can sometimes fail to transmit during a
deep fade in a wireless environment.
Because a RLP payload size can be as little as 11 bytes, based upon a CDMA IS-95 network's
smallest voice packet size, RLP headers must be very small, to minimize overhead. This is
typically achieved by allowing both ends to negotiate a variable 'sequence number space',
which is used to number each byte in the transmission stream. In some variants of RLP, this
sequence counter can be as small as 6 bits.
A RLP protocol can be ACK-based or NAK-based. Most RLPs are NAK-based, meaning that
forward-link sender assumes that each transmission got through, and the receiver only NAKs
when an out-of-order segment is received. This greatly reduces reverse-link transmissions,
which are spectrally inefficient and have a longer latency on most cellular networks. When

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the transmit pipeline goes idle, a NAK-based RLP must eventually retransmit the last
segment a second time, in case the last fragment was lost, to reach a .01% packet loss rate.
This duplicate transmission is typically controlled by a “flush timer” set to expire 200-500
milliseconds after the channel goes idle.
The concept of a RLP protocol was invented by Phil Karn in 1990 for CDMA (IS-95)
networks.
Cellular networks such as GSM and CDMA use different variations of RLP. The January
2006 IEEE 802.20 specification uses one of the newest forms of RLP. In Wideband CDMA
systems, the protocol is called RLC (Radio Link Control).

6. Media Converters

Media converters are flexible and cost-effective devices for implementing and optimizing
fiber links in all types of networks. Media converters have become the “Swiss army knife”
of networking hardware.

What is a Media Converter?

The most common type of media converter is a device that functions as a transceiver;
converting the electrical signal used in copper Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) network
cabling into light waves used in fiber optic cabling. Fiber optic connectivity is necessary
when the distance between two network devices exceeds the transmission distance of copper
cabling. Copper-to-fiber conversion using media converters enables two network devices
with copper ports to be connected over extended distances via fiber optic cabling.

The Advantages of Media Conversion Technology:

Demands on the Network are increasing:

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  LANs and WANs are converging, and networks are growing in physical area
 Budget constraints are pushing preservation of capital investment in legacy switches
and routers
 New network services are driving up bandwidth demand

Solutions Provided by Media Converters:

 Increase network distances by converting UTP to fiber and extending fiber links
 Maintain investments in existing equipment
 Increase the capacity of existing fiber with WDM wavelengths (when used with
multiplexers)

New Applications for Media Converters:

 Remotely managed converter and multi-port switch configurations
 Convert WDM wavelengths for bandwidth capacity enhancement
 Enable Fiber-to-the-Desktop.

Types of Media Converters:

There are actually various types of media converters which are given in the following:

Ethernet Copper-to-Fiber Media Converters:

Supporting the IEEE 802.3 standard, Ethernet copper-to-fiber media converters provide
connectivity for Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet devices.

TDM Copper-to-Fiber Media Converters

T1/E1 and T3/E3 copper-to-fiber converters provide a reliable and cost-effective method to
extend traditional TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) telecom protocols copper connections
using fiber optic cabling. T3/E3 and T1/E1 converters operate in pairs extending distances
of TDM circuits over fiber, improving noise immunity, quality of service, intrusion
protection and network security. This application is often useful within a building or as a
connection between buildings in the building complex or a campus.

Serial-to-Fiber Media Converters

Serial-to-fiber converters provide fiber extension for serial protocol copper connections.
They can automatically detect the signal baud rate of the connected Full-Duplex serial device,
and support point-to-point and multi-point configurations.

Fiber-to-Fiber Media Converters

Fiber-to-fiber media converters can provide connectivity between multimode (MM) and
single-mode (SM) fiber, between different “power” fiber sources and between dual fiber and
single-fiber. In addition, they support conversion from one wavelength to another. Fiber-to-

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fiber media converters are normally protocol independent and available for Ethernet, and
TDM applications.

7. ODF
The full meaning of ODF is “Optical Distribution Frame” A frame used to provide
efficient cable connections between communication facilities. ODFs integrate fiber
splicing, storage, and cable connections together in a single unit.

The Optical Distribution Frame supports drawers, which are a key component in a fiber
telecommunication network; connecting the access network to the backbone metropolitan
network. The customer is „patched‟ onto the network; depending on his selected service
provider. Therefore, within the Point-of-Presence (PoP) there is a clear split between different
service suppliers. Additionally, a separation is secured between providers and the fixed
network.

Features and advantages:

 Complete ODF solution functions as the housing for termination drawers (19” &
ETSI), patch cords, cables and micro ducts

- Fast installation with reduction of field errors

 Modular based structure with adjustable components

- Flexibility of various installation options to accommodate every station

 Patch cord management with bend radius protection

- Allows for organized patch cord installation

- Protects the integrity of the fiber termination

 Universal frame functions as both Optical Distribution Frame and Equipment Frame.

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 - Easy design for POP, Central Office or Data center.

8. Various cables used for connections

CAT -5:
Category 5 cable (Cat 5) is a twisted pair cable for carrying signals. This type of cable is
used in structured cabling for computer networks such as Ethernet . The cable standard
provides performance of up to 100 MHz and is suitable for 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX,
1000BASE-T. Cat 5 is also used to carry other signals such as telephony and video. The
cable is commonly connected using punch-down block and modular connection. Most
Category 5 cables are unshielded relying on the balanced line twisted pair design and
differential signaling for noise rejection.. Category 5 has been superseded by the Category
5e enhanced specification. The specification for Category 5 cable was defined in
ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-A with clarification in TSB-95. These documents specify
performance characteristics and test requirements for frequency up to 100 MHz. Cable
types, connector types and cabling topologies are defined by TIA/EIA-568-B. Each of the
four pairs in a Cat 5 cable has differing precise number of twists perimeter to minimize
crosstalk between the pairs. Although cable assemblies containing 4 pairs are common,
Category 5 is not limited to 4 pairs.

CAT-6:
Category 6 cable, commonly referred to as Cat 6, is a standardized cable for gigabit
Ethernet and other network physical layer that is backward compatible with the category
5/5e and category 3 standard . Compared with Cat 5 and Cat 5e, Cat 6 features more
stringent specifications for crosstalk and system noise. The cable standard provides
performance of up to 250 MHz and is suitable for 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX,
1000BASE-T/ 1000BASE-TX and 10GBASE-T. Whereas Category 6 cable has a
reduced maximum length when used for 10GBASE-T. Cat 6 patch cables are normally
terminated in 8P8C modular connector . If Cat 6 rated patch cables, jacks and connectors
are not used with Cat 6 wiring, overall performance is degraded to that of the lowest-

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performing cable or connector. Connectors use either T568A or T568B pin assignments;
although performance is comparable provided both ends of a cable are the same. When
used for 10/100/1000 BASE-T, the maximum allowed length of a Cat 6 cable is 100
meters or 328 feet. This consists of 90 meters (300 feet) of solid "horizontal" cabling
between the patch panel and the wall jack, plus 10 meters (33 feet) of stranded patch
cable between each jack and the attached device. Since stranded cable has higher
attenuation than solid cable, exceeding 10 meters of patch cabling will reduce the
permissible length of horizontal cable. When used for 10GBASE-T, Cat 6 cable's
maximum length is 55 meters (180 feet) in a favorable alien crosstalk environment, but
only 37 meters (121 feet) in a hostile alien crosstalk environment, such as when many
cables are bundled together. However, because the effects of alien crosstalk environments
on cables are difficult to determine prior to installation, it is highly recommended that all
Cat6 cables used for 10GBASE-T be electrically tested once installed. With its improved
specifications, Cat6A does not have this limitation and can run 10GBASE-T at 100
meters (330 feet) without electronic testing.

Optical Fiber Cable:

An optical fiber cable is a cable containing one or more optical fibers that are used to
carry light. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers
and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be
deployed. Different types of cable are used for different applications, for example long
distance telecommunication, or providing a high-speed data connection between different
parts of a building.

Optical fiber consists of a core and a cladding layer, selected for total internal
reflection due to the difference in the refractive index between the two. In practical fibers,
the cladding is usually coated with a layer of acrylate polymer or polyimide . This coating
protects the fiber from damage but does not contribute to its optical wave guide
properties. Individual coated fibers (or fibers formed into ribbons or bundles) then have a
tough resin buffer layer and/or core tube(s) extruded around them to form the cable core.
Several layers of protective sheathing, depending on the application, are added to form
the cable. For indoor applications, the jacketed fiber is generally enclosed, with a bundle
of flexible fibrous polymer strength member like aramid (e.g. Twaron or kevlar), in a
lightweight plastic cover to form a simple cable. Modern fiber cables can contain up to a
thousand fibers in a single cable, with potential bandwidth in the terabytes per second. In
some cases, only a small fraction of the fibers in a cable may be actually "lit". Companies
can lease or sell the unused fiber to other providers who are looking for service in or
through an area.

Patch cord:
A patch cable or patch cord or patch lead is an electrical or optical cable used to connect
("patch-in") one electronic or optical device to another for signal routing. Devices of
different types (e.g., a switch connected to a computer, or a switch to a router) are

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connected with patch cords. Patch cords are usually produced in many different colors so
as to be easily distinguishable, and are relatively short, perhaps no longer than two meters
. Types of patch cords include microphone cablesheadphone extension cables, XLR
connecter,Tinni telephone connector RCA connectorand1/4 TRS phone connector cables
(as well as modular Ethernetcables), and thicker, hose-like cords used to carry videoor
amplified signals. However, patch cords typically refer only to short cords used with
patch panels.

Patch cords can be as short as 3 inches (ca. 8 cm), to connect stacked components or
route signals through a patch bay, or as long as twenty feet (ca. 6 m) or more in length for
snake cables. As length increases, the cables are usually thicker and/or made with more
shielding, to prevent signal loss (attenuation) and the introduction of unwanted radio
frequencies and hum (electromegnetic interface). Patch cords are often made of coxial
cable, with the signal carried through a shielded core, and the electrical ground or earthed
return connection carried through a wire mesh surrounding the core. Each end of the
cable is attached to a connector so that the cord may be plugged in. Connector types may
vary widely, particularly with adapting cables.

9. Router

A router is a device that forwards data packets between computer networks. This creates
an overlay internetwork, as a router is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks. When a data packet comes in one of the lines, the router reads the address
information in the packet to determine its ultimate destination. Then, using information in
its routing table or routing policy, it directs the packet to the next network on its journey.
Routers perform the "traffic directing" functions on the Internet. A data packet is typically
forwarded from one router to another through the networks that constitute the
internetwork until it reaches its destination node.

The most familiar type of routers are home and small office routers that simply pass data,
such as web pages, email, IM, and videos between the home computers and the Internet.

An example of a router would be the owner's cable or DSL modem, which connects to
the Internet through an ISP. More sophisticated routers, such as enterprise routers,

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 connect large business or ISP networks up to the powerful core routers that forward data
at high speed along the optical fiber lines of the Internet backbone. Though routers are
typically dedicated hardware devices, use of software-based routers has grown
increasingly common.

10. Categories Of UTP Cable

 It has been categorized into three categories based on the equipment that are being
connected through these wires.

 Straight Through Cable

 Cross Over Cable
 Roll Over Cable

Straight Through Cable:

Straight through cables are used to connect different devices like Switch to PC. Switch to
Router. Router to Switch etc. Straight-through cables are used when each end of the
communication transmits and receives on different pairs.

Fig: Straight through cable connection

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Cross Over Cable:

In a cross over the cable, the send and receive wires are "crossed over", meaning the wires are
opposite on each end. This allows two PCs to talk to each other, has it connects the send of
one computer to the receiver of the other. Hence, the cross over cables are used to connect
similar devices like PC to PC , Router to Router, Switch to Switch, Hub to Hub etc.

Color coding used in cross cable connection in networking

 To make a standard patch cable. In a Normal Patch Cable it would be put "WO, O,
WG, B, WB, G, WBr, Br" on both ends. on a crossover cable, it would be put the
above on one end, and switch the green and orange on the other end.
 WO = White/Orange, WG=White/Green, WB = White/Blue,
 WBr = White Brown,
 O = Orange,
 G = Green,
 B = Blue, Br = Brown.

Roll Over Cable:

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Roll over cables are used to connect to the console port of the device. It gets the name
rollover because the pin outs on one end are reversed from the other, as if the wire had been
rolled over and you were viewing it from the other side.

Transmission Pins:

Devices that transmit on 1,2 and receive on 3,6

 PC
 Router
 Wireless Access Point AP
 Networked printers

Devices that transmit on 3,6 and receive on 1,2

1. switch
2. bridge
3. hub

Equipment to make a connection:

In order to make a network cable you need the following equipment.

i. Cat5, Cat5e cable.

CAT5 cable usually contains four pairs of copper wire, Fast Ethernet communications only
utilize two pairs. A newer specification for CAT5 cable -CAT5 enhanced ("CAT5e" or "CAT
5e")- supports networking at Gigabit Ethernet[ speeds (up to 1000 Mbps) over short distances
by utilizing all four wire pairs, and it is backward-compatible with ordinary CAT5.

ii. A connector named RJ-45.

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RJ45 connectors feature eight pins to which the wire strands of a cable interface electrically.
Standard RJ-45 pin outs define the arrangement of the individual wires needed when
attaching connectors to a cable.

iii. Crimping tool:

Use to crimp the cable inside RJ 45 connector.

iv. Wire stripper or Knife.

Limitations:
Till now we have described some related components of network system of PSTU. Now, we
move to find the limitations of the networking system.

As the connection is established through microwave and radio link, when the weather is bad
the network system becomes weak.

The speed of the network is quiet slow.

Very often the system goes down as there is no bandwidth to distribute.

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