Form 4 Science

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Chapter 2: Body Coordination
Body Coordination
1. ________________________ is the process by which different parts of the body
_______ together to bring about the correct ______________.
2. For body coordination to take place, there must be ____________ and _____________
to detect it.
3. Once the stimulus is ______________, the _____________ carry out the
________________.
4. All the receptors must send the information to the __________________.
5. The ___________ will ___________ and produce and appropriate ______________.
6. We have five ____________. The senses are:
a. _________________; organ used to detect: __________________
b. _________________; organ used to detect: __________________
c. _________________; organ used to detect: __________________
d. _________________; organ used to detect: __________________
e. _________________; organ used to detect: __________________
7. The five senses help us to _______________ stimulus.
8. When a stimulus is detected:
a. The ______________ are stimulated
b. There are ____________ in the organs that detect stimuli
c. The _____________ send _______________ to the spinal cord
d. The _____________ are sent through nerve _____________
e. From the spinal cord, the _______________ are sent to the ______________
f. The brain ______________ the message
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g. The brain then _______________ the message
h. Then the brain determines a _______________ and sends it back through the
__________________
i. The messages are sent back through nerve __________________ also
j. The messages are sent through the _______________ to _____________.
k. _________________ are organs which carry out _______________.
l. When the messages are sent to the ________________ the response is carried
out.
9. When a boy accidentally hammers his finger:
a. What is the stimulus in this reaction?
________________________________________________________________
b. What is the response?
________________________________________________________________
c. Which part of the body coordinates this action?
________________________________________________________________

10. When a boy is being chased by a dog:
a. What is the stimulus in the diagram given above?
________________________________________________________________
b. What is the response?
________________________________________________________________
c. Which part of the body coordinates this action?
________________________________________________________________

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11. Explain the pathway that stimulus takes to be interpreted and the resulting responses for
the following stimuli.
a. Touching a kettle full of boiling water
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
b. Tripping and falling to the floor
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
c. Seeing a ball being thrown towards you
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

The Human Nervous System
1. The human nervous system is made up of the _______________ nervous system and
the _______________ nervous system.
2. The ______________ is the _______________ center of the body. It ___________
messages, ________________ information, ______________ and _______________
information and also ___________________ the responses.
3. The _______________ nervous system is made up of only two organs: the
____________ and _____________.
4. The ______________ nervous system is divided into: the _______________ nervous
system and the _________________ nervous system.
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5. The _______________ nervous system controls the types of responses our body has
towards stimuli.
a. _______________ action is controlled by the _______________ nervous
system.
It relays information from __________ to _________ and back to
__________
b. _______________ action is controlled by the ________________ nervous
system.
It relays information to _______________
6. There are two situations when our bodys involuntary actions kick in:
a. In times of ____________
The ___________________ nervous system controls the responses
b. When the body is at ____________
The ___________________ nervous system controls the responses











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7. The human nervous system is made up of nerve cells called ___________________.
8. A neurone is specialized to transmit ____________________ from _________________
to ____________________.

9. stimulus transmitted by _____________


10.







11. The table below shows the function of each part of the neurone.
Structure Function
Axon
Dendron
Dendrite
Myelin Sheath
Neurilemma
Node of Ranvier
Impulses from
____________
_______
Effectors
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12. The characteristics and functions of different types of neurones are shown below.








































Neurone
_______________
neurone
_______________
neurone
_______________
neurone
Found in many parts of
the ___________.

Transmits impulses from
a sensory organ or
receptor to the central
nervous system.
Found in many parts of
the __________.

Transmits impulses from
the ____________ to the
effector (muscle or gland).
Found in the __________
and _____________only.

Transmits impulses from
a ___________ neurone
to __________ neurone.
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13. The neurone is different from a typical animal cell (such as the cheek cell) because:
a. The neurone has _____________, _____________, and _____________
connected to its cell body which are not found in a typical animal cell.
b. The neurone allows _______________ to flow through it.

14. The function of the myelin sheath is:
a. Provide __________ for the dendrons and axons through the neurilemma
b. Speed up the transmission of ___________ along the axons and dendrons.

15. The differences between a motor neurone and relay neurone:























Motor neurone Relay Neurone
Has a long __________ Has a short __________
Cell body is located at ___________ of the cell Cell body is located _____________
Has myelin sheath on its __________ No myelin sheath
Receives impulses from __________ Receives impulses from ___________
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Nervous Coordination
1. _______________ are specialised cells that detect _________ in the internal
environments ( __________________ ) and the external environments ( ____________
__________ ).
2. Examples of receptors include:
a. Cells in our skin that are sensitive to __________ , __________, ___________,
__________, and __________.
b. Cells in the retina of the eye that are sensitive to __________.
c. Cells in the nose and the tongue that are sensitive to __________.
d. Cells in the ear that are sensitive to sound _____________.
3. The function of a receptor is to ___________ stimuli and to send them to the _________
_____________.
4. _____________ are organs that respond to stimuli sent to them by the central nervous
system to carry out the required responses.
5. Examples of effectors include:
a. ____________ which contract and relax
b. ____________ which will increase or decrease secretions
6. A __________________ is an immediate response to a specific stimulus brought about
by the nervous system without any conscious ____________.
7. A reflex __________ is a path taken by an impulse from the receptor to the effector.

8. The Reflex Arc











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9. Human Knee Jerk

















10. Withdrawal of the hand from a hot object























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Exercise

1. What is a receptor?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

2. Give two examples of receptors

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

3. What is an effector?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

4. Give two examples of effectors

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________


5. Draw a diagram to show the path taken by an impulse in a reflex arc















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6. What is reflex action?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

7. Give two examples of reflex actions

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

8. What are the benefits of reflex actions to a person?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

9. How many neurons are involved in the knee-jerk? Name those neurones.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

10. When you accidentally step on a nail, what will be your reflex actions?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

11. How does a gland respond to impulses from the central nervous system?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

12. Name a reflex action which doesnt involve relay neurones

______________________________________________________________________

13. What receptors are used to detect tastes?

___________________________________
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Proprioceptors

1. Propriceptors are _____________ receptors in the ______________, ______________,
and _____________ of the body.

2. When these _____________ receptors are stimulated by being ____________ or
_________________, they send out nerve impulses to the brain or the spinal cord.

3. They are internal sensory organs.

4. They enable us to carry out _________________ activities without having to watch them.

5. For example:
a. We can move our ________ about correctly without looking or watching them
b. We can change our body ____________ and yet maintain our body balance
c. We can __________ our shirts without looking at the buttons
d. We can stack objects with our eyes closed.
e. We can determine with of two objects are ______________ by weighing them on the
palms of our hands

6. ___________________ sense us the sense which helps us to detect position and
movement of limbs by using proprioceptors.

7. This diagram shows how this sense works:

a. The proprioceptors in the muscles are ____________ because they are stretched,
twisted or compressed.
b. They develop nerve impulses and send them along sensory nerves to the brain or
spinal cord.
c. The brain or spinal cord send out response along motor neurones to the correct part of
the body for action to be taken.

8. Proprioceptors are important because they are sensitive to being ____________,
______________ or ________________.

9. Proprioceptors are able to send our __________ impulses along their nerves to the central
nervous system.

10. Proprioceptors enable us to know the movement of our ________ without having to watch
them.


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11. Proprioceptors enable us to maintain our body _________ while changing our posture and
while carrying out muscular activities such as:
a. Riding a bicycle
b. Typing out an email without looking at the keyboard
c. An acrobat walking on a tight rope

The Human Brain











1. The brain consists of the ___________, the _____________, and the
________________.

2. The cerebrum
a. The cerebrum is the ____________ part of the brain

b. It is split into two sides: __________________ and _________________

c. The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the ____________

d. It is made up of ______________, which is made up of ____________ of
neurones

e. The surface of the cortex is highly __________

f. This increases the ____________ to hold more cell bodies

g. Below the cortex is ____________, which is made up of ________ of neurones

h. The cerebrum _____________ actions

i. The cerebrum receives impulses from receptors in the ______, ______, ______,
_______, and _______ directly


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3. The cerebellum
a. The cerebellum is also split into two sides: ____________ and ____________

b. It is also highly _________ to _________ its surface area.

c. It has grey matter on the ________ and white matter on the _________

d. It coordinates body __________, __________, and __________.


4. The medulla oblongata
a. This is the ______ end of the spinal cord

b. It connects the spinal cord with the _______

c. It has _________ matter on the _______ and ______ matter on the _________

d. The medulla oblongata controls _____________ actions

e. These include beating of the _________, ___________, __________ of the
intestines and ___________ of digestive juices

f. Damage to it causes __________

Voluntary and involuntary action


















Voluntary action Involuntary action Characteristics
Example
Control
Part of body taking action
Speed of action
Awareness
Nervous pathway
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Hormonal Coordination in the Body

1. Hormones are organic ____________ substances produced by the _______________
glands.

2. Hormones are produced in very ________ amounts. However their effects are _______.

3. Different endocrine glands produce ___________ hormones which have ___________
effects on the body.

4. The endocrine glands are __________ glands. This means that the glands __________
hormones which directly ___________ into the bloodstream.







5. Some glands in the body have ducts, such as the _____________ glands. It has a duct
to secrete _________ into the mouth.








6. Another example of a gland with a duct is the ___________ gland. It secretes ________
through the __________ duct to carry excess _________ out of the body through the
skin.







7. The blood then carries the hormones to their ___________ organs.

8. A target organ is an organ which a hormone specifically ______________.

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9. Hormones which are no longer ___________ are broken down by the __________ and
then excreted through the ____________.

10. This is why hormones can be found in ______________.

The Endocrine System




























1. The endocrine system is made up of _____________ glands or called ______________.

2. The endocrine glands secrete hormones which help _____________ the functions of the
body.

3. The secretions ____________ the working of some organs, and ___________ the
working of other organs.

4. Each endocrine gland has _____________ functions.
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Endocrine gland Location and main function
Pituitary gland
Known as the _________ gland
Located at the ________ of the brain
Hormone 1 Control ________
Hormone 2 Control the production of
_________ by other endocrine glands.
Hormone 3 Increase reabsorption of water
in the kidneys
Thyroid gland
Located at the ________ in front of the
_________
Produces ___________
Function 1 Regulates physical and mental
___________
Function 2 Regulated metabolic rate
Adrenal gland
Located on top of ___________
Produces ___________
Function 1 Prepares the body to face an
emergency
_________ hearbeat, breathing, blood
pressure and blood glucose level during an
____________
Known as ________ or ________ hormones
Pancreas
Located below and behind _________
Produces ___________
Function Controls the glucose level in the
blood
Converts glucose to _________
Testes (male only)
Located in the scrotum
Produces __________
Function 1 Controls the male _______
organs
Function 2 Controls the male secondary
sexual characteristics, for example:
production of __________
Ovary (female only)
Located on the side of the _________
Produces two hormones: ____________ and
____________
Function Controls the female _____ organs
Function 2 Controls the female secondary
sexual characteristics, for example: the
____________ cycle

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The effects of hormonal imbalance

1. Hormones are only required in _______ amounts in the body.

2. Too _____ hormones or too _____ hormones produced results in hormonal
____________.

3. Hormonal ___________ has _________ effects on the functions of the body.

Endocrine glands Hormones produced
Effects of hormonal imbalance
Lack of Excess of
Pituitary -
_________ growth
Not enough water
__________ by
kidneys
__________ growth
A lot of water ________
by kidneys
Thyroid
_________ occurs
______ mental growth
______ metabolic rate
____________
____________
_____ metabolic rate
Adrenal
________ to
overcome stress
__________ loss of
salt and water
_____ blood pressure
_____ level of salt in the
body
Pancreas
________ in blood
glucose
___________
_______ of blood glucose
Testes
______ development
of male sexual
characteristics
_______ masculine
Ovaries

______ development
of female sexual
characteristics
_______ feminine

________ menstrual
cycle
________ of foetus
Uterus wall changes very
______
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The Nervous System and the Endocrine System















Consists of the ______, the
_________, and ________
Components
Consists of the _________,
or known as ________
glands
__________ impulses are
sent through __________
How impulse is sent
_________ impulses in the
form of _________ are sent
through the _________
Impulses target an _______
or a ________ to produce
________ or an ________
Target
Impulses target a _______
area such as a _______ or
the _______ body
Very _______ Speed of impulse Very _______
Response to impulse is
_________
Response
Response to impulses is
_________
The effect of impulses lasts
a ________ while
Length of effect
The effect of impulses lasts
a very _______ time





Nervous System Endocrine System
Similarities
Response to ______________
Coordinate the bodys ____________ and ____________
Have target _____________
Differences Nervous System Endocrine System
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Coordination between the Nervous System and the Endocrine System

1. Coordination between the nervous system and endocrine system is very ____________.

2. It enables the body to carry out its ___________ and __________ efficiently and
smoothly.

3. It enables the body to respond to stimuli ___________ so as to take action __________
and avoid injury.

4. It enables the nervous system to detect ___________ in the body or ____________ and
connect it to the ____________ system for producing the ___________ required.

5. This is so that they can _____ together and produce a __________ and __________.

Example 1 Experiencing stressful situations
















Example 2 After eating a meal










A robber holding a knife approaches Ali
Ali sees the robber
approaching him and sends
______________ to the
brain
The brain interprets the
__________ and decides to
fight the robber
The brain sends an
________ to the body
muscles for __________
Ali fights with the robber
and loses badly and gets
beaten up
The adrenal glands receive
an _________ and secrete
_____________
Alis __________,
_________, and blood
_______ increases
preparing him to fight
Annie eats a plate of rice Her blood _________ rises
Her pancreas produces
more of the hormone
________ to control the
glucose level
More ________ and
________ in the blood
The excess glucose is
________ into the cells and
__________ to release
energy
Blood glucose level returns
to _________
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Example 3 Maintaining body temperature










































Surrounding
becomes _____
Teachers turns the
air conditioning to
16
o
C
_____ receptors in the
skin are ___________
The receptors send
__________ to the
_________
The brain sends
__________ to
________ and
endocrine ________
Surrounding
becomes _____
Students increase
the temperature to
30
o
C
Nervous coordination:
Less ______ is
brought to the
surface of the skin
Hence, less _____
is lost

Hormonal coordination:
Thyroid gland secretes
_________ to increase
_____________ rate
Muscle contractions
_________; results in
______________ and
less _______ loss
Less _________ is
produced
Nervous coordination:
More _________ is
brought to the
surface of the skin
Hence, more _____
is lost

Hormonal coordination:
Thyroid gland secretes
less_________ to
reduce ___________
rate
Sweat glands produce
more ________
This results in _______
heat loss when sweat
_____________
Effect:
____________
in body temperature
Effect:
____________
in body temperature
Body temperature is
maintained at 37
o
C
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Example 3 Fight or flight response










































secretes
impulse results in
impulse
Brain
Adrenal gland
Adrenaline
Heart
Heartbeat
__________

Pumps blood
_________
Respiratory
system
Respiratory
rate _______

Gaseous
exchange in
the lungs
___________
Blood vessels
in brain
_________ of
arteries
occurs

______ blood
is carried to
the brains
Blood vessels
in muscles
_________ of
arteries
occurs

______ blood
is carried to
the muscles
Liver
Glygogen is
converted into
__________
for
__________
and
__________
Being chased
by a bull
Running
away
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Effects of Drug Abuse

1. Drugs are ___________ substances which, when taken into the body, affect a persons
________, body __________, __________, and ___________.

2. Drugs can influence how a person _________, _________, and __________.

3. Drugs exist as _________, __________, or _________.

4. Drugs can be consumed by ___________, by ____________, ____________ or by
being __________ into the body.

5. A drug may be __________ or _________ to the body depending on how it is used.

6. The following table shows the classification of four main types of drugs:
Groups Examples Effects
(a) Depressants
Barbiturates
Heroin
Morphine
They make the nervous system
less __________

They slow down the __________
of a person

They make a person very _____

They make a person feel _______

Excessive usage may result in a
_______

(b) Stimulants
Nicotine
Marijuana
Amphetamines
They increase the bodys
__________

Speeds up the bodys
____________

Makes the users more ________
and _________

Increases _____ rate and blood
________

Long-term usage will cause
_______________
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(c) Pain killers
Heroin
Morphine
Opium
Codeine
They reduce ______ and
_________
Induces _______
Suppresses _________

(d) Mood changers
LSD (lysergic acid
diethylamide)
Ganja
They cause ___________

Changes ones ________ and
__________

Cause __________ and
__________ because it changes
the way the brain translates
__________

7. The table below shows some information on some drugs
Drug Information Effects
Barbiturates
These are ____________

They are used as
_____________

They are either ________ or
_______ into the body

Slow down _________

Affects a persons
_____________ and
_____________

_______ if taken in access


Heroin
It is a _____________

It is prepared from the ____
fruit

It gives a _______ feeling at
first, and later the person
becomes ________ and
________

It is _______ or _______
into the body


It is ___________

It produces _________
withdrawal symptoms, such
as ________, __________,
and _____________
Amphetamines
These are __________

They are ________ or
_________ into the body
They cause __________
_________ and
___________

They cause a person to feel
______ and __________
once their effect is over
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Cannabis (ganja or marijuana)
It affects a persons _______

It is produced from _______

It is _________


It causes ___________
Inhalants (glue, paint, thinner,
petrol)
The vapour is ___________

The vapour affects the
___________


They cause _________ and
____________

Damages the ______,
_______, and _________



8. Drug abuse causes ________ health and may lead to ________.]

9. Addiction
a. Drug abuse leads to __________

b. Addiction is a condition in which the drug abuser craves for a ______ dose of the
drug

c. If the drug is not available, the drug abuser suffers from ___________
symptoms. These include:
i. ____________
ii. ____________
iii. ____________
iv. Pain in the _______ and _______
v. ____________

10. Depression
a. Drug abuse causes __________

b. Depression is a mental state in which the patient feels very _____, ________,
and _________

c. The patient experiences ____________, ______, and a sense of ____________

d. Some patients are driven to _________ because they cannot cope with it





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11. Hallucination
a. Some drugs cause ___________

b. Hallucination is a state of mind in which the patient ______, _______, ______
things which are not there

c. This can lead the person to commit __________ and _________

d. Hallucination can lead to mental ____________




Effects of alcohol abuse

1. Alcohol is a compound containing __________, __________, __________.

2. It is a liquid which has a strong ________ and a burning __________.

3. There are several types of alchol such as __________, __________, and __________.

4. Alcohol has adverse effects on body coordination:

a. Eases tension
i. Alcohol ______ the nervous system and the brain because it is a
_________

ii. It calms the _________ and makes a person less _______ and ______ in
his movment.

b. Slows reaction
i. Alcohol slows down the activity of the ____________________

ii. As a result a persons reactions become ______ and his judgement is
____________

iii. This is one of the causes of _____________

c. Loss of body balance
i. Alcohol affects the ___________ which controls body balance

ii. As a result the person cannot maintain proper ________

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iii. The person becomes _________

5. Alcohol has adverse effects on health
a. Blood vessels on the skin dilate
i. Alcohol is broken down in the _________

ii. This process produces ____________, _______, and ________

iii. To get rid of these waste products, the blood vessels in the skin _______
so that the waste can be brought to the _________

b. Cirrhosis of the liver
i. The liver cells are __________ and __________ by fibrous tissue. Hence,
liver becomes ________

ii. This condition causes ___________, which can be ________

c. Gastroenteritis
i. Alcohol damages the ___________ and ___________

ii. Alcohol corrodes the inner wall of the __________, causing the wall to
bleed.

iii. This causes _______ and ____________

d. Anaemia
i. The person looks ______ because of poor ________ of food and reduced
formation of __________

ii. Anaemia may be also be due to _________ in the stomach ______. This
caused the person to have ____________, due to digested ________

e. Numbness in the limbs
i. Alcohol slows down the ___________ of the nerves

ii. This can cause numbness in the limbs

f. Addiction
i. Alcohol is ___________

ii. The _________ keeps on drinking _________ and __________ alcohol
despite knowing its harmful effects
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g. Other effects

i. The person loses his ___________ and _____________. He behaves
____________ and becomes _____________

ii. He feels ____________ and ____________

iii. He has ___________ vision

iv. His speech is _____________

v. He loses _____________ and may not remember what he did when he
was drunk