Shrikant.V.Peshatwar, L.

P Raut / International Journal of Engineering Research and

Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1591-1596
1591 | P a g e
Design and Development of Fixture for eccentric shaft: A Review

Shrikant.V.Peshatwar
*
L.P Raut
**

*M-Tech(CAD/CAM) Student,Department of Mechanical Engineering G.H. Raisoni college of Engineering
Nagpur-16. India
**Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering G.H. Raisoni college of Engineering Nagpur-16
.India


ABSTRACT
This paper present a fixture design
system of eccentric shaft for ginning machine..
Fixture is required in various industries
according to their application. Designer design
fixture according to dimension required by
industry to fulfill our production tar gate. In
traditional manufacturing process performing
operation on eccentric shaft is critical. so holding
a work piece in proper position during a
manufacturing operation fixture is very
necessary and important. Because the shaft is
eccentric so for this requirement of
manufacturing process Designer design proper
fixture for eccentric shaft.
Fixtures reduce operation time and increases
productivity and high quality of operation is
possible.

Keywords- Eccentricity, Fixture design, Computer
aided fixture design (CAFD)

1. INTRODUCTION
The fixture is a special tool for holding a
work piece in proper position during manufacturing
operation. It is provided with device for supporting
and clamping the work piece. Fixture eliminates
frequent checking, positioning, individual marking,
vacillate uniform quality in manufacture. This
increase productivity and reduce operation time.
Fixture is widely used in the industry practical
production because of feature and advantages.
Eccentric shaft is a circular or cam type
disc solidly fixed to rotating axel with its centre
offset from that of the axel. eccentric shaft is the
important element, which plays the important role in
ginning operation.
Shaft provides an oscillatory motion to
moving knives and widely appreciated for its
features like effective performance, corrosion
resistance, reliability, long service. Reducing
manufacturing cycle time and achieving high quality
of operation fixture design is very important.
Designer design a compact type fixture for eccentric
shaft for fulfilling production target and high quality
of work and increases productivity.

1.1 Material of fixture
Steel specified by SAE (Society of
Automobile Engineers) and AISI(American Iron and

Steel Institute) classification and standards.eg. SAE
1020 first two digit indicate the class to which the
steel belongs, the last two digit indicate carbon
contain.
CLASS TYPES OF STEEL
1) 10XX Plain carbon steel
2) 11XX Free cutting (carbon )steel
3) 13XX Manganese steels
4) 2XXX Nickel steels
5) 3XXX Nickel chromium steels
6) 4XXX Molybdenum steels
7) 5XXX Chromium steels
8) 6XXX Chromium vanadium steels
9) 7XXX Tungsten steels
10)
8XXX
Nickel chromium molybdenum
steels
11)
9XXX
Silicon manganese steels
SAE 1015 and below are highly ductile and are used
for press work but not for fixture.(ref from Jig and
Fixture Design manual by Erik Karl Henriksen)

2 .LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Fixture designers support expert system and
concurrent engineering
Researcher give the main lines of their
process, that fixture design support system is
developed on the basis of an expert system shell.
Researcher show how the use of that kind of tool is
determinant factor for reactivity in the fixture design
process in concurrent engineering.
The paper focuses of the development of
fixture designers support. Researcher present a
structuring of the design method and expression of
the trade rules in the expert system formalism.
Researcher has developed using industrial expertise
SEACMU (System Expert d'Aide il la Conception
des Montages d'Usinage for expert system for
fixture design). That is a fixture designers' support
expert system..SEACMU is based on a fitted part
modeling to the fixture design.
The correspondent model is defined from
the part CAD/CAM data using RI rules. RI rules are
the necessary link between the part CAD/CAM and
the future design expert system. The general
organization set out on figure 3 results of the
decomposition in rules basis.
Shrikant.V.Peshatwar, L.P Raut / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1591-1596
1592 | P a g e

Fig.1.Knowledge bases organization[1]

A simultaneously development of the fixture design,
the manufacturing schedule establishment and the
NC programmed design is then allowed[1].

Fig.2. Fig.3
Sequential form Concurrent
engineering of
of the steps [1] the part its
machining
process[1]


2.2 FIXTURE DESIGN SYSTEM
(COMPUTER AIDED FIXTURE DESIGN)
The manual design of fixture is
traditionally a time consuming work in
manufacturing and the experience of designer plays
an important role in fixture design.

Fig.3. Flow diagram of the CAFD system [2]

The jig and fixture parts and component are
divided into following categories: (a) Locating
components, (b) Clamping mechanisms,(c) Tool
guiding components, (d) Support components,
(e)Body of fixture, (f) Fixing components for
fixture, (g) Auxiliary mechanisms, (h) Operating
elements, (i) Power mechanisms, (j) Miscellaneous
components.. Paper explored the technology of
intelligence and optimization in the process of the
jig and fixture design [2].
Two conformability metrics are introduced
to account for global and local conformabilitys his
design variables are: the number and position of
fixture element, fixture element length, static
coefficient, fixture element tip radius, and direction
of the fixture principal stiffness. Both force
controlled and displacement controlled fixtures are
considered.
It was found that conformability and stability
can either increases nor decrease with the position
of contacts depending on their proximity to the line
of action of the external perturbation. Clamping
intensity and principal stiffness directions have
opposing effects on the stability of force controlled
and displacement controlled fixtures [3].

2.2 PARAMETRIC STUDY`
A. Number and position of fixture element
Fig. 4 shows that the local conformability
metric for P-controlled and U-controlled fixtures
(CZ,, and Cza, respectively) follow very similar
trends as L4 moves in the
+XA direction. In scenario #2 (P2), the addition of
L4 cames an increase in both conformability
metrics and also an increase in stability with respect
to the reference case.
Locator L4 helps to support the bottom part
of the sphere. This explains the increase in stability
from PI to P2.Conformability and stability decrease
as L4 moves from P2 to P5 as shown in Fig.4
Shrikant.V.Peshatwar, L.P Raut / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1591-1596
1593 | P a g e

Fig.4.Effect of the number and position of fixture
element[3]

B. Clamping intensity
For the case of the P-controlled fixture, the
clamping
Force was changed from 800 N in PI to 900 N in P2
and
to l000 N in P3. Similarly, the prescribed clamping
Displacements for P2. P3 and P4 are 12.5, 15.0 and
17.5
pm, respectively. Fig. 5 shows that S, and Czp
increase
With clamping intensity. Higher clamping loads
produce larger work piece and contact elastic
deformations causing an increase in Czp. In the case
of the U-controlled fixture stability decreases
slightly with increasing clamping intensity while Cz,
is not significantly affected.
The normal clamping loads necessary to produce the
prescribed displacements of the U-controlled fixture
do not change significantly when going from 12.5 to
17.5 pm (D'F,, = 659 N, D2F=n 590 N for 12.5 pm;
DIFn= 680 N, D2F,=, 623 N for 17.5 pm). As a
result, the fixture-work piece reaction forces remain
almost unchanged from PI to P4. This explains the
small variation of Czu shown in Fig.5 [3].



Fig.5. Effect of the Clamping Intensity [3]




Fig.6.Effect of the Clamp Orientation.[3]


Fig.7. Effect of the Static Coefficient of Friction
[3]

Requirements should be satisfied for
fixture:(i)total restraint of the work piece or form
closure;(ii)accurate locating of work piece ;
(iii)limited deformation of work piece; no
interference between fixture components and
machine tool;(iv)including ease of
loading/unloading a work piece. The first two
requirements that are essential for the design of
fixture layout and can be viewed as the first step of
fixturing system design for determination of the
number, type and location of fixturing points.
researcher propose an efficient algorithm to identify
seven frictionless fixturing point ensuring form
closure and small positioning error of the work
piece from original dense set. Paper addressed the
problem of fixture layout design for a 3D curved
work piece [4].
Facing a continuously increasing
competition worldwide, manufacturing industry are
undergoing a critical transition from traditional
methods to advanced manufacturing technology
many of which are computer based.
In order to increase competitiveness,
manufacturers are seeking to improve product
quality. Lower production costs, and increase the
speed of bringing innovative products to the market.
Early years of computer aided fixture design
(CAFD), the designer simply used the CAD tool to
Shrikant.V.Peshatwar, L.P Raut / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1591-1596
1594 | P a g e
assemble the drawings on computer screen with a
library of standard fixture components.
Fixture assembly operations are performed
by specifying coordinates and rotation angles in x-y
plane, which still takes time for manipulating
geometric entities. One of the most important goals
of CAFD is to reduce the manufacturing lead time.
the problems associated with current CAFD
applications include: 1) functions of automated
fixture design systems are limited and many
complex fixture designs still need human interaction
and using CAFD systems with commercial CAD
packages is time consuming as it manipulates
geometric entities around on screen.
Outline of rapid fixture design system
(RFDS) which includes several modules and
databases: a) locating method selections) work
piece information retrieval; c) locator/clamp
selection; d) fixture unit generation and placement;
e) interactive fixture design modification; f) locating
method database and g) fixture component database.
In fixture design, the locating method and locator
clamp selection are based on fixturing requirement
analysis.
To help fixture designers in the locating
method selection, a menu-driven locating method
classification tree is designed which makes the
fixture design process more logical and requires less
experience.
Researcher presents a rapid fixture design
system which combines the automated modular
fixture configuration design technique for fixture
unit generation and interactive fixture design
functions for selections of locating methods and
locating clamping components [5].
Only concerned with achieving three point
contacts, which is necessary to re-use the fixture,
Manufacturing and installation of fixtures are costly
for high volume production runs. In this paper we
address the problem of the re-usability of fixtures.
Researcher addresses both types of variation in the
context of modular fixtures. For tolerance variation,
they give a method for comparing fixtures in terms
of how much geometric tolerance they will permit
before failing. For design variation, they identify
design rules that can rapidly check if a proposed part
design is consistent with a given previous fixture
[6].
Fixture design is a critical manufacturing
activity in the production cycle and has great effect
on product quality, lead time, and cost targets.
With the development of computer aided
fixture design (CAFD) system, the efficiency of
fixture design and the cost of production have been
improved obviously. Fixture planning is an
important early step in CAFD process, which
determines the locating and clamping points on
work piece surfaces, it contributes so much to
fixture design.
Fixture requires simple configuration, small
clamping force, multi-varieties and small batch
production, short design and manufacturing cycle,
and low cost. Compare to conventional
manufacturing processes, the primary advantage of
RP is its ability to create almost any shape or
geometric feature, in this case, production efficiency
and manufacturing flexibility will be greatly
improved.
The evaluation method proposed in this
paper is going to evaluate the clamping plan from
several aspects as follows: Area factor. Stability
factor, location of clamping point factor. The
automation of fixture planning plays a vital role in
improving the efficiency of fixture design and
manufacture [7].
Fixture layout is the primary task of the
fixture design. Fixture design is a practical problem
and is crucial to product manufacturing. During the
course of manufacturing processes, such as
machining, assembly, or inspection, it is necessary
to immobilize, support, and locate the work piece,
this is also referred to as work holding.
A fixture is comprised of a number of basic
work holding elements such as locators, supports,
and clamps. The task of fixture layout is to
determine the number, type, and location of the
work holding elements. Second task is referred to as
fixture setup, and its main concern is to avoid
collision and interference between the machine tool
and the fixture. Basic Fixture Components is
locator, support, clamps. Fixtures have six basic
functional Requirements: (a) stable resting, (b)
accurate localization.(c) Support reinforcement, (d)
stable clamping, (e) force-closure (or total restraint),
and (f) quality performance.
The focus of the researcher paper is on
effective fixture modeling and efficient numerical
techniques for automatically generating, analyzing,
and optimizing fixture layout designs for any
complex-shaped 3D work pieces [8].
A fixture is usually modeled as a set of
supporting, locating and clamping points called
fixels. These fixturing points (or fixels) should be
selected to satisfy two fundamental requirements:
the form-closure constraint and accurate locating of
the work piece in addition to requirements like even
load distribution among the fixturing points, non-
intersection among the fixels, etc.
The form-closure constraint guarantees that
the work piece is fully constrained without being
disturbed by any force and moment generated
during manufacturing processes. The requirement of
accurate localization is to ensure accuracy of
manufacturing operations.
A fixture must satisfy various functional
and non-functional requirements listed as follows:
total restraint of the work piece or form-closure, i.e.
able to reject any force and moment generated
during manufacturing courses; Accurate locating of
Shrikant.V.Peshatwar, L.P Raut / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1591-1596
1595 | P a g e
the work piece, i.e. the positioning Errors of the
work piece should be minimized with given
positioning accuracy of the fixturing points; even
load distribution among the fixturing points.
No interference between fixture components and
Machine tools and Goodness under various
criteria, including ease of Loading/unloading a work
piece.
Researcher paper presents a simple and
complete algorithm for automatic and optimal
fixture design on 3D work pieces represented by
discrete points. A new performance index is
proposed to simultaneously address three
fundamental requirements: form-closure constraint,
minimum locating errors of the work piece, and
even load distribution among the fixturing points
[9].
A fixture is used to establish and maintain
the required position and orientation of a work piece
in machine tool. A poor design can lead to
undesirable work piece deformation. Consequently,
the positions of the locators, clamps and supports
should be strategically designed and appropriate
clamping forces should be applied. Typically, it
relies heavily on the designers experience to choose
the positions of the fixture elements and to
determine the clamping forces.
The fixture layout and the clamping forces
optimization become two important aspects in
fixture design. The positions of locators and clamps
should be properly selected, and the clamping forces
should be calculated so that the work piece
deformation is minimized and uniformed. In this
paper, a dual optimization method is presented for
the fixture layout design and dynamic clamping
forces optimization. The objective is to minimize
the maximum elastic deformation of the machined
surfaces and maximize the uniformity of the
deformation [10].

3. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The system has enhanced the efficiency
and reliability of the jig and fixture design and has
made the result of the jig and fixture design more
reasonable [1].
It was found that conformability and
stability can either increase or decrease with the
position of contacts depending on their proximity to
the line of action of the external perturbation. It was
also found that clamping intensity and the principal
stiffness directions have opposing effects on the
stability of force-controlled and displacement
controlled fixtures [2].
The problem of fixture layout design for a
3D curved work piece [3].Fixture design support
that use technological entities to represent the part
[4]. The problem of the re-usability of fixtures [6].
The automation of rapid fixture planning based on
rapid prototype [7].
Optimum design approach to provide
comprehensive analyses and determine an overall
optimal design to fulfill the multi-functional and
high performance fixturing requirements [8]. Dual
fixture layout and dynamic clamping forces
optimization method based on optimal fixture layout
could minimize the deformation and uniform the
deformation most effectively and it is meaningful
for deformation control in NC machining [10].
An attempt is made in this paper various design and
analysis methods in the context of to improve the
life of fixture, different fixture geometries are
compared experimentally and are selected. The
proposed eccentric shaft fixture will fulfilled
researcher Production target and enhanced the
efficiency, fixture reduces operation time and
increases productivity, high quality of operation,
reduce scarp.

REFERENCES
[1] E. Caillaudli 2, 3, D. Noyes2, G. Anglerot1
and P. Padillal Concurrent Engineering:
an expert system for fixture design 1995
IEEE.
[2] Zhang Yuru ,Peng Gaoliang
Development of and integrated system
for setup planning and fixture design in
CAPP International Conference on
Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics
Monterey, California, USA, 24-28 July,
2005J. Newman, Electrochemical Systems,
2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
NJ, 1991.
[3] Jose F. Hurtado, Shreyes N. Melkote,
Effect of Fixture Design Variables on
Fixture-Work piece Conformability and
Static Stability 2001 IEEHASME
International Conference on Advanced
Intelligent Mechatronic Proceedings 8-12
July 2001 COW Italy
[4] Dan Ding Guoliang Xiang Yun-Hui Liu
and Michael Yu Wang Fixture Layout
Design for Curved Work
pieces*Proceedings of the 2002 IEE
international Conference on Robotics 8
Automation Washington, DC May 2002
[5] Zhang Yuru ,Peng Gaoliang
Development of an
integrated system for setup planning and
fixture design in CAPP International
Conference on Advanced Intelligent
Mechatronics Monterey, California, USA,
24-28 July, 2005J. Newman,
Electrochemical Systems, 2nd ed.,
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1991.
[6] Yiming (Kevin) Rong, Xingsen (Corry) Li
Locating Method Analysis based Rapid
Fixture Configuration Design Intelligent
Design and Manufacturing, ASME WAM,
Shrikant.V.Peshatwar, L.P Raut / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1591-1596
1596 | P a g e
PED-Vol. 64, NO. 1, 1992, pp. 15-28.pp.
43-66.1993, pp. 267-271
[7] Yan Zhuang, Ken Goldberg Design Rules
for Tolerance-Insensitive and Multi-
purpose Fixtures* ICAR 91Monterey,
CA, July 7-9, 1997
[8] Jing Yu, Ting Wen, Qingxi Hu Research
on Automatic Planning of Main Clamping
Points in Rapid Fixture Design System
2010 Seventh International Conference on
Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery
(FSKD 2010)
[9] Michael Yu Wang OPTIMUM 3D
FIXTURE LAYOUT DESIGN
Proceedings of the 3 World Conference on
Intelligent Control and Automation June
28-July 2,2000, Hefei, P.R. China.
[10] Yun-Hui Liu Optimal Fixture Layout
Design for 3D Work pieces Proceedings
of the 2004 IEEE International Conference
on Robotics 8 Automation New Orleans,
LA April 2004.
[11] Jig and Fixture Design Manual by Erik
Karl Henriksen.