Chemical Kinetics

CHEMICAL KINETICS 53
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CHEMICAL KINETICS
Chemical Kinetics: (Study of reaction rates and their mechanisms. )
Rate of Reaction : The change in concentration of reactant or product per unit time .(SI unit molL
1
s
1
).
Let a reaction : aA + bB cC + dD.
Average rate of reaction: The rate of reaction measured over a long period of time.
R
av
=
[ [ [ [
t
D
d
1
t
C
c
1
t
B
b
1
t
A
a
1
A
A
=
A
A
=
A
A
=
A
A
Instantaneous rate of reaction: The rate of reaction at a particular instant of time i.e.(AT approaches
zero)
R
inst
=
[ [ [ [
dt
D d
d
1
dt
C d
c
1
bt
B d
b
1
dt
A d
a
1
= =
Factors affecting rate of reaction:

1. Rate of reaction Conc. of reactants
2. Temperature
3. Surface area of reactants
4.
reactants of energy on dissociati Bond
1
5. Increases in the presence of catalyst
6. Depends on pressure in case of gases.
Rate law or rate equation:
The mathematical expression which denotes the experimentally observed rate of a reaction in terms of
the concentration of the reactants which influences the rate of reaction.
Rate = k[A]
x
[B]
y
k = rate constant and x < a , y < b.
Order of a reaction :
The sum of powers of the concentration of the reactants in the rate law expression.
Order = x + y
eq. Rate = k[A]
1/2
[B]
3/2
so order =
2
3
2
1
+ = 2
* Order of a reaction can be 0, 1, 2, 3 and even a fraction .
(k) Rate constant : It is defined as the rate of reaction, when the conc. of each of the reactants is
unity.
The unit of rate constant for n
th
order = (molL
1
)
ln
s
1
Reaction n Units of rate constant
zero order 0 mol L
1
s
1
1
st
Order 1 s
1
2
nd
Order 2 mol
1
L s
1
Molecularity of a reaction :
The number of reacting species which collide simultaneously to bring about a chemical reaction.
Molecularity = a + b
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eg.2 Hydrolysis of ester
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH
t = 0 0.01 mol 10 mol 0 mol 0 mol
t 0 mol 9.9 mol 0.01 mol 0.01 mol
Rate = k
'
[H
2
O][CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
]
[H
2
O] taken as constant as it does not altered much.
Thus.
Rate = k[CH COOC H ]
3 2 5
Where k = k
'
[H
2
O]
Arrhenius equation :
RT / Ea
Ae k

=
* The temperature dependence of the rate of chemical reaction can be accurately explained by
Arrhenius equation
A = Arrhenius factor or frequency factor
R = Gas constant , Ea = Activation energy
*It has been found that for a chemical reaction with rise in temperature by 10, the rate constant is
nearly doubled.
Reaction H
2
(g) + I
2
(g) 2HI
H H H
+ +
I I I
I I I H H H
C
B
A
P
.
E
H +
2 2
I
Reaction Co-ordinate
Diagram showing plot of P.E v/s reaction co-ordinate.
The energy required to form this intermediate, called activated complex (C) is known as
Activation Energy (Ea).
F
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
o
l
e
c
u
l
e
s
Kinetic energy
t +10
t
*Peak of the curve correspond to the most probable K.E.
* If rate constants of a reaction at T
1
and T
2
are K
1
and K
2
,
=
2 1 1
2
T
1
T
1
R 303 2
Ea
K
K
.
log
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Q.3 In a Pseudo first order hydrolysis of ester in water, the following results were obtained.
[ 085 . 0 17 . 0 31 . 0 55 . 0 L mole / ester
90 60 30 0 s / t
1
(i) Calculate the average rate of reaction between the time interval 30 to 60 seconds
(ii) Calculate the pseudo first order rate constant for the hydrolysis of ester.
Sol. (i) Average rate of reaction
=
, )
, ) 30 60
17 . 0 31 . 0
time in Change
ion concentrat in Change
=
= 4.67 10
3
L
1
s
1
(ii) k =
[
[ A
A
log
t
303 . 2
0
Where [A
0
] = 0.55 M is initial concentration of ester ( t = 0 ) and [A] is the concentration of ester at
time t.
At 30 sec : k
1
=
31 . 0
55 . 0
log
30
303 . 2
= 1.91 10
2
s
1
.
At 60 sec : k
2
=
17 . 0
55 . 0
log
60
303 . 2
= 1.96 10
2
s
1
.
At 90 sec : k
3
=
85 . 0
55 . 0
log
90
303 . 2
= 2.07 10
2
s
1
.
Thus, Average k =
3
k k k
3 2 1
+ +
=
3
10 07 . 2 10 96 . 1 10 91 . 1
2 2 2
+ +
k = 1.98 10
2
s
1
.
Q.4 A reaction is first order in A and second order in B.
(i) Write differential rate equation.
(ii) How is the rate affected on increasing the concentration of B three times ?
(iii) How is the rate affected when the concentration of both A and B are doubled?
Sol. (i) Rate = k [A]
1
[B]
2
r
0
= k [A]
1
[B]
2
r
1
= k [A]
1
[3B]
2
= 9 k [A]
1
[B]
2
= 9 r
0
The rate is increased by 9 times.
(ii) r
0
= k [A]
1
[B]
2
r
2
= k [2A]
1
[2B]
2
= 8 k [A]
1
[B]
2
= 8 r
0
The rate is increased by 8 times.
Q.5 In a reaction between A and B, the initial rate of reaction (r
0
) was measured for different initial
concentration of A and B as given below:
[
[
4 5 5 1 1
0
1
1
10 43 . 1 10 07 . 5 10 07 . 5 S L mol / ) r ( Rate
05 . 0 10 . 0 30 . 0 L mol / B
40 . 0 20 . 0 20 . 0 L mol / A

What is the order of reaction with respect to A and B ?
Sol. Let the rate of reaction, r = k [A]
m
[B]
n
(r
1
) 5.07 10
5
= k [0.20]
m
[0.30]
n
......Exp (i)
(r
2
) 5.07 10
5
= k [0.20]
m
[0.10]
n
......Exp (ii)
(r
3
) 1.43 10
4
= k [0.40]
m
[0.05]
n
......Exp (iii)
From experiment (i) and (ii)
1 5
1 5
1
2
Ms 07 . 5
Ms 10 07 . 5
r
r

=
|
|
.
|
=
, ) , )
, ) , )
n m
n m
30 . 0 20 . 0 k
10 . 0 20 . 0 k
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Sol. T
1/2
Sr
90
= 28.1 years, k =
2 / 1
t
693 . 0
, k =
1 . 28
693 . 0
year
1
We know, k =
[
[ R
R
log
k
303 . 2
0
Now, t =
[
[ R
R
log
k
303 . 2
0
At t = 10 year10 =
[
[ R
R
log
693 . 0
1 . 28 303 . 2
0
[
[ R
R
log
0
= 0.1070
[
[ R
R
0
= antilog (0.1070) = 1.279
So, [R] =
279 . 1
g 1
= 0.7818 g
At t = 60 year60 =
[
[ R
R
log
693 . 0
1 . 28 303 . 2
0
[
[ R
R
log
0
= antilog 0.9409
= 4.374
So, [R] =
374 . 4
g 1
= 0.228 g.
Q.10 For a first order reaction, show that time required for 99% completion is twice the time required
for the completion of 90% of reaction.
Sol. t =
[
[ R
R
log
k
303 . 2
0
99% completion means
If [R
0
] = 100,
[R] = 100 99 = 1
t
99%
=
l
100
log
k
303 . 2
=
k
303 . 2
log 10
2
k
303 . 2
2
90% completion means
If [R
0
] = 100,
[R] = 100 90 = 10
t
90%
=
[
[ R
R
log
k
303 . 2
0
=
k
303 . 2
log
10
100
=
k
303 . 2
log 10
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(b) Rate at P
t
= 0.65 atm
2 2
Cl SO
P
at total pressure of 0.65 atm
2 2
Cl SO
P
= 2Pi P
t
= 1 0.65 = 0.35 atm
Rate = k
2 2
Cl SO
P
= 2.23 10
3
0.35 = 7.8 10
4
atm s
1
.
Q.13 The rate constant for the decomposition of hydrocarbons is 2.418 10
5
s
1
at 546 K. If the
energy of activation is 179.9 kJ mol
1
, what will be the value of pre-exponential factor?
Sol. log A = logk +
RT 303 . 2
E
a
= log 2.418 10
5
s
1
+
K 546 mol k J 314 . 8 303 . 2
mol J 179900
1 1
1

= 4.6184 + 17.21
log A = 4.6184 + 17.21
= 12.5916
Taking antilog of both sides
A = antilog 12.5916
= 3.9 10
12
s
1
.
Q.14 The decomposition of A into product has value of k as 4.5 10
3
s
1
at 10C and energy of
activation 60 kJ mol
1
. At what temperature would k be 1.5 10
4
s
1
?
Sol. We know that, log
1
2
k
k
=
]

2 1
1 2 a
T T
T T
R 303 . 2
E
log
]
2
2
3
4
T 283
283 T
314 . 8 303 . 2
60000
10 5 . 4
10 5 . 1
0.5228 = 3133.62
]

2
2
T 283
283 T
or
62 . 3133
5228 . 0
=
2
2
T 283
233 T
1.67 10
4
283 =
2
2
T
283 T
0.0472 T
2
= T
2
283
T
2
0.0472 T
2
= 283
0.9528 T
2
= 283
Hence, T
2
=
9528 . 0
283
= 297.02 K .
Q.15 The time required for 10% completion of a first order reaction at 298 K is equal to that required
for its 25% completion at 308. If the value of A is 4 10
10
s
1
, calculate k at 308 K and E
a
.
Sol. k
298
=
[
[ R
R
log
k
303 . 2
0
=
90
100
log
k
303 . 2
..........(i)
Similarly, k
308
=
75
100
log
t
303 . 2
..........(ii)
Dividing equation (ii) by equation (i), we get
90
100
log
t
303 . 2
75
100
log
t
303 . 2
k
k
298
308
=
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Q.17 Express the rate of the following reactions in terms of the concentrations of reactants and
products
(i) 2NO
2
(g) + F
2
(g) 2NO
2
F(g)
(ii) 5Br
(aq) + BrO
3
(aq) + 6H
+
(aq) 3Br
2
(aq) + 3H
2
O(l)
Sol. (i) For the given reaction,
2NO
2
(g) + F
2
(g) 2NO
2
F(g)
Rate of reaction =
[ [ [
dt
NO d
2
1
dt
F d
dt
NO d
2
1
2 2 2
+ = =
(ii) For given reaction,

Rate of reaction =
[ [ [ [
dt
Br d
3
1
dt
H d
6
1
dt
BrO
d
dt
Br d
5
1
2 3
=
= =
+
Q.18 A first order reaction has specific rate constant 10
3
sec
1
. How muct time time will it take for
10 g to reduce to half of the quantity?
Sol. Half-life period for the first order reaction is given by the expression.
k
693 . 0
t
5 . 0
=
Now, k = 10
3
sec
1
t
0,5
=
3
10
693 . 0
= 693 seconds.
Q.19 60 per cent of a first order reaction was completed in 60 minutes. When was it half completed?
Sol. Using first order rate constant equation.
k =
x a
a
log
t
303 . 2
In first case: k =
60 100
100
log
min 60
303 . 2
..........(i)
in second case: k =
50 100
100
log
t
303 . 2
..........(ii)
Equating the two equations (i) and (ii), we get
50
100
log
t
303 . 2
40
100
log
min 60
303 . 2
=
or t =
min
6020 . 0 1
3010 . 0 60
4
10
log
2 log 60
= 45.4 min.
Q.20 A first orer reaction is 20% complete in 10 minutes. Calculates the time for 75% completion of
the reaction.
Sol. For a first order reaction, k =
, ) x a
a
log
t
303 . 2
Substituting the given values, we get

k =
80
100
log
min 10
303 . 2
............(i)
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Q.3 Define collision frequency, threshold energy and activation energy.
Q.4 The rate of a particular reaction triples when temperature changes from 50C to 100C. Calculate the
activation energy of reaction.
Q.5 What is the catalyst? How does it effects the rate of reaction?
Q.6 From the rate expression for the following reactions determine the order of reaction and the dimensions
of the rate constants.
(i) 3NO(g) N
2
O(g) + NO
2
(g) ; Rate = k[NO]
2
(ii) H
2
O
2
(aq) + 3I
(aq) + 2H
+
(aq) 2H
2
O(I) + I
3
; Rate = k[H
2
O
2
][I
]
(iii) CH
3
CHO(g) CH
4
(g) + CO(g) ; Rate = k[CH
3
CHO]
3/2
(iv) C
2
H
5
Cl(g) C
2
H
4
(g) + HCl(g) ; Rate = k[C
2
H
5
Cl]
Q.7 For the reaction 2A + B A
2
B
the rate = k[A] [B]
2
with k = 2.0 10
6
mol
2
L
2
s
1
. Calculate the initial rate of the reaction when
[A] = 0.1 mol L
1
, [B] = 0.2 mol L
1
. Calculate the rate of reaction after [A] is reduced to 0.06 mol L
1
.
Q.8 A reaction is second order with respect to a reactant. How is the rate of reaction affected if the
concentration of the reactant is
(i) doubled (ii) reduced to half
Q.9 Sucrose decomposes in acid solution into glucose and fructose according to the first order rate law,
with t
1/2
= 3.00 hours. What fraction of sample of sucrose remains after 8 hours.
Q.10 Show that in case of a first order reaction, the time required for 99.9% of the reaction take place is
ten times that required for half of the reaction.
Q.11 The half life of a reaction A B is 8 minutes. How long it takes [A] to reach 25% of the initial
concentration?
Q.12 For a first order reaction, calculate the ratio between the time to complete three fourth of the reaction
and the time taken to complete half of the reaction.
Exercise2
Q.1 A first order decomposition reaction takes 40 minutes for 30% decomposition. Calculate its t
1/2
value.
[C.B.S.E. 2008]
Q.2 The decomposition of phosphine, 4 PH
3(g)
P
4(g)
+ 6 H
2(g)
has the rate law, rate = k [PH
3
]. The rate
contant is 6.0 10
4
s
1
at 300 K and activation energy is 3.05 10
5
J mol
1
. Calculate the value of
rate contant at 310 K. (Give, R = 8.314 JK
mol
) [C.B.S.E. 2008]
Q.3 Define the following : [C.B.S.E. 2008]
(i) Elementary step in a reaction (ii) Rate of a reaction
Q.4 For a decomposition reaction the values of rate constant k at two different temperatures are given
below:
k
1
= 2.15 10
8
L mol
1
s
1
at 650 K , k
2
= 2.39 10
7
L mol
1
s
1
at 700 K [C.B.S.E. 2008]
Calculate the value of activation energy for this reaction (R = 8.314 J K
1
mol
1
)
Q.5 Define the following :(i) Order of a reaction (ii) Activation energy of a reaction [C.B.S.E. 2009]
Q.6 A first order reaction has a rate constant of 0.0051 min
1
. If we begin with 0.10 M concentration of the
reactant, what concentration of the reactant will be left after 3 hours ? [C.B.S.E. 2009]
Q.7 (a) Explain the following terms: [C.B.S.E. 2010]
(i) Order of a reaction (ii) Molecularity of a reaction
(b) The rate of a reaction increases four times when the temperature changes from 300 K to 320 K.
Calculate the energy of activation of the reaction, assuming that it does not change with temperature.
(R = 8314 JK
1
mol
1
)

Chemical Kinetics

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Chemical Kinetics

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CHEMICAL KINETICS 53

Factors affecting rate of reaction:

(ii) For given reaction,

Substituting the given values, we get

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