Statistical Variance Analysis

Analysis of Variance 35
CHAPTER 11: ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

1 In a one!"ay ANOVA# if $%e co&'($e) F s$a$is$ic e*cee)s $%e cri$ical F +al(e# "e &ay
a, re-ec$ H. since $%ere is e+i)ence all $%e &eans )iffer
/, re-ec$ H. since $%ere is e+i)ence of a $rea$&en$ effec$
c, no$ re-ec$ H. since $%ere is no e+i)ence of a )ifference
), no$ re-ec$ H. /eca(se a &is$a0e %as /een &a)e
ANS1ER:
/
TYPE: 2C 3IFFIC4LTY: Easy
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# )ecision
6 1%ic% of $%e follo"in7 co&'onen$s in an ANOVA $a/le are no$ a))i$i+e8
a, s(& of s9(ares
/, )e7rees of free)o&
c, &ean s9(ares
), I$ is no$ 'ossi/le $o $ell
ANS1ER:
c
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# s(& of s9(ares# 'ro'er$ies
3 1%y "o(l) yo( (se $%e T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re8
a, $o $es$ for nor&ali$y
/, $o $es$ for %o&o7enei$y of +ariance
c, $o $es$ in)e'en)ence of errors
), $o $es$ for )ifferences in 'air"ise &eans
ANS1ER:
)
5EY1OR3S: T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re
: A co&'le$ely ran)o&i;e) )esi7n
a, %as only one fac$or# "i$% se+eral $rea$&en$ 7ro('s
/, can %a+e &ore $%an one fac$or# eac% "i$% se+eral $rea$&en$ 7ro('s
c, %as one fac$or an) one /loc0
), %as one fac$or# one /loc0# an) &(l$i'le +al(es
ANS1ER:
a
TYPE: 2C 3IFFIC4LTY: 2o)era$e
5EY1OR3S: co&'le$ely ran)o&i;e) )esi7n
3< Analysis of Variance
5 T%e F $es$ s$a$is$ic in a one!"ay ANOVA is
a, 2S1=2SA
/, SS1=SSA
c, 2SA=2S1
), SSA=SS1
ANS1ER:
c
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or
< T%e )e7rees of free)o& for $%e F $es$ in a one!"ay ANOVA are
a, >n ? c, an) >c ? 1,
/, >c ? 1, an) >n ? c,
c, >c ? n, an) >n ? 1,
), >n ? 1, an) >c ? n,
ANS1ER:
/
5EY1OR3S: )e7rees of free)o&# F $es$ for fac$or
@ In a one!"ay ANOVA# $%e n(ll %y'o$%esis is al"ays
a, $%ere is no $rea$&en$ effec$
/, $%ere is so&e $rea$&en$ effec$
c, all $%e 'o'(la$ion &eans are )ifferen$
), so&e of $%e 'o'(la$ion &eans are )ifferen$
ANS1ER:
a
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# for& of %y'o$%esis
A In a one!"ay ANOVA
a, an in$erac$ion $er& is 'resen$
/, an in$erac$ion effec$ can /e $es$e)
c, $%ere is no in$erac$ion $er&
), $%e in$erac$ion $er& %as >c ? 1,>n ? 1, )e7rees of free)o&
ANS1ER:
c
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# 'ro'er$ies# in$erac$ion
Analysis of Variance 3@
B In$erac$ion in an e*'eri&en$al )esi7n can /e $es$e) in
a, a co&'le$ely ran)o&i;e) &o)el
/, a ran)o&i;e) /loc0 &o)el
c, a $"o!fac$or &o)el
), all ANOVA &o)els
ANS1ER:
c
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# in$erac$ion# 'ro'er$ies
1. In a $"o!"ay ANOVA# $%e )e7rees of free)o& for $%e in$erac$ion $er& are
a, >r ? 1,>c ? 1,
/, rc>n ? 1,
c, >r ? 1,
), rcn C 1
ANS1ER:
a
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# in$erac$ion# )e7rees of free)o&
11 In a $"o!"ay ANOVA# $%e )e7rees of free)o& for $%e DerrorD $er& are
a, >r ? 1,>c ? 1,
/, rc>n ? 1,
c, >r ? 1,
), rcn C 1
ANS1ER:
/
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# )e7rees of free)o&
16 S(''ose $%ere is in$eres$ in co&'arin7 $%e &e)ian res'onse $i&e for $%ree in)e'en)en$ 7ro('s
learnin7 a s'ecific $as0 T%e a''ro'ria$e non'ara&e$ric 'roce)(re is $%e
a, 1ilco*on ran0 s(&s $es$
/, 1ilco*on si7ne) ran0s $es$
c, 5r(s0al!1allis ran0 $es$ for )ifferences in &e)ians
), none of $%e a/o+e
ANS1ER:
c
5EY1OR3S: 5r(s0al!1allis ran0 $es$
3A Analysis of Variance
13 T%e 5r(s0al!1allis ran0 $es$ for )ifferences in &ore $%an $"o &e)ians is a non'ara&e$ric
al$erna$i+e $o
a, Fis%erEs ANOVA F $es$ for co&'le$ely ran)o&i;e) e*'eri&en$s
/, S$()en$Es t $es$ for rela$e) sa&'les
c, S$()en$Es t $es$ for in)e'en)en$ sa&'les
), 1ilco*onEs ran0 s(& $es$ for )ifferences in $"o &e)ians
ANS1ER:
a
TAFLE 11!1
Psyc%olo7is$s %a+e fo(n) $%a$ 'eo'le are 7enerally rel(c$an$ $o $rans&i$ /a) ne"s $o $%eir 'eers T%is
'%eno&enon %as /een $er&e) $%e G242 effec$H To in+es$i7a$e $%e ca(se of $%e 242 effec$# :.
(n)er7ra)(a$es a$ 3(0e 4ni+ersi$y 'ar$ici'a$e) in an e*'eri&en$ Eac% s(/-ec$ "as as0e) $o a)&inis$er
an II $es$ $o ano$%er s$()en$ an) $%en 'ro+i)e $%e $es$ $a0er "i$% %is or %er 'ercen$ile score 4n0no"n
$o $%e s(/-ec$# $%e $es$ $a0er "as a /o7(s s$()en$ "%o "as "or0in7 "i$% $%e researc%ers T%e
e*'eri&en$ers &ani'(la$e) $"o fac$ors: subject visibility an) success of test taker# eac% a$ $"o le+els
S(/-ec$ +isi/ili$y "as ei$%er visible or not visible $o $%e $es$ $a0er S(ccess of $%e $es$ $a0er "as ei$%er
+isi/le or no$ +isi/le $o $%e $es$ $a0er S(ccess of $%e $es$ $a0er "as ei$%er top 20% or bottom 20%
Ten s(/-ec$s "ere ran)o&ly assi7ne) $o eac% of $%e 6 * 6 J : e*'eri&en$al con)i$ions# $%en $%e $i&e >in
secon)s, /e$"een $%e en) of $%e $es$ an) $%e )eli+ery of $%e 'ercen$ile score fro& $%e s(/-ec$ $o $%e $es$
$a0er "as &eas(re) >T%is +aria/le is calle) $%e latency to feedback, T%e )a$a "ere s(/-ec$e) $o
a''ro'ria$e analyses "i$% $%e follo"in7 res(l$s:
So(rce )f SS 2S F PR K F
S(/-ec$ +isi/ili$y 1 13A.6: 13A.6: :6< ..:3
Tes$ $a0er s(ccess 1 13651< 13651< :.B ..5.
In$erac$ion 1 33A5A. 33A5A. 1.:5 ...6
Error 3< 11#<<: .. 36:..
To$al 3B 1@#@556.
1: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1# "%a$ $y'e of e*'eri&en$al )esi7n "as e&'loye) in $%is s$()y8
a, co&'le$ely ran)o&i;e) )esi7n "i$% : $rea$&en$s
/, ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n "i$% fo(r $rea$&en$s an) 1. /loc0s
c, 6 * 6 fac$orial )esi7n "i$% 1. re'lica$ions
ANS1ER:
c
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# $"o!fac$or fac$orial )esi7n
Analysis of Variance 3B
15 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1# a$ $%e ..1 le+el# "%a$ concl(sions can yo( )ra" fro& $%e analyses8
a, A$ $%e ..1 le+el# s(/-ec$ +isi/ili$y an) $es$ $a0er s(ccess are si7nifican$ 're)ic$ors of
la$ency fee)/ac0
/, A$ $%e ..1 le+el# $%e &o)el is no$ (sef(l for 're)ic$in7 la$ency $o fee)/ac0
c, A$ $%e ..1 le+el# $%ere is e+i)ence $o in)ica$e $%a$ s(/-ec$ +isi/ili$y an) $es$ $a0er s(ccess
in$erac$
), A$ $%e ..1 le+el# $%ere is no e+i)ence of in$erac$ion /e$"een s(/-ec$ +isi/ili$y an) $es$
$a0er s(ccess
ANS1ER:
c
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for in$erac$ion# )ecision# concl(sion# in$erac$ion
1< Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1# in $%e con$e*$ of $%is s$()y# in$er're$ $%e s$a$e&en$: GS(/-ec$ +isi/ili$y an)
$es$ $a0er s(ccess in$erac$H
a, T%e )ifference /e$"een $%e &ean fee)/ac0 $i&e for +isi/le an) non+isi/le s(/-ec$s )e'en)s
on $%e s(ccess of $%e $es$ $a0er
/, T%e )ifference /e$"een $%e &ean fee)/ac0 $i&e for $es$ $a0ers scorin7 in $%e $o' 6.L an)
/o$$o& 6.L )e'en)s on $%e +isi/ili$y of $%e s(/-ec$
c, T%e rela$ions%i' /e$"een fee)/ac0 $i&e an) s(/-ec$ +isi/ili$y )e'en)s on $%e s(ccess of $%e
$es$ $a0er
), All of $%e a/o+e are correc$ in$er're$a$ions
ANS1ER:
)
TYPE: 2C 3IFFIC4LTY: 3iffic(l$
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# in$erac$ion# concl(sion
1@ An airline "an$s $o selec$ a co&'($er sof$"are 'ac0a7e for i$s reser+a$ion sys$e& Fo(r sof$"are
'ac0a7es >1# 6# 3# an) :, are co&&ercially a+aila/le T%e airline "ill c%oose $%e 'ac0a7e $%a$
/(&'s as fe" 'assen7ers# on a+era7e# as 'ossi/le )(rin7 a &on$% An e*'eri&en$ is se$ (' in
"%ic% eac% 'ac0a7e is (se) $o &a0e reser+a$ions for 5 ran)o&ly selec$e) "ee0s >A $o$al of 6.
"ee0s "as incl()e) in $%e e*'eri&en$, T%e n(&/er of 'assen7ers /(&'e) eac% "ee0 is 7i+en
/elo" Ho" s%o(l) $%e )a$a /e analy;e)8
Pac0a7e 1: 16# 1:# B# 11# 1<
Pac0a7e 6: 6# :# @# 3# 1
Pac0a7e 3: 1.# B# <# 1.# 16
Pac0a7e :: @# <# <# 15# 16
a, F $es$ for )ifferences in +ariances
/, one!"ay ANOVA F $es$
c, t $es$ for $%e )ifferences in &eans
), t $es$ for $%e &ean )ifference
ANS1ER:
/
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or
:. Analysis of Variance
TAFLE 11!6
An airline "an$s $o selec$ a co&'($er sof$"are 'ac0a7e for i$s reser+a$ion sys$e& Fo(r sof$"are
'ac0a7es >1# 6# 3# an) :, are co&&ercially a+aila/le T%e airline "ill c%oose $%e 'ac0a7e $%a$ /(&'s as
fe" 'assen7ers# on a+era7e# as 'ossi/le )(rin7 a &on$% An e*'eri&en$ is se$ (' in "%ic% eac% 'ac0a7e
is (se) $o &a0e reser+a$ions for 5 ran)o&ly selec$e) "ee0s >A $o$al of 6. "ee0s "as incl()e) in $%e
e*'eri&en$, T%e n(&/er of 'assen7ers /(&'e) eac% "ee0 is o/$aine)# "%ic% 7i+es rise $o $%e
follo"in7 E*cel o($'($:
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F p-value F crit
Fe$"een Mro('s 616: 3 A3.:BA5 ...1:@: 363AA<@
1i$%in Mro('s 13<: A565
To$al 3:AA
1A Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!6# $%e "i$%in 7ro('s )e7rees of free)o& is
a, 3
/, :
c, 1<
), 1B
ANS1ER:
c
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# )e7rees of free)o&
1B Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!6# $%e $o$al )e7rees of free)o& is
a, 3
/, :
c, 1<
), 1B
ANS1ER:
)
6. Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!6# $%e a&on7 7ro(' &ean s9(ares is
a, A565
/, @.A
c, 616:
), <3@6
ANS1ER:
/
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# &ean s9(ares
Analysis of Variance :1
61 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!6# a$ a si7nificance le+el of 1L#
a, $%ere is ins(fficien$ e+i)ence $o concl()e $%a$ $%e a+era7e n(&/ers of c(s$o&ers /(&'e)
/y $%e : 'ac0a7es are no$ all $%e sa&e
/, $%ere is ins(fficien$ e+i)ence $o concl()e $%a$ $%e a+era7e n(&/ers of c(s$o&ers /(&'e)
/y $%e : 'ac0a7es are all $%e sa&e
c, $%ere is s(fficien$ e+i)ence $o concl()e $%a$ $%e a+era7e n(&/ers of c(s$o&ers /(&'e) /y
$%e : 'ac0a7es are no$ all $%e sa&e
), $%ere is s(fficien$ e+i)ence $o concl()e $%a$ $%e a+era7e n(&/ers of c(s$o&ers /(&'e) /y
$%e : 'ac0a7es are all $%e sa&e
ANS1ER:
c
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or# )ecision# concl(sion
TAFLE 11!3
A real$or "an$s $o co&'are $%e a+era7e sales!$o!a''raisal ra$ios of resi)en$ial 'ro'er$ies sol) in fo(r
nei7%/or%oo)s >A# F# C# an) 3, Fo(r 'ro'er$ies are ran)o&ly selec$e) fro& eac% nei7%/or%oo) an)
$%e ra$ios are recor)e) for eac%# as s%o"n /elo"
A: 16# 11# .B# .: C: 1.# 15# 11# 13
F: 65# 61# 1B# 1< 3: .A# 13# 11# .@
In$er're$ $%e res(l$s of $%e analysis s(&&ari;e) in $%e follo"in7 $a/le:
Nei7%/or%oo)s 6B@ .BB. A31 ..6<.
Error 16
To$al ::.
66 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!3# $%e a&on7 7ro(' )e7rees of free)o& is
a, 3
/, :
c, 16
), 1<
ANS1ER:
a
63 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!3# $%e "i$%in 7ro(' s(& of s9(ares is
a, .11B
/, 1:3
c, 6B@
), ::.
ANS1ER:
/
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# s(& of s9(ares
:6 Analysis of Variance
6: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!3# $%e "i$%in 7ro(' &ean s9(ares is
a, .11B
/, .BB.
c, 11.B
), A31
ANS1ER:
a
65 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!3#
a, a$ $%e ..5 le+el of si7nificance# $%e &ean ra$ios for $%e : nei7%/or%oo)s are no$ all $%e
sa&e
/, a$ $%e ..1 le+el of si7nificance# $%e &ean ra$ios for $%e : nei7%/or%oo)s are no$ all $%e
sa&e
c, a$ $%e .1. le+el of si7nificance# $%e &ean ra$ios for $%e : nei7%/or%oo)s are no$
si7nifican$ly )ifferen$
), a$ $%e ..5 le+el of si7nificance# $%e &ean ra$ios for $%e : nei7%/or%oo)s are no$
si7nifican$ly )ifferen$ fro& .
ANS1ER:
a
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or# )ecision# concl(sion
6< A ca&'(s researc%er "an$e) $o in+es$i7a$e $%e fac$ors $%a$ affec$ +isi$or $ra+el $i&e in a co&'le*#
&(l$ile+el /(il)in7 on ca&'(s S'ecifically# %e "an$e) $o )e$er&ine "%e$%er )ifferen$ /(il)in7
si7ns >/(il)in7 &a's +ers(s "all si7na7e, affec$ $%e $o$al a&o(n$ of $i&e +isi$ors re9(ire $o reac%
$%eir )es$ina$ion# an) "%e$%er $%a$ $i&e )e'en)s on "%e$%er $%e s$ar$in7 loca$ion is insi)e or o($si)e
$%e /(il)in7 T%ree s(/-ec$s "ere assi7ne) $o eac% of $%e co&/ina$ions of si7ns an) s$ar$in7
loca$ions# an) $ra+el $i&es in secon)s fro& /e7innin7 $o )es$ina$ion "ere recor)e) Ho" s%o(l) $%e
)a$a /e analy;e)8
S$ar$in7 Roo&
In$erior E*$erior
1all Si7ns 1:1# 11B# 63A 66:# 33B# 13B
2a' A5# B:# 16< 66<# 16B# 13.
a, co&'le$ely ran)o&i;e) )esi7n
/, ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n
c, 6 * 6 fac$orial )esi7n
), 5r(s0al!1allis ran0 $es$
ANS1ER:
c
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or fac$orial )esi7n
TAFLE 11!:
A ca&'(s researc%er "an$e) $o in+es$i7a$e $%e fac$ors $%a$ affec$ +isi$or $ra+el $i&e in a co&'le*#
&(l$ile+el /(il)in7 on ca&'(s S'ecifically# %e "an$e) $o )e$er&ine "%e$%er )ifferen$ /(il)in7 si7ns
>/(il)in7 &a's +ers(s "all si7na7e, affec$ $%e $o$al a&o(n$ of $i&e +isi$ors re9(ire $o reac% $%eir
)es$ina$ion# an) "%e$%er $%a$ $i&e )e'en)s on "%e$%er $%e s$ar$in7 loca$ion is insi)e or o($si)e $%e
/(il)in7 T%ree s(/-ec$s "ere assi7ne) $o eac% of $%e co&/ina$ions of si7ns an) s$ar$in7 loca$ions# an)
$ra+el $i&es in secon)s fro& /e7innin7 $o )es$ina$ion "ere recor)e) An E*cel o($'($ of $%e
a''ro'ria$e analysis is 7i+en /elo":
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F p-value F crit
Si7ns 1:..A33 1:..A33 .116<@ 531@<:5
S$ar$in7 Loca$ion 166AA 6@A:3B5 .133@: 531@<:5
In$erac$ion :A :A .B1B5.< 531@<:5
1i$%in 353.533 ::131<@
To$al <1<:B<@ 11
6@ Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!:# $%e )e7rees of free)o& for $%e )ifferen$ /(il)in7 si7ns >fac$or A, is
a, 1
/, 6
c, 3
), A
ANS1ER:
a
6A Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!:# $%e "i$%in >error, )e7rees of free)o& is
a, 1
/, :
c, A
), 11
ANS1ER:
c
:: Analysis of Variance
6B Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!:# $%e &ean s9(ares for s$ar$in7 loca$ion >fac$or F, is
a, :A
/, :#:131@
c, 16#6AA
), 1:#..A3
ANS1ER:
c
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# &ean s9(ares
3. Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!:# $%e F $es$ s$a$is$ic for $es$in7 $%e &ain effec$ of $y'es of si7ns is
a, ..1.B
/, 6@A::
c, 31@:6
), 531@<
ANS1ER:
c
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or
31 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!:# $%e F $es$ s$a$is$ic for $es$in7 $%e in$erac$ion effec$ /e$"een $%e $y'es of
si7ns an) $%e s$ar$in7 loca$ion is
a, ..1.B
/, 6@A::
c, 31@:6
), 531@<
ANS1ER:
a
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for in$erac$ion# in$erac$ion
36 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!:# a$ 1L le+el of si7nificance#
a, $%ere is ins(fficien$ e+i)ence $o concl()e $%a$ $%e )ifference /e$"een $%e a+era7e $ra+elin7
$i&es for $%e )ifferen$ s$ar$in7 loca$ions )e'en)s on $%e $y'es of si7ns
/, $%ere is ins(fficien$ e+i)ence $o concl()e $%a$ $%e )ifference /e$"een $%e a+era7e $ra+elin7
$i&es for $%e )ifferen$ $y'es of si7ns )e'en)s on $%e s$ar$in7 loca$ions
c, $%ere is ins(fficien$ e+i)ence $o concl()e $%a$ $%e rela$ions%i' /e$"een $ra+elin7 $i&es an)
$%e $y'es of si7ns )e'en)s on $%e s$ar$in7 loca$ions
), all of $%e a/o+e
ANS1ER:
)
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or# F $es$ for in$erac$ion# )ecision#
concl(sion
33 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!:# a$ 1.L le+el of si7nificance#
a, $%ere is s(fficien$ e+i)ence $o concl()e $%a$ $%e )ifference /e$"een $%e a+era7e $ra+elin7
$i&es for $%e )ifferen$ s$ar$in7 loca$ions )e'en)s on $%e $y'es of si7ns
/, $%ere is ins(fficien$ e+i)ence $o concl()e $%a$ $%e )ifference /e$"een $%e a+era7e $ra+elin7
$i&es for $%e )ifferen$ $y'es of si7ns )e'en)s on $%e s$ar$in7 loca$ions
c, $%ere is s(fficien$ e+i)ence $o concl()e $%a$ $%e )ifference /e$"een $%e a+era7e $ra+elin7
$i&es for $%e )ifferen$ s$ar$in7 loca$ions )oes no$ )e'en) on $%e $y'es of si7ns
ANS1ER:
/
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or# )ecision# concl(sion
3: T%e Journal of Business Venturing re'or$e) on $%e ac$i+i$ies of en$re'rene(rs )(rin7 $%e
or7ani;a$ion crea$ion 'rocess As 'ar$ of a )esi7ne) s$()y# a $o$al of @1 en$re'rene(rs "ere
in$er+ie"e) an) )i+i)e) in$o 3 7ro('s: $%ose $%a$ "ere s(ccessf(l in fo(n)in7 a ne" fir& >n1 J 3:,#
$%ose s$ill ac$i+ely $ryin7 $o es$a/lis% a fir& >n6 J 61,# an) $%ose "%o $rie) $o s$ar$ a ne" fir& /($
e+en$(ally 7a+e (' >n3 J 1<, T%e $o$al n(&/er of ac$i+i$ies (n)er$a0en >e7# )e+elo'e) a /(siness
'lan# so(7%$ f(n)in7# loo0e) for facili$ies, /y eac% 7ro(' o+er a s'ecifie) $i&e 'erio) )(rin7
or7ani;a$ion crea$ion "as &eas(re) T%e o/-ec$i+e is $o co&'are $%e &ean n(&/er of ac$i+i$ies of
$%e 3 7ro('s of en$re'rene(rs Feca(se of concerns o+er necessary ass(&'$ion of $%e 'ara&e$ric
analysis# i$ "as )eci)e) $o (se a non'ara&e$ric analysis I)en$ify $%e non'ara&e$ric &e$%o) $%a$
"o(l) /e (se) $o analy;e $%e )a$a
a, 1ilco*on ran0 s(&s $es$
/, 1ilco*on si7ne) ran0s $es$
c, 5r(s0al!1allis ran0 $es$ for )ifferences in &e)ians
), one!"ay ANOVA F $es$
ANS1ER:
c
:< Analysis of Variance
TAFLE 11!5
A '%ysician an) 'resi)en$ of a Ta&'a Heal$% 2ain$enance Or7ani;a$ion >H2O, are a$$e&'$in7 $o
s%o" $%e /enefi$s of &ana7e) %eal$% care $o an ins(rance co&'any T%e '%ysician /elie+es $%a$ cer$ain
$y'es of )oc$ors are &ore cos$!effec$i+e $%an o$%ers One $%eory is $%a$ Pri&ary S'ecial$y is an
i&'or$an$ fac$or in &eas(rin7 $%e cos$!effec$i+eness of '%ysicians To in+es$i7a$e $%is# $%e 'resi)en$
o/$aine) in)e'en)en$ ran)o& sa&'les of 6. H2O '%ysicians fro& eac% of : 'ri&ary s'ecial$ies !
Meneral Prac$ice >MP,# In$ernal 2e)icine >I2,# Pe)ia$rics >PE3,# an) Fa&ily P%ysicians >FP, ! an)
recor)e) $%e $o$al c%ar7es 'er &e&/er 'er &on$% for eac% A secon) fac$or "%ic% $%e 'resi)en$ /elie+es
infl(ences $o$al c%ar7es 'er &e&/er 'er &on$% is "%e$%er $%e )oc$or is a forei7n or 4SA &e)ical
sc%ool 7ra)(a$e T%e 'resi)en$ $%eori;es $%a$ forei7n 7ra)(a$es "ill %a+e %i7%er &ean c%ar7es $%an
4SA 7ra)(a$es To in+es$i7a$e $%is# $%e 'resi)en$ also collec$e) )a$a on 6. forei7n &e)ical sc%ool
7ra)(a$es in eac% of $%e : 'ri&ary s'ecial$y $y'es )escri/e) a/o+e So infor&a$ion on c%ar7es for :.
)oc$ors >6. forei7n an) 6. 4SA &e)ical sc%ool 7ra)(a$es, "as o/$aine) for eac% of $%e : s'ecial$ies
T%e res(l$s for $%e ANOVA are s(&&ari;e) in $%e follo"in7 $a/le
S'ecial$y 3 66#A55 @#<1A <.B: ....1
2e) sc%ool 1 1.5 1.5 .A: .<@::
In$erac$ion 3 AB. 6B@ 63A .13:A
Error 156 1A#B5.
To$al 15B :6#A..
35 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!5# "%a$ "as $%e $o$al n(&/er of )oc$ors incl()e) in $%e s$()y8
a, 6.
/, :.
c, 15B
), 1<.
ANS1ER:
)
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# 'ro'er$ies
3< Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!5# "%a$ )e7rees of free)o& s%o(l) /e (se) $o )e$er&ine $%e cri$ical +al(e of
$%e F ra$io a7ains$ "%ic% $o $es$ for in$erac$ion /e$"een $%e $"o fac$ors8
a, n(&era$or df J 1# )eno&ina$or df J 15B
/, n(&era$or df J 3# )eno&ina$or df J 15B
c, n(&era$or df J 1# )eno&ina$or df J 156
), n(&era$or df J 3# )eno&ina$or df J 156
ANS1ER:
)
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for in$erac$ion# )e7rees of free)o&
Analysis of Variance :@
3@ Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!5# in$er're$ $%e $es$ for in$erac$ion
a, T%ere is ins(fficien$ e+i)ence $o say a$ $%e .1. le+el of si7nificance $%a$ $%e )ifference
/e$"een $%e &ean c%ar7es for forei7n an) 4SA 7ra)(a$es )e'en)s on 'ri&ary s'ecial$y
/, T%ere is s(fficien$ e+i)ence $o say a$ $%e .1. le+el of si7nificance $%a$ $%e )ifference
/e$"een $%e &ean c%ar7es for forei7n an) 4SA 7ra)(a$es )e'en)s on 'ri&ary s'ecial$y
c, T%ere is s(fficien$ e+i)ence a$ $%e .1. le+el of si7nificance of a )ifference /e$"een $%e
&ean c%ar7es for forei7n an) 4SA &e)ical 7ra)(a$es
), T%ere is s(fficien$ e+i)ence $o say a$ $%e .1. le+el of si7nificance $%a$ &ean c%ar7es
)e'en) on /o$% 'ri&ary s'ecial$y an) &e)ical sc%ool
ANS1ER:
a
TYPE: 2C 3IFFIC4LTY: 3iffic(l$
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# in$erac$ion# in$er're$a$ion
3A Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!5# "%a$ )e7rees of free)o& s%o(l) /e (se) $o )e$er&ine $%e cri$ical +al(e of
$%e F ra$io a7ains$ "%ic% $o $es$ for )ifferences in $%e &ean c%ar7es for )oc$ors a&on7 $%e fo(r
'ri&ary s'ecial$y areas8
ANS1ER:
)
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or# )e7rees of free)o&
3B Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!5# "%a$ )e7rees of free)o& s%o(l) /e (se) $o )e$er&ine $%e cri$ical +al(e of
$%e F ra$io a7ains$ "%ic% $o $es$ for )ifferences /e$"een $%e &ean c%ar7es of forei7n an) 4SA
&e)ical sc%ool 7ra)(a$es8
ANS1ER:
c
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or# )e7rees of free)o&
:A Analysis of Variance
:. Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!5# is $%ere e+i)ence of a )ifference /e$"een $%e &ean c%ar7es of forei7n an)
4SA &e)ical sc%ool 7ra)(a$es8
a, Yes# $%e $es$ for $%e &ain effec$ for 'ri&ary s'ecial$y is si7nifican$ a$ J .1.
/, No# $%e $es$ for $%e &ain effec$ for &e)ical sc%ool is no$ si7nifican$ a$ J .1.
c, No# $%e $es$ for $%e in$erac$ion is no$ si7nifican$ a$ J .1.
), 2ay/e# /($ "e nee) infor&a$ion on $%e
!es$i&a$es $o f(lly ans"er $%e 9(es$ion

ANS1ER:
/
:1 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!5# "%a$ ass(&'$ion>s, nee)>s, $o /e &a)e in or)er $o con)(c$ $%e $es$ for
)ifferences /e$"een $%e &ean c%ar7es of forei7n an) 4SA &e)ical sc%ool 7ra)(a$es8
a, T%ere is no si7nifican$ in$erac$ion effec$ /e$"een $%e area of 'ri&ary s'ecial$y an) $%e
&e)ical sc%ool on $%e )oc$orsN &ean c%ar7es
/, T%e c%ar7es in eac% 7ro(' of )oc$ors sa&'le) are )ra"n fro& nor&ally )is$ri/($e)
'o'(la$ions
c, T%e c%ar7es in eac% 7ro(' of )oc$ors sa&'le) are )ra"n fro& 'o'(la$ions "i$% e9(al
+ariances
), All of $%e a/o+e are necessary ass(&'$ions
ANS1ER:
)
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# ass(&'$ions
:6 Tr(e or False: T%e analysis of +ariance >ANOVA, $es$s %y'o$%eses a/o($ $%e 'o'(la$ion +ariance
ANS1ER:
False
TYPE: TF 3IFFIC4LTY: Easy
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance
:3 Tr(e or False: T%e F $es$# in a co&'le$ely ran)o&i;e) &o)el# is -(s$ an e*'ansion of $%e t $es$ for
in)e'en)en$ sa&'les
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
5EY1OR3S: co&'le$ely ran)o&i;e) )esi7n# F $es$ for fac$or
:: Tr(e or False: 1%en $%e F $es$ is (se) for ANOVA# $%e re-ec$ion re7ion is al"ays in $%e ri7%$ $ail
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
5EY1OR3S: F $es$ for fac$or# re-ec$ion re7ion
Analysis of Variance :B
:5 Tr(e or False: A co&'le$ely ran)o&i;e) )esi7n "i$% : 7ro('s "o(l) %a+e < 'ossi/le 'air"ise
co&'arisons
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
TYPE: TF 3IFFIC4LTY: 2o)era$e
5EY1OR3S: co&'le$ely ran)o&i;e) )esi7n# 'ro'er$ies
:< Tr(e or False: If yo( are co&'arin7 $%e a+era7e sales a&on7 3 )ifferen$ /ran)s# yo( are )ealin7
"i$% a $%ree!"ay ANOVA )esi7n
ANS1ER:
False
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# 'ro'er$ies
:@ Tr(e or False: T%e 2SE &(s$ al"ays /e 'osi$i+e
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
5EY1OR3S: &ean s9(ares# 'ro'er$ies
:A Tr(e or False: In a $"o!"ay ANOVA# i$ is easier $o in$er're$ &ain effec$s "%en $%e in$erac$ion
co&'onen$ is no$ si7nifican$
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# in$er're$a$ion
:B Tr(e or False: In a one!fac$or ANOVA analysis# $%e a&on7 s(& of s9(ares an) "i$%in s(& of
s9(ares &(s$ a)) (' $o $%e $o$al s(& of s9(ares
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# s(& of s9(ares# 'ro'er$ies
5. Tr(e or False: In a $"o!fac$or ANOVA analysis# $%e s(& of s9(ares )(e $o /o$% fac$ors# $%e
in$erac$ion s(& of s9(ares# an) $%e "i$%in s(& of s9(ares &(s$ a)) (' $o $%e $o$al s(& of s9(ares
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# s(& of s9(ares# 'ro'er$ies
5. Analysis of Variance
TAFLE 11!<
As 'ar$ of an e+al(a$ion 'ro7ra&# a s'or$in7 7oo)s re$ailer "an$e) $o co&'are $%e )o"n%ill coas$in7
s'ee)s of : /ran)s of /icycles S%e $oo0 3 of eac% /ran) an) )e$er&ine) $%eir &a*i&(& )o"n%ill
s'ee)s T%e res(l$s are 'resen$e) in &iles 'er %o(r in $%e $a/le /elo"
Trial Far$% Torna)o Reiser S%a"
1 :3 3@ :1 :3
6 :< 3A :5 :5
3 :3 3B :6 :<
51 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# $%e s'or$in7 7oo)s re$ailer )eci)e) $o 'erfor& an ANOVA F $es$ T%e
a&o(n$ of $o$al +aria$ion or SST is OOOOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
1.6<@
TYPE: FI 3IFFIC4LTY: 2o)era$e
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# s(& of s9(ares# in$er're$a$ion
56 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# $%e a&on7 7ro(' +aria$ion or SSA is OOOOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
A133
53 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# $%e "i$%in 7ro(' +aria$ion or SS1 is OOOOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
6133
5: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# $%e +al(e of 2SA is OOOOOOOOOO# "%ile 2S1 is OOOOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
6@11P 6<@
55 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# $%e n(ll %y'o$%esis $%a$ $%e a+era7e )o"n%ill coas$in7 s'ee)s of $%e :
/ran)s of /icycles are e9(al# "ill /e re-ec$e) a$ a le+el of si7nificance of ..5 if $%e +al(e of $%e
$es$ s$a$is$ic is 7rea$er $%an OOOOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
:.@
TYPE: FI 3IFFIC4LTY: Easy
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or# )ecision
5< Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# in $es$in7 $%e n(ll %y'o$%esis $%a$ $%e a+era7e )o"n%ill coas$in7 s'ee)s of
$%e : /ran)s of /icycles are e9(al# $%e +al(e of $%e $es$ s$a$is$ic is OOOOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
1.1@
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or# $es$ s$a$is$ic
5@ Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# cons$r(c$ $%e ANOVA $a/le fro& $%e sa&'le )a$a
ANS1ER:
Analysis of Variance
So(rce df SS 2S F p
Ficycle Fran)s 3 A133 6@11 1.1@ ...:Q
Error A 61 33 6<@
To$al 11 1.6<@
Q or p R ...5# $a/(lar +al(e
TYPE: PR 3IFFIC4LTY: 2o)era$e
5A Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# $%e n(ll %y'o$%esis s%o(l) /e re-ec$e) a$ a 5L le+el of
si7nificance
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# )ecision
5B Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# $%e )ecision &a)e i&'lies $%a$ all : &eans are si7nifican$ly
)ifferen$
ANS1ER:
False
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# concl(sion# in$er're$a$ion
<. Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# $%e $es$ is +ali) only if $%e 'o'(la$ion of s'ee)s %as $%e
sa&e +ariance for $%e : /ran)s
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# ass(&'$ion
56 Analysis of Variance
<1 Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# $%e $es$ is less sensi$i+e $o $%e ass(&'$ion $%a$ $%e
'o'(la$ion of s'ee)s %as $%e sa&e +ariance for $%e : /ran)s if $%e sa&'le si;es of $%e : /ran)s are
e9(al
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
<6 Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# $%e $es$ is +ali) only if $%e 'o'(la$ion of s'ee)s is nor&ally
)is$ri/($e)
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
<3 Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# $%e $es$ is ro/(s$ $o $%e +iola$ion of $%e ass(&'$ion $%a$ $%e
'o'(la$ion of s'ee)s is nor&ally )is$ri/($e)
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
<: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# $%e s'or$in7 7oo)s re$ailer )eci)e) $o co&'are $%e : $rea$&en$ &eans /y
(sin7 $%e T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re "i$% an o+erall le+el of si7nificance of ..5 T%ere are
OOOOOOOO 'air"ise co&'arisons $%a$ can /e &a)e
ANS1ER:
<
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re
<5 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# (sin7 an o+erall le+el of si7nificance of ..5# $%e cri$ical +al(e of $%e
S$()en$i;e) ran7e Q (se) in calc(la$in7 $%e cri$ical ran7e for $%e T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re is
OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
:53
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re# cri$ical +al(e
<< Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# (sin7 an o+erall le+el of si7nificance of ..5# $%e cri$ical ran7e for $%e
T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re is OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
:6@
<@ Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# /ase) on $%e T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re "i$% an o+erall le+el
of si7nificance of ..5# $%e re$ailer "o(l) )eci)e $%a$ $%ere is a si7nifican$ )ifference /e$"een all
'airs of &ean s'ee)s
ANS1ER:
False
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re# )ecision# concl(sion
<A Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# /ase) on $%e T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re "i$% an o+erall le+el
of si7nificance of ..5# $%e re$ailer "o(l) )eci)e $%a$ $%ere is no si7nifican$ )ifference /e$"een any
'air of &ean s'ee)s
ANS1ER:
False
<B Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# /ase) on $%e T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re "i$% an o+erall le+el
of si7nificance of ..5# $%e re$ailer "o(l) )eci)e $%a$ $%e &ean s'ee) for $%e Torna)o /ran) is
si7nifican$ly )ifferen$ fro& eac% of $%e &ean s'ee)s for o$%er /ran)s
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
@. Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# /ase) on $%e T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re "i$% an o+erall le+el
of si7nificance of ..5# $%e re$ailer "o(l) )eci)e $%a$ $%e 3 &eans o$%er $%an $%e &ean for Torna)o
are no$ si7nifican$ly )ifferen$ fro& eac% o$%er
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
@1 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# $%e s'or$in7 7oo)s re$ailer )eci)e) $o 'erfor& a 5r(s0al!1allis $es$ T%e
n(ll %y'o$%esis of $%e $es$ is OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
H.: M1 J M6 J M3 J M:
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# 5r(s0al!1allis ran0 $es$# for& of %y'o$%esis
@6 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# $%e al$erna$i+e %y'o$%esis of $%e 5r(s0al!1allis $es$ is $%a$ OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
no$ all $%e &e)ians are e9(al
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# 5r(s0al!1allis ran0 $es$# for& of %y'o$%esis
5: Analysis of Variance
@3 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# $%e )ecision r(le for a le+el of si7nificance of ..5 (sin7 $%e 5r(s0al!
1allis $es$ is $o re-ec$ $%e n(ll %y'o$%esis if $%e $es$ s$a$is$ic H is OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
7rea$er $%an @A15
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# 5r(s0al!1allis ran0 $es$# cri$ical +al(e# )ecision
@: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# $%e calc(la$ion of $%e 5r(s0al!1allis $es$ s$a$is$ic H in+ol+es ran0in7 $%e
o/ser+a$ions Cons$r(c$ a $a/le con$ainin7 $%ese ran0s
ANS1ER:
Far$% Torna)o Reiser S%a"
@. 1. :. @.
115 6. B5 B5
@. 3. 5. 115
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# 5r(s0al!1allis $es$# $es$ s$a$is$ic
@5 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# $%e calc(la$ion of $%e 5r(s0al!1allis $es$ s$a$is$ic H in+ol+es o/$ainin7 $%e
$o$al of $%e ran0s for eac% sa&'le T%ese $o$als are OOOOOOOO# OOOOOOOO# OOOOOOOO# an)
OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
655# <.# 1A5# 6A.
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# 5r(s0al!1allis ran0 $es$# $es$ s$a$is$ic
@< Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!<# $%e calc(la$e) +al(e of $%e 5r(s0al!1allis $es$ s$a$is$ic H is OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
@:@
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# 5r(s0al!1allis ran0 $es$# $es$ s$a$is$ic
TAFLE 11!@
An a7rono&is$ "an$s $o co&'are $%e cro' yiel) of 3 +arie$ies of c%ic0'ea see)s S%e 'lan$s 15 fiel)s# 5
"i$% eac% +arie$y S%e $%en &eas(res $%e cro' yiel) in /(s%els 'er acre Trea$in7 $%is as a co&'le$ely
ran)o&i;e) )esi7n# $%e res(l$s are 'resen$e) in $%e $a/le $%a$ follo"s
Trial S&i$% 1als% Tre+or
1 111 1B. 1:<
6 135 1A. 15@
3 153 1BA 1<A
: 1:< 1B< 1<@
5 BA 1<< 156
@@ Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!@# $%e a7rono&is$ )eci)e) $o 'erfor& an ANOVA F $es$ T%e a&o(n$ of $o$al
+aria$ion or SST is OOOOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
11:A6
@A Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!@# $%e a&on7 7ro(' +aria$ion or SSA is OOOOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
A63B
@B Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!@# $%e "i$%in 7ro(' +aria$ion or SS1 is OOOOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
36:3
A. Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!@# $%e +al(e of 2SA is OOOOOOOOOO# "%ile 2S1 is OOOOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
:11BP 6@.
A1 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!@# $%e n(ll %y'o$%esis "ill /e re-ec$e) a$ a le+el of si7nificance of ..1 if $%e
+al(e of $%e $es$ s$a$is$ic is 7rea$er $%an OOOOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
<B3
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or# cri$ical +al(e
5< Analysis of Variance
A6 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!@# $%e +al(e of $%e $es$ s$a$is$ic is OOOOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
156:
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or# $es$ s$a$is$ic
A3 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!@# cons$r(c$ $%e ANOVA $a/le fro& $%e sa&'le )a$a
ANS1ER:
So(rce df SS 2S F p
See) Varie$ies 6 A63B :11B 156: ....5.AQ
Error 16 36 :3 6@.
To$al 1: 11:A6
Q or p R ...5# $a/(lar +al(e
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or# 'ro'er$ies
A: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!@# s$a$e $%e n(ll %y'o$%esis $%a$ can /e $es$e)
ANS1ER:
H.:
S&i$%
=
1als%
=
Tre+or
TYPE: PR 3IFFIC4LTY: Easy
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or# for& of %y'o$%esis
A5 Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!@# $%e n(ll %y'o$%esis s%o(l) /e re-ec$e) a$ ...5 le+el of
si7nificance
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
A< Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!@# $%e )ecision &a)e a$ ...5 le+el of si7nificance i&'lies $%a$
all 3 &eans are si7nifican$ly )ifferen$
ANS1ER:
False
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or# concl(sion
A@ Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!@# $%e $es$ is +ali) only if $%e 'o'(la$ion of cro' yiel)s %as $%e
sa&e +ariance for $%e 3 +arie$ies
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or# ass(&'$ion
Analysis of Variance 5@
AA Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!@# $%e $es$ is +ali) only if $%e 'o'(la$ion of cro' yiel)s is
nor&ally )is$ri/($e) for $%e 3 +arie$ies
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or# ass(&'$ion
AB Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!@# $%e a7rono&is$ )eci)e) $o co&'are $%e 3 $rea$&en$ &eans /y (sin7 $%e
T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re "i$% an o+erall le+el of si7nificance of ..1 T%ere are OOOOOOOO
'air"ise co&'arisons $%a$ can /e &a)e
ANS1ER:
3
5EY1OR3S: one!"ay analysis of +ariance# T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re# 'ro'er$ies
B. Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!@# (sin7 an o+erall le+el of si7nificance of ..1# $%e cri$ical +al(e of $%e
S$()en$i;e) ran7e Q (se) in calc(la$in7 $%e cri$ical ran7e for $%e T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re is
OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
5.:
B1 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!@# (sin7 an o+erall le+el of si7nificance of ..1# $%e cri$ical ran7e for $%e
T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re is OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
3@.
B6 Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!@# /ase) on $%e T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re "i$% an o+erall le+el
of si7nificance of ..1# $%e a7rono&is$ "o(l) )eci)e $%a$ $%ere is a si7nifican$ )ifference /e$"een
$%e cro' yiel) of S&i$% an) 1als% see)s
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
B3 Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!@# /ase) on $%e T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re "i$% an o+erall le+el
$%e cro' yiel) of S&i$% an) Tre+or see)s
ANS1ER:
False
5A Analysis of Variance
B: Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!@# /ase) on $%e T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re "i$% an o+erall le+el
$%e cro' yiel) of 1als% an) Tre+or see)s
ANS1ER:
False
TAFLE 11!A
A %o$el c%ain %as i)en$ically si;e) resor$s in 5 loca$ions T%e )a$a $%a$ follo" res(l$e) fro& analy;in7
$%e %o$el occ('ancies on ran)o&ly selec$e) )ays in $%e 5 loca$ions
RO1 Cay&en Penn0a&' California 2aya7(e; 2a(i
1 6A :. 61 3@ 66
6 33 35 61 :@ 1B
3 :1 33 6@ :5 65
So(rce df SS 2S F p
Loca$ion : B<3< 11:@ ...1
Error 1. 61. .
To$al
B5 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!A# $%e +al(e of $%e ele&en$ in $%e ANOVA $a/le $%a$ al"ays 'ro+i)es an
es$i&a$e of $%e 'o'(la$ion +ariance is OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
61.
TYPE: FI 3IFFIC4LTY: 3iffic(l$
B< Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!A# $%e $es$ ra$io in+ol+es $%e ra$io of 6 ele&en$s of $%e ANOVA $a/le Of
$%ese ele&en$s# $%e +al(e of $%e one $%a$ 'ro+i)es an es$i&a$e of $%e 'o'(la$ion +ariance only "%en
$%e n(ll %y'o$%esis is $r(e is OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
6:.B
TYPE: FI 3IFFIC4LTY: 3iffic(l$
B@ Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!A# if a le+el of si7nificance of ..5 is c%osen# $%e n(ll
%y'o$%esis s%o(l) /e re-ec$e)
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
Analysis of Variance 5B
BA Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!A# if a le+el of si7nificance of ..5 is c%osen# $%e )ecision
&a)e in)ica$es $%a$ all 5 loca$ions %a+e )ifferen$ &ean occ('ancy ra$es
ANS1ER:
False
BB Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!A# if a le+el of si7nificance of ..5 is c%osen# $%e )ecision
&a)e in)ica$es $%a$ a$ leas$ 6 of $%e 5 loca$ions %a+e )ifferen$ &ean occ('ancy ra$es
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
1.. Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!A# $%e a&on7 7ro(' +aria$ion or SSA is OOOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
B<3<
1.1 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!A# $%e "i$%in 7ro(' +aria$ion or SS1 is OOOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
61..
1.6 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!A# $%e $o$al +aria$ion or SST is OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
1#1@3<
1.3 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!A# $%e +al(e of 2SA is OOOOOO "%ile 2S1 is OOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
6:.BP 61.
1.: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!A# $%e n(&era$or an) )eno&ina$or )e7rees of free)o& of $%e $es$ ra$io are
OOOOOOOO an) OOOOOOOO# res'ec$i+ely
ANS1ER:
:P 1.
<. Analysis of Variance
1.5 Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!A# $%e $o$al &ean s9(ares is 6<1B.
ANS1ER:
False
TAFLE 11!B
T%e &ar0e$in7 &ana7er of a co&'any 'ro)(cin7 a ne" cereal ai&e) for c%il)ren "an$s $o e*a&ine $%e
effec$ of $%e color an) s%a'e of $%e /o*Es lo7o on $%e a''ro+al ra$in7 of $%e cereal He co&/ine) :
colors an) 3 s%a'es $o 'ro)(ce a $o$al of 16 )esi7ns Eac% lo7o "as 'resen$e) $o 6 )ifferen$ 7ro('s >a
$o$al of 6: 7ro('s, an) $%e a''ro+al ra$in7 for eac% "as recor)e) an) is s%o"n /elo" T%e &ana7er
analy;e) $%ese )a$a (sin7 $%e J ..5 le+el of si7nificance for all inferences
COLORS
SHA!S Re) Mreen Fl(e Yello"
Circle 5: <@ 3< :5
:: <1 :: :1
S9(are 3: 5< 3< 61
3< 5A 3. 65
3ia&on) :< <. 3: 31
:A <. 3A 33
So(rce df SS 2S F p
Colors 3 6@111@ B.3@6 @63. ....
S%a'es 6 5@B.. 6AB5. 631< ....
In$erac$ion < 15.33 65.< 6.. .1::
Error 16 15. .. 165.
To$al 63 35B.5.
1.< Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!B# $%e &ean s9(are for $%e fac$or color is OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
B.3@6
1.@ Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!B# $%e &ean s9(are for $%e fac$or s%a'e is OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
6AB5.
Analysis of Variance <1
1.A Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!B# $%e &ean s9(are for $%e in$erac$ion of color an) s%a'e is OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
65.<
1.B Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!B# $%e &ean s9(are for error is OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
165.
11. Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!B# $%e cri$ical +al(e of $%e $es$ for si7nifican$ )ifferences /e$"een colors is
OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
3:B
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or# cri$ical +al(e
111 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!B# $%e +al(e of $%e s$a$is$ic (se) $o $es$ for si7nifican$ )ifferences /e$"een
colors is OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
@63.
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or# $es$ s$a$is$ic
116 Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!B# /ase) on $%e res(l$s of $%e %y'o$%esis $es$# i$ a''ears $%a$
$%ere is a si7nifican$ effec$ on $%e a''ro+al ra$in7 associa$e) "i$% $%e color of $%e lo7o
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
113 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!B# $%e cri$ical +al(e in $%e $es$ for si7nifican$ )ifferences /e$"een s%a'es is
OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
3AB
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or# cri$ical +al(e
<6 Analysis of Variance
11: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!B# $%e +al(e of $%e s$a$is$ic (se) $o $es$ for si7nifican$ )ifferences /e$"een
s%a'es is OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
631<
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for fac$or# $es$ s$a$is$ic
115 Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!B# /ase) on $%e res(l$s of $%e %y'o$%esis $es$# i$ a''ears $%a$
$%ere is a si7nifican$ effec$ associa$e) "i$% $%e s%a'e of $%e lo7o
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
11< Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!B# $%e cri$ical +al(e in $%e $es$ for a si7nifican$ in$erac$ion is OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
3..
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for in$erac$ion# cri$ical +al(e
11@ Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!B# $%e +al(e of $%e s$a$is$ic (se) $o $es$ for an in$erac$ion is OOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
6..
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for in$erac$ion# $es$ s$a$is$ic
11A Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!B# /ase) on $%e res(l$s of $%e %y'o$%esis $es$# i$ a''ears $%a$
$%ere is a si7nifican$ in$erac$ion
ANS1ER:
False
5EY1OR3S: $"o!fac$or analysis of +ariance# F $es$ for in$erac$ion# )ecision# concl(sion
TAFLE 11!1.
An a7rono&is$ "an$s $o co&'are $%e cro' yiel) of 3 +arie$ies of c%ic0'ea see)s S%e 'lan$s all 3
+arie$ies of $%e see)s on eac% of 5 )ifferen$ 'a$c%es of fiel)s S%e $%en &eas(res $%e cro' yiel) in
/(s%els 'er acre Trea$in7 $%is as a ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# $%e res(l$s are 'resen$e) in $%e $a/le $%a$
follo"s:
Fiel)s S&i$% 1als% Tre+or
1 111 1B. 1:<
6 135 1A. 15@
3 153 1BA 1<A
: 1:< 1B< 1<@
5 BA 1<< 156
11B Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# $%e a7rono&is$ )eci)e) $o 'erfor& a ran)o&i;e) /loc0 F $es$ for $%e
)ifference in $%e &eans T%e a&o(n$ of $o$al +aria$ion or SST is OOOOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
11:A6
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# s(& of s9(ares
16. Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# $%e a&on7 7ro(' +aria$ion or SSA is OOOOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
A63B
161 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# $%e a&on7 /loc0 +aria$ion or SSFL is OOOOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
6::<
166 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# $%e +al(e of 2SA is OOOOOOOOOO# "%ile 2SFL is OOOOOOOOOO
ANS1ER:
:11BP <11
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# &ean s9(ares
<: Analysis of Variance
163 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# $%e n(ll %y'o$%esis for $%e ran)o&i;e) /loc0 F $es$ for $%e )ifference in
$%e &eans is
a,
. Fiel) 1 Fiel) 6 Fiel) 3 Fiel) : Fiel) 5
: H

= = = =
/,
. S&i$% 1als% Tre+or
: H

= =
c,
: H M M M M M

= = = =
),
: H M M M

= =
ANS1ER:
/
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# F $es$ for fac$or# for& of %y'o$%esis
16: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# "%a$ are $%e )e7rees of free)o& of $%e ran)o&i;e) /loc0 F $es$ for $%e
)ifference in $%e &eans a$ a le+el of si7nificance of ..18
ANS1ER:
6 n(&era$or an) A )eno&ina$or )e7rees of free)o&
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# F $es$ for fac$or# )e7rees of free)o&
165 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# "%a$ is $%e cri$ical +al(e of $%e ran)o&i;e) /loc0 F $es$ for $%e
)ifference in $%e &eans a$ a le+el of si7nificance of ..18
ANS1ER:
A<5
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# F $es$ for fac$or# cri$ical +al(e
16< Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# "%a$ is $%e +al(e of $%e $es$ s$a$is$ic for $%e ran)o&i;e) /loc0 F $es$ for
$%e )ifference in $%e &eans8
ANS1ER:
:136
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# F $es$ for fac$or# $es$ s$a$is$ic
16@ Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# "%a$ is $%e p!+al(e of $%e $es$ s$a$is$ic for $%e ran)o&i;e) /loc0 F $es$
for $%e )ifference in $%e &eans8
ANS1ER:
<.@E!.5
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# F $es$ for fac$or# p!+al(e
16A Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# $%e n(ll %y'o$%esis for $%e ran)o&i;e) /loc0 F $es$ for
$%e )ifference in $%e &eans s%o(l) /e re-ec$e) a$ a ..1 le+el of si7nificance
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# F $es$ for fac$or# )ecision
16B Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# $%e )ecision &a)e a$ a ..1 le+el of si7nificance on $%e
ran)o&i;e) /loc0 F $es$ for $%e )ifference in &eans i&'lies $%a$ all 3 &eans are si7nifican$ly
)ifferen$
ANS1ER:
False
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# F $es$ for fac$or# concl(sion
13. Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# $%e ran)o&i;e) /loc0 F $es$ is +ali) only if $%e
'o'(la$ion of cro' yiel)s %as $%e sa&e +ariance for $%e 3 +arie$ies
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# F $es$ for fac$or# ass(&'$ion
131 Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# $%e ran)o&i;e) /loc0 F $es$ is +ali) only if $%e
'o'(la$ion of cro' yiel)s is nor&ally )is$ri/($e) for $%e 3 +arie$ies
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
136 Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# $%e ran)o&i;e) /loc0 F $es$ is +ali) only if $%ere is no
in$erac$ion /e$"een $%e +arie$y of see)s an) $%e 'a$c%es of fiel)s
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
133 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# $%e a7rono&is$ )eci)e) $o co&'are $%e 3 $rea$&en$ &eans /y (sin7 $%e
T(0ey &(l$i'le co&'arison 'roce)(re "i$% an o+erall le+el of si7nificance of ..1 Ho" &any
'air"ise co&'arisons can /e &a)e8
ANS1ER:
3
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# T(0ey 'roce)(re# 'ro'er$ies
<< Analysis of Variance
13: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# (sin7 an o+erall le+el of si7nificance of ..1# "%a$ is $%e cri$ical +al(e
of $%e S$()en$i;e) ran7e Q (se) in calc(la$in7 $%e cri$ical ran7e for $%e T(0ey &(l$i'le co&'arison
'roce)(re8
ANS1ER:
5<3
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# T(0ey 'roce)(re# cri$ical +al(e
135 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# (sin7 an o+erall le+el of si7nificance of ..1# "%a$ is $%e cri$ical ran7e
for $%e T(0ey &(l$i'le co&'arison 'roce)(re8
ANS1ER:
651
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# T(0ey 'roce)(re# cri$ical +al(e
13< Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# /ase) on $%e T(0ey &(l$i'le co&'arison 'roce)(re "i$%
an o+erall le+el of si7nificance of ..1# $%e a7rono&is$ "o(l) )eci)e $%a$ $%ere is a si7nifican$
)ifference /e$"een $%e cro' yiel) of S&i$% an) 1als% see)s
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# T(0ey 'roce)(re# )ecision# concl(sion
13@ Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# /ase) on $%e T(0ey!5ra&er 'roce)(re "i$% an o+erall
le+el of si7nificance of ..1# $%e a7rono&is$ "o(l) )eci)e $%a$ $%ere is a si7nifican$ )ifference
/e$"een $%e cro' yiel) of S&i$% an) Tre+or see)s
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
13A Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# /ase) on $%e T(0ey &(l$i'le co&'arison 'roce)(re "i$%
an o+erall le+el of si7nificance of ..1# $%e a7rono&is$ "o(l) )eci)e $%a$ $%ere is a si7nifican$
)ifference /e$"een $%e cro' yiel) of 1als% an) Tre+or see)s
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
Analysis of Variance <@
13B Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# "%a$ is $%e n(ll %y'o$%esis for $es$in7 $%e /loc0 effec$s8
a,
: H

= = = =
/,
: H

= =
c,
: H M M M M M

= = = =
),
: H M M M

= =
ANS1ER:
a
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# F $es$ for /loc0 effec$s# for& of %y'o$%esis
1:. Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# "%a$ are $%e )e7rees of free)o& of $%e F $es$ s$a$is$ic for $es$in7 $%e
/loc0 effec$s8
ANS1ER:
: n(&era$or an) A )eno&ina$or )e7rees of free)o&
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# F $es$ for /loc0 effec$s# )e7rees of free)o&
1:1 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# "%a$ is $%e +al(e of $%e F $es$ s$a$is$ic for $es$in7 $%e /loc0 effec$s8
ANS1ER:
<13
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# F $es$ for /loc0 effec$s# $es$ s$a$is$ic
1:6 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# "%a$ is $%e cri$ical +al(e for $es$in7 $%e /loc0 effec$s a$ a ..1 le+el of
si7nificance8
ANS1ER:
@.1
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# F $es$ for /loc0 effec$s# cri$ical +al(e
1:3 Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# "%a$ is $%e p!+al(e of $%e F $es$ s$a$is$ic for $es$in7 $%e /loc0 effec$s8
ANS1ER:
..15 or /e$"een ..1 an) ..65
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# F $es$ for /loc0 effec$s# p!+al(e
1:: Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# $%e n(ll %y'o$%esis for $%e F $es$ for $%e /loc0 effec$s
s%o(l) /e re-ec$e) a$ a ..1 le+el of si7nificance
ANS1ER:
False
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# F $es$ for /loc0 effec$s# )ecision
<A Analysis of Variance
1:5 Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# $%e )ecision &a)e a$ a ..1 le+el of si7nificance on $%e
F $es$ for $%e /loc0 effec$s i&'lies $%a$ $%e /loc0in7 %as /een a)+an$a7eo(s in re)(cin7 $%e
e*'eri&en$ error
ANS1ER:
False
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# F $es$ for /loc0 effec$s# concl(sion
1:< Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# "%a$ is $%e es$i&a$e) rela$i+e efficiency8
ANS1ER:
6:@
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# F $es$ for /loc0 effec$s# rela$i+e efficiency
1:@ Tr(e or False: Referrin7 $o Ta/le 11!1.# $%e rela$i+e efficiency &eans $%a$ 6:@ $i&es as &any
o/ser+a$ions in eac% +arie$y 7ro(' "o(l) /e nee)e) in a one!"ay ANOVA )esi7n# as co&'are) $o
$%e ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n in or)er $o o/$ain $%e sa&e 'recision for co&'arison of $%e +arie$y
&eans
ANS1ER:
Tr(e
5EY1OR3S: ran)o&i;e) /loc0 )esi7n# F $es$ for /loc0 effec$s# rela$i+e efficiency# in$er're$a$ion

Statistical Variance Analysis

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Statistical Variance Analysis

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Analysis of Variance 35

CHAPTER 11: ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

!es$i&a$es $o f(lly ans"er $%e 9(es$ion

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