Young's Modulus: Units

Young's modulus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Young's modulus, also known as the tensile modulus, is a measure of the stiffness of an elastic material and
is a quantity used to characterize materials. It is defined as the ratio of the uniaxialstress over the
uniaxial strain in the range of stress in which Hooke's Law holds.
[1]
In solid mechanics, the slope of the stress-
strain curve at any point is called the tangent modulus. The tangent modulus of the initial, linear portion of a
stress-strain curve is called Young's modulus. It can be experimentally determined from the slope of a stress-
strain curve created during tensile testsconducted on a sample of the material. In anisotropic materials,
Young's modulus may have different values depending on the direction of the applied force with respect to the
material's structure.
It is also commonly called the elastic modulus or modulus of elasticity, because Young's modulus is the most
common elastic modulus used, but there are other elastic moduli measured, too, such as the bulk modulus and
the shear modulus.
Young's modulus is named after Thomas Young, the 19th century British scientist. However, the concept was
developed in 1727 by Leonhard Euler, and the first experiments that used the concept of Young's modulus in
its current form were performed by the Italian scientist Giordano Riccati in 1782, predating Young's work by 25
years.
[2]

Contents
[hide]
1 Units
2 Usage
o 2.1 Linear versus non-linear
o 2.2 Directional materials
3 Calculation
o 3.1 Force exerted by stretched or compressed material
o 3.2 Elastic potential energy
o 3.3 Relation among elastic constants
4 Approximate values
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
[edit]Units
Young's modulus is the ratio of stress, which has units of pressure, to strain, which is dimensionless; therefore,
Young's modulus has units of pressure.
The SI unit of modulus of elasticity (E, or less commonly Y) is the pascal (Pa or N/m or m
1
kgs
2
). The
practical units used are megapascals (MPa or N/mm) or gigapascals (GPa or kN/mm). In United States
customary units, it is expressed as pounds (force) per square inch (psi). The abbreviation ksi refers to
thousands of psi.
[edit]Usage
The Young's modulus calculates the change in the dimension of a bar made of an isotropic elastic material
under tensile or compressive loads. For instance, it predicts how much a material sample extends under
tension or shortens under compression. Young's modulus is used in order to predict the deflection that will
occur in a statically determinate beam when a load is applied at a point in between the beam's supports. Some
calculations also require the use of other material properties, such as the shear modulus, density, or Poisson's
ratio.
[edit]Linear versus non-linear
For many materials, Young's modulus is essentially constant over a range of strains. Such materials are called
linear, and are said to obey Hooke's law. Examples of linear materials are steel,carbon fiber and glass. Non-
linear materials include rubber and soils, except under very small strains.
[edit]Directional materials
Young's modulus is not always the same in all orientations of a material. Most metals and ceramics, along with
many other materials, are isotropic, and their mechanical properties are the same in all orientations. However,
metals and ceramics can be treated with certain impurities, and metals can be mechanically worked to make
their grain structures directional. These materials then become anisotropic, and Young's modulus will change
depending on the direction of the force vector. Anisotropy can be seen in many composites as well. For
example, carbon fiber has much higher Young's modulus (is much stiffer) when force is loaded parallel to the
fibers (along the grain). Other such materials include wood and reinforced concrete. Engineers can use this
directional phenomenon to their advantage in creating structures.
[edit]Calculation
Young's modulus, E, can be calculated by dividing the tensile stress by the tensile strain in the elastic (initial,
linear) portion of the stress-strain curve:

where
E is the Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity)
F is the force exerted on an object under tension;
A
0
is the original cross-sectional area through which the force is applied;
L is the amount by which the length of the object changes;
L
0
is the original length of the object.
[edit]Force exerted by stretched or compressed material
The Young's modulus of a material can be used to calculate the force it exerts under specific strain.

where F is the force exerted by the material when compressed or stretched by L.
Hooke's law can be derived from this formula, which describes the stiffness of an ideal spring:

where

[edit]Elastic potential energy
The elastic potential energy stored is given by the integral of this
expression with respect to L:

where U
e
is the elastic potential energy.
The elastic potential energy per unit volume is given by:
, where is the strain in the material.M
This formula can also be expressed as the integral of Hooke's law:

[edit]Relation among elastic constants
For homogeneous isotropic materials simple relations exist between elastic constants (Young's
modulus E, shear modulus G, bulk modulus K, and Poisson's ratio ) that allow calculating them all as long as
two are known:

[edit]Approximate values

Influences of selected glass component additions on Young's modulus of a specific base glass
Young's modulus can vary somewhat due to differences in sample composition and test method. The rate of
deformation has the greatest impact on the data collected, especially in polymers. The values here are
approximate and only meant for relative comparison.

[hide]
V

T

E
Elastic moduli for homogeneous isotropic materials

Bulk modulus ( ) Young's modulus ( ) Lam's first parameter ( ) Shear modulus ( ) Poisson's ratio ( ) P-wave modulus ( )
[hide]Conversion formulas
Homogeneous isotropic linear elastic materials have their elastic properties uniquely determined by any two moduli among these, thus given any two, any other of the
elastic moduli can be calculated according to these formulas.

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Young's modulus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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