The document discusses two passages that are part of an analytical writing assessment. The first passage asks examinees to argue whether autumn or spring is the best season. The second passage argues that continuing education for school dieticians would improve the quality of food served to students.
The document discusses two passages that are part of an analytical writing assessment. The first passage asks examinees to argue whether autumn or spring is the best season. The second passage argues that continuing education for school dieticians would improve the quality of food served to students.
The document discusses two passages that are part of an analytical writing assessment. The first passage asks examinees to argue whether autumn or spring is the best season. The second passage argues that continuing education for school dieticians would improve the quality of food served to students.
The document discusses two passages that are part of an analytical writing assessment. The first passage asks examinees to argue whether autumn or spring is the best season. The second passage argues that continuing education for school dieticians would improve the quality of food served to students.
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Analytical Writing Assessment
I. Analysis of an Issue. Time: 30 minutes
Directions: In this section you will have 30 minutes to analyze and exlain your views on the toic resented !elow. "ead the statement and directions carefully. Write only on the toic given. An essay on a toic other than the one assigned will automatically !e assigned a grade of 0. #ote: $n the %AT version& you will 'ey!oard your essay. (or this exercise& allow yourself three sides of regular ).* x ++ inch aer for each essay resonse. In regions which have four distinct seasons& some eole would say that the autumn is the !est time of year. The season offers !eautiful foilage& !ris' weather and a !ountiful harvest. $thers would say that sring is the !est time of year !ecause it is the re!irth of nature and signals warming temerature. Which osition do you find more comelling, -xlain your osition using reasons and.or examles drawn from your ersonal exerience& o!servations or readings. II. Analysis of an Argument. Time: 30 minutes Directions: In this section you will have 30 minutes to write a criti/ue of the argument resented !elow. "ead the argument and directions carefully. Write only on the toic given. An essay on a toic other than the one assigned will automatically !e assigned a grade of 0. #ote: $n the %AT version& you will 'ey!oard your essay. (or this exercise& allow yourself three sides of regular ).* x ++ inch aer for each essay resonse. The dieticians in our u!lic schools suervise the ordering& rearation and serving of lunches and sometimes !rea'fast to school children. The state should imlement a rogram of continuing education for these eole. If dieticians were re/uired to attend a three0day wor'sho each year& covering toics such as recent develoments in nutritional theory and new methods of food reservation& as a condition of emloyment& the /uality of the food eaten !y school children would !e greatly imroved. 1ow ersuasive do you find this argument, -xlain your oint of view !y analyzing the line of reasoning an the use of evidence in the argument. Discuss also& what& if anything& would ma'e the argument more ersuasive or would hel you !etter to evaluate its conclusion. 2er!al 3ection 4+ 5uestions 6* 7inutes Directions: (or each of the following /uestions& !lac'en the oval next to the correct answer. To simulate the exerience of ta'ing hte %AT& answer each /uestion in order. Do not s'i any /uestions& and do not go !ac' to any /uestions you have already answered. (or 3entence %orrection 5uestions: In /uestions of this tye& either art or all of a sentence is underlined. The sentence is followed !y five ways of writing the underlined art. Answer %hoice 8A9& reeats the original: the other choices vary. If you thin' the original hrasing is the !est& choose 8A9. If you thin' one of the other answer choices is the !est& select that choice. 3entence correction /uestions test your a!ility to recognize correct and effective exression. (ollow the re/uirements of 3tandard Written -nglish: grammer& choice of words& and sentence construction. %hoose the answer that results in the clearest& most exact sentence& !ut does not change the meaning of the original senstence. ;lac'en the oval next to your choice. -xamle: The ossi!ility of massive earth/ua'es are regarded !y most area residents with a mixture of s'eticism and caution. 8A9 are regarded !y most are residents with 8;9 is regarded !y most are residents with 8%9 is regarded !y most are residents as 8D9 is mostly regarded !y area residents with 8-9 !y most area residents is regarded with %orrect Answer: ; (or %ritical "easoning /uestions: 5uestions of this tye as' you to analyze and evaluate the reasoning in short aragrahs or asages. (or some /uestions& all of the answer choices may conceiva!ly !e answers to the /uestion as'ed. <ou should select the ;-3T answer to the /uestion& that is& an answer that does not re/uire you to ma'e assumtions that violate common sense standards !y !eing imlausi!le& redundant& irrelevant or inconsistent. After choosing the !est answer& !lac'en the oval next to your choice. -xamle: In an extensive study of the reading ha!its of magazine su!scri!ers& it was found that an average of four and five eole actually read each coy of the most oular wee'ly news magazine. $n this !asis& we estimate that the +=&000 coies of Writer>s ;loc' that are sold each month are actually read !y 4)&000 to ?0&000 eole. The estimate a!ove assumes that: 8A9 individual magazine readers generally en@oy more than one tye of magazine 8;9 most of the readers of Writer>s ;loc' su!scri!e to the magazine 8%9 the ratio of readers to coies is the same for Writer>s ;loc' as for the wee'ly news magazine 8D9 the num!er of readers of the wee'ly news magazine is similar to the num!er of readers for Writer>s ;loc' 8-9 most readers eno@y sharing coies of their favorite magazines with friends and family mem!ers %orrect Answer: % (or "eading %omrehension /uestions: -ach assage is followed !y /uestions or incomlete statements a!out the assage. -ach statement or /uestion is followed !y lettered words or exressions. 3elect the word or exression that most satisfactorily comletes each statement or andswers each /uestion is accordance with the meaning of the assage. After you have chosen the !est answer& !lac'en the oval next to your choice. +. Is has !een said that to !e afraid of the dar' is !eing afraid of all those things we cannot comrehend and& therefore& instinctively fear. 8A9 said that to !e afraid of the dar' is !eing afraid 8;9 said& that to !e afraid of the dar'& is !eing afraid 8%9 said !eing afraid of the dar' is to !e afraid 8D9 siad that to !e afraid of the dar' is to !e afraid 8-9 said that to !e !eing afraid of the dar' is to !e !eing afraid =. 1urtling through sace& Anna saw a shooting star and was transfixed !y the rare !eauty of this sight. 8A9 1urtling through sace& Anna saw a shooting star and was transfixed !y the rare !eauty of this sight 8;9 Anna saw a shooting star and was transfixed !y the rare !eauty of this sight hurtling through sace 8%9 Anna saw a shooting star hurtling through sace and was transfixerd !y the rare !eauty of this sight 8D9 Anna saw& hurtling through sace& a shooting star and was transfixed !y the rare !eauty of this sight 8-9 Transfixed !y the rare !eauty of this sight& Anna saw a shooting star hurtling through sace 3. A study on the theraeutic value of ets as comanions for the elderly has shown that cats are more suerior than dogs as far as household comanions are concerned 8A9 are more suerior than dogs as far as household comanions are concerned 8;9 are suerior to dogs as household comanions 8%9 are suerior to dogs as far as household comanions are concerned 8D9 are more suerior to dogs as household comanions 8-9 are suerior household comanions than dogs 4. %hildren in the first three grades who attend rivate schools send each day wor'ing with a comuterized reading rogram. Au!lic schools have few such rograms. Tests rove& however& that u!lic school children are much wea'er in reading s'ills when comared to their rivate school counterarts. We conclude& therefore& that u!lic school children can !e good readers onlt if they articiate in a comuterized reading rogram. The author>s initial statements logically suort his conclusion only if which of the following is also true, 8A9 All children can learn to !e good readers if they are taught !y a comuterized reading rogram 8;9 All children can learn to read at the same rate if they articiate in a comuterized reading rogram 8%9 ;etter reading s'ills roduce !etter students 8D9 %omuterized reading rograms are the critical factor in the !etter reading s'ills of rivate scholl students 8-9 Au!lic school students can !e taught !etter math s'ills *. Is your comany going to continue to discriminate against women in its hiring and romotion olicies, The a!ove /uestion might !e considered unfair for which of the following reaosns, I. Its construction see's a ByesB or BnoB answer where !oth might !e inaroriate II. It is internally inconsistent III. It contains a hidden resuosition which the resonder might wish to contest 8A9 I only 8;9 II only 8%9 I and II only 8D9 I and III only 8-9 I& II and III ?. Ti!etan rugs are so exensive !ecause the weaver still ursues his art as they have for centuries& !y hand0dyeing all their wool and then 'notting each thread individually to achieve a uni/ue attern for each iece. 8A9 the weaver still ursues his art as they have 8;9 the weaver still ursues his art as he has 8%9 weavers still ursue their art as they have 8D9 weavers still ursue their art as was done 8-9 the weaver still ursues his art as has !een done 5uestions 6 and ) 7s. -va "ose argued that money and time invested in ac/uiring a rofessional degree are totally wasted. As evidence suorting her argument& she offered the case of a man who& at considera!le exense of money and time& comleted his law degree and then married and lived as a house0hus!and& ta'ing care of their children and wor'ing art time at a day care center so his wife could ursue her career. 6. 7s. "ose ma'es the unsuorted assumtion that 8A9 an education in the law is useful only in ursuing law0related activities 8;9 what was not acceta!le =* years ago may very well !e acceta!le today 8%9 wealth is more imortant than learning 8D9 rofessional success is a function of the /uality of one>s education 8-9 only the study of law can !e considered rofessional study ). The logical reasoning of 7s. "ose>s argument is closely aralleled !y which of the folllowing, 8A9 A @uvenile delin/uent who insists that his !ehavoir should !e attri!uta!le to the fact that his arents did not love him 8;9 A senator who votes large sums of money for military e/uiment& !ut who votes against rograms designed to hel the oor 8%9 A conscientious o!@ector who !ases his draft resistance on the remise that there can !e no moral wars 8D9 When a oliceman is found guilty of murdering his wife& an oonent of olice !rutality who says& BThat>s what the eole mean !y law and order.B 8-9 A high school senior who decides that rather than go to college he will enroll in a vocational training rogram to learn to !e an electrician C. A num!er of rominent educators /uestion whether the decreasing enrollment of students in colleges and universities is a reversi!le trend and fear that if the num!ers do not go u& many institutions of higher learning will simly go out of !usiness. 8A9 whether the decreasing 8;9 decreased 8%9 that the decreassing 8D9 if the decreasing 8-9 the decreased +0. If I was Aresident& I would call an immediate halt to the develoment of all nuclear weaons 8A9 If I was Aresident& I would call an immediate halt 8;9 If Aresident& I would call an immediate halt 8%9 If I was Aresident& I would immeidate call a halt 8D9 As Aresident& I would call an immediate halt 8-9 If I were Aresident& I would call an immediate halt ++. A survey of American !usiness schools concludes that female students are more concerned a!out @o! discrimination than male students. 8A9 female students are more concerned a!out @o! discrimination than male students. 8;9 female students are more concerned a!out @o! discrimination than male students are 8%9 female students& as oosed to male students& are more conderned a!out @o! discrimination 8D9 female students are more concerned a!out @o! discrimination than male students are concerned 8-9 female students are more concerned a!out @o! discrimination than their male counterarts 5uestions += 0 +) Although it is now osi!le to !ring most high !lood ressure under control& the causes of essential hyertension remain elusive. Dnderstanding how hyertension !egins is at least artly a ro!lem of understanding when in life it !egins& and this may !e very early 0 erhas within the first few months of life. 3ince the !eginning of the century& hysicians have !een aware that hyertension may run in families& !ut !efore the +C60>s& studies of the familial aggregation of !lood ressure treated only oulations +* years of age or older. (ew studies were attemted in younger ersons !ecause of a revailing notion that !lood ressures in this age grou were difficult to measure and unrelia!le and !ecause essential hyertension was widely regarded as a disease of adults. In +C6=& a study of 600 children& ages = to +4& used a secial !lood ressure recorder which minimizes o!server error and allows for standardization of !lood ressure readings. ;efore then& it had !een well esta!lished that the !lood ressure of adults aggregates familially& that is& the similarities !etween the !lood ressure of an individual and his si!lings are generally too great to !e exlained !y chance. The +C6+ study showed than familial clustering was measura!le in children as well& suggesting that factors resonsi!le for essential hyertension are ac/uired in childhood. Additional eidemiological studies demonstrated a clear tendency for the children to retain the same !lood ressure atterns& relative to their eers& four years later. Thus& a child with !lood ressure higher or lower than the norm would tend to remain higher or lower with increasing age. 7eanwhile& other investigators uncovered a comlex of hysiologic roles 0 including !lood ressure0 for a vasoactive system called the 'alli'rein0'inin system. Ealli'reins are enzymes in the 'idney and !lood lasma that act on recursors called 'ininogens to roduce vasoactive etides called 'inins. 3everal different 'inins are roduced& at least three of which are ower !lood vessel dilators. Aarently& the 'alli'rein0'inin system normally tends to offset the elevations in arterial ressure that result from the secretion of salt0conserving hormones such as aldosterone on the one hand and from activation of the symathetic nervous system 8which tends to constrict !lood vessels9 on the other hand. It is also 'nown that urinary 'alli'rein excretion is a!normally low in su!@ects with essential hyertension. Fevels of urinary 'alli'rein in children are inversely related to the diastolic !lood ressure of !oth children and their mothers. %hildren with the lowest 'alli'rein levels are found in families with the highest !lood ressures. In addition& !lac' children tend to show somewhat lower urinary 'alli'rein levels than white children& and !lac's are more li'ely to have high !lood ressure. There is a great deal to !e learned a!out the !iochemistry and hysiology of the 'alli'rein0'inin system. ;ut there is the ossi!ility that essential hyertension will rove to have !iochemical recursors. +=. The author is rimarily concerned with 8A9 /uestioning the assumtion !ehind certain exeriments involving children under the age of +* 8;9 descri!ing the new scientific findings a!out !lood ressure and suggesting some imlications 8%9 descri!ing two different methods of studying the causes of high !lood ressure 8D9 revealing a discreancy !etween the findings of eidemiological studies and la!oratory studies on essential hyertension 8-9 arguing that high !lood ressure may !e influenced !y familial factors +3. Which of the following are factors mentioned !y the author which discouraged studies of essential hyertension in children, I. The !elief that children generally did not suffer from essential hyertension II. The !elief that it was difficult or imossi!le to measure accurately !lood ressures in children III. The !elief that !lood ressure in adults aggregates familially 8A9 I only 8;9 II only 8%9 III only 8D9 I and II only 8-9 I& II and III +4. The argument of the assage leads most naturally to which of the following conclusions, 8A9 A low outut of urinary 'alli'rein is a li'ely cause of high !lood ressure in children 8;9 The 'alli'rein0'inin system lays an imortant role in the regulation of !lood ressure 8%9 -ssential hyertension may have !iochemical recursors which may !e useful redictors in children 8D9 The failure of the !ody to roduce sufficient amounts of 'inins is the cause of essential hyertension 8-9 It is now ossi!le to redict high !lood ressure !y using familial aggregations and urinary 'alli'rein measurement +*. The author refers to the somewhat lower urinary 'alli'rein levels in !lac' children in order to 8A9 suort the thesis that 'alli'rein levels are inversely related to !lood ressure 8;9 highlight the secial health ro!lems involved !y treating oulations with high concentrations of !lac' children 8%9 offer a causal exlanation for the difference in urinary 'alli'rein levels !etween !lac' and white children 8D9 suggest that further study needs to !e done on the ro!lem of high !ood ressure among !lac' adults 8-9 rove that hyertension can !e treated if those ersons li'ely to have high !lood ressure can !e found +?. The author suggests that the 'alli'rein0'inin system may affect !lood ressure in which of the following ways, I. ;y directly oosing the tendency of the symathetic nervous system to constrict !lood vessels II. ;y roducing 'inins& which tend to dilate !lood vessels III. ;y suressing the roduction of hormones such as aldosterone 8A9 I only 8;9 II only 8%9 I and III only 8D9 II ans III only 8-9 I& II and III +6. The evidence that a child with !lood ressure higher or lower than the norm would tend to retain the same !lood ressure attern with increasing age is introduced !y the author in order to 8A9 suggest that essential hyertension may have !iochemical causes 8;9 show that high !lood ressure can !e detected in children under the age of +* 8%9 rovide evidence that factors affecting !lood ressure are already resent in children 8D9 roose that increased screening of children for high !lood ressure should !e underta'en 8-9 refute arguments that !lood ressure in children cannot !e measured relia!ly +). The author>s argument is resented rimarily !y 8A9 contrasting two methods of doing scientific research 8;9 roviding exerimental evidence against a conclusion 8%9 resenting new scientific findings for a conclusion 8D9 analyzing a new theory and showing its defects 8-9 criticizing scientific research on !lood ressure done !efore +C6+ +C. A crytograher has interceted an enemy message that is in code. 1e 'nows that the code is a simle su!stitution of num!ers for letters. Which of the following would !e the least helful in !rea'ing the code, 8A9 Enowing the fre/uency with which the vowels of the language are used 8;9 Enowing the fre/uency with which two vowels aear together in the language 8%9 Enowing the fre/uency with which odd num!ers aear relative to even num!ers in the message 8D9 Enowing the con@ugation of the ver! to !e in the language on which the code is !ased 8-9 Enowing every word in the language that !egins with the letter " =0. $ne way for reducing commuting time for those who wor' in the cities is to increase the seed at which traffic moves in the heart of the city. This can !e accomlished !y raising the tolls on the tunnels and !ridges connecting the city with other communities. This will discourage auto traffic into the city and will encourage eole to use u!lic transortation instead. Which of the following& if true& would F-A3T wea'en the argument a!ove, 8A9 #early all of the traffic in the center of the city is commerical traffic which will continue desite the toll increases 8;9 3ome eole now driving alone into the city would choose to car ool with each other rather than use u!lic transortation 8%9 Any temorary imrovement in traffic flow would !e lost !ecause the imrovement itself would attract more cars 8D9 The num!ers of commuters who would !e deterred !y the toll increases would !e insignificant 8-9 The u!lic transortation system is not a!le to handle any significant increase in the num!er of commuters using the system =+. An indeendent medical research team recently did a survey at a mountain retreat founded to hel heavy smo'ers /uit or cut down on their cigarette smo'ing. -ight ercent of those smo'ing three ac's a day or more were a!le to cut down to one ac' a day after they !egan to ta'e 3mo'e(ree with its atented desire suressant. Try 3mo'e(ree to hel you cut down significantly on your smo'ing. Which of the following could !e offered as valid criticism of the a!ove advertisement, I. 1eavy smo'ers may !e hysically as well as sychologically addicted to to!acco II. A medicine that is effective for heavy smo'ers may not !e effective for the oulation of smo'ers generally III. A survey conducted at a mountain retreat to aid smo'ers may yield different results than one would exect under other circumstances 8A9 I only 8;9 II only 8%9 III only 8D9 II and III only 8-9 I& II and III ==. The revelation that 3ha'eseare wrote certain of his lays exressly for 5ueen -liza!eth I lends credence to the theory that the dar' lady of the sonnets was not 3ha'eseare>s mistress not any other woman the laywright had romanced !ut& in fact& the 5ueen herself. 8A9 not 3ha'eseare>s mistress not any other woman the laywright had romanced 8;9 neither 3ha'eseare>s mistress or any other woman the laywright had romanced 8%9 neither 3ha'eseare>s mistress nor any other woman the laywright had romanced 8D9 not 3ha'eseare>s mistress or any other woman the laywright had romanced 8-9 not 3ha'eseare>s mistress neither any other woman he had romanced =3. The recent dro in the rime interest rate ro!a!ly results from the (ederal "eserve ;an'>s tight money olicy and its effect on lending institutions rather than to the dro in the overall rate of inflation 8A9 its effect on lending institutions rather than to the dro in the overall 8;9 its affect on lending institutions& as oosed to the dro in the overall 8%9 it>s effect on lending institutions& rather than from the dro in the overall 8D9 its effect on lending institutions rather than from the dro in the overall 8-9 the effect on lending institutions& rather than to the dro in the overall =4. ;efore they will sit down and resume !argaining& the stri'ers demand that management halt legal roceedings& including current court actions aimed at incarcerating demonstrators& and releases all stri'e leaders who have already !een @ailed. 8A9 and releases all stri'e leaders who have already !een @ailed 8;9 and releasing all stri'e leaders who have already !een laced in @ail 8%9 and release all stri'e leaders who have already !een @ailed 8D9 in addition to releasing all resently @ailed stri'e leaders 8-9 !ut release all stri'e leaders who have alreday !een @ailed =*. Goc'ey: 1orses are the most no!le of all animals. They are !oth loyal and !rave. I 'new of a farm horse which died of a !ro'en heart shortly after its owner died. 2eterinarian: <ou>re wrong. Dogs can !e @ust as loyal a!nd !rave. I had a dog who would wait in the front stes for me to come home and if I did not arrive until midnight& he would still !e there. All of the following are true of the claims of the @oc'ey and veterinarian -H%-AT 8A9 !oth claims assume that loyalty and !ravery are characteristics which are desira!le in animals 8;9 !oth claims assume that the two most loyal animals are the horse and the dog 8%9 !oth claims assume that human /ualities can !e attri!uted to animals 8D9 !oth claims are suorted !y only a single examle of animal !ehavior 8-9 neither claim is suorted !y evidence other than the oinions and o!servations of the sea'ers =*. "oss assumed that human !eings in the state of nature are characterized !y a feeling of symathy toward their fellow humans and other living creatures. In order to exlain the existence of social ills& such as the exloitation of some human !eings !y other humans& "oss maintained that our natural feelings are crushed under the weight of unsymathetic social institutions. "oss>s argument descri!ed a!ove would !e most strengthened if it could !e exlained how 8A9 creatures naturally characterized !y feelings of symathy for all living creatures could create unsymathetic social institutions 8;9 we can restructure our social institutions so that they will foster our natural symathies for one another 8%9 modern reformers might lead the way to a life which is not inconsistent with the ideals of the state of nature 8D9 non0exloitive conduct could arise in conditions of the state of nature 8-9 a return to the state of nature from modern society might !e accomlished =6. -very element on the eriodic chart is radioactive& although the most sta!le elements have half0lives which are thousands and thousands of years long. When an atom decays& it slits into two or more smaller atoms. -ven considering the fusion ta'ing lace inside of stars& there is only a negligi!le tendency for smaller atoms to transmute into larger ones. Thus& the ratio of ligther to heavier atoms in the universe is increasing at a measura!le rate. Which of the following sentences rovides the most logical continuation of this aragrah, 8A9 Without radioactive decay of atoms& there could !e no solar com!ustion and no life as we 'now it 8;9 Therefore& it is imerative that scientists !egin develoing ways to reverse the trend and restore the roer !alance !etween the lighter and heavier elements 8%9 %onse/uently& it is ossi!le to use a shifting ratio of light to heavy atoms to calculate the age of the universe 8D9 Therefore& there are now more light elements in the universe than heavy ones 8-9 As a result& the fusion ta'ing lace inside stars has to roduce enough atoms of the heavy elements to offset the radioactive decay of large atoms elsewhere in the universe. 5uestions =) 034 7any critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations foster family insta!ility. They maintain that those regulations& which exclude most oor hus!and and wife families from Aid to (amilies with Deendent %hildren asistance grants& contri!ute to the ro!lem of family dissolution. Thus& they conclude that exanding the set of families eligi!le for family assistance lans or guaranteed income measures would result in a mar'ed strengthening of the low0income family structure. If all oor families could receive welfare& would the incidence of insta!ility change mar'edly, The answer to this /uestion deends on the relative imortance of three categories of otential welfare reciients. The first is the BcheaterB 0 the hus!and who is reorted to have a!andoned his family& !ut in fact disaears only when the social casewor'er is in the neigh!orhood. The second consists of a loving hus!and and devoted father who& sensing his own inade/uacy as a rovider& leaves so that his wife and children may en@oy the relative !enefit rovided !y u!lic assistance. There is very little evidence that these categories are significant. The third category is the unhaily married coule who remain together out of a sense of economic resonsi!ility for their children& !ecause of the high costs of searation& or !ecause of the consumtion !enefits of marriage. This grou is numerous. The formation& maintenance and dissolution off the family is in large art a function of the relative !alance !etween the !enefits and costs of marriage as seen !y the individual mem!ers of the marriage. The ma@or !enefit generated !y the creation of a family is the exansion of the set of consumtion ossi!ilities. The !enefits of such a artnershi deend largely on the relative dissimilarity of the resources or !asic endowments each artner !rings to the marriage. Aersons with similar roductive caacities have less economic BcementB holding their marriage together. 3ince the family erforms certain functions society regards as vital& a comlex networ' of social and legal !uttresses has evolved to reinforce marriage. 7uch of the variation in marital sta!ility across income classes can !e exlained !y the variation in costs of dissolution imosed !y society& eg& division of roerty& alimony& child suort and the social stigma attached to divorce. 7arital sta!ility is related to the costs of achieving an accetance agreement on family consumtion and roduction and to the revailing social rice of insta!ility in the marriage artners> social0economic grou. -xected A(D% income exerts ressures on family insta!ility !y reducing the cost of dissolution. The extent that welfare is a form of government0su!sidized alimony ayments& it reduces the institutional cost of searation and guarantees a minimal standard of living for wife and children. 3o welfare oortunities are a significant determinant of family insta!ility in oor neigh!orhoods& !ut this is not the result of A(D% regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage. "ather& welfare0related insta!ility occurs !ecause u!lic assistance lowers !oth the !enefits of marriage and the costs of its disrution !y roviding a system of government0su!sidized alimony ayments. =). The author>s rimary concern is to 8A9 interret the results of a survey 8;9 discuss the role of the father in low0income families 8%9 analyze the causes of a henomenon 8D9 recommend reforms in the welfare system 8-9 change u!lic attitude toward welfare reciients =C. Which of the following would rovide the most logical continuation of the final aragrah, 8A9 Aaradoxically& any li!eralization of A(D% eligi!ility restrictions is li'ely to intensify& rather than mitigate& ressures of family sta!ility 8;9 Actually& concern for the individual reciients should not !e allowed to override considerations of sound fiscal olicy 8%9 In reality& there is virtually no evidence that A(D% ayments have any relationshi at all to ro!lems of family insta!ility in low0income marriages 8D9 In the final analysis& it aears that government welfare ayments& to the extent that the cost of marriage is lowered& encourage the formation of low0income families 8-9 Dltimately& the ro!lem of low0income family insta!ility can !e eliminated !y reducing welfare !enefits to the oint where the cost of dissolution e/uals the cost of staying married 30. All of the following are mentioned !y the author as factors tending to eretuate a marriage -H%-AT 8A9 the stigma attached to divorce 8;9 the social class of the artners 8%9 the cost of alimony and child suort 8D9 the loss of roerty uon divorce 8-9 the greater consumtion ossi!ilities of married eole 3+. Which of the following !est summarizes the main idea of the assage, 8A9 Welfare restrictions limiting the eligi!ility of families for !enefits do not contri!ute to low0income family insta!ility 8;9 %ontrary to oular oinion& the most significant category of welfare reciients is not the BcheatingB father 8%9 The incidence of family dissolution among low0income families is directly related to the ina!ility of families with fathers to get welfare !enefits 8D9 2ery little of the divorce rate among low0income families can !e attri!uted to fathers> deserting their families so that they can /ualify for welfare 8-9 Iovernment welfare ayments are at resent excessively high and must !e reduced in order to slow the growing divorce rate among low0income families 3=. The tone of the assage can !est !e descri!ed as 8A9 confident and otimistic 8;9 scientific and detached 8%9 discouraged and alarmed 8D9 olite and sensitive 8-9 callous and indifferent 33. With which of the following statements a!out marriage would the author most li'ely agree, 8A9 7arriage is an institution that is largely shaed !y owerful !ut imersonal economic and social forces 8;9 7arriage has a greater value to eole in higher income !rac'ets than to eole in lower income !rac'ets 8%9 3ociety has no legitimate interest in encouraging eole to remain married to one another 8D9 7arriage as an institution is no longer economically via!le and will gradually give way to other forms of social organization 8-9 The rising divorce rate across all income !rac'ets indicates that eole are more self0centered and less concerned a!out others than !efore 34. The assage would most li'ely !e found in a 8A9 amhlet on civil rights 8;9 !asic economics text 8%9 !oo' on the history of welfare 8D9 religious tract on the imortance of marriage 8-9 scholarly @ournal devoted to u!lic olicy /uestions 5uestions 3* and 3? 3ea'er: The great ma@ority of eole in the Dnited 3tates have access to the !est medical care availa!le anywhere in the world. $!@ector: There are thousands of oor in this country who cannat afford to ay to see a doctor. 3*. Which of the following is true a!out the o!@ector>s comment, 8A9 It uses emotionally charged words 8;9 It constitutes a hasty generalization on few examles 8%9 It is not necessarily inconsistent with the sea'er>s remar's 8D9 It cites statistical evidence which tends to confirm the sea'er>s oints 8-9 It overloo's the distinction the sea'er draws !etween a cause and its effect 3?. A ossi!le o!@ection to the sea'er>s comments would !e to oint to the existence of 8A9 a country which has more medical assistants than the Dnited 3tates 8;9 a nation where medical care is rovided free of charge !y the government 8%9 a country in which the eole are given !etter medical care than Americans 8D9 government hearings in the Dnited 3tates on the ro!lems oor eole have getting medical care 8-9 a country which has a higher hosital !ed er erson ratio than the Dnited 3tates 36. 3ince they shared so much when they were growing u& -liza!eth and 3arah have cultivated a very secial friendshi and even now confide their most intimate thoughts only to one another. 8A9 to one another 8;9 one with the other 8%9 one with another 8D9 each to the other 8-9 to each other 3). I!sen>s lays osed as great a challenge to middle0class 3candinavians> exectations of the drama that almost a century later -dward Al!ee will offer to theatre goers in America. 8A9 that almost a century later -dward Al!ee will offer 8;9 that& almost a centry later& -dward Al!ee would offer 8%9 that& almost a centry later& -dward Al!ee did offer 8D9 @ust as& almost a century later& -dward Al!ee offered 8-9 as& almost a century later& -dward Al!ee would offer 5uestions 3C and 40 The !lan's in the following aragrah indicate deletions from the text. (or /uestions 3C and 40& select the comletion that is most aroriate. I often hear smo'ers insisting that they have a right to smo'e whenever and wherever they choose& as though there are no conceiva!le circumstances under which the law might not legitimately rohi!it smo'ing. This contention is o!viously indefensi!le. Imlicit in the develoment of the concet of a right is the notion that one erson>s freedom of action iis circumscri!ed !y the 000000083C9000000. It re/uires nothing more than common sense to realize that there are siutations in which smo'ing resents a clear and resent danger: in a crowded theatre& around flamma!le materials& during ta'e0off in an airlane. #o one would seriously deny the otential harm of smo'ing in such circumstances more than outweighs the satisfaction a smo'er would derive from smo'ing. <et& this !alancing is not uni/ue to situations of otential catastrohe. It alies e/ually well to situations where the otential in@ury is small& though in most cases& as for examle a erson>s ta!le manners& the in@ury of the offended erson is so slight we automatically stri'e the !alance in favor of the erson acting. ;ut once it is recognized that a !alance of freedoms must !e struc'& it follows that a smo'er has a right to smo'e only when and where 0000008409 00000000. 3C. 8A9 %onstitution of our nation 8;9 laws assed !y %ongress and interreted !y the 3ureme %ourt 8%9 interest of any other erson to not !e in@ured or inconvenienced !y that action 8D9 rights of other ersons not to smo'e 8-9 rights of non0smo'ing ersons not to have to !e su!@ected to the noxious fumes of to!acco smo'ing 40. 8A9 the government chooses to allow smo'ing 8;9 the smo'er finally decides to light u 8%9 the smo'er>s interest in smo'ing outweighs the interests of other ersons in his not smo'ing 8D9 the smo'er can ensure that no other ersons will !e even slightly inconvenienced !y the smo'e 8-9 there are signs which exlicitly state that smo'ing is allowed in that area 4+. Although Goe ;ass was erhas the greatest tennis layer of all time& his real accomlishments were overshadowed for many years !y rumors a!out his ersonal life. 8A9 Although Goe ;ass was erhas the greatest tennis layer of all time& his real accomlishments were overshadowed for many years !y rumors a!out his ersonal life. 8;9 Aerhas the greatest tennis layer of all time& Goe ;ass>s real accomlishments were nevertheless overshadowed for many years !y rumors a!out his ersonal life 8%9 Aerhas the greatest tennis layer of all time& rumors a!out his ersonal life overshadowed Goe ;ass>s real accomlishments for many years 8D9 (or many years Goe ;ass>s real accomlishments were overshadowed !y rumors a!out his ersonal life& desite !eing erhas the greatest tennis layer of all time 8-9 Although Goe ;ass>s real accomlishments were overshadowed for many years !y rumors a!out his ersonal life& erhas he was the greatest tennis layer of all time 5uantitative 3ection 36 5uestions 6* 7inutes Directions: (or each of the following /uestions& !lac'en the oval next to the corredt answer. To simualte the exerience of ta'ing the %AT& answer each /uestion in order. Do not s'i any /uestions& and do not go !ac' to any /uestions you have laready answered. #um!ers: All num!ers used are real num!ers. (igures: The diagrams and figures that accomany these /uestions are for the urose of roviding information useful in answering the /uestions. Dnless it is stated that a secific figure is not drawn to scale& the diagrams and figures are drawn as accurately as ossi!le. All figures are in a lane unless otherwise indicated. (or Data 3ufficiency /uestions: -ach /uestion is followed !y two num!ered facts. <ou are to determine whether the data given in thr statements are sufficent for answering the /uestion. Dse the data given& lus your 'nowledge of math and everyday facts& to choose !etween the five ossi!le answers. ;lac'en the oval next to your choice. -xamle: Which car& H or <& uses more gas, 8+9 %ar H uses C0 gallons er *00 mile tri 8=9 (or the *00 mile tri& %ar H uses +.* more gas than < 8A9 statement + alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement = alone is not sufficient 8;9 statement = alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement + alone is not sufficient 8%9 !oth statements together are needed to answer the /uestion& !ut neither statement alone is sufficient 8D9 either statement !y itself is sufficient to answer the /uestion 8-9 not enough facts are given to answer the /uestion %orrect Answer: ; +. A certain machine rocesses ) /uarts of mil' every ? seconds. 1ow many gallons of mil' can the machine rocess in 3 minutes, 8A9 +) 8;9 =0 8%9 ?0 8D9 6* 8-9 +=0 =. During a half0rice sale& 7s. "oss !ought a lant for the usual rice and a second lant for one0half the usual rice. If she aid J+.)0 for the two lants& what was the usual rice of the lant, 8A9 J0.?0 8;9 J0.*0 8%9 J0.C0 8D9 J+.=0 8-9 J=.40 3. +4C eole were a!oard (light === when it arrived at Fos Angeles from #ew <or' %ity with %hicago as the only intermetiate sto. 1ow many eole !oarded the flight in %hicago, 8+9 +60 eole were a!oard the flight when it left #ew <or' %ity 8=9 =3 eole from the flight dearted in %hicago and did not re!oard 8A9 statement + alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement = alone is not sufficient 8;9 statement = alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement + alone is not sufficient 8%9 !oth statements together are needed to answer the /uestion& !ut neither statement alone is sufficient 8D9 either statement !y itself is sufficient to answer the /uestion 8-9 not enough facts are given to answer the /uestion 4. The total num!er of active mem!ers in a college fraternity is +=.*K higher this year than last year. 1ow many active mem!ers does the fraternity have this year, 8+9 Fast year& =3 mem!ers of the fraternity graduated 8=9 Fast year& there were *? active mem!ers in the fraternity 8A9 statement + alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement = alone is not sufficient 8;9 statement = alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement + alone is not sufficient 8%9 !oth statements together are needed to answer the /uestion& !ut neither statement alone is sufficient 8D9 either statement !y itself is sufficient to answer the /uestion 8-9 not enough facts are given to answer the /uestion *. Is a ositive num!er, 8+9 * is a ositive num!er 8=9 0 is a negative num!er 8A9 statement + alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement = alone is not sufficient 8;9 statement = alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement + alone is not sufficient 8%9 !oth statements together are needed to answer the /uestion& !ut neither statement alone is sufficient 8D9 either statement !y itself is sufficient to answer the /uestion 8-9 not enough facts are given to answer the /uestion ?. Is +* the average 8arithmetic mean9 of x& y and +*, 8+9 x L y M 30 8=9 x 0 y M 4 8A9 statement + alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement = alone is not sufficient 8;9 statement = alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement + alone is not sufficient 8%9 !oth statements together are needed to answer the /uestion& !ut neither statement alone is sufficient 8D9 either statement !y itself is sufficient to answer the /uestion 8-9 not enough facts are given to answer the /uestion 6. 7ary& Aaul and 3haron all layed in a summer soft!all league& and each hit at least one home run during the season. Which of the three layers hit the most home runs, 8+9 Aaul hit 4.* as many home runs as 7ary 8=9 7ary his *.4 as many home runs as 3haron 8A9 statement + alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement = alone is not sufficient 8;9 statement = alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement + alone is not sufficient 8%9 !oth statements together are needed to answer the /uestion& !ut neither statement alone is sufficient 8D9 either statement !y itself is sufficient to answer the /uestion 8-9 not enough facts are given to answer the /uestion ). What is the erimeter of a rectangle if the ratio of its width to its length is 3 to 4, 8+9 The width of the rectangle is ? 8=9 The area of the rectangle is 4) 8A9 statement + alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement = alone is not sufficient 8;9 statement = alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement + alone is not sufficient 8%9 !oth statements together are needed to answer the /uestion& !ut neither statement alone is sufficient 8D9 either statement !y itself is sufficient to answer the /uestion 8-9 not enough facts are given to answer the /uestion C. (or which of the following lengths of the side of a s/uare would the erimeter !e divisi!le !y !oth 4 and 6, 8A9 3 8;9 4 8%9 * 8D9 ? 8-9 6 +0. $n a certain day& a new vendor !egan the day with A aers. ;etween oening and noon& he sold 40 ercent of the aers& and !etween noon and closing& he sold ?0 ercent of the aers that remained. What ercent of the original A aers did he sell, 8A9 0K 8;9 =0K 8%9 =4K 8D9 6?K 8-9 +00K ++. The value of an office machine dereciates in such a way that its value at the end of each year is 4.* of its value at the !eginning of the same year. If its initial value of the machine is J*&000& what is its value at the end of three years, 8A9 J4&6*0.=* 8;9 J4&000.00 8%9 J=&*?0.00 8D9 J=&000.00 8-9 J?40.00 +=. In a certain year& %ororation H roduced 40 ercent of the total world roduction of a certain drug. If %ororation H roduced +) 'ilograms of the drug& how many 'ilograms ere roduced !y roducers other than %ororation H, 8A9 == 8;9 =6 8%9 3? 8D9 40 8-9 4* +3. In triangle A;%& A;MA% and the measure of angle A is twice the measure of angle ;. (ind the num!er of degrees in the measures of the exterior angle at %. 8A9 +4* degrees 8;9 +3* degrees 8%9 +=* degrees 8D9 C* degrees 8-9 4* degrees +4. In a certain year& the income of an individual from her investments amounted to 4* ercent of her total income. If municial !onds accounted for =.3 of her investment income& the the ratio of income derived from municial !onds to total noninvestment income was 8A9 =.3 8;9 ?.++ 8%9 3.+0 8D9 3.++ 8-9 3.=0 +*. Was Ga'e>s average running seed for the first hour of his =?0mile marathon ++ miles er hour, 8+9 1e ran the entire =? miles in =.* hours 8=9 1e ran the last +* miles in +.* hours 8A9 statement + alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement = alone is not sufficient 8;9 statement = alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement + alone is not sufficient 8%9 !oth statements together are needed to answer the /uestion& !ut neither statement alone is sufficient 8D9 either statement !y itself is sufficient to answer the /uestion 8-9 not enough facts are given to answer the /uestion +?. (or a certain concert& *?0 tic'ets were sold for total of J=&+*0. If an orchestra seat sold for twice the !alcony seat rice of J=.*0& how many of the tic'ets sold were !alcony seat tic'ets, 8A9 =3* 8;9 =?0 8%9 300 8D9 3=* 8-9 3*) +6. If N 0& what ercent is of /, 8+9 / M = 8=9 L / M 3? 8A9 statement + alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement = alone is not sufficient 8;9 statement = alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement + alone is not sufficient 8%9 !oth statements together are needed to answer the /uestion& !ut neither statement alone is sufficient 8D9 either statement !y itself is sufficient to answer the /uestion 8-9 not enough facts are given to answer the /uestion +). A certain li/uid fertilizer contains ten ercent mineral H !y volume. If a farmer wishes to treat a cro with 3.4 of a liter of mineral H er acre& how many acres can he treat with 300 liters of the li/uid fertilizer, 8A9 40 8;9 =4 8%9 +) 8D9 +? 8-9 += +C. At the !eginning of a class& a classroom has three emty chairs and all students are seated. #o student leaves the classroom& and additional students e/ual to twenty ercent of the num!er of students already seated enter the class late and fill the emty chairs. What is the total num!er of chairs in the classroom, 8A9 +) 8;9 +* 8%9 +0 8D9 ? 8-9 3 =0. 1ow far does a rolling wheel with a 40inch radius travel in ) revolutions, 8A9 8)9 83.+4+?9 feet 8;9 8*9 8+.39 83.+4+?9 feet 8%9 8+=9 83.+4+?9 feet 8D9 849 83.+4+?9 feet 8-9 8+09 8+.39 83.+4+?9 feet =+. In a certain shiment& x out of every y items were found to !e defective. If +0 defective items were found in the shiment& what was the total num!er of items in the shiment, 8A9 8+0y9 . x 8;9 8+0x9 . y 8%9 +0y 8D9 8+0y9 . 8y0x9 8-9 8+0y9 . 8x0y9 ==. (our cylindrical cans with a radius of = inches are laced on their !ases inside an oen s/uare aste!oard !ox. If the four sides of the !ox !ulge slightly& which of the following could !e the internal erimeter of the !ase of the !ox& exressed in inches, 8A9 =0 8;9 +? 8%9 30 8D9 3= 8-9 ?4 =3. A certain ac'ing crate contains !etween *0 and ?0 !oo's. 1ow many !oo's are there in the ac'ing crate, 8+9 If the !oo's are counted out !y threes& there will !e one !oo' left over 8=9 If the !oo's are counted out !y sixes& there will !e one !oo' left over 8A9 statement + alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement = alone is not sufficient 8;9 statement = alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement + alone is not sufficient 8%9 !oth statements together are needed to answer the /uestion& !ut neither statement alone is sufficient 8D9 either statement !y itself is sufficient to answer the /uestion 8-9 not enough facts are given to answer the /uestion =4. If x& y and z are the lengths of three sides of a triangle& is z N ), 8+9 x L y M ) 8=9 x M ? 8A9 statement + alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement = alone is not sufficient 8;9 statement = alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement + alone is not sufficient 8%9 !oth statements together are needed to answer the /uestion& !ut neither statement alone is sufficient 8D9 either statement !y itself is sufficient to answer the /uestion 8-9 not enough facts are given to answer the /uestion =*. If # and A denote the non0zero digits of a four0digit num!er ##AA& is ##AA divisi!le !y 4, 8+9 #AA is divisi!le !y ) 8=9 #AA is divisi!le !y 4 8A9 statement + alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement = alone is not sufficient 8;9 statement = alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement + alone is not sufficient 8%9 !oth statements together are needed to answer the /uestion& !ut neither statement alone is sufficient 8D9 either statement !y itself is sufficient to answer the /uestion 8-9 not enough facts are given to answer the /uestion =?. A suermar'et sells !oth a leading !rand of laundry detergent and its own !rand of laundry detergent. $n all sizes of the leading !rand it ma'es a rofit of +* ercent of the cost er @ug. $n all sizes of its own !rand it ma'es a rofit of +0 ercent of the cost er @ug. (or a certain month& from the sales of which of the two !rands does the suermar'et realize the greater rofit, 8+9 $unce for ounce& the suermar'et ays a higher wholesale rice for the leading !rand than it does for its own !rand 8=9 $unce for ounce& the suermar'et sells =* ercent more of its own !rand than of the leading !rand 8A9 statement + alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement = alone is not sufficient 8;9 statement = alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement + alone is not sufficient 8%9 !oth statements together are needed to answer the /uestion& !ut neither statement alone is sufficient 8D9 either statement !y itself is sufficient to answer the /uestion 8-9 not enough facts are given to answer the /uestion =6. If x and y are ositive integers& is x N y, 8+9 8x98x9 O y 8=9 The s/uare root of x is less than y 8A9 statement + alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement = alone is not sufficient 8;9 statement = alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement + alone is not sufficient 8%9 !oth statements together are needed to answer the /uestion& !ut neither statement alone is sufficient 8D9 either statement !y itself is sufficient to answer the /uestion 8-9 not enough facts are given to answer the /uestion =). 7achine 7 can roduce x units in 3.4 of the time it ta'es machine # to roduce x units. 7achine # can roduce x units in =.3 the time it ta'es machine $ to roduce x units. If all three machines are wor'ing simultaneously& what fraction of the total outut is roduced !y machine #, 8A9 +.= 8;9 +.3 8%9 4.+3 8D9 ).=C 8-9 ?.33 =C. In a class election& +C0 votes were cast of three candidates. Ga'e received ? more votes than twice as many as 3imon received& while Adam received ) votes less than three times as many as 3imon. 1ow many votes did Ga'e receive, 8A9 3= 8;9 )) 8%9 60 8D9 )0 8-9 C0 30. 83*0) x 3*0)9 0 83*+0 x 3*0)9 M 8A9 60=0 8;9 0 8%9 0= 8D9 03*0) 8-9 060+? 3+. A fruit seller !ought =000 /uarts of !erries at )0 cents er /uart. If +.4 of the !erries !ecome too rie for sale& what should !e the selling rice er /uart of the remainder so that the gross rofit will !e =0 ercent of the total cost, 8A9 J0.=* 8;9 J0.)0 8%9 J+.00 8D9 J+.+0 8-9 J+.=) 3=. %harmaine sent =.* of her income in Ganuary for rent& and 3.4 of the remainder on other exenses. If she ut the remaining J+)0 in her savings account& how much was her income in Ganuary, 8A9 J+&000 8;9 J+&=00 8%9 J+&400 8D9 J+&?00 8-9 J+&)00 33. A formula for finding the volume of a cylinder is 2 M 83.+4+?9 8r9 8r9 h& where r is the radius of the !ase and h is the altitude of the cylinder. (ind the volume of a cylinder in which the radius of the !ase is 6 and the altitude is +0. 8A9 ==0 8;9 +60 8%9 +*4 8D9 =&=00 8-9 +&*40 34. If the numerator of a fraction is decreased =* ercent and the denominator of that fraction is increased =* ercent& then the difference !etween the resulting and the original fractions reresents what ercentage decrease, 8A9 40K 8;9 4*K 8%9 *0K 8D9 ?0K 8-9 6*K 3*. If the num!er of s/uare units in the area of a circle is A and the num!er of linear units in the circumference is %& what is the radius of the circle, 8+9 8A.%9 M 3.= 8=9 A N % L 3 8A9 statement + alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement = alone is not sufficient 8;9 statement = alone is sufficient to answer the /uestion& !ut statement + alone is not sufficient 8%9 !oth statements together are needed to answer the /uestion& !ut neither statement alone is sufficient 8D9 either statement !y itself is sufficient to answer the /uestion 8-9 not enough facts are given to answer the /uestion 3?. A racetrac' !ound !y two concentric circles& one with a diameter of +?0 yards and the other with a diameter of +40 yards& is to !e covered with ashalt. If the ashalt layer is to !e one foot dee& how many cu!ic yards of ashalt will !e needed, 8A9 6* 8;9 C0 8%9 *00 8D9 +*00 8-9 =000 36. A new coy machine can run off +&*00 wor'!oo's in ) hours& while it ta'es on older coy machine += hours to do the same @o!. What is the total num!er of hours that it would ta'e !oth coy machines wor'ing at the same itme& !ut indeendently& to run off the +&*00 wor'!oo's, 8A9 4.4 8;9 4.? 8%9 4.) 8D9 * 8-9 +0 Answer Eey for I7AT P = 2er!al 3ection +. D C. A +6. % =*. ; 33. A =. % +0. - +). % =?. A 34. - 3. ; ++. ; +C. % =6. % 3*. % 4. D +=. ; =0. ; =). % 3?. % *. D +3. D =+. D =C. A 36. - ?. % +4. % ==. % 30. ; 3). - 6. A +*. A =3. D 3+. A =C. % ). D +?. ; =4. % 3=. ; 40. % 4+. A 5uantitative 3ection +. % +0. D +C. A =). ; =. D ++. % =0. ; =C. % 3. % +=. ; =+. A 30. - 4. ; +3. ; ==. % 3+. - *. D +4. ; =3. ; 3=. ; ?. A +*. % =4. A 33. - 6. % +?. ; =*. D 34. A ). D +6. A =?. - 3*. A C. - +). A =6. A 3?. % 36. %