A Project Report on

CONSTRUCTION OF MULTISTORIED BUILDINGS

Submitted to

AMITY UNIVERSITY
UTTAR PRADESH

AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY



FACULTY GUIDE SUBMITTED BY

Mrs. Madhuri Kumari Rahul Singh
Deptt. Of Civil Engg A2315811117
ASET B.Tech (civil)
Amity University, U.P 7th sem
2011-15


Page 2


Acknowledgement

I consider it my privilege to express a few words of gratitude and respect to all those who
contributed and wished for successful completion of my summer internship. I express my deep
felt gratitude to Jaypee Group and GM Mr. Mukesh Syal as well as other site management at
AMAN HOUSING SOCIETY, NOIDA for providing me with all facilities for making this endeavor
possible.
I hereby take this opportunity to thank Prof. Madhuri Kumari (Faculty Guide) for giving their
consent to undertake this summer internship report.






















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Certificate

This is to certify that Mr Rahul Singh student in B.Tech Civil Engineering of Amity University Uttar
Pradesh, Noida (AUUP) has carried out the work presented in the project of the Industrial
Training entitled GENERAL CIVIL WORKS - JAYPEE AMAN as a part of fourth year
Programme of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering from Amity School Of Engineering
and Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (Noida) under my supervision.




Madhuri Kumari
HOD
Civil Engg. Dept
Amity University











Page 4


Abstract

During my industrial training period of 8 weeks at JAYPEE Group, I recieved a lot of practical
exposure, on site experience and learnt about various practical accepts of civil engineering. This
report gives an insight to the various modern construction practices being used at Jaypee AMAN
Noida. During the short training period I gained lot of practical experience and came across the
various challenges faced in practical field and how to deal with effectively. This report focuses on
the integration of onsite practical experience with the theoretical knowledge to solve any given
problem. This report contains the practical experience gained by working at a construction site,
the general industry observation, the various practical skills and construction techniques used at
this Project.






















Page 5

CONTENT



S.NO DESCRIPTION Page no.
1 INTRODUCTION 6
2 SPECTIAL FEATURES 6
3 SITE FAMILIARIZATION 6
4 SOIL PROFILE 7
5 EXCAVATION 7
6 MATERILS USED AT SITE 8
a CEMENT 8
b STEEL 9
c AGGREGATE 10
d ADMIXTURES 11
7 CONCRETE 12
8 SHUTTERING / FORMWORK 13
9 SUB-STRUCTURE 17
10 TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS 17
11 MACHINERIES USED AT SITE 19
12 STRUCTURAL MEMBERS 21
a RETAINING WALL 22
b COLUMN 24
c BEAM 26
d SHEAR WALL 27
e SLAB 29
13 BRICK MASONRY 31
14 CURING 33
15 WATER PROOFING 35
16 CONCLUSION 37
17 REFERENCE 38





Page 6

INTRODUCTION

Jaypee Greens presents AMAN at sector 151, on the Noida Greater Noida expressway. The
project is spread over 65 acres with apartments flanked with numerous thematic gardens, Golf
Course. These include Social Club exclusively for the residents of the community with special
features like kids play area health club. There is Chip & Putt Golf Course for all the golf lovers.
There are also various Sports Facilities such as badminton and basketball courts etc. Besides
these it also have landscaped walkways, shopping complex as other recreation options.

SPECIAL FEATURES

1. 2 Bedroom and 3 Bedroom Apartments
2. Chip & putt golf course
3. Ample car park spaces with reserved parking and visitor parking
4. Crche, nursery to senior secondary education facilities.
5. Power and water backup.
6. Connected through 45 meters with sector road from the expressway. Just 25 minutes driving
distance from South Delhi.
7. Close proximity to numerous SEZs & commercial centers.

SITE FAMILIARIZATION

1. AMAN Total area of construction site is 65 acre.
2. Whole area is divided into 3 blocks namely A, B & C Blocks.
3. There are total 26 towers in AMAN.
4. Jaypee Greens has dealt with 5 different contractors as given below.
5. M/s Nanu Ram Goyal & Co. constructing 7 towers.
(a) M/s Vikas and Associates. Constructing 4 towers.
(b) M/s Bucon Infratech (P) Ltd. constructing 6 towers.
(c) M/s Ascent Construction Pvt Ltd. construction 5 towers.
(d) M/s Sahyog Techno build Pvt Ltd. constructing 4 towers.

6. These companies have their own Batching Plant, Generator room, Offices, Quality Labs,
Labour Camps, and Canteen etc.
7. There are 3 gates which facilitate entry and exit.


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SOIL PROFILE

As per our observation, the soil is found to be clayey sand up to some depth and after that it is
observed completely sandy.

EXCAVATION

Excavation is done on the site up to the depth of 7.5 meters. The water table is attained at the
depth of 4.75M; here the water table is shallow because the river Yamuna is quite near to the
site.

Details of Excavation

S.NO. DESCRIPTION LEVEL (M)
1 Lift Pit Excavation 187.5
2 Lift Pit PCC Top 187.6
3 Lift Pit Raft TOC 188.6
4 Raft Excavation 188.6
5 Raft PCC Top 188.7
6 Raft TOC 190.2
7 Non-Tower Area Footing and Retaining Wall Footing Excavation 189.1
8 Non-Tower Area Footing And Retaining Wall Footing PCC Top 189.2
9 Under Basement Floor TOC 194.15
10 Ground Floor Non-Tower Area TOC 197.9
11 Ground Floor Tower Area TOC 198.65
12 Above Ground Floor, Typical Each Floor Height 2.95











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MATERIALS USED AT SITE

CEMENT
In the most general sense of the word, cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens
independently, can bind other materials together.

At AMAN
Portland Pozzolana Cement (Fly ash based) is used for concrete mortar, plain mortar.

TYPES OF PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT

1. Portland Pozzolana Cement (fly ash based)
2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (calcined clay based)

PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT (Fly Ash based)
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) is manufactured by the inter-grinding of OPC clinker with 10
to 25% of pozzolanic material (as per the latest amendment, it is 15 to 35%). A pozzolanic
material is essentially a siliceous or aluminous material which while in itself possessing no
cementations properties, which will, in finely divided form and in the presence of water, react with
calcium hydroxide, liberated in the hydration process, at ordinary temperature, to form compound
possessing cementations properties. The pozzolanic materials used for manufacture of PPC are
calcined clay (IS 1489 part 2 of 1991) or fly ash (IS 1489 part 1 of 1991). Fly ash is a waste
material, generated in the thermal power station, when powdered coal is used as a fuel.

APPLICATION
Portland Pozzolana Cement can be used in all situations where OPC is used except where high
early strength is of special requirement. As PPC needs enough moisture for sustained pozzolanic
activity, a little longer curing is desirable. Use of PPC would be particularly suitable for the
following situations:

a) For hydraulic structures;
b) For mass concrete structures like dam, bridge piers and thick foundation;
c) For marine structures
d) For sewers and sewage disposal works etc.



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STEEL
Steel is an alloy that consists mostly of iron and has carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1% by
weight, depending on the grade. Carbon is the most common alloying material for iron, but
various other alloying elements are used, such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and
tungsten. Carbon and other elements act as a hardening agent, preventing dislocations in the iron
atom crystal lattice from sliding past one another. Varying the amount of alloying elements and
the form of their presence in the steel (solute elements, precipitated phase) controls qualities
such as the hardness, ductility, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. Steel with increased
carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but such steel is also less ductile than
iron.

GRADES OF STEEL

a) Fe 415, 415 D
b) Fe 500, 500 D
c) Fe 550, 550 D
d) Fe 600

NOMINAL SIZES
The nominal sizes of the bars are as follows:
4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 28mm, 32mm, 36mm, 40mm.

Mass per kg of bar = d / (162.2) kg/m, Where d = diameter of bar
Density of steel 7850 kg / m

AT AMAN
Fe 500 TMT (Thermo Mechanically Treated) steel bars are used for reinforcement. 8mm to 32mm
dia bars are used at site.
Page 10

AGGREGATE

Materials used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, or recycled crushed
concrete. There are generally two types of aggregates used:
1. Fine Aggregates
2. Coarse Aggregates

Fine Aggregate: Aggregate most of which passes 4.75mm IS Sieve and contains only so much
coarser material.

Natural Sand: Fine aggregate resulting from the natural disintegration of rock and which has
been deposited by streams or glacial agencies.

Crushed Stone Sand: Fine aggregate produced by crushing hard stone.

Crushed Gravel Sand: Fine aggregate produced by crushing.

Coarse Aggregate: Aggregate most of which is retained on 4.75mm IS Sieve and containing
only so much finer material.

Coarse aggregate may be described as:

a) Uncrushed gravel or stone which results from natural disintegration of rock.
b) Crushed gravel or stone when it results from crushing of gravel or hard stone, and
c) Partially crushed gravel or stone when it is a product of the blending of (a) and (b).


AT AMAN

a) Angular aggregates are used as coarse aggregates of sizes 10mm and 20mm.
b) Source of coarse aggregates PALI (Ferozpur Zirka)
c) Natural River Sand (Zone II) and Badarpur are used as fine aggregate.





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ADMIXTURES

Admixture is defined as a material, other than cement, water and aggregate, that is used as an
ingredient of concrete and is added to the batch immediately before or during mixing. A proper
use of admixtures offers certain beneficial effects to concrete, including improved quality,
acceleration, or retardation of setting time, enhanced frost, and sulfate resistance, control of
strength development, improved workability, and enhanced finish ability. The following admixtures
are as follows:
Plasticizers
Super plasticizers
Retarders and Retarding Plasticizers
Accelerators and Accelerating Plasticizers
Air-entraining Plasticizers
Damp-proofing and Water proofing Admixtures
Gas forming Admixtures
Alkali aggregate Expansion Inhibiting Admixtures
Workability Admixtures
Grouting Admixtures
Corrosion Inhibiting Admixtures
Bonding Admixtures
Coloring Admixtures

SUPERPLASTICIZER
Super plasticizers, also known as high range water reducers, are chemicals used as admixtures
where well-dispersed particle suspensions are required. These polymers are used as dispersants
to avoid particle aggregation, and to improve the flow characteristics of suspensions such as in
concrete applications. Their addition to concrete or mortar allows the reduction of the water to
cement ratio, not affecting the workability of the mixture, and enables the production of self-
consolidating concrete and high performance concrete. This effect drastically improves the
performance of the hardening fresh paste. Indeed the strength of concrete increase whenever the
amount of water used for the mix decrease.
AT AMAN
Fosrok SP 430-Superplasticizer is used.


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CONCRETE

Concrete is defined as homogenous mixture of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate,
potable water which should be free from injurious amount of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar etc.
(pH value should lie between 6 to 8)

REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

The requirement which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix ingredients are:

a) The adequate workability necessary for full compaction with the compacting equipment The
minimum compressive strength required from structural consideration.
b) available.
c) Maximum water-cement ratio and / or maximum cement content to give adequate durability
for the particular site conditions.
d) Maximum cement content to avoid shrinkage cracking due to temperature cycle in mass
concrete.

VARIABLES IN PROPORTIONING

With the given materials, the four variables factors to be considered in connections with
specifying a concrete mix are:

a) Water-Cement Ratio
b) Cement content or Cement-aggregate Ratio
c) Gradation of the aggregates
d) Consistency










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SHUTTERING / FORMWORK
Shuttering or form work is the term used for temporary timber, plywood, metal or other material
used to provide support to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self support. It provides
supports to horizontal, vertical, and inclined surfaces or also provides support to cast concrete
according to required shape and size. The form work also produces desired finish concrete
surface.
Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete mix and
the pressure for placing and compacting concrete inside or on the top of form work / shuttering. It
should be rigid to prevent any deflection in surface after lying cement concrete and be also
sufficient tight to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement concrete. Shuttering should be
easy in handling; erection at site is easy to remove when cement concrete is sufficient hard.

TYPES OF SHUTTERING
Generally there are three types of shuttering.
a) Steel Shuttering
b) Wooden Planks Shuttering
c) Temporary Brick Masonry Shuttering

STEEL SHUTTERING

Steel shuttering plate is the best type of shuttering because this is water tight shuttering which
can bear the load of cement concrete place on it. This shuttering can be used for horizontal,
vertical or any other shape required for the work. It gives leveled surface which has good
appearance. This shuttering gives good appearance and pattern work according to architectural
drawings. If the plaster is required, the thickness of plaster will be less. Being water tight
shuttering, the strength of concrete with steel shuttering is comparatively higher.

As this is water tight shuttering, it is considered the best shuttering. This consists of panels
fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened along the edges by small steel angles. The panel units
can be held together through the use of suitable clamps or bolts and nuts. The panels can be
fabricated in large number in any desired modular shape or size. Steel forms are largely used in
large projects or in situation where large number reuses of the shuttering is possible.

Page 14








WOODEN PLANK SHUTTERING

Generally wooden planks shuttering is used by contractors because this shuttering is cheap and
easily available. This type of formwork is made of timber and plywood or moisture-resistant
particleboard. It is easy to produce but time-consuming for larger structures, and the plywood
facing has a relatively short lifespan. But this type of shuttering affects the strength of concrete.
Page 15


CONSTRUCTION OF FORMWORK:
This normally involves the following operations:
1. Propping
2. Shuttering
3. Provision of gradual slope
4. Cleaning is surface treatment

First of all propping is done, here in our case it is done with the help of metal prop which can be
adjusted to variable heights and after that shuttering is done, the required slope is provided if
needed. And then greasing or oiling is done on shuttering.
It is done by marking on the column bars which include the thickness of slab plus 500mm and the
thread is tied between two marked columns. Now a staff or any vertical rod marked with the same
height is checked by placing the staff along the thread.
This leveling can also be checked with the help of water tube with the precaution that no water
bubble is present in it.
After that bar binding is done and again leveling is checked and adjusted if anywhere it goes
wrong.
And at last before casting, shuttering is washed with water so that no dirt or mud is left on it.
Page 16

AT AMAN

The type of shuttering used on our site is of mainly steel plates and in some places like insides of
the beams, slabs, etc. Wooden-plank types are used. In shear wall wooden plank as well as steel
plate shuttering is used.

ORDER AND METHOD OF REMOVING FORMWORK:

The sequence of orders and method of removal of formwork are as follows:
1. Shuttering forming the vertical faces of walls, beam and column sides should be removed first
as they bear no load but only retain the concrete.
2. Shuttering forming soffit of slabs should be removed next.
3. Shuttering forming soffit of beams, girders or other heavily loaded shuttering should be
removed in the end.

RECOMMENDED PERIOD FOR REMOVAL OF SHUTTERING

S.No Types of formwork Minimum period before striking formwork
1 Vertical formwork to column, walls,
beams.
16-24 hrs
2 Soffit formwork to slabs 3 days
3 Soffits formwork to beams. 7 days
4 Props to slabs:
a) Spanning up to 4.5m
b) Spanning over 4.5m


7 days
14 days
5 Props to beam is arches:
a) Spanning up to 6m
b) Spanning over 6m


14 days
21 days







Page 17

SUB-STRUCTURE

The sub-structure of our site consists of dual Basement which will be used for parking facilities.
After doing desired excavation up to a depth of 7.5m, PCC (Plain Cement Concrete) is provided
which is 100mm thick using concrete having the proportion of 1:4:8. After the PCC is laid then raft
of 1 meter is provided in the tower area of G+13 and of 1.5 meter raft is provided for tower
greater than G+13 M25 grade of concrete is used for raft casting.

Stitching slab, which connects the isolated footings of Non-Tower area to the Raft, is provided
which are 200mm thick and 300mm thick (under D.G area i.e. Between tower no. 7 and 8).
Stitching slab is also casted with M25 grade of concrete. Then after that soil will be filled up to a
level of 600mm from the top of the 1.5m raft and will be compacted up to the 95% of the proctor
density at site. Then again PCC (1:5:10) of 100mm thick is provided after which the floor finish
will be done.


TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS

A foundation (also called a groundsill) is a structure that transfers loads to the earth. Foundations
are generally broken into two categories:

1. Shallow foundations and ,
2. Deep foundations

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS:

A shallow foundation is a type of foundation which transfer building loads to the earth very near
the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does a deep foundation.
Shallow foundations include spread footing foundations, pad foundations, rubble trench
foundations, and earth bag foundations.

DEEP FOUNDATION:

A deep foundation is a type of foundation distinguished from shallow foundations by the depth
they are embedded into the ground. There are different terms used to describe different types of
deep foundations including the pile (which is analogous to a pole), the pier (which is analogous to
a column), drilled shafts, and caissons.
Page 18

AT AMAN

Spread footings at AMAN are constructed in Non-Tower Area.

Spread footing foundations consists of strips or pads of concrete (or other materials) which
transfer the loads from walls and columns to the soil or bedrock. Embedment of spread footings is
controlled by several factors, including development of lateral capacity, penetration of soft near-
surface layers, and penetration through near-surface layers likely to change volume due to frost
heave or shrink-swell. These foundations are common in residential construction that includes a
basement, and in many commercial structures. But for high rise building it is not sufficient.


Raft foundation at AMAN is constructed for Tower Area. The depth of the Raft at AMAN is 1m
and 1.5m according to the design.

Raft Foundations consist of a raft of reinforced concrete under the whole of the building
designated to transmit the load of the building to the subsoil below the raft. Raft foundations are
used for buildings on compressible ground such as very soft clays, alluvial deposits, and
compressible fill material where strip foundations would not provide a stable foundation. A typical
raft foundation comprises of beam column system along with huge slab below ground.

















Page 19

MACHINERIES USED AT SITE

BAR BENDING MACHINE
Bar Bending Machine is a semi automatic, durable fast and cost effective machine, used for
bending reinforcement bars and various forms of round bars.




BAR CUTTING MACHINE
Bar Cutting Machine is used to cut the bars of required length. This machine can cut a piece of
bar and the bars in bundle. The bars are cut on the action of shear.

BAR THREADING MACHINE
Bar Threading Machine, which is widely used in industries for the purpose of cutting external
thread on bar.

CONCRETE VIBRATOR

In Beams, columns, Slabs, bars network is so dense that the concrete doesnt fill into it properly
for filling the voids and for providing better compaction a vibrator is used.
Page 20

BULLDOZERS
Bulldozers are large and powerful tracked heavy equipment. The tracks give them excellent
ground hold and mobility through very rough terrain. They are generally used to excavate or filling
the ground or to lift and transfer the large amount of soil, mud, bricks, cement bags, sand and
aggregates etc in short duration.

CRANE
A crane , can also be known as a bridge crane, overhead crane is a type of machine used for
lifting, generally equipped with a hoist (device) or winder (also called a wire rope drum), wire
ropes or chains and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them
horizontally. It uses one or more simple machines like a hoist to create mechanical advantage
and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human.

EXCAVATOR
Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, bucket and cab on a rotating
platform (known as the house). The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. All
movement and functions of the excavator are accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid, be
it with rams or motors. Their design is a natural progression from the steam shovel.

DUMP TRUCK
A dump truck is a truck used for transporting loose material (such as sand, gravel, or dirt) for
construction. A typical dump truck is equipped with a hydraulically operated open-box bed hinged
at the rear, the front of which can be lifted up to allow the contents to be deposited on the ground
behind the truck at the site of delivery.

CONCRETE PUMP
A concrete pump is a tool used for transferring liquid concrete by pumping. There are two types of
concrete pumps.
The first type of concrete pump is attached to a truck. It is known as a trailer-mounted boom
concrete pump because it uses a remote-controlled articulating robotic arm (called a boom) to
place concrete with pinpoint accuracy. Boom pumps are used on most of the large construction
projects as they are capable of pumping at very high volumes and because of the labours saving
nature of the placing boom. They are a revolutionary alternative to truck-mounted concrete
pumps.
The second main type of concrete pump is either mounted on a truck and known as a truck-
mounted concrete pump or placed on a trailer.

Page 21

STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

STRUCTURAL MEMBERS USED AT SITE ARE AS FOLLOWS

Foundation,
Retaining walls,
Columns,
Beams,
Shear walls,
Slabs,

Table 1: Development Length Schedule Used At Site (All the Dimensions are in mm)


Development length for corresponding dia
Dia of bars M20(56.6D) M25(48.5D) M30(45.3D) M35(40D) M50/45/40(35.8D)
32 1813 1554 1450 1279 1145
28 1586 1359 1269 1119 1002
25 1416 1214 1133 1000 894
20 1133 971 906 800 715
16 906 777 725 640 572
12 680 583 544 480 429
10 566 485 453 400 358
8 453 388 363 320 286













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RETAINING WALL
Retaining walls are basically the structures used retain earth or other loose materials which would
not be able to stand vertical by itself. There are six different types of retaining walls as follows:
1. Cantilever wall
2. Counter fort wall
3. Buttress wall
4. Bridge abutment
5. Box culvert
6. Gravity wall

FORCES ON RETAINING WALL
The main force that acts on the retaining wall is the pressure due to retained material. This earth
pressure will always tent to overturn and slide a retaining wall.

AT AMAN
The retaining wall which has been used under construction on site is Bridge Abutment. This is
most commonly used retaining wall it consist of three components.
a) Vertical wall
b) Heel slab
c) Toe slab
Each components act as a cantilever beam. Stability is provided by weight of the earth on the
base slab and the weight of retaining wall.

DIMENSIONS OF THE RETAINING WALL (AS PER DRAWING)
Heel Slab:
Width: 600 mm
Depth: 450 mm

Toe Slab:
Width: 450 mm
Depth: 450 mm

Vertical wall:
Width: 350mm (up to the beam of upper basement)
Then after it is 230 mm (up to the ground floor).
The thickness is reduced on the inner side.

Page 23

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

The TMT bars of Fe 500 are used whose tensile strength should not be less than 500 N/mm.
The dia of bars used are in the range of 8-10mm.
Minimum lap length provided in the retaining wall is 485mm and 388mm for 10 and 8mm bars
respectively.
Distribution steel: Bars used are of 8mm

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

Layout: First of all layout of the retaining wall is done with the help of a reference point, which
has been given by the surveyor.
Bar binding: The second step in the construction of retaining wall is bar binding as per drawing
specifications.
Formwork: The form work is usually consists of wooden planks or steel plates which rest in
vertical position on either side of the wall at required width. Angle sections, clampers, and rods
are used to hold the form work in position. Then after that alignment of the form work is tested by
the engineers. In this procedure they used to hang plumb bob using the thread at certain distance
suitably. After that they measure the distance of board from thread at the top and bottom if they
are same then it means that the wooden board is vertical.
To check whether the form work is straight or not a horizontal thread is tied at certain distance
from the form work. The distance of each joint is taken from the thread if all are same then the
form work is said to be aligned.
Contraction and expansion joint: They are providing an expansion and contraction joint after a
distance of 38-40m. The joint is of about 30mm and it is filled by three things; PVC water bar,
armors board and a water proofing compound namely Poly-sulphide sealant.
Concrete filling: Concrete filing into the form work is being done with the help of M. S. Steel pipe
and compacted with the help of vibratos. They are using M25 concrete mix for the retaining wall.
A cover block of 25mm is provided in the retaining wall.
Stripping time: Forms shall not be released until the concrete has achieved a strength of at least
twice the stress to which the concrete may be subjected at the time of removal of form work.

S.No Minimum period before striking formwork At sight
1. 16-24 hr 24 hr



Page 24

COLUMN
A column may be defined as an element used primarily to support axial compressive loads and
with a height of at least three times its least lateral dimension. A compression member subjected
to pure axial load rarely occurs in practice all columns are subjected to some moment which may
be due to accidental eccentricity or due to end restraint imposed by monolithically placed beams
or slabs. A column may be classified on the basis of different criteria such as:
Shape of cross-section,
Slenderness ratio
Type of loading, and
Pattern of lateral reinforcement

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF CROSS-SECTION
Rectangular column,
Circular column,
Square column,

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF SLENDERNESS RATIO
A column may be classified as short_or_long column depending on its slenderness ratio. The
ratio of effective column length to least lateral dimension is referred to as effective slenderness
ratio.
For short column slenderness ratio is 12.
For long column slenderness ratio is >12. However maximum slenderness ratio should not
exceed 60.

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF TYPE OF LOADING
Axially loaded column,
A column subjected to axial load and uni-axial bending, and
A column subjected to axial load and bi-axial bending.

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF PATTERN OF LATERAL REINFORCEMENT
Tied column, and
Spiral column

EFFECTIVE HEIGHT OF A COLUMN
The effective height of the column is defined as the height b/w the points of contra flexure of
buckled column.

Page 25

END CONDITION AT TOP End condition at the bottom
Fixed Hinged Roller
Fixed 0.65L 0.8L 1.2L
Hinged 0.8L L 2L

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

Layout: First of all layout of the retaining wall is done with the help of a reference point, which
has been given by the surveyor.
Bar binding: The second step in the construction of column is bar binding as per drawing
specifications.
Formwork: The form work is usually consists of wooden planks or steel plates which rest in
vertical position on sides of the column of required dimension. To check the alignment of the form
work, hang the plumb bob using the thread at certain distance suitably. After that measure the
distance of board from thread at the top and bottom if they are same then it means that the form
work is vertical.
Concrete filling: Concrete filing into the form work is being done with the help of M. S. Steel Pipe
and compacted with the help of vibratos. They are using M40-M50 concrete mix for the casting of
column. A cover block of 50mm is provided in the column.
Couplers are being provided instead of lap length for diameter greater than 16mm.
Couplers are very efficient in saving the steel and also they can effectively transfer the load to the
next bar without any slippage.
For 32mm, 25mm, 20mm dia bars, length of the couplers is 100mm, 80mm, 60mm respectively.
Reducers are similar to the couplers, but they are having two different dia with in the same length.
Curing is being done for 14-21 days after the stripping of shuttering. Curing is done by spraying
as well as by wet covering (wet gunny bags)
Stripping time: As per IS 456:2000 forms shall not be released until the concrete has achieved a
strength of at least twice the stress to which the concrete may be subjected at the time of removal
of form work.


S.No. Minimum period before striking formwork At sight
1 16-24 hr 24 hr




Page 26

BEAM
Beam is a reinforced concrete flexural member which is able to resist tensile, compressive and
shear stresses induced in it by the loads acting on it.
Concrete is fairly strong in compression but very weak in tension. Thus, the tensile weakness of
concrete is overcome by the provision of steel in the tension zone round the concrete to make a
reinforced concrete member.

TYPES OF BEAMS
Singly reinforced beams,
Doubly reinforced beams, and
Singly or doubly reinforced flanged beams.

AT AMAN
Beams which are under construction on site are basically the doubly reinforced flanged beams.
Flanged beams are those which are casted monolithically with the concrete slabs. Thus, beams
form part of floor system together with the slab.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
First of all the columns are identified, between whom the beam rests.

Formwork: The form work is usually consists of wooden planks or steel plates which rest in
horizontal direction. During framing first of all beam bottoms, of required width, are erected with
the help of vertical props. The after sides of the beams are attached.

Reinforcement details: 16mm -32mm dia bars are used in the beams for the tensile
reinforcement and 8mm-10mm dia bars has been used for the shear stirrups. Small bars of
25mm dia, at an interval of 1500mm, are placed to separate to different dia bars.
Concrete filling: Concrete filing into the form work is done with the help of vibrators. M25 concrete
mix has been used for the beams. A cover block of 25mm is provided in the beams with the help
of PVC or concrete cover blocks. The beams are casted monolithically with the slabs.

Stripping time: Forms shall not be released until the concrete has achieved a strength of at least
twice the stress to which the concrete may be subjected at the time of removal of form work.

S.NO Minimum period before striking formwork At sight
1 Beams spanning up to 6m 14 days 14-21 days
2 Beams spanning over 6m 21 days 14-21 days
Page 27

SHEAR WALL

Reinforced concrete walls in the buildings are required to carry vertical as well as lateral loads.
The lateral loads due to the wind or earthquake may be acting normal to the width or thickness of
the wall. If the lateral loads are acting normal to the smaller dimensions of the wall in plane it is
referred to as shear wall. It behaves in a manner similar to that of column. A wall should have a
minimum thickness of 100mm (at site all the walls are 250mm thick)

TYPES OF SHEAR WALL
Separate shear wall
Elevator shaft as shear wall
Coupled shear wall

AT AMAN
Separate shear wall
Elevator shaft as shear wall

REINFORCEMENT DETAIL
Bars of 16-32mm dia have been used for the longitudinal reinforcement 8-10mm dia bars have
been used for the lateral ties.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

Lay out: First of all layout of the retaining wall is done with the help of a reference point, which
has been given by the surveyor.
Bar binding: The second step in the construction of shear wall is bar binding as per drawing
specifications.
Formwork: The form work is usually consists of wooden boards or steel boards which rest in
vertical position on sides of the shear wall of required dimension. To check the alignment of the
form work, hang plumb bob using the thread at certain distance suitably. After that measure the
distance of board from thread at the top and bottom if they are same then it means that the form
work is vertical.
Concrete filling: Concrete filing into the form work is done with the help of vibrators. M40
concrete mix has been used for the columns. A cover block of 50mm is provided in the shear wall
with the help of PVC or concrete cover blocks.


Page 28

Coupler has been provided instead of lap length for dia greater than 16mm.
Couplers are very efficient in saving the steel and also they can effectively transfer the load to the
next bar without any slippage.
For 32mm, 25mm, 20mm dia bars length of the couplers is 100mm, 80mm, 60mm respectively.

Curing is done for 14-21 days after the stripping of shuttering. Curing is done by spraying as well
as by we covering (wet gunny bags)

Stripping time: Forms shall not be released until the concrete has achieved a strength of at least
twice the stress to which the concrete may be subjected at the time of removal of form work.


S.No. Minimum period before striking formwork At sight
1 16-24 hr 24 hr























Page 29

SLABS

Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs of buildings and carrying distributed loads
primarily by flexure. Inclined slabs may be used as ramps for multistory car parks. A staircase can
be considered to be an inclined slab. A slab may be supported by beams or walls. Moreover, a
slab may be simply supported or continuous over one or more supports and is classified
according to the manner of support:
One-way slabs spanning in one direction,
Two way slabs spanning in both directions,
Circular slabs,
Flat slabs resting directly on columns with no beams. And
Grid floor and ribbed slabs.

ONE WAY SLAB
One way slab are those in which the length is more than twice the breadth. A one way slab can
be simply supported or continuous. Main reinforcement is provided along the shorter span and
the distribution steel is provided along the longer span of the slab.

TWO WAY SLAB
When slabs are supported on four sides, two ways spanning action occurs. Such slabs may be
simply supported or continuous on any or all sides. The deflections and bending moment are
considerably reduced as compared to those in a one way slab. Thus, a thinner slab can carry the
same load when supported on all the four edges. In two way slab the length is less than twice the
breadth of the slab. A two way slab may be considered to consist of a series of interconnected
beam. These beams of unit width will transfer the load to the respective supports.

CIRCULAR SLAB
Circular slabs are most commonly used in the design of circular water tank containers with flat
bottom and circular raft foundations. Under uniformly distributed loads, these slabs deflect in the
form of a saucer and develop radial and circumferential stresses.

AT AMAN
At site one-way as well as two-way slabs are under construction.




Page 30


CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

Formwork: form work is usually consists of steel boards which rest in horizontal direction. The
form work of the slabs is done after the beams and is simply placed between the form works of
beams.

Reinforcement details: 8mm-10mm dia bars has been used in the slabs.
Concrete filling: Concrete filing into the form work is done with the help of vibrators. M25 concrete
mix has been used for the slabs. A cover block of 25mm is provided in the beams with the help of
PVC or concrete cover blocks.

Stripping time: forms shall not be released until the concrete has achieved a strength of a least
twice the stress to which the concrete may be subjected at the time of removal of form work.




S.NO Minimum period before striking formwork as per
IS 456:2000
At Sight
1 Slabs spanning up to
4.5m
7 Days 14-21 Days
2 Slabs Spanning over
4.5m
14 Days 14-21 Days













Page 31

BRICK MASONRY

Brick masonry is made up of brick units bonded together with mortar.
Two essential components of brick masonry are therefore:
Brick and Mortar

TYPES OF BRICKS
Traditional Bricks: Traditional bricks are those which have not standardized in size. The
dimensions of traditional brick is (9 X 4.5 X 3)
Modular Bricks: The size of modular bricks has been standardized by Indian Standard Institution,
India. The nominal size of modular brick is 20cm X 10xm X 10cm.

CLASSES OF BRICKS
First class bricks: First class bricks are those which strictly conform to the standard size of
modular bricks, i.e. 20cm*10cm*10cm. When immersed in water for one hour, they do not absorb
water more than one-sixth of their weight.
Second class bricks: Second class bricks also conform to the standard size, but they are slightly,
irregular in shape and color. When immersed in water for one hour, they do not absorb water
more than one-fourth of their weight.

MORTAR
Mortar is a homogenous mixture produced by mixing of a binder (such as cement or lime) with
inert material (such as sand) and water to make a paste of required consistency.

S.No Mix proportion by volume Compressive strength at 28 days
Cement Sand Kg / cm
1 1 3 50 and above
2 1 4 50 and above
3 1 5 50 and above
4 1 6 30-50

TYPES OF BONDS

Header Bond, Stretcher Bond, English Bond, Single Flemish Bond, Double Flemish Bond,
English Cross Bond, Dutch Bond, Facing Bond, Garden Wall Bond.


Page 32

AT AMAN

Types of bricks used: Traditional bricks (First Class) have been used at the construction site.

Types of mortar used: A mortar of 1:4 is used to cast 4 inches walls. A mortar of 1:6 is used to
cast 9 inches walls.

Types of wall: There are mainly two types wall
1. Single brick wall is of 4 inches.
2. Double brick wall is of 9 inches.

Types of bond used: Pattern of English bond is being used at the site i.e., one stretcher layer
and one header layer but it is not used accurately as mentioned in books because of the problem
of the size of bricks, all the bricks are not of the same size.

In single brick wall, Mild steel strips of mild steel, 3mm thick and 25mm wide, are being used after
every fourth layer of the bricks.





The compressive strength of a first class brick is about 105 kg/cm

Page 33

CURING

Curing is the process of controlling the rate and extent of moisture loss from concrete during
cement hydration. It may be either after it has been placed in position (or during the manufacture
of concrete products), thereby providing time for the hydration of the cement to occur. Since the
hydration of cement does take time days, and even weeks rather than hours curing must be
undertaken for a reasonable period of time if the concrete is to achieve its potential strength and
durability. Curing may also encompass the control of temperature since this affects the rate at
which cement hydrates.

METHODS OF CURING
Concrete curing methods may be divided broadly into four categories:
Water Curing
Membrane Curing

WATER CURING: This is by far the best method of curing as it satisfies all the requirements of
curing, namely, promotion of hydration, elimination of shrinkage and absorption of the heat of
hydration. It is pointed out that even if the membrane method is adopted, it is desirable that a
certain extent of water curing is done before the concrete is covered with membranes. Water
curing can be done in the following ways:
Immersion, Ponding, Spraying or Fogging & Wet Covering
The precast concrete items are normally immersed in curing tanks for certain duration. Pavement
slabs, roof slab etc. are covered under water by making small ponds. Vertical retaining wall or
plastered surfaces or concrete columns etc. are cured by spraying water. In some cases, wet
coverings such as wet gunny bags, hessian cloth, jute matting, straw etc. are wrapped to vertical
surface for keeping the concrete wet. For horizontal surfaces saw dust, earth or sand are used as
wet covering to keep the concrete in wet condition for a longer time so that the concrete is not
unduly dried to prevent hydration.

MEMBRANE CURING: Sometimes, concrete works are carried out in places where there is
acute shortage of water. The lavish application of water for water curing is not possible for
reasons of economy. Curing does not mean only application of water; it means also creation of
conditions for promotion of uninterrupted and progressive hydration. It is also pointed out that the
quantity of water, normally mixed for making concrete is more than sufficient to hydrate the
cement, provided this water is not allowed to go out from the body of concrete. For this reason,
concrete could be covered with membrane which will effectively seal off the evaporation of water
from concrete.
Page 34

AT AMAN

Since there is lot of water at site because the water table is just 4.75m below the natural ground
level, water curing is done at the site.

Curing of vertical members (retaining wall, columns, and shear walls): vertical member are cured
by spraying water. In some cases, we coverings such as wet gunny bags are wrapped to vertical
surface for keeping the concrete wet.

Curing of horizontal surfaces (slabs): Pavement slabs, roof slab etc. are covered under water by
making small ponds.



WHEN TO START CURING AND HOW LONG TO CURE?

The answer is that first of all, concrete should not be allowed to dry fast in any situation. Concrete
that are liable to quick drying is required to be covered with wet gunny bag or wet hessian cloth
properly squeezed, so that the water does not drip and at the same time, does not allow the
concrete to dry. Pozzolanic cement or concrete admixed with pozzolanic material is required to
be cured for longer duration. Mass concrete, heavy footings, columns, slabs should be cured for
at least 2 weeks.















Page 35

WATER PROOFING

A building or structure is waterproofed with the use of membranes and coatings to protect
contents as well as the structure. Waterproofing is a fundamental aspect of creating a building
envelope which is a controlled environment.

MATERIAL USED FOR WATER PROOFING
TAPECRETE (ACRYLIC POLYMER) is used in the sunken area.
SUPER CICO (liquid) is used for plastering the outer face of wall.
XYPEX
XYPEX:- Xypex is a non-toxic, chemical treatment for the waterproofing, durability enhancement,
repair and protection of concrete from a range of aggressive mediums. Xypex has ability to
generate a non-soluble crystalline formation deep within the pores and capillary tracts of concrete
and permanently seals the concrete against the penetration of water and other liquids from any
direction. Because Xypex is not dependent on surface adhesion to achieve its waterproofing
effect, it is resistant to extreme hydrostatic pressure. It will seal hairline cracks up to 0.4mm.

XYPEX CRYSTALLINE WATERPROOFING TECHNOLOGY IS AVAILABLE IN THE FORMS:
As a coating for new or existing structures
As an admixture included in the concrete mix at the time of batching
The crystalline nature of the Xypex waterproofing system provides many application advantages
over traditional barrier products.
Xypex does not require a dry surface, in fact, a wet surface is necessary.
Xypex does not require dry weather to be applied.
It cannot puncture, tear, or come apart at the joints.
It does not require protection during backfilling.
Xypex does not require sealing, lapping, and finishing of joints at corners, edges or between
membranes.
It is less costly to apply than most other methods.

WATER PROOFING ON RAFT AND FOOTING

RCC concrete along with the Xypex admix C2000 NF@ 1% by weight of cement in the 300mm
lower section shall be poured.
Whereas in the periphery, the concrete shall be treated with the Xypex coating.Treatment of all
the construction joints are done with the help of mortar mixed with the Xypex coating.

Page 36


WATER PROOFING IN RETAINING WALL / VERTICAL SURFACE OF THE FOOTING

RCC concrete along with the Xypex admix C2000 NF@ 1% by weight of cement in the 300mm
lower section shall be poured whereas in the periphery, the thickness of concrete shall be treated
with the xypex coating and this is same as the above.
Shall be treated between RCC raft and joints of retaining wall and between vertical joints of
retaining wall to retaining wall i.e. treatment of the construction joints.
Treatment of Honeycomb on retaining wall is done in the following way:
Removing unsound concrete up to the sound concrete in u shape cavity around honeycomb.
Filling the u-cavity up to surface with Xypex modified mortar (1 Part Xypex: 5 Part cement: 15
Part fine aggregate) after application of the crystalline slurry in to the cavity.


TREATMENT OF TIE HOLES IN THE RETAINING WALL

Cutting U shape cavity around tie hole. Filling U cavity up to surface with Xypex modified mortar
after application of Xypex slurry.













Page 37

Conclusion

Working as an Intern for almost two months with JAYPEE Group has given me an insight into the
real world of civil engineering and the construction industry.
This training was a step for the integration of my theoretical knowledge with the actual industry.
During the training I learnt how to apply my theoretical knowledge into my work along with simple
common sense in the practical field. In these eight weeks I have learnt the difference between the
theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge.
Being able to supervise and inspect the work at site and being working under various
experienced engineers, improved my practical knowledge along with work management and man
power handling which also helped me improve my management skills. Learning how to plan a
project and also being able to execute the same work gives me immense joy and pleasure.
During this period I worked with staff from various parts of India. I learnt how to work in an
organization and to maintain co-ordination during the work. I came to know about the role and
responsibilities of each staff member
These eight weeks have been the most important part of my degree where I came across the real
and practical world of civil engineering and be an integral part of the construction industry. I am
really thankful to those who supported me throughout the training period and also JAYPEE Group
for providing me this golden opportunity.








Page 38

Reference
IS 456:2000
Websites:
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaypee_Group
2. http://irep.iium.edu.my/2298/1/StudyofQualityManagementinConstructionProjects[1].pdf
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterproofing
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curing