Solutions Manual

Soil Mechanics
Principles and Practice

Third Edition
Solutions Manual
Graham Barnes
Contents
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
Soil description and classification

Permeability and seepage
Effective stress and pore pressure
Contact pressure and stress distribution
Compressibility and consolidation
Shear strength
Shallow foundations stability
Shallow foundations settlement
Pile foundations
Lateral earth pressure and retaining structures
Slope stability
Earthworks and soil compaction
Soil Mechanics Principles and Practice

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Chapter 2
Solution
Soil Description and Classification
Volume of gravel = (m4 m1) (m3 m2)
= (1870.6 845.2) (2346.0 1608.7) = 1025.4 737.3 = 288.1 cm3
2.1
mass of gravel = m2 m1 = 1608.7 845.2 = 763.5 g
s = 763.5 = 2.65 g/ cm3 or Mg/m3

288.1
Sieve size
Mass retained
g
Mass passing
g
20
14
10
6.3
3.35
2
1.18
600
425
300
212
150
63
tray
0
18.9
67.4
44.2
75.8
122.1
193.7
240.0
282.2
242.1
233.7
265.3
240.0
80.0
2105.4
2086.5
2019.1
1974.9
1899.1
1777.0
1583.3
1343.3
1061.1
819.0
585.3
320.0
80.0
-
2.2
d10 = 0.11 mm
U = 0.54 = 4.9
0.11
d30 = 0.23 mm
Cc =
d50 = 0.42 mm
mw = 544.4 g
moderately uniformly graded
0.232 = 0.89
0.54 0.11
V0 = 250ml
wax Gs = 0.90
volume of soil lump = 250 544.4 537.5 = 242.33 cm3

0.90
bulk density b = ms = 537.5 106 = 2.218 Mg/m3, say 2.22 Mg/m3
V 242.33 106
Bulk weight density = 2.218 1000 9.81 = 21.76 kN/m3, say 21.8 kN/m3
1000
Moisture content = 537.5 479.2 100 = 12.17 %, say 12.2 %
479.2
d = b = = 2.218 = 1.977 Mg/m3, say 1.98 Mg/m3

1+w
1 + 0.122
Bulk weight density = 1.977 1000 9.81 = 19.39 kN/m3, say 19.4 kN/m3
Graham Barnes 2010
100
99.1
95.9
93.8
90.2
84.4
75.2
63.8
50.4
38.9
27.8
15.2
3.8
d60 = 0.54 mm
2.3
ms = 537.5 g
% passing

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
1000
From Table 2.19
b = Gsw (1 + w)
(1 + e)
1 + e = 2.72 1.0 1.122 = 1.376
2.218
void ratio e = 0.376, say 0.38
2.4
n = e = 0.376 = 0.273, say 0.27
1 + e 1.376
Sr = w Gs 100 = 0.122 2.72 100 = 88.3 %, say 88%
e
0.376
Av = n (1 - Sr) = 0.273 (1 0.883) = 3.2 %
The degree of saturation would be 100 %

Sr = w Gs = 100
e
2.5
w = e 100 = 0.376 100 = 13.82 %, say 13.8 %

Gs
2.72
b = Gsw (1 + w) = 2.72 1.0 1.1382 = 2.25 Mg/m3

(1 + e)
1.376
Av = n (1 - Sr)
with n =
2.6
e
1+e
and Sr = wGs
e
Av = e w Gs
1+e
e = Av + w Gs = 0.05 + 0.135 2.68 = 0.4335

1 - Av
1 0.05
b = 2.68 1.0 (1 + 0.135) = 2.122 Mg/m3 , say 2.12 Mg/m3

1 + 0.4335
Liquid limit
Plastic limit = 26.6 + 27.3 = 26.95, say 27 %
2
2.7
Plasticity index = 55 27 = 28 %
Classification is CH
Graham Barnes 2010

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
Liquidity index = 35 27 = 0.29
28
2.8
Consistency index = 55 35 = 0.71
28
Chapter 3
Permeability and Seepage

Q = 200 ml
3.1
l = 100 mm
h = 234 mm
t = 225 s
k = Q l = 200 103 100 4 = 8.6 10-2 mm/s = 8.6 10-5 m/s

Aht
752 234 225
a = 42 = 12.57 mm2
4
A = 1002 = 7854.0 mm2

4
3.2
k = 2.3 12.57 120 log10 (950/740) = 2.7 10-5 mm/s = 2.7 10-8 m/s
7854
30 60
koverall = Q l = 100 103 100 4 = 4.5 10-3 mm/s = 4.5 10-6 m/s
A h t 752 672 745
kv =
3.3
Lsand + Lsilt d
Lsand /ksand + Lsilt/ksilt
Lsand = 95 mm
Lsilt = 5 mm
ksand = 8.6 10-5 m/s

4.5 =
95 + 5
d
103 95 102 /8.6 + 5/ksilt
ksilt = 2.4 10-4 mm/s = 2.4 10-7 m/s
At top of clay total head = 5.0 + 5.0 = 10.0 m

At base of clay total head = 3.0 m
Head difference = 10.0 3.0 = 7.0 m
3.4
i = 7.0 = 1.4
5.0
q = 100 100 5 1.4 1000 60 60 24
108
= 60480 litres/day = 60.48 m3/day
Graham Barnes 2010

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
Hc = 7.5 4.0 = 3.5 m
f = 2.75
3.5
k=
q
f d Hc
2.5
d
1000 60 2.75 0.15 3.5
= 2.9 10-5 m/s
Figure 3.41
3.7
datum at base of gravel

h = 7.5 m
nf = 3
nd = 8
q = 3 7.5 3 1000 60 = 5.1 litres/min, say 5 litres/min

105
8
Location
Total head m
Elevation
head m
Pressure
head m
pore pressure
kPa
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
7.5
7.5 7/8 = 6.56
7.5 6/8 = 5.63
7.5 5/8 = 4.69
7.5 4/8 = 3.75
7.5 3/8 = 2.81
7.5 2/8 = 1.88
7.5 1/8 = 0.94
7.5 0/8 = 0
5.5
2.56
0.1
-1.9
-3.0
-3.0
-3.0
-1.8
0
2.0
4.0
5.53
6.59
6.75
5.81
4.88
2.74
0
19.6
39.2
54.2
64.6
66.2
57.0
47.8
26.8
0
Graham Barnes 2010

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
3.7
Shape factor is the same 3/8
k overall =
3
10
6
10 4
= 1.34 10 4 m/s
3.8
q = 1.34 7.5 3 1000 60 = 22.6 litres/min, say 23 litres/min
104
8
Consider last block for boiling condition l = 1.8 m h = 7.5/8 = 0.938 m
Upward seepage force = w h l 1 = 9.8 0.938 1.8 1
= 16.55 kN
3.9
Downward seepage force = bgravel l 1.0 1 + subsand l l 1

= 20.5 1.8 1.0 1 + (19 9.8) 1.8 1.8 1 = 36.9 + 29.8 = 66.7 kN
16.55 kN < 66.7 kN ULS verified. See Worked example 3.12 for comments on this inequality.
Consider block 2.0 m 4.0 m for heaving

mean head hm = 1.41 + 2.81 = 2.11 m
2
upward force = 9.8 2.11 2.0 1 = 41.4kN
Downward force = 20.5 1.0 2.0 1 + (19 9.8) 3.0 2.0 1 = 41.0 + 55.2 = 96.2 kN
41.4 kN < 96.2 kN ultimate limit state (ULS) verified
3.9
Applying partial factor G;dst on destabilising action of 1.335 in the UK National Annex
Design upward force = 41.36 1.335 = 55.2 kN
partial factor G;stb on stabilising action is 0.90 in the UK National Annex
Design downward force = 96.2 0.90 = 86.6 kN
55.2 kN < 86.6 kN ULS verified. See Worked example 3.11 for comments on this inequality.
Note: without gravel
Graham Barnes 2010
55.2 kN > 49.7 kN (55.2 0.90) kN ULS is not verified.

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
head difference h = 8.0 m
3.10
nf = 2.5 nd = 16
q = 5 8.0 2.5 60 60 1000
106
16
= 22.5 litres/hour
3.11
Along the slip surface
D15soil = 0.15 mm
3.12
Location
Total head
m
Elevation
head
m
Pressure
head
m
Pore
pressure
kPa
5.6
5.6
8.0 11/16 = 5.50
5.2
0.3
2.9
8.0 10/16 = 5.00
3.9
1.1
10.8
8.0 9/16 = 4.50
2.7
1.8
17.6
8.0 8/16 = 4.00
1.9
2.1
20.6
8.0 7/16 = 3.50
1.25
2.25
22.1
8.0 6/16 = 3.00
0.90
2.1
20.6
8.0 5/16 = 2.50
0.6
1.9
18.6
8.0 4/16 = 2.00
0.4
1.6
15.7
10
8.0 3/16 = 1.50
0.2
1.3
12.7
11
8.0 2/16 = 1.00
0.1
0.9
8.8
12
8.0 1/16 = 0.50
0.05
0.45
4.4
13
8.0 0/16 = 0
D85soil = 2.1 mm
Minimum D15filter = 5 D15soil

= 5 0.15 = 0.75 mm
Maximum D15filter = 5 D85soil
= 5 2.1 = 10.5 mm
< 5% fines
Graham Barnes 2010

Third Edition
Exercis
e
Chapter 4
Graham Barnes
Solution
Effective Stress and Pore pressure
Total stress = 5 9.8 + 5 18 = 139 kPa
4.1
Pore pressure = 10 9.8 = 98 kPa

Effective stress = 139 98 = 41 kPa
Total stress = 5 18 = 90 kPa
4.2
Pore pressure = 5 9.8 = 49 kPa

Effective stress = 90 49 = 41 kPa
Top of sand
Total stress = 5 21 = 105 kPa
Pore pressure = 3 9.8 = 29.4 kPa
Effective stress = 105 29.4 = 75.6 kPa
4.3
Bottom of sand
Total stress = 5 21 + 5 18 = 195 kPa
At 5 m
Total stress = 2 16.5 + 3 18 = 87 kPa
4.4
At 2 m
Total stress = 2 16.5 = 33 kPa
4.5
Before pumping
a)
top of clay
b) middle
Graham Barnes 2010
1.0 16.5 + 3.0 18 3 9.8 = 41.1 kPa

1.0 16.5 + 3.0 18 + 2.5 21 5.5 9.8 = 69.1 kPa

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
c)
bottom of clay
1.0 16.5 + 3.0 18 + 5.0 21 8 9.8 = 97.1 kPa
Immediately after pumping

a) top of clay 3.0 16.5 + 1.0 18 1.0 9.8 = 57.7 kPa
b) middle
69.1 kPa (no change)
c) bottom of clay
97.1 kPa (no change)
Long-term
a)
top of clay
57.7 kPa
b) middle
3 16.5 + 1 18 + 2.5 21 3.5 9.8 = 85.7 kPa
c)
3 16.5 + 1 18 + 5 21 6 9.8 = 113.7 kPa
bottom of clay
Note: change in effective stress = 16.6 kPa throughout

= 2 9.8 2 (18 16.5) = 19.6 3 = 16.6 kPa
4.6
Change in effective stress = 2 9.8 = 19.6 kPa
At 2 m
Present v = 2 19.5 = 39.0 kPa
Past maximum v = 2 19.5 = 39.0 kPa
OCR = 39.0 = 1.0

39.0
At 6 m
Present v = 6 19.5 4 9.8 = 77.8 kPa
4.7
Past maximum v = 6 19.5 = 117.0 kPa
OCR = 117.0 = 1.50

77.8
At 20 m
Present v = 20 19.5 18 9.8 = 213.6 kPa
Past maximum v = 20 19.5 14 9.8 = 252.8 kPa
OCR = 252.8 = 1.18
213.6
4.8
Vertical effective stress V = 6 20.5 4.5 9.8 = 78.9 kPa

Horizontal effective stress H = 120 4.5 9.8 = 75.9 kPa
K0 = 75.9 = 0.96
78.9
For normally consolidated clay K01 sin = 1 sin25o = 0.577
Graham Barnes 2010

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
clay is overconsolidated
Cell
pressure
kPa
0
50
50
100
100
150
150
200
200
300
300
400
4.9
40
90
140
190
290
1 3
0
68
117
146
171
190
198
4.10
Chapter 5
Back
pressure
kPa
0
Pore
pressure
kPa
5
12
38
67
89
126
140
184
190
285
290
388
17
50
0.34
29
50
0.58
37
50
0.74
44
50
0.88
95
100
0.95
98
100
0.98
u
0
15
19
12
1
13
25
u
300
315
319
312
301
287
275
1 3
0
68
117
146
171
190
198
A
0
0.22
0.16
0.08
0.01
0.07
0.13
Contact Pressure and Stress Distribution

From middle load
v =
3Pz 3
2R 5
z = R = 2.0 m
5.1
v = 3 500 2.03 = 59.7 kPa

2 2.05
from side loads

z = 2.0 m
R2 = 2.02 + 4.02 = 20
R = 4.47 m
v = 3 500 2.03 = 1.1 kPa

2 4.475
Stress beneath middle load = 59.7 + 1.1 + 1.1 = 61.8 kPa, say 62 kPa
Graham Barnes 2010

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
From middle load
z = R = 2.0 m
5.2
v =
2Pz 3
R 4
v = 2 500 2.03 = 159.2 kPa

2.04
from side loads z = 2.0 m
v = 2 500 2.03 = 6.4 kPa

4.474
R = 4.47 m (from 5.1)
Stress beneath middle load = 159.2 + 6.4 + 6.4 = 172 kPa
Beneath centre
= tan1(4/5) = 38.7o
= 77.3o = 1.349 radians
= = 38.7o
v = 80/ [1.349 + sin77.3 cos0] = 59.2 kPa
Beneath edge
= 0 = tan1(8/5) = 58.0o = 1.012 radians
v = 80/ [1.012 + sin58 cos58] = 37.2 kPa
5.3
4m from edge
= tan1(4/5) = 38.66o
= tan1(12/5) = 67.38o
= 67.38 38.66 = 28.72o = 0.501 radians
v = 80/ [0.501 + sin28.72 cos(28.72 + 2 38.66)] = 9.4 kPa
Beneath centre
z = 6.0 m
B = 3.0 m
L = 6.0 m
L/B = 2
z/B = 2
I = 0.12
L = 12.0 m
L/B = 2
z/B = 1
I = 0.20
v = 0.12 105 4 = 50.4 kPa
5.4
Beneath corner
z = 6.0 m
B = 6.0 m
v = 0.20 105 = 21.0 kPa
5.5
At A
Stress at corner of 3No. 10 10 m
z/B = 8/10 = 0.8 L/B = 1 I = 0.197 (Giroud)
v = 80 0.197 3 = 47.3 kPa, say 48 kPa
Graham Barnes 2010
10

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
At B
Stress at corner of 2No. 10 20 m minus 1No. 10 10 m
v = 80 (2 0.217 0.197) = 19 kPa
z/B = 8/10 = 0.8 L/B = 2 I = 0.217
At centre
z = 6.0 m
B = 3.0 m
z/h = 6/12 = 0.5 L/B = 6/3 = 2

From Figure 5.10
5.6
L = 6.0 m
h = 12 m
h/B = 12/3 = 4
I = 0.136 by interpolation
v = 0.136 105 4 = 57.1 kPa, say 57 kPa

At corner
z = 6.0 m
B = 6.0 m
L = 12.0 m
h = 12.0 m
L/B = 2
z/h = 6/12 = 0.5 h/B = 12/6 = 2
I = 0.223
v = 0.223 105 = 23.4 kPa, say 23 kPa
At centre
z = 6.0 m
B = 6.0 m
L = 12.0 m
L/B = 2
z/B = 6/6 = 1
5.7
From Figure 5.12 I = 0.43
v = 0.43 105 = 45.2 kPa, say 45 kPa
Chapter 6
Compressibility and Consolidation

Final void ratio ef = 0.273 2.70 = 0.737
e =
6.1
H
( 1 + e)
H
Pressure
kPa
0
25
50
100
200
400
800
Graham Barnes 2010
Thickness
mm
19.0
18.959
18.918
18.836
18.457
17.946
17.444
11
H
mm
ef
0.041
0.082
0.164
0.543
1.054
1.556
0.004
0.008
0.016
0.053
0.103
0.152
0.856
0.852
0.848
0.840
0.803
0.753
0.704

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
200
25
0
17.526
17.669
17.782
1.474
1.331
1.218
6.1
pc125 kPa
6.2
p0= 5 (21.2 9.8) = 57 kPa
OCR = 125 = 2.2

56
Graham Barnes 2010
12
0.144
0.130
0.119
0.712
0.726
0.737

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
Pressure
increment
kPa
0 25
25 50
50 100
100 200
200 400
400 800
6.3
Hi
mv
m2/MN
0.041
0.041
0.082
0.379
0.511
0.502
19.0
18.959
18.918
18.836
18.457
17.916
25
25
50
100
200
400
0.086
0.087
0.087
0.201
0.138
0.070
From the graph

At p0 = 57 kPa
e = 0.847
At v = 107 kPa
e = 0.839
At v = 157 kPa
e = 0.820
For increment p0 + 50
mv = 0.847 0.839 1 1000 = 0.087 m2/MN

1.847
50
For increment p0 + 100
mv = 0.847 0.820 1 1000 = 0.146 m2/MN

1.847
100
At v = 200 kPa
e = 0.803
At v = 400 kPa
e = 0.753
At v = 800 kPa
e = 0.704
Pressure increment
kPa
Compression index Cc
200 400
Cc = 0.803 0.753 = 0.166

log10(400/200)
400 800
Cc = 0.753 0.704 = 0.163

log10(800/400)
200 800
Cc = 0.803 0.704 = 0.164

log10(800/200)
6.4
say Cc = 0.164
6.5
Graham Barnes 2010
13

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
H0 = 18.50 mm Hf = 17.76 mm
d=
H=
18.50 + 17.76
= 18.13mm
2
18.13
= 9.065mm
2
t 90 = 3.35
t90 = 11.22 mins
cv = 0.848 9.0652 60 24 365 = 3.26 m2/yr, say 3.3 m2/yr

11.22
1000 1000
mv = (18.50 17.76) 1 1000 = 0.20 m2/MN
18.50
200
k = cv mv w =
3.26
365 24 60 60
0.20 9.8 = 2.0 1010 m/s

1000
Split the clay into 2 m thick sub-layers

mv = 0.24 0.02z
= 2.5 20 = 50 kPa
Depth
m
1
3
5
7
9
6.6
a) Tv = cv t = 12 6 = 0.67
d2 32 12
H = mv H
mv
0.22
0.18
0.14
0.1
0.06
22
18
14
10
6
= 70 mm
From Figure 6.15
Z=1
Initial excess pore pressure = 50 kPa

Remaining pore pressure = 50 (1 0.76) = 12 kPa
6.7
b)
Tv = 12 6 = 0.167
62 12
Z=1
Uv = 0.173
Remaining pore pressure = 50 (1 0.173) = 41.4 kPa, say 42 kPa
Graham Barnes 2010
14
Uv = 0.755, say 0.76

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
v = 3 9.8 = 29.4 kPa
H = 0.45 29.4 5 = 66.1 mm
d = 5/2 = 2.5 m
time t = 6/2 + 20 = 23 weeks

Tv = 5.5 23 = 0.389
2.52 52
6.8
0.389 = U v
4
Uv > 60%use
log10 (100
U v = 0.704
0.389 = 1.781 0.933log10 100 Uv
Uv) = 1.781 0.389 = 1.492
U = 69%
0.933
settlement = 0.69 66 = 46 mm
U = 90%
6.9
Tv = 0.848
0.848 = 5.5 t
2.52
t = 0.848 2.52 = 0.96 years = 50.1 weeks

5.5
time from start of pumping = 50.1 + 6/2 = 53.1 weeks
For 1-dimensional consolidation alone

d = 10/2 = 5.0 m
0.071 = cv t
d2
6.10
Tv = 0.071
Uv = 30%
cv t = 0.071 52
cH t = 3.5 0.071 52
Tr = cH t = 3.5 0.071 52 = 0.399

4R2 4 (0.564 3.5)2
r = 0.10 m
n = 0.564 3.5 = 19.74

0.10
Ur = 0.755
1 Uoverall = (1 Uv )(1 Ur) = (1 0.3) (1 0.755) = 0.172
Graham Barnes 2010
15
Uoverall = 0.828, or 83%

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
Height of embankment = 6 + H
Consolidation settlement = H = 0.30 (6 + H) 20.5 13 = 0.080 (6 + H)
1000
H = 0.48/0.92 = 0.521 m
check: = 0.30
6.521 20.5 13 = 521 mm
required Uoverall = 521 50 = 0.904

521
time required = + 2 = 2.5 months
Tv = 2.5 2.5 = 0.0123
6.52 12
6.11
Uv =
4Tv
= 0.125
2rw = 2
R = 0.525s
n = R = 0.525s = 21.15s
rw 0.0248
(1 0.904) = (1 0.125) (1 Ur) Ur = 0.890
(70 + 8)
s=
rw = 24.8 mm
n
21.15
1.323
Tr = cH t =
7.0 2.5
=
1.323
s=
2
2
2
Tr
4R 4 (0525s) 12
s
1.323
Tr
Tr
15
20
25
30
40
0.547
0.626
0.687
0.737
0.817
n
21.15
0.709
0.946
1.182
1.418
1.891
1.555
1.454
1.388
1.34
1.273
From graph s = 1.36 m, say 1.35 m
Chapter 7
Shear Strength
Peak strength f = cp + N tanp
= 5 + (185 90) tan 29o = 57.7 kPa
Residual strength f = cr + N tanr
= 0 + (185 90) tan 12o = 20.2 kPa
7.1
7.2
v = 122 32 = 93 kPa
H = 97 32 = 65 kPa
Apex of Mohr circle
= v H = 93 65 = 14 kPa
Graham Barnes 2010
16
s =
1.323
Tr

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
2
v + H = 93 + 65 = 79 kPa
2
2
at the normal stress of
at failure f = c + N tan
= 8 + 79 tan 28o = 50 kPa
50 >>14 soil is not at failure
f = 93 + 3f + (93 3f) cos (90 + 28)

2
2
= 46.5 + 0.53f 21.8 + 0.2353f = 24.7 + 0.7353f
8 + (24.7 + 0.7353f) tan28o = (93
3f ) sin (90 + 28) = 41.1 + 0.4413f

2
7.3
21.1 + 0.3913f = 41.1 0.4413f

OR 3f = Kav 2cKa
3f = 20.0 = 24.0 kPa

0.832
Ka = 1 sin28o = 0.361
1+ sin28o
3f = 0.361 93 2 8 0.361 = 24 kPa
7.4
3 = 3 u = 450 u
1 = 1 3 + 3
s = 1 + 3
2
t = 1 3
2
p = 1
0
68
117
146
171
190
198
300
315
319
312
301
287
275
450
518
567
596
621
640
648
150
203
248
284
320
353
373
150
135
131
138
149
163
175
Maximum sin with maximum 1/3 = 2.17
Graham Barnes 2010
17
q = 1 3
1 3
M = (q/p)max = 198 = 0.822

241
+ 23
1 3
1.00
1.50
1.89
2.06
2.15
2.17
2.13
150
169
190
211
235
258
274
0
34
59
73
86
95
99
150
158
170
187
206
226
241
0
68
117
146
171
190
198
sin = 95 = 0.368
258
= 21.6o

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
7.5
7.6
at N = 100 kPa
= 15 + 100 tan39 = 96 kPa
= l = l
l0 76
A0 = 382 = 1134.1 mm2

4
A = A0 (1 )
1 3 = F
A
7.7
Cell
pressure
kPa
100
200
400
3
350
400
500
l
mm
Force
N
Area
mm2
11.4
9.6
8.5
331
309
312
15.0
12.6
11.2
1334.2
1297.6
1277.1
1 3
143
208
312
1
493
608
812
u
326
354
418
7.8
Graham Barnes 2010
= 64 kPa
18
1
167
254
394
F = 96 = 1.50
64
1 3
kPa
248.1
238.1
244.3
3
24
46
82
s
96
150
238
cu
kPa
124
119
122
t
72
104
156

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
3
100
200
300
1
344
644
940
1 3
244
444
640
t
122
222
320
7.9
1.75 = N ln150 = N 5.011
7.10
1.65 = N ln300 = N 5.704
0.10 = (5.704 5.011)
= 0.10 = 0.144, say 0.14

0.693
qf = 368 kPa
7.11
N = 1.75 + 0.144 ln150 = 2.47
1 = 368 + 300 = 668 kPa
pf = 1/3(668 + 2 300) = 422.7 kPa

M = 368 = 0.87
422.7
7.12
3 = 150 kPa
M = 0.87
qf = Mpf
1 150 = 0.87 1/3 (1 + 2 150) = 0.29 1 + 87

1 = 237 = 333.8 kPa
0.71
Graham Barnes 2010
1 3 = 333.8 150 = 183.8 kPa
19
s
222
422
620

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
OR
pf = 450 = 211.3 kPa
2.13
qf = 3 = 0.87 pf
pf p0
pf 150
3= 150 kPa
7.13
pf = 211.3 kPa
v = 2.37 0.144 ln211.3 = 1.599
3= 300 kPa
e = 0.599, say 0.60
pf = 422.7 kPa
v = 2.37 0.144 ln422.7 = 1.499
7.14
qf 0.87 211.3 = 183.8 kPa
e = 0.499, say 0.50
3= 150 kPa
vf = v0 = 1.75
vf = + ln pf (on CSL)
ln pf = 2.37 1.75 = 4.306

0.144
pf = 74.1 kPa
qf = M qf = 0.87 74.1 = 64.5 kPa, say 65 kPa
1 3 = 64.5 kPa
1/31 + 2/33 = 74.1 kPa
1 = 64.5 + 3 kPa
1/3(3+ 64.5) + 2/33 = 74.1 kPa
3 = 74.1 64.5 = 52.6 kPa

3
u =3
3 = 150 52.6 = 97.4 kPa
u = pf
pf = 171.5 74.1 = 97.4 kPa
OR
pf = p0 + 1/3qf = 150 + 64.5 = 171.5 kPa
3
3= 300 kPa
vf = v0 = 1.65
vf = + ln pf (on CSL)
ln pf = 2.37 1.65 = 5.000

0.144
pf = 148.4 kPa
qf = M pf = 0.87 148.4 = 129.1 kPa, say 129 kPa
1 3 = 129.1 kPa
1 = 129.1 + 3 kPa
pf = 1/3(3+ 129.1) + 2/33 = 148.4 kPa
3 = 148.4 129.1 = 105.4 kPa

3
uf =3
OR
pf = p0 + 1/3 qf =300 + 1/3 129.1 = 343.0 kPa
Graham Barnes 2010
20
3 = 300 105.4 = 194.6 kPa, say 195 kPa

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
u = pf
Chapter 9
9.1
pf = 343.0 148.4 = 194.6 kPa
Shallow Foundations - Stability

Net Rd = cukNcsc
sc = 1.2
A
cu
Combination 1
Rd = 3.52 95 5.14 1.2 = 7178 kN
1.0
Nc= 5.14
Combination 2
Rd = 3.52 95 5.14 1.2 = 5127.2 kN
1.4
Combination 1
Net Ed = 1.35 2925 + 1.5 1225 + q q = 5786.25 kN
Ed < Rd (5786.3 < 7178)
9.2
Combination 2
Net Ed = 1.0 2925 + 1.3 1225 + q q = 4517.5 kN
Ed < Rd (4517.5 < 5127.2)
ULS is verified
Combination 1
5786 = B2 95 5.14 1.2
1.0
Combination 2
4517.2 = B2 95 5.14 1.2
1.4
B2 = 9.87
B2 = 10.79
9.3
B = 3.14 m
B = 3.29 m
Combination 2 B = 3.29 m, say 3.3 m
9.4
Combination 1
= 25o
Nc = 20.7
sq = 1 + sin 25o = 1.423
Nq = 10.7
N = 9.1
s = 0.7
sc = (1.423 10.7 1) = 1.467

(10.7 1)
Net Rd = c Nc sc + q Nq sq + 0.5 B N s + w hw
A
q = 1.5 20.5 1.0 9.8 = 20.95 kPa
q
= 20.5 9.8 = 10.7 kN/m3
Net Rd = 4 20.7 1.467 + 20.95 10.7 1.423 + 0.5 10.7 3.3 9.1 0.7 + 1.0 9.8 1.5 20.5
iiiiiiA 1.0
= 121.5 + 319.0 + 112.5 + 9.8 30.75 = 532.0 kPa

Net Rd = 532.0 3.32 = 5794.0 kN
5786 < 5794 ULS verified, but see below

Combination 2
Graham Barnes 2010
21

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
tan25o/1.25 = 0.373 d = 20.46o
Nc = 15.3
Nq = 6.7
sq = 1 + sin 20.46o = 1.35
s = 0.7
sc = (1.35 6.7 1) = 1.41

(6.7 1)
N = 4.3
Net Rd = 4 15.3 1.41 + 20.95 6.7 1.35 + 0.5 10.7 3.3 4.3 0.7 + 1.0 9.8 1.5 20.5
iiiiiiA 1.25
= 69.0 + 189.5 + 53.1 + 9.8 30.75 = 290.65 kPa

Net Rd = 290.65 3.32 = 3165.2 kN
4517.5 > 3165.2 ULS not verified

q = 1.5 20.5 = 30.75 kPa
= 20.5 kN/m3
Combination 1
Net Rd = 4 20.7 1.467 + 30.75 10.7 1.423 + 0.5 20.5 3.3 9.1 0.7 1.5 20.5
iiiiiiA 1.0
= 121.5 + 468.2 + 215.5 30.75 = 774.45 kPa

Net Rd = 774.45 3.32 = 8433.8 kN
9.5
5786 < 8434 ULS verified

Combination 2
Net Rd = 4 15.3 1.41 + 30.75 6.7 1.35 + 0.5 20.5 3.3 4.3 0.7 1.5 20.5
iiiiiiA 1.25
= 69.0 + 278.1 + 101.8 30.75 = 418.15 kPa

Net Rd = 418.15 3.32 = 4553.7 kN
4517.5 < 4553.7 ULS verified
Graham Barnes 2010
22

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
Combination 1
= 1.0
= 38o
Nq = 48.9
q = 2.0 19.5 1.5 9.8 = 24.3 kPa

sq = 1 + 3.0 sin 38o = 1.41
4.5
N = 74.9
= 19.5 9.8 = 9.7 kN/m3
s = 1
0.3 3.0 = 0.80

4.5
Net Rd = 24.3 48.9 1.41 + 0.5 9.7 3.0 74.9 0.8 + 1.5 9.8 2.0 19.5
iiiiiiA
9.6
= 1675.5 + 871.8 + 14.7 39.0 = 2523.0 kPa

Combination 2
= 1.25
d = 32.0o
tan38o/1.25 = 0.625
sq = 1 + 3.0 sin 32o = 1.353

4.5
s = 1
Nq = 23.2
N = 27.7
0.3 3.0 = 0.80

4.5
Net Rd = 24.3 23.2 1.353 + 0.5 9.7 3.0 27.7 0.8 + 1.5 9.8 2.0 19.5
iiiiiiA
= 762.8 + 322.4 + 14.7 39.0 = 1060.9 kPa
Combination 1
Ed = 1.35 2150 + 1.5 350 = 3427.5 kN
Net Rd = 2523.0 3.0 4.5 = 34060.5 kN
R = Rd = 34060.5 = 9.94
Ed
3427.5
9.7
Combination 2
Ed = 1.0 2150 + 1.3 350 = 2605.0 kN
Net Rd = 1060.9 3.0 4.5 = 14322.2 kN
R = Rd = 14322.2 = 5.50
Ed
2605.0
WF = 2.5 0.5 25
WB1 = 1.55 1.0 21
WB2 = 0.65 1.0 21
9.8
= 31.25 kN
= 32.55 kN
= 13.65 kN
77.45 kN
Combination 1
Design vertical load =125 1.35 + 45 1.5 = 236.25 kN
Total vertical load = 77.45 + 236.25 = 313.7 kN
313.7 e = 236.25 0.45 + 13.65 0.925 32.55 0.475 = 103.48 kNm
Graham Barnes 2010
23

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
e = 103.48 = 0.330 m
313.7
B = 2.5 2 0.33 = 1.84 m
sc = sq = s = 1.0
q = q = 1.5 22 = 33 kPa
= 22 9.8 = 12.2 kN/m3
c = = 1.0
Nc = 18.1
= 23o
Nq = 8.7
N = 6.5
Net Rd = 4 18.1 + 33 8.7 + 0.5 12.2 1.84 6.5 33 = 399.46 kPa

iiiiiiA 1.0
Rd = 399.46 1.84 = 735.0 kN
Net design load = 313.7 1.84 22 = 273.2 kN
273.2 < 735.0 ULS verified
Combination 2
Design vertical load =125 1.0 + 45 1.3 = 183.5 kN
260.95 e = 183.5 0.45 + 13.65 0.925 32.55 0.475 = 79.74 kNm
e = 79.74 = 0.306 m
260.95
9.8
c = = 1.25
B = 2.5 2 0.306 = 1.89 m
sc = sq = s = 1.0
d = 18.76o Nc = 13.7 Nq = 5.7
tan23o/1.25 = 0.340
Net Rd = 4 13.7 + 33 5.7 + 0.5 12.2 1.89 3.2 33 = 235.83 kPa

iiiiiiA 1.25
Rd = 235.83 1.89 = 445.7 kN
Net design load = 260.95 1.89 22 = 219.4 kN
9.9
WF = 3.3 3.8 0.6 25 = 188.10 kN

WB = 3.3 3.8 1.2 20 = 300.96 kN
489.06 kN
Combination 1
Design vertical load = 2925 1.35 + 1225 1.5 = 5786.25 kN
Design horizontal load = 150 1.35 + 50 1.5 = 277.50 kN
e = 277.50 3.3 = 0.146 m
6275.31
Graham Barnes 2010
24
N = 3.2

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
L = 3.8 2 0.146 = 3.51 m
B = 3.30 m
sc = 1 + 0.2 3.30 = 1.188

3.51
Net vertical load = 6275.31 3.3 3.51 21.5 = 6026.3 kN

277.50
i c = 0.5+ 0.5 1
= 0.932
3.33.5195
Net Rd = 95 5.14 1.188 0.932 = 540.65 kPa

iA 1.0
iiiii
Rd = 540.65 3.3 3.51 = 6262.35 kN

6026.3 < 6262.35 ULS verified
Combination 2
e = 215.0 3.3 = 0.142 m
5006.56
L = 3.8 2 0.142 = 3.52 m
B = 3.30 m
sc = 1 + 0.2 3.30 = 1.188

3.52

215.0
i c = 0.5 + 0.5 1
= 0.949
3.3
3.52
95
Net Rd = 95 5.14 1.188 0.949 = 393.2 kPa

iA 1.4
iiiii
Rd = 393.2 3.3 3.52 = 4567.4 kN

9.10
Combination 2
e = 150.0 3.3 = 0.099 m
5006.56
L = 3.8 2 0.099 = 3.60 m
B = 3.30 m
sc = 1 + 0.2 3.30 = 1.183

3.60
Graham Barnes 2010
25

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
150.0
i c = 0.5 + 0.5 1
= 0.966
3.3
3.6
95
Net Rd = 95 5.14 1.183 0.966 = 398.6 kPa

iA 1.4
iiiii
Rd = 398.6 3.3 3.6 = 4735.4 kN

4751.1 > 4735.4 ULS still not verified; change size of foundation (width or length)
Combination 1
Design horizontal load = 277.50 kN
Design resistance = A cud = 3.3 3.51 95 = 1100.4 kN
1.0
277.50 < 1100.4 ULS verified
9.11
Combination 2
Design horizontal load = 215.0 kN
Design resistance = A cud = 3.3 3.52 95 = 788.2 kN
1.4
Chapter 10
Shallow foundations - Settlements
For centre
L/B = 10/5 = 2
H/B = 20/2.5 = 8
From Figure 10.1
I = 0.465
B = 2.5 m
i = s0 = 120 2.5 0.465 4 1000 = 27.9 mm, say 28 mm

20 1000
10.1
For corner
L/B = 2
H/B = 20/5 = 4
From Figure 10.1
B=5m
I = 0.375
i = s0 = 120 5 0.375 1000 = 11.25 mm, say 11 mm

20 1000
10.2
For centre
L/B = 2
H/B = 5/2.5 = 2
B = 2.5 m
H/B = 20/2.5 = 8
Graham Barnes 2010
I = 0.230
I = 0.465
26

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
i = s0 = 120 2.5 (0.465 0.230) 4 1000 = 14.1 mm, say 14 mm
20 1000
For corner
L/B = 2
H/B = 5/5 = 1
B=5m
I = 0.085
H/B = 20/5 = 4
I = 0.375
i = s0 = 120 5 (0.375 0.085) 1000 = 8.7 mm, say 9 mm

20 1000
differential settlement of pipe = 14 9 = 5 mm
From Table 10.2 for L/B = 2 r 0.75
rigid = 0.75 27.9 = 20.9 mm, say 21 mm
10.3
For average settlement

for L/B = 2 H/B = 20/5 = 4 From Figure 10.4 1 = 0.76 0 = 1.0
average = 1.0 0.76 120 5 1000 = 22.8 mm, say 23 mm

20 1000
For centre
L/B = 2
k = 30 10 2.5 = 0.25
10
20
H/B = 20/2.5 = 8
From Figure 10.5
B = 2.5 m
I = 0.35
i = s0 = 120 5 0.35 4 1000 = 42.0 mm

10 1000
10.4
For corner
L/B = 2
H/B = 20/5 = 4
k = 30 10 5 = 0.50 From Figure 10.5

10
20
B=5m
I = 0.20
i = s0 = 120 5 0.20 1000 = 12.0 mm

10 1000
10.5
a)
elastic
L/B = 2
H/B = 16/2 = 8
B=2m
i = s0 = 40 2 0.465 4 1000 = 18.6 mm, say 19 mm

8 1000
Graham Barnes 2010
27
From Figure 10.1, I = 0.465

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
b) with yield
From Figure 10.7, F = 3
fy = 1.5
y = 1.5 18.6 = 27.9 mm, say 28 mm
Assume 2 m thick layers

Layer
1
2
3
4
10.6
Depth
m
1
3
5
7
p0
w0
e0
18.5
55.5
82.7
100.1
70
40
25
15
0.680
0.236
0.115
0.061
40
35
31
28
1.080
0.945
0.837
0.756
0.102
0.035
0.017
0.009
98.0
36.4
18.7
10.4
163.5
Say 164 mm
Layer
1
2
3
4
10.7
Depth
m
1
3
5
7
mv
70
40
25
15
0.76
0.68
0.60
0.52
106.4
54.4
30.0
15.6
206.4
206.4 0.8 = 165.1 mm, say 165 mm
Graham Barnes 2010
28

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
Ef = 4 + 4 (28 4) = 8 MPa
24
For centre
L/B = 2
H/B = 20/4 1.2 = 6
k = 28 8 4 = 0.50
8
20
B = 2.5 m
From Figure 10.13
I = 0.33
D/B = 4/8 = 0.50 From Figure 10.13 FD = 0.93

H/B = 20/8 = 2.5 From Figure 10.14 FB = 0.96
10.8
T = s1 = 70 4 0.33 0.93 0.96 4 1000 = 41.2 mm, say 41 mm

8 1000
For corner
L/B = 2
H/B = 20/8 1.2 = 3
k = 28 8 8 = 1.00
8
20
B = 2.5 m
From Figure 10.13
I = 0.225
D/B = 4/8 = 0.50 From Figure 10.13 FD = 0.93

H/B = 20/8 = 2.5 From Figure 10.14 FB = 0.96
T = s1 = 70 8 0.225 0.93 0.96 1000 = 14.1 mm, say 14 mm

8 1000
First 5 years
s = s2 = 8 1000 1.5 log10 (5/1) = 83.9 mm, say 84 mm

100
After 30 years
s = s2 = 8 1000 1.5 log10 (30/1) = 177.3 mm, say 177 mm

100
10.9
Graham Barnes 2010
29

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
Schertmann
Immediate
p0 = 2 19.5 = 39 kPa
p = p p0 = 90 39 = 51 kPa
v = 7 19.5 3 9.8 = 107.1 kPa
10.10
C1 = 1 0.5 39 = 0.918
51
C2 = 1.0 (short-term)
Izmax = 0.5 + 0.1 (51/107.1)0.5 = 0.569
qc = constant
Iz z = 0.569 1.5 B + (0.569 0.1) 0.5 B + 0.1 0.5 B

= 0.594B = 0.594 10 = 5.94 m
i = 0.618 1.0 51 5.94 1000 = 18.7 mm, say 19 mm
2.5
4 1000
long-term C2 = 1 + 0.2 log10 (10 30) = 1.495
T = 1.495 18.7 = 28.0 mm
Burland and Burbridge

ZI = 5.8 m
10.11
Hs > ZI fs = 1.0
q = 90 kPa
Ic = 1.71 = 0.068
101.4
Immediate
i = 1.0 1.0 (90 2/3 39) 100.7 0.068 = 21.8 mm, say 22 mm
Long-term
ft = 1 + 0.3 + 0.2log10 (30/3) = 1.5
T = 1.5 21.8 = 32.7 mm, say 33 mm
Chapter 11
Pile Foundations
Rb;k = 0.752 9 1.0 120 = 477.1 kN
4
11.1
v0 = 2 19.5 = 39 kPa
Rs;1,k = 0.75 7.0 1.0 50
= 824.7 kN
Rs;2,k = 0.75 4.0 0.5 120 = 565.5 kN

Rs;k = 1390.2 kN
Graham Barnes 2010
30

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
Combination 1
Fd = 1250 1.35 + 215 1.50 = 2010.0 kN
Alternative 1 From the UK National Annex for n = 4 3 = 1.38 4 = 1.29
Rc;dmean = 477.1 134 1.1 + 824.7 63 1.1 + 0.75 L 0.5 134 1.1
120 1.38
50 1.38
1.38
= 424.7 + 828.3 + 125.8L
Rc;dmin = 477.1 103 1.1 + 824.7 42 1.1 + 0.75 L 0.5 103 1.1
120 1.29
50 1.29
1.29
= 349.2 + 590.7 + 103.5L
use the minimum values 103.5L = 2010.0 349.2 590.7
L = 10.34 m, say 10.35 m
Alternative 2
11.2
Rc;d =
Model factor = 1.4
477.1 + 824.7 + 0.75 L 0.5 120

1.4 1.0 1.4 1.0
1.4 1.0
101.0L = 2010.0 340.8 589.1
2010.1
L = 10.7 m
Combination 2
Fd = 1250 1.0 + 215 1.30 = 1529.5 kN
Alternative 1 use the minimum values
Rc;dmin = 349.2 + 590.7 + 103.5L
2.0
1.6
1.6
64.7L = 1529.5 174.6 369.2
Alternative 2
Rc;d =
1529.5
L > 15.23 m, say 15.25 m
Model factor = 1.4
477.1 + 824.7 + 0.75 L 0.5 120

1.4 2.0 1.4 1.6
1.4 1.6
170.4 + 368.2 + 63.1L < 1529.5
2010.1
L 15.7 m
(Rc;m)mean = (2160 + 2040 + 2280 + 2310 + 2450)/5 = 2248 kN (Rc;m)min = 2040 kN
11.3
Rc;k = lowest of 2248 1.1 and 2040 1.1 = 1831.7 and 2077.8 kN
1.35
1.08
Rc;k = 1831.7 kN
Graham Barnes 2010
31

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
Operative shaft length L = 18 2 = 16 m
Characteristic cuk at base = 75 + 4 18 = 147 kPa
Characteristic base resistance = 9 147 0.352 = 162.1 kN
11.4
Characteristic shaft resistance = 1831.7 162.1 = 1669.6 kN

Average cuk at mid-length of shaft = 75 + 4 10 = 115 kPa
115 16 4 0.35 = 1669.6
= 0.648, say 0.65
Minimum strength cuz = 68 + 2.5z

Mean strength cuz = 88 + 5z
At 1 m bgl
At 8 m bgl
At 15 m bgl
Characteristic cuk
kPa
75 + 4 = 79
75 + 8 4 = 107
75 + 15 4 = 135
Minimum cuk
kPa
68 + 2.5 = 70.5
68 + 8 2.5 = 88.0
68 + 15 2.5 = 105.5
Mean cuk
kPa
88 + 5 = 93.0
88 + 8 5 = 128.0
88 + 15 5 = 163.0
Alternative 1
11.5
Rc;dmean = 163.0 9 0.452 + 128.0 0.65 14 0.45 = 117.0 + 952.4 = 1069.4 kN

1.33 1.5 4
1.33 1.3
Rc;dmin = 105.5 9 0.452 + 88.0 0.65 14 0.45 = 83.9 + 725.7 = 809.6 kN
1.20 1.5 4
1.20 1.3
Alternative 2
model factor = 1.2
Rc;d = 135 9 0.452 + 107 0.65 14 0.45 = 107.4 + 882.4 = 989.8 kN

1.20 1.5 4
1.2 1.3
Rc;d = 809.6 kN
Graham Barnes 2010
32

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
v at 1.5 m = 1.5 19.5 = 29.25 kPa
For zc/d after = 3/4 + 10 = 3/4 34 + 10 = 35.5o
zc/d = 11.3
zc = 11.3 0.45 = 5.1 m v at 5.1 m = 5.1 19.5 3.5 9.8 = 64.2 kPa
kstan = 0.60
For Nq after = 34 + 40 = 37o

2
Rb;k = 110 64.2

4
11.6
Nq = 110
0.452 = 1123.2 kN
0 to 1.5 m bgl Rs,1,k = 29.25
0.5 1.5 0.45 0.60
= 18.6 kN
1.5 to 5.1 m bgl Rs,2,k = (64.2 + 29.25) 0.5 3.6 0.45 0.60 = 142.7 kN
5.1 to 15 m bgl Rs,3,k = 64.2
9.9 0.45 0.60
= 539.1 kN
Rs,k = 700.4 kN
Combination 1
Rc;d = 1123.2 + 700.4 = 1823.6 kN, say 1824 kN
1.0
1.0
Combination 2
Rc;d =
1123.2 + 700.4 = 471.9 + 333.5 = 805.4 kN, say 805 kN

1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5
11.7
Combination 1
Fd = 450 1.35 + 120 1.5 = 787.5
for the downdrag load Dd = 233.9 1.0
for the ultimate limit state Fd + Dd Rc;d
Rc;d = Rc;k = 1044.8 = 1044.8 kN
t
1.0
787.5 + 233.9 = 1021.4 kN
1021.4 < 1044.8 ULS verified, but see below
Combination 2
Fd = 450 1.0 + 120 1.3 = 606.0
for the downdrag load Dd = 233.9 1.25 = 292.4 kN
for the ultimate limit state Fd + Dd Rc;d
Rc;d = Rc;k = 1044.8 = 522.4 kN
t
2.0
Graham Barnes 2010
33

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
606.0 + 292.4 = 898.4 kN
Chapter 12
Lateral Earth Pressures and Retaining Structures
Combination 1
Combination 2
G = 1.35 = 1.0 R = 1.0
G = 1.0 = 1.25 R = 1.0
d = k = 36o
tand = tan36o = 0.581 d = 30.17o

1.25
Ka = 1 sin36 = 0.260
1+ sin36
Ka = 1 sin30.17 = 0.331
1+ sin30.17
12.1
Assume water table is the characteristic
Assume water table is the characteristic
Total thrust
= 9.88 + 29.64 + 11.94 + 44.1 = 95.56 kN, say
95.6 kN
moment
= 9.88 3.67 + 29.64 1.5 + 11.94 1.0 +
44.1 1.0 = 136.76 kNm
point of application = 136.76 = 1.43 m
95.56
Total thrust
= 12.58 + 37.74 + 15.20 + 44.1 = 109.62 kN,
say 109.6 kN
moment
= 12.58 3.67 + 37.74 1.5 + 15.20
44.1 1.0 = 162.08 kNm

109.62
Combination 1
Combination 1
Kp = 1 + sin36 = 3.852
1 sin36
Kp = 1 + sin30.17 = 3.021
1 sin30.17
12.2
Graham Barnes 2010
34
1.0 +

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
Total thrust
Total thrust
= 146.38 + 439.14 + 176.81 + 44.1

= 806.43 kN, say 806.4 kN
= 114.80 + 344.40 + 138.66 + 44.1

= 641.96kN, say 642 kN
moment
moment
= 146.38 3.67 + 439.14 1.5 + 176.81

1.0 + 44.1 1.0 = 1416.83 kNm
= 114.80 3.67 + 344.40 1.5 + 138.66

1.0 + 44.1 1.0 = 1120.68 kNm

806.43

641.96
12.2
Combination 1 as before because c and are unfactored

Combination 2
Sand
tand = tan36o = 0.581 d = 30.17o

1.25
Ka = 0.331
Clay
tand = tan26o = 0.390 d = 21.32o

1.25
Ka = 0.467
cd = 12 = 9.6 kPa
1.25
12.3

100.66
12.4
Combination 2
d = 30.17o
/ = 0.66
Ka = 0.285
Total thrust = 100.50 kN
Moment = 10.83 3.67 + 32.49 1.50 + 13.08 1.0 + 44.1 1.0 = 145.66 kNm
Graham Barnes 2010
35

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
Point of application = 145.66 = 1.45 m
100.5
Shear force = (10.83 + 32.49 + 13.08) tan(30.17 2/3) = 20.65 kN
Combination 1
G = 1.35 Q = 1.5 unfavourable
design surcharge = 10 15 = 15 kPa behind line
G = 1.0 Q = 0 favourable design surcharge = 10 0 = 0 kPa behind wall

= 1.0
Weight
Base
Stem
Backfill
12.5
1.0 3.8 25
0.8 5.0 25
1.5 5.0 21
95.0
100.0
157.5
Distance
from O
1.90
1.90
3.05
Moment
180.5
190.0
480.4
Overturning
Total horizontal thrust = 17.1 + 71.82 = 88.9 kN

Shear force = 88.9 tan37 = 67.0 kN
Shear force moment = 67.0 3.8 = 254.6 kNm
Overturning moment = 17.1 3.0 + 71.8 2.0 = 194.9 kNm

Resisting moments = 180.5 + 190.0 + 480.4 + 254.6 = 1105.5 kNm
Sliding
Total V = 95.0 + 100.0 + 157.5 + 67.0 = 419.5 kN
Resisting force = 419.5 tan25 = 195.6 kN
88.9 kN < 195.6 kN ULS verified
Bearing pressure (including surcharge)
Moment from surcharge = 10 1.5 1.5 3.05 = 68.6 kNm
Total V = 419.5 + 10 1.5 1.5 = 442.0 kN
Resultant moment = 180.5 + 190.0 + 480.4 + 254.6 + 68.6 194.9 = 979.2 kNm
Distance of V from O = 979.2 = 2.215 m
Graham Barnes 2010
36
Eccentricity e = 2.215 1.9 = 0.315 m

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
442.0
qmax = 442.0 (1 + 6 0.315) = 174.2 kPa
1 3.8
3.8
B = 3.8 2 0.315 = 3.17 m
qmin = 442.0 (1 6 0.315) = 58.5 kPa

1 3.8
3.8
qmean = 442.0 = 139.4 kPa

3.17
Combination 2
G = 1.0
12.5
Q = 1.3
= 1.25
unfavourable
k = 37o
tan37o = 0.603
1.25
d = 31.08o
k = 25o
tan25o = 0.373
1.25
d = 20.46o
Ka = 0.26
= 31.08o
Overturning
Total horizontal thrust = 20.28 + 98.28 = 118.56 kN

Shear force = 118.56 tan31.08 = 71.46 kN
Shear force moment = 71.46 3.8 = 271.56 kNm
Overturning moment = 20.28 3.0 + 98.28 2.0 = 257.4 kNm
Resisting moments = 180.5 + 190.0 + 480.4 + 271.6 = 1122.5 kNm
257.4 kNm < 1122.5 kNm ULS verified
Sliding
Total V = 95.0 + 100.0 + 157.5 + 71.5 = 424.0 kN
Resisting force = 424.0 tan20.46 = 158.2 kN
118.6 kN < 158.2 kN ULS verified
Bearing pressure (including surcharge)
Moment from surcharge = 10 1.3 1.5 3.05 = 59.5 kNm
Total V = 424.0 + 10 1.3 1.5 = 443.5 kN
Resultant moment = 180.5 + 190.0 + 480.4 + 271.6 + 59.5 257.4 = 924.6 kNm
Distance of V from O = 924.6 = 2.085 m
443.5
Eccentricity e = 2.085 1.9 = 0.185 m
Graham Barnes 2010
37

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
qmax = 443.5 (1 + 6 0.185) = 150.8 kPa
1 3.8
3.8
qmin = 443.5 (1 6 0.185) = 82.6 kPa

1 3.8
3.8
B = 3.8 2 0.185 = 3.43 m

qmean = 443.5 = 129.3 kPa
3.43
F = 1.2 (CIRIA 104, Table 5) worst credible parameters, permanent works

Design tan = tan27o = 0.425
1.2
Table 12.1
/ active = 2/3
Figure 12.11
Ka = 0.38
design = 23.0o
/ passive = 0.50
Kp = 3.0
12.6
Zone
Force
kN
Lever arm from anchor

m
Moment
kNm
Active
1
0 2.0 m
2
2.0m toe
3
2.0m toe
4
water
Passive
5
soil
6
water
2 20 0.38 2.0 = 15.20
0.33
5.06
40.0 0.38 (4.0 + d) = 60.8 +

15.2 d
[20 (6.0 + d) (4.0 + d)
9.8] 0.38 4.0 0.38
= 15.50 + 3.88d
force
(15.50 + 3.88d) (4.0 + d) =
31.0 + 1.94d2 + 15.51d
(4.0 + d) 9.8 (4.0 + d) =
78.4 + 39.2d + 4.9d2
(4.0 + d) + 1.0 = 3.0 +

0.5d
2/3 (4.0 + d) + 1.0 =3.67 +
0.67d
182.4 + 7.6d2 + 76.0d
2/3 (4.0 + d) + 1.0 = 3.67

+ 0.67d
(78.4 + 39.2d + 4.9d2)

(3.67 + 0.67d) = 287.73
+ 196.39d + 44.24d2 +
3.28d3
10.2d 3.0 d = 15.3d2
2/3d + 5.0 = 0.67d + 5.0
10.25d3 + 76.5d2
9.8 d d = 4.9d2
0.67d + 5.0
3.28d3 + 24.5d2
(31.0 + 1.94d2 +
15.51d) (3.67 +
0.67d) = 113.77 +
77.69d + 17.51d2 +
1.30d3
Moments
Force
Graham Barnes 2010
38
d2
d3

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
totals
5.06
182.40
113.77
287.73
588.96
76.0
77.69
196.39
350.08d
7.60
17.51
44.24
76.5
24.5
31.65d2
65.81 + 39.12d 3.54d2 d3 = 0 by trial d = 5.58 m, say 5.6 m

Check:
Force
kN
15.2
145.62
177.86
449.70
476.39
152.57
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Lever arm
m
0.33
5.79
7.39
7.39
8.72
8.72
12.6
Moment
kNm
5.06
843.14
1314.39
3323.28
4154.12
1330.41
= 1.34
OK
Total thrust Pa = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 15.2 + 145.6 + 177.9 + 449.7 = 788.4 kN

Total thrust Pp = 5 + 6 = 476.4 + 152.6 = 629.0 kN
Anchor force T = (788.4 629.0)
12.7
Design tensile strength = 300
1.1
fn = 1.1
2.5 = 398.5 kN, say 399 kN
60 3 = 49.09 kN
1000
TDj = 49.09 = 44.63 kN

fn
1.1
fms = 1.0 d = p = 37o
length of reinforecement in active zone = (7.0
0.7) tan(45 37/2) = 3.14 m
Lej = 8.0 3.14 = 4.86 m

tan = 0.6 tan37o = 0.452
equation 12.68
TAj = 4.86 2
1.3
= 24.3o, say 25o
0.06 [tan25 1.0 19.0 0.7] = 2.78kN

1.0
for inextensible reinforcement coherent gravity method equation 12.74

K0 = 1 sin = 1
sin37o = 0.398
Ka = 1 sin37o = 0.249
1 + sin37o
at 0.7 m
Graham Barnes 2010
K = 0.398 0.7 (0.398 0.249) = 0.381

6.0
39
1.30
3.28
10.25
3.28
8.95d3
=0

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
equation 12.76 Tj = 0.381 0.7 19 0.6 = 3.04 kN
3.04 kN > 2.78 kN state is breached by pull-out
determine required length of reinforcement TAj = Tj
Lej
2 0.06 (tan25 1.0 19 0.7) = 3.04

1.3
Lej = 5.31 m
1.0
length of reinforecement = 5.31 + 3.14 = 8.45 m, say 8.5 m
Chapter 13
Slope Stability
With hw = 0
F = c + tancos2 sub z
z sin cos
At 2.0 m
F = 5 + tan 26o cos214o 9.2 2.0 = 1.51

19 2.0 sin14o cos14o
At 4.0 m
F = 5 + tan 26o cos214o 9.2 4.0 = 1.23

At 6.0 m
F = 5 + tan 26o cos214o 9.2 6.0 = 1.13

13.1
At 2.0 m od = 1.51 = 1.21

1.25
13.2
At 4.0 m od = 1.23 = 0.98

1.25
At 6.0 m od = 1.13 = 0.90
1.25
Graham Barnes 2010
40

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
At 2.0 m with seepage through the suction zone
F = c + tancos2 (z +whs)
z sin cos
F = 5 + tan 26o cos214o (19 2.0 + 9.8 2.0) = 3.53
At 4.0 m dry slope with z = hw
13.3
F = c + tancos2 z
z sin cos
F = 5 + tan 26o cos214o 19 4.0 = 2.24
At 6.0 m wet slope with hw = 4.0 m
F = 5 + tan 26o cos214o (19 6.0 9.8 6.0 + 9.8 4.0) = 1.81
1.0 = 0 + tan r cos210o (21 2.5 9.8 2.5 + 9.8 0.5) = 3.554 tan r
13.4
tan r = 1.0 = 0.281
3.554
Graham Barnes 2010
r = 15.7o
41

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
13.5
Slice
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
b
m
0.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
F = cu bsec
W sin
h
m
0.14
1.05
2.55
3.70
4.60
5.50
5.90
5.80
4.85
3.50
1.50
W
kN
1.3
29.1
70.8
102.7
127.6
152.6
163.7
161.0
134.6
97.1
41.6
cumin = 0.157 1.0 18.5 6.0 = 17.4 kPa, say 17 kPa
Graham Barnes 2010
bsec
Wsin
-25
-20
-12
-4
+4
11.5
19
28
37
47
60.5
0.55
1.60
1.53
1.50
1.50
1.53
1.59
1.70
1.88
2.22
3.05
18.65
-0.55
-9.95
-14.7
-7.2
8.9
30.4
53.3
75.6
81.0
71.0
36.2
324.0
cu = F W sin = 1.0 324.0 = 17.4 kPa, say 17 kPa

bsec
18.65
From Taylors curves Ns = 0.157
13.6
42

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
Slice
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
13.7
b
m
2.3
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
h
m
0.85
2.60
4.20
5.50
6.50
7.15
7.45
7.4
6.8
4.9
W
kN
39.1
104.0
168.0
220.0
260.0
286.0
296.0
296.0
272.0
196.0
bsec
-33
-23
-13
-5
+5
13
23
33
44
59
2.74
2.17
2.05
2.01
2.01
2.05
2.17
2.38
2.78
3.88
24.24
Pw = w zc
2
= 9.8 3.02 = 44.1 kN at yc = 2.0 + 2.0 = 4.0 m
Radius R = 13.0 m
F=
13.0 35 24.24
= 11029 = 1.378, say 1.38
13.0 601.9 + 44.1 4.0
8001
= 21.8o
13.8
13.9
D = 14/7 = 2.0
Ns = 0.165
od =
cuk
=
55
= 1.79
Ns cu k H 0.165 1.4 19 7.0
Nsd =
38
= 0.162
1.4 21 8
From chart slope angle = 30o
13.10
A = cb + (W ub) tan
B=
sec
1 + tan tan
F
F = A Bccc
Wsin
Graham Barnes 2010
43
Wsin
-21.3
-40.6
-37.8
-19.2
22.7
64.3
115.7
161.2
188.9
168.0
601.9

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
F = 1.30
Slice
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
1.45
0.4
1.55
2.85
3.90
4.55
49.5
5.05
4.70
3.87
2.52
0.85
26.6
103.2
189.8
259.7
303.0
329.7
336.3
311.7
257.7
167.8
56.6
-14.8
-8.8
-2.9
+2.9
8.8
14.8
20.9
27.3
34.1
41.5
47.8
Wsin
-6.8
-15.8
-9.6
+13.1
46.4
84.2
120.0
143.0
144.5
111.2
41.9
672.1
Initial F = 1.30
F = 889.7 = 1.324
672.1
Initial F = 1.40
F = 898.7 = 1.337 say F = 1.33

672.1
AB
AB
3.9
13.8
23.7
30.6
34.4
35.5
33.3
27.2
15.9
0
0
16.3
39.1
66.8
87.9
106.4
117.9
124.3
122.0
111.4
90.8
32.0
1.15
1.07
1.02
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.96
1.00
1.05
18.8
41.8
68.1
86.1
102.1
110.8
116.9
114.7
106.9
90.8
33.6
889.7
1.14
1.07
1.02
0.98
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.98
1.02
1.07
18.6
41.8
68.1
86.1
102.1
112.0
118.1
115.9
109.2
92.6
34.2
898.7
c =
3
= 0.015
H 22.2 9
hw = 2.7 = 0.30
H 9.0
c = 0.005
H
a = 0.07
b = 2.31
F = 0.07 + 2.31 tan26o = 1.20
c = 0.025
H
a = 0.25
b = 2.35
F = 0.25 + 2.35 tan26o = 1.40
13.11
For c = 0.015
H
Graham Barnes 2010
F = 1.20 + 0.01 (1.40 1.20) = 1.30

0.02
44
F = 1.40

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
c = = 1.25
G = 1.0 = 1.0
let C = 3.0 b + tan26o (W ub) and D =

sec
1.25
1.25
1 + tan tan
Slice
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
1.45
0.4
1.55
2.85
3.90
4.55
49.5
5.05
4.70
3.87
2.52
0.85
26.6
103.2
189.8
259.7
303.0
329.7
336.3
311.7
257.7
167.8
56.6
-14.8
-8.8
-2.9
+2.9
8.8
14.8
20.9
27.3
34.1
41.5
47.8
13.12
Wsin
-6.8
-15.8
-9.6
+13.1
46.4
84.2
120.0
143.0
144.5
111.2
41.9
672.1
3.9
13.8
23.7
30.6
34.4
35.5
33.3
27.2
15.9
0
0
13.0
31.3
53.5
72.7
85.2
94.3
99.4
97.0
89.1
72.7
14.2
1.153
1.077
1.021
0.982
0.954
0.937
0.932
0.937
0.955
0.993
1.041
C
D
15.0
33.7
54.6
74.0
81.3
88.4
92.6
90.9
85.1
72.2
14.8
687.8
od = 687.8 = 1.023
672.1
F = 1.20
Slice
1
2
3
4
5
6
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
2.03
5.04
6.70
7.00
5.75
2.35
308.6
766.1
1018.4
1064.0
874.0
267.9
-12.0
-2.4
7.2
16.9
27.2
37.1
Wsin
-64.2
-32.1
127.6
309.3
399.5
161.6
901.7
13.13
Initial F = 1.20
F = 1205.1 = 1.34
901.7
Initial F = 1.30
F = 1209.6 = 1.34
901.7
For M = c = = = 1.25 1 = 1.34 = 1.072

1.25
Chapter 14
Earthworks and Soil compaction
Graham Barnes 2010
45
F = 1.30
AB
AB
19.9
49.4
65.7
63.7
41.7
3.4
103.4
197.4
249.2
275.3
269.4
135.1
1.105
1.016
0.965
0.944
0.951
0.989
114.3
200.6
240.5
259.9
256.2
133.6
1.099
1.002
0.968
0.951
0.963
1.005
1205.1
113.6
197.8
241.2
261.8
259.4
135.8
1209.
6

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
Number of
blows
1
2
3
4
6
8
12
16
24
32
48
64
96
128
Penetration
mm
43.0
56.0
63.0
68.0
75.0
80.5
87.0
91.0
95.5
98.5
100.5
101.5
102.0
102.0
Change n to
4n
25.0
24.5
24.0
23.0
20.5
18.0
13.5
10.5
6.5
3.5
1.5
0.5
14.1
At 5 mm
Number of blows = 27.5
MCV = 10
log10 27.5 = 14.4
a = 31.6, say 32 b = 5/6.4 = 0.78
14.2
Graham Barnes 2010
Table 14.4 sensitivity is moderate
46

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Solution
a) shrinkage factor SF = b = 1.86 = 0.94 or 94%
c 1.98
required volume of cutting = 15450 = 16447 m3
0.94
b)
14.3
load factor LF = m = 1.67 = 0.898

b 1.86
machine load in bank m3 = 15 0.898 = 13.47 m3
total number of loads = 16447 = 1221
13.47
c)
Hourly production = 13.47 4 60 0.75 = 303.1 bankm3/hour

8
Total time required = 16447 = 54.3 hours
303.1
14.4
w%
b
Mg/m3
d
Mg/m3
14.3
15.8
17.7
19.2
20.9
22.6
1.967
2.008
2.065
2.088
2.077
2.072
1.721
1.734
1.754
1.752
1.718
1.690
dmax = 1.76 Mg/m3
wopt = 18.5 %
b = d (1 + w) = 1.76 1.185 = 2.086 Mg/m3

2.086 = 2.72 (1 + 0.185)
1+e
e = 0.545
14.5
n=
0.545 = 0.353
1 + 0.545
Sr = w Gs 100 = 0.185 2.72 100 = 92.3 %

e
0.545
Av = 0.353 (1 0.923) 100 = 2.7 %
Graham Barnes 2010
47

Third Edition
Graham Barnes
Exercis
e
Graham Barnes 2010
Solution
48

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Soil Mechanics

Principles and Practice

Soil description and classification

Soil Mechanics Principles and Practice

mass of gravel = m2 m1 = 1608.7 845.2 = 763.5 g

s = 763.5 = 2.65 g/ cm3 or Mg/m3

moderately uniformly graded

volume of soil lump = 250 544.4 537.5 = 242.33 cm3

d = b = = 2.218 = 1.977 Mg/m3, say 1.98 Mg/m3

Graham Barnes 2010

Soil Mechanics Principles and Practice

From Table 2.19

void ratio e = 0.376, say 0.38

The degree of saturation would be 100 %

w = e 100 = 0.376 100 = 13.82 %, say 13.8 %

b = Gsw (1 + w) = 2.72 1.0 1.1382 = 2.25 Mg/m3

e = Av + w Gs = 0.05 + 0.135 2.68 = 0.4335

b = 2.68 1.0 (1 + 0.135) = 2.122 Mg/m3 , say 2.12 Mg/m3

Graham Barnes 2010

Soil Mechanics Principles and Practice

Permeability and Seepage

k = Q l = 200 103 100 4 = 8.6 10-2 mm/s = 8.6 10-5 m/s

A = 1002 = 7854.0 mm2

ksand = 8.6 10-5 m/s

At top of clay total head = 5.0 + 5.0 = 10.0 m

Graham Barnes 2010

Soil Mechanics Principles and Practice

= 2.9 10-5 m/s

datum at base of gravel

q = 3 7.5 3 1000 60 = 5.1 litres/min, say 5 litres/min

Graham Barnes 2010

Soil Mechanics Principles and Practice

Shape factor is the same 3/8

Downward seepage force = bgravel l 1.0 1 + subsand l l 1

Consider block 2.0 m 4.0 m for heaving

Graham Barnes 2010

55.2 kN > 49.7 kN (55.2 0.90) kN ULS is not verified.

Soil Mechanics Principles and Practice

Along the slip surface

8.0 11/16 = 5.50

8.0 10/16 = 5.00

8.0 9/16 = 4.50

8.0 8/16 = 4.00

8.0 7/16 = 3.50

8.0 6/16 = 3.00

8.0 5/16 = 2.50

8.0 4/16 = 2.00

8.0 3/16 = 1.50

8.0 2/16 = 1.00

8.0 1/16 = 0.50

Minimum D15filter = 5 D15soil

Graham Barnes 2010

Soil Mechanics Principles and Practice

Pore pressure = 10 9.8 = 98 kPa

Total stress = 5 18 = 90 kPa

Pore pressure = 5 9.8 = 49 kPa

Graham Barnes 2010

1.0 16.5 + 3.0 18 3 9.8 = 41.1 kPa

Soil Mechanics Principles and Practice

1.0 16.5 + 3.0 18 + 5.0 21 8 9.8 = 97.1 kPa