Dress code

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the 2000 film released on video as The Dress Code, see Bruno (2000 film).

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Male Western dress code


Alim Khan's bemedalled robecommunicates a social message


Dress code sign outside the Sheikh Zayed Mosque in Abu Dhabi
Dress codes are written and, more often, unwritten rules with regard to clothing. Clothing like
other aspects of human physical appearance has a social significance, with different rules and
expectations being valid depending on circumstance and occasion. Even within a single day an
individual may need to navigate between two or more dress codes, at a minimum these are
those that apply at their place of work and those at home, usually this ability is a result of cultural
acclimatization. Different societies and cultures will have different dress norms although Western
styles are commonly accepted as valid.
The dress code has built in rules or signals indicating the message being given by a person's
clothing and how it is worn. This message may include indications of the person's
gender, income, occupation and social class, political, ethnic and religious affiliation, attitude and
attitude towards comfort, fashion, traditions, gender expression, marital status, sexual availability,
and sexual orientation, etc. Clothes convey other social messages including the stating or
claiming personal or cultural identity, the establishing, maintaining, or defying social
group norms, and appreciating comfort and functionality.
For example, wearing expensive clothes can communicate wealth, the image of wealth,
or cheaper access to quality clothing. All factors apply inversely to the wearing of inexpensive
clothing and similar goods. The observer sees the resultant, expensive clothes, but may
incorrectly perceive the extent to which these factors apply to the person observed.
(cf. conspicuous consumption). Clothing can convey a social message, even if none
is intended.
[citation needed]

If the receiver's code of interpretation differs from the sender's code of communication,
misinterpretation follows. In every culture, currentfashion governs the manner of consciously
constructing, assembling, and wearing clothing to convey a social message. The rate of change
of fashion varies, and so modifies the style in wearing clothes and its accessories within months
or days, especially in small social groups or in communications media-influenced modern
societies. More extensive changes, requiring more time, money, and effort to effect, may span
generations. When fashion changes, the messages communicated by clothing change.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
o 1.1 Europe
o 1.2 The Americas
2 Signifier
o 2.1 Gender
o 2.2 Social status
o 2.3 Occupation
o 2.4 Ethnic and political affiliation
o 2.5 Religious affiliation
o 2.6 Marital status
3 Laws and social norms
4 Private dress codes
5 Work place
o 5.1 Business casual
6 Inverse dress codes
7 Violation of clothing taboos
8 Rebellion against dress codes
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
Europe[edit]
See also: Sumptuary laws
In the Middle Ages, the European nobility used a dress code to differentiate themselves from the
other classes.
The Americas[edit]
The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast had a complex social structure, including
slaves, commoners, and nobles, and dress codes to indicate these social distinctions. John R.
Jewitt, an Englishman who wrote a memoir about his years as a captive of the Nuu-chah-nulth
people in 1802-1805, describes how, after some time living there, Maquinna and the chiefs
decided that he must now be "considered one of them, and conform to their customs". Jewitt
resented the imposition of this dress code, finding the loose untailored garments very cold, and
attributed to them a subsequent illness of which he almost died. He was not allowed to cut his
hair, and had to paint his face and body as a Nootka would.
[1]

Signifier[edit]


A placard informs tourists about the minimum clothing standards for entering St. Peter's
Basilica in Vatican


Poster in Qatar calling on foreign women to dress modestly
Gender[edit]
See also: Cross-dressing
In some traditions, certain types of clothing are worn exclusively or predominantly by either men
or women. For example, the wearing of askirt tends to be associated with female dress,
while trousers are associated with male dress. Hairdressing in some societies may also conform
to a dress code, such as long hair for women and short hair for men. Some headgear are usually
geared towards women, such as hair-clips, hairpins, and barettes.
Social status[edit]
In many societies, particular clothing may indicate social status, reserved or affordable to people
of high rank. For example, in Ancient Rome only senators were permitted to wear garments dyed
with Tyrian purple; and, in traditional Hawaiian society, only high-ranking chiefs could
wear feather cloaks and palaoa or carved whale teeth. In China before the establishment of
the republic, only the emperor could wear yellow.
[citation needed]

The act of bullying has become a major problem in our school systems today amongst all ages. It
has led to social issues, self-doubt,depression and even suicide attempts amongst students. In
1996, former President Bill Clinton announced his support for the idea of school uniforms by
stating, School uniforms are one step that may help break the cycle of violence, truancy and
disorder by helping young students understand what really counts is what kind of people they
are. It did not take much more than this presidential approval to get many schooldistricts across
the country on board.
[2]
By requiring students to wear a school uniform they are less likely to
have something to make fun of other students for. This would cause the students to get to know
one another by their personality and who they really are rather than the clothes they wear.
Occupation[edit]
Military, police, and firefighters usually wear uniforms, as do workers in many industries. School
children often wear school uniforms, while college and university students sometimes
wear academic dress. Members of religious orders may wear uniforms known as habits.
Sometimes a single item of clothing or a single accessory can declare one's occupation or rank
within a profession.
Ethnic and political affiliation[edit]
In many regions of the world, national costumes and styles in clothing and ornament declare
membership in a certain village, caste, religion, etc. A Scotsman declares his clan with his tartan.
A French peasant woman identified her village with her cap or coif. A Palestinian woman
identifies her village with the pattern ofembroidery on her dress.
[3]

Clothes can also proclaim dissent from cultural norms and mainstream beliefs, as well as
personal independence. In 19th-century Europe, artists and writers lived la vie de Bohmeand
dressed to shock: George Sand in men's clothing, female emancipationists in bloomers, male
artists in velvet waistcoats and gaudy neckcloths. Bohemians, beatniks, hippies,Goths, Punks,
and Skinheads have continued the (countercultural) tradition in the 20th-century West.
Religious affiliation[edit]


Mannequins with traditional Muslimveil at a Saturday market in Tira, Israel.
A Sikh or Muslim man may display his religious affiliation by wearing a turban and other
traditional clothing. Many Muslim women wear head or body coverings (see sartorial
hijab, hijab, burqa or niqab, chador, and abaya) that proclaim their status as respectable women
and cover the so-called intimate parts. A Jewish man may indicate his observance of Judaism by
wearing a yarmulke.
Marital status[edit]
See also: Visual markers of marital status
Traditionally, Hindu women wear sindoor, a red powder, in the parting of their hair to indicate
their married status; if widowed, they abandonsindoor and jewelry and wear simple white
clothing. However, this is not true of all Hindu women; in the modern world this is not a norm and
women without sindoor may not necessarily be unmarried.
In many Orthodox Jewish circles, married women wear head coverings such as a hat, snood, or
wig. Additionally, after their marriage, Jewish men of Ashkenazi descent begin to wear
a Tallit during prayer.
Men and women of the Western world may wear wedding rings to indicate their married status,
and women may also wear engagement rings when they are engaged.
Laws and social norms[edit]
Main article: Clothing laws by country

This section
requires expansion.(June 2008)
In Tonga, it is illegal for men to appear in public without a shirt.
In New Guinea and Vanuatu, there are areas where it is customary for the men to wear nothing
but penis sheaths in public - this is uncommon in more developed areas. Women wear string
skirts. In remote areas of Bali, women may go topless. In America, there are nude beaches.
In the United States, a few businesses or restaurants display dress code signs requiring shoes
and shirts, claiming to be there on account of a health code,
[citation needed]
although no such health
codes exist.
[4]
Also, it is common belief that there are laws against driving barefoot. However, no
such laws exist. It is quite uncommon for people to be nude in public in the United States.
However, there are a few private beaches and resorts that cater to such a population.
Private dress codes[edit]


Dress code for a private club inSoho, London
Private organisations may insist on particular dress codes or standards in particular situations.
Religious bodies may insist on their standards of modesty being followed at their premises
and events.
Employees are sometimes required to wear a uniform or certain standards of dress, such as
a business suit or tie. This may depend on particular situations, for example if they are
expected to interact with customers. (see also International standard business attire) These
policies vary depending on the industry with lawyers, bankers, and executives often wearing
suit and tie. Some work places require thattattoos be covered.
Patrons of a disco or nightclub are sometimes expected to dress in a particular style, such
as clubwear; and bouncers of a disco or nightclub at times refuse entrance to those whose
clothing they consider not consistent with the atmosphere of the venue.
Patrons of a casino, shop, or restaurant are usually expected to dress to a minimum
standard, such as smart casual.
The organisers of some parties sometimes specify a costume or theme for the event, such
as a naked party or toga party.
Fetish clubs often require patrons to dress in fetish clothing or else all in black.
Dress codes function on certain social occasions and for certain jobs. A military institution may
require specified uniforms; if it allows the wearing of plain clothes it may place restrictions on
their use.
A "formal" or white tie dress code typically means tail-coats for men and full-length evening
dresses for women. "Semi-formal" has a much less precise definition but typically means an
evening jacket and tie for men (known as black tie) and a dress for women. "Business casual"
typically means not wearing neckties or suits, but wearing instead collared shirts, and
more country trousers (not black, but more relaxed, including things such as corduroy). "Casual"
typically just means clothing for the torso, legs and shoes. "Wedding Casual" defines yet another
mode of dress, where guests dress respectfully, but not necessarily fancily. The uniform may
consist of various items that are appropriate length and style depending on what the school
suggests: for example, khaki pants or shorts, plaid skirts, a button-up collared shirt, a sweater,
a coat and tie and even socks. Some schools have each grade assigned a color type which
communicates what grade the student is currently in. That way if a student is lost someone is
able to figure out what grade they are in just by looking at the color of their shirt. If the student is
younger, older students and faculty are able to look out for them and make sure they are safe.
Organisations which seek to maintain standards of modesty have difficulties with sheer and see-
through clothing.
Dress codes usually set a lower limit on body covering. However, sometimes it can specify the
opposite: for example, in UK gay jargon, dress code, means people who dress in a militaristic
manner. Dress code nights in nightclubs, and elsewhere, are deemed to specifically target
people who have militaristic fetishes (e.g. leather/skinhead men).
See also shoe etiquette, mourning, sharia, Dress code (Western).
Work place[edit]
White collar work place clothing has changed significantly through the years. In a corporate
office, appropriate clothes are clean, business casual clothes such as a dress shirt,polo shirt,
and trousers, or other similar outfits. Suits, neckties, and other formal wear are usually only
required in law offices and financial sector offices. Previous business dress code eras (the 1950s
in the U.S.) featured standardized business clothes that strongly differentiated what was
acceptable and unacceptable for men and women to wear while working. Today, the two styles
have merged; women's work clothes expanded to include the suit (and its variants) in addition to
the usual dresses, skirts, and blouses; men's clothes have expanded to include garments and
bright colours.
[citation needed]

Casual wear entered business culture with the advent of the Silicon Valley, California, technology
company featuring casual work clothes on the job. Additionally, some companies set aside days
generally Fridays ("dress-down Friday", "casual Friday") when workers may wear casual
clothes. This practice has moderated somewhat since the end of the dot com era. The clothing a
company requires its worker to wear on the job varies with the occupation and profession.
Some businesses observe that anti-discrimination law restricts their determining what is
appropriate and inappropriate workplace clothing. Yet, in fact, most businesses have much
authority in determining and establishing what work place clothes they can require of their
workers. Generally, a carefully drafted dress code applied consistently does not violate anti-
discrimination laws.
[5]

Business casual[edit]
Main article: Business casual
Business casual dress, also "smart casual", is a popular work place dress code that emerged
in white-collar workplaces in Western countries in the 1990s, especially in the United States and
Canada. Many information technology businesses in Silicon Valley were early adopters of this
dress code. In contrast to formal business wear such as suits andneckties (the international
standard business attire), the business casual dress code has no generally accepted definition;
its interpretation differs widely among organizations and is often a cause of sartorial confusion
among workers.
The job search engine Monster.com offers this definition: In general, business casual means
dressing professionally, looking relaxed, yet neat and pulled together. A more pragmatic
definition is that business casual dress is the mid ground between formal business clothes and
street clothes. Examples of clothing combinations considered appropriate for work by businesses
that consider themselves as using the business-casual dress code are:
for men: a shirt with a collar (polo shirt) and cotton trousers (or "khakis" in American English).
for women: a tennis shirt and trousers.
Generally, neckties are excluded from business casual dress, unless worn in nontraditional ways.
The acceptability of blue jeans and denim cloth clothing varies some businesses consider
them to be sloppy.
Inverse dress codes[edit]
Inverse dress codes, sometimes referred to as "undress code", set forth an upper bound, rather
than a lower bound, on body covering. An example of an undress code is the one commonly
enforced in modern communal bathing facilities. For example, in the public
bath SchwabenQuellen, no clothing of any kind is allowed in the sauna part of the resort. Other,
less strict undress codes are common in public pools, especially indoor pools, in which shoes
and shirts are disallowed.
Places where social nudity is practiced may be "clothing optional," or nudity may be compulsory,
with exceptions. See issues in social nudity.
Violation of clothing taboos[edit]
Some clothing faux pas may occur intentionally for reasons of fashion or personal preference.
For example, people may wear intentionally oversized clothing. For instance, theteenage boys
of rap duo Kris Kross of the early 1990s wore all of their clothes backwards and extremely baggy.
Rebellion against dress codes[edit]
Social attitudes to clothing have brought about various rules and social conventions, such as
keeping the body covered, and not showing underwear in public. The backlash against these
social norms has become a traditional form of rebellion. Over time, western societies have
gradually adopted more casual dress codes in the workplace, school, and leisure. This has
especially been the case since the early 1960s

Headgear
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Hats and Caps" redirects here. For the 18th century Swedish political factions, see Hats
(party) and Caps (party).
For other uses, see Headgear (disambiguation).


A collection of headgear

[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on thetalk page.
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (January
2012)
This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2011)


Headgear, headwear or headdress is the name given to any element of clothing which is worn
on one's head.
Headgear serve a variety of purposes:
protection (against impact, cold, heat, rain and other precipitation,
glare, sunburn, sunstroke, dust, contaminants, etc.)
to keep hair contained or tidy
decoration or fashion
religious purposes
medical purposes
modesty; social convention
distinction; a badge of office
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview of headgear types
o 1.1 Bonnets
o 1.2 Caps
o 1.3 Crowns
o 1.4 Fillets
o 1.5 Hair covers
o 1.6 Hats
o 1.7 Helmets
o 1.8 Hoods
o 1.9 Masks
o 1.10 Orthodontic headgear
o 1.11 Turbans
o 1.12 Veils and head wraps
o 1.13 Wig
2 Purpose of headgear
o 2.1 Protection or defense
o 2.2 Fashion
o 2.3 Religious significance
o 2.4 Symbol of status or office
3 Headgear etiquette
4 Beginnings
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Overview of headgear types[edit]
Bonnets[edit]


Piper wearing a Feather bonnet


Kuban cossacks in Russianpapakhis
Bonnets, as worn by women and girls, were hats worn outdoors which were secured by tying
under the chin, and often which had some kind of peak or visor. Some styles of bonnets had
peaks so large that they effectively prevented women from looking right or left without turning
their heads. Bonnets worn by men and boys are generally distinguished from hats by being soft
and having no brimthis usage is now rare (they would normally be called caps today, except
in Scotland where the "bunnet" is common in both civilian life and in the Royal Regiment of
Scotland).
Caps[edit]
Caps are generally soft and often have no brim or just a peak (like on a baseball cap). For many
centuries women wore a variety of head-coverings which were called caps. For example, in the
18th and 19th centuries a cap was a kind of head covering made of a flimsy fabric such
as muslin; it was worn indoors or under a bonnet by married women, or older unmarried women
who were "on the shelf" (e.g. mob-cap). An ochipok is part of traditional Ukrainian costume.
Crowns[edit]
Some headgear, such as the crown, coronet, and tiara, have evolved into jewelry. These
headgear are worn as a symbol of nobility or royal status. Kokoshnik is part of Russian traditional
dress, often worn by nobility.
Fillets[edit]
A fillet or circlet is a round band worn around the head and over the hair. Elaborate and costly
versions of these eventually evolved intocrowns, but fillets could be made from woven bands
of fabric, leather, beads or metal. Fillets are unisex, and are especially prevalent in archaic
to renaissance dress.
Hair covers[edit]
Hairnets are used to prevent loose hair from contaminating food or work areas. A snood is a net
or fabric bag pinned or tied on at the back of a woman's head for holding the hair. Scarves are
used to protect styled hair or keep it tidy. Shower caps and swim caps prevent hair from
becoming wet or entangled during activity.
Hats[edit]


Napolon Bonaparte in his familiar bicorne hat
Hats often have a brim all the way around the rim, and may be either placed on the head, or
secured with hat-pins (which are pushed through the hat and the hair). Depending on the type of
hat, they may be properly worn by men, by women or by both sexes.
Helmets[edit]
Helmets are designed to protect the head, and sometimes the neck, from injury. They are usually
rigid, and offer protection from blows. Helmets are commonly worn in battle, on construction sites
and in many contact sports (most commonly being associated with American football). In most of
the United States they are required by law for anyone operating a range of vehicles including
motorcycles, and sometimes extending to bicycles and skateboards.
Hoods[edit]


Queen Mary I of England wearing aFrench hood
Modern hoods are generally soft headcoverings which are an integral part of a larger garment,
like an overcoat, shirt or cloak.
Historically, hoods were either similar to modern hoods, or a separate form of headgear. In
medieval Europe hoods with short capes, calledchaperons in French, were extremely common,
and later evolved into elaborate and adaptable hats. Women's hoods varied from close-fitting,
soft headgear to stiffened, structured hoods (e.g. gable hoods, hennins or French hoods) or very
large coverings made of material over a frame which fashionable women wore over towering
wigs or hairstyles to protect them from the elements (e.g. calash).
Masks[edit]
A mask is worn over part or all of the face, frequently to disguise the wearer, but sometimes to
protect the face. Masks are often worn for pleasure to disguise the wearer at fancy dress parties,
masqued balls, during Halloween or other festivals, or as part of an artistic performance. They
may also be worn by criminals to prevent recognition or as camouflage while they commit a
crime. Masks which physically protect the wearer vary in design, from guard bars across the face
in the case of ice hockey goalkeepers, to facial enclosures which purify or control the wearer's air
supply, as in gas masks.
Orthodontic headgear[edit]
Main article: Orthodontic headgear


Full orthodontic headgear with headcap, fitting straps, facebow and elastics
Orthodontic headgear is used to control the growth of the maxillary and mandibular bones
during orthodontic treatment.The most common treatment headgear is used for is to correct
anteroposterior discrepancies. The headgear attaches to the braces via metal hooks or a
facebow. Straps or a head cap anchor the headgear to the back of the head or neck. In some
situations, both are used.
[1]

Elastic bands are used to apply pressure to the bow or hooks which is then transferred to the
patients teeth and jaw. Its purpose is to slow or stop the upper jaw from growing, thereby
preventing or correcting an overjet. Other forms of headgear treat reverse overjets, in which the
top jaw is not forward enough. It is similar to a facemask, also attached to braces, and
encourages forward growth of the upper jaw.
Turbans[edit]


Moche ceramic vessel depicting a man wearing a turban. Larco MuseumCollection. Lima-Peru
Turbans are headgear, mostly for males, made up from a single piece of cloth which is wrapped
around the head in a wide variety of styles. Turban is the best known word in English for a large
category of headgear and general head wraps traditionally worn in many parts of the world.
Turbans for women are a popular choice during chemotherapy treatment as an alternative to
wigs, hats, headscarves and headbands. Turbans for women made in natural fabrics are both
comfortable and functional. The Breast Cancer Care booklet, Breast cancer and hair loss
suggests "You may want to wear a soft hat or turban in bed to collect loose hairs"
[2]

Veils and head wraps[edit]


Hesquiat woman veiled in a shawl.
A veil is a piece of sheer fabric that covers all or part of the face. For centuries women covered
their hair, neck, ears, chin, and parts of the face with fabric. Each culture created elaborate head
wraps for women and men using a shawl, headscarf, kerchief or veil. Very elaborate veiling
practices are common in Islam, Africa and Eastern Europe. Women who don't cover their head
on a regular basis, often use a veil in traditional wedding and funeral ceremonies.
Wig[edit]
Wigs are headpieces made from natural or synthetic hair
[3]
which may be worn to
disguise baldness or thin hair, or as part of a costume. Atoupee may be worn by a man to cover
partial baldness. In most Commonwealth nations, special wigs are also worn
by barristers, judges, and certain parliamentary officials as a symbol of the office.
Purpose of headgear[edit]
Protection or defense[edit]


A "cheche" or "tagelmoust" turban, worn by men and women in Saharan Africa as protection
against wind and sand


Moche ceramic vessel showing a warrior wearing headgear. Larco MuseumCollection. Lima,
Peru.
The most common use of headgear is as protection for the head and eyes.
A baseball cap is used by sports players to keep the sun out of their eyes, and by some chefs to
keep the hair out of their food. Traditionally, silk chef's hats are used for this purpose. A rain hat
has a wide rim to keep the rain out of the wearer's face. Some traditional types of hat such as the
Mexican sombrero also serve this purpose.
There are also the full range of helmets. There are also hats that are worn for protection from the
cold. These include many varieties of fur hats, and also the Canadian tuque.
Fashion[edit]


Young Bedouin man wearing a North Africanversion of the fez.
Headgear is also an article of fashion. The formal man's black silk top hat was formerly an
indispensable portion of the suit, and women's hats have, over the years, attained a fantastic
number of shapes ranging from immense confections to no more than a few bits of cloth and
decorations piled on top of the head. Some hats, such as Deep Blue Sea, are showpiece
creations created more as works of art than as practical items of fashion, and may be worth
thousands or millions of dollars. Recently, the hat as an article of formal wear has fallen out of
fashion, though some kinds of hats other than baseball caps may be included in young people's
subcultural fashions.
Religious significance[edit]


Woman wearing a scarf wrapped around her head and face as a niqab, a popular style in the
Levant region.
See also: Christian headcovering
Some headgear is worn for religious practice.
In Judaism, men cover their heads out of reverence for God. Jewish religious headgear for men
include small cloth skull-caps, calledkippahs or yarmulkes. Some men wear them at all times,
others in the synagogue. In Orthodox and Hasidic Judaism, the kippah may also be additionally
covered by hats such as fedoras or shtreimels. Traditional married Jewish women cover their
hair in various ways, such as with headscarfs, called tichels, snoods, or wigs,
called sheitels according to the principles and halacha of tzniut.
Similar to the yarmulke is the zucchetto worn by Roman Catholic clergy. Other forms of apostolic
headgear include the mitre, biretta, tasselled cardinal's hat, and the papal tiara. Orthodox
Christian clergy and monastics often wear a skufia, a kamilavkion, or a klobuk. See also the fez
(clothing). The term red hat, when used within the Roman Catholic Church, refers to the
appointment of a Cardinal, a seniorPrince of the Church, who is a member of the electoral
college that chooses the Pope. On being appointed to the cardinalate, he is said to have
received the red hat, or cardinal's biretta.
Male Sikhs are required to wear turbans.
In Islam, the Hijab, or headscarf, is worn by women because it is considered modest. Muslim
men also wear a skullcap called a "kufi" ortaqiyah (cap). Until more recent times, men in most
Muslim societies were rarely seen without headdress of some sort. The doppaoriginating in
the Caucasus is worn by Kazan Tatars, Uzbeks and Uyghurs. Conservative Muslims
in Indonesia and Malaysia, especially in the rural areas, are often seen wearing a thin kopiah.
The black satin headgear called or known as fenta or topi is a pillbox-shaped skullcap, worn by
ZarathushtrisZoroastrians. It is considered in the Zarathushtri religion to be of vital importance in
the attainment of Urvaan, the Zoroastrian equivalent of Buddhist Nirvana. In earlier times, a very
saucer-shaped, red and white striped kipah was the hallmark of the Zarathushtri.
Buddhist priests in China wear the bao-tzu (more commonly known as the mao-tzu,
Mandarin mozi), the classic skullcap that is the most like the Jewish tradition. In Japan, the
cap is more in the form of a pillbox and is called the boshi (). Though not of ecclesiastical
significance, the Buddhist skullcap does denote something about the priest's standing in the
community.
Switzerland is home to the Cup-and-Ring (or Kuppa-unt-Hinge) skullcap, a straw cap with
embroidered flowers, a small pompom in the center, and velvet strips sewn round it in rings. This
cap was traditionally worn by shepherds for luck and by married men (for fertility).
Some have chosen to wear a pasta strainer in identity photographs as "Pastafarians", when
headgear in identity photographs are only permitted on religious grounds.
[4]

Symbol of status or office[edit]
Headgear such as crowns and tiaras are worn in recognition of noble status especially among
royalty. Wigs are worn traditionally by judges and barristers of Commonwealth nations.
Feathered headpieces are worn by various Native North American and South
American indigenous peoples.
[5]

Headgear etiquette[edit]


Portrait of a Lady wearing the Order of the Swan


Bororo Indian men, Matto Grosso, Brazil.
In the Western culture derived from Christian tradition, removing one's headgear is a sign of
respect, making oneself more open, humble or vulnerable, much like bowing or kneeling. This is
as if to say, "I acknowledge that you are more powerful than I am, I make myself vulnerable to
show I pose no threat to you and respect you." Men's hats are removed in Church, and not
removing them is usually frowned upon. Women, however, are required to wear a hat to cover
the head in some churches based on 1 Corinthians 11:5.
In the Jewish tradition, the converse idea equally shows respect for the superior authority of God.
Wearing a kippah or yarmulke means the wearer is acknowledging the vast gulf of power,
wisdom, and authority that separates God from mankind. It is a sign of humility to wear a
yarmulke. There is a common phrase that explains this, saying that "there's always something
above you" if you're wearing a yarmulke, helping you remember you're human and God is
infinite. A Talmudic quote speaks of a righteous man who would "not walk (six feet) with an
uncovered head, the (spirit of God) is always above him". Jews also may wear a fur hat or a
black hat with a brim.
In Islamic etiquette, wearing headgear is perfectly permissible while saying prayers at a mosque,
see taqiyah (cap) for further information.
[6]

In the military, there are specific rules about when and where to wear a hat. Hats are generally
worn outdoors only, at sea as well as on land; however, personnel carrying firearms typically also
wear their hats indoors. Removing one's hat is also a form of salute. Many schoolsalso have this
rule due to the fact that many younger men tend to wear baseball caps and this being in relations
to gangs depending on the side in which the hat is worn.
As a guideline, a man should remove his hat to show respect for the dead, when a national
anthem is played or in the presence of royalty, in a church or courtroom, and during other solemn
occasions, when meeting someone, and indoors while in the presence of a lady (though there is
no actual relationship to uncovered heads and any of those places and situations). A woman
may continue wearing her hat, unless she is wearing what is considered a unisex hat, such as a
baseball cap, when she should remove her hat as well. Women usually do not take off their hats
in these situations because they may be carefully pinned to their hair but take off their hats only
in their own homes.
Finally, the hat can be raised (briefly removed and replaced, with either hand),
or "tipped" (touched or tilted forward) as a greeting.
Beginnings[edit]
There are two types of hats: with brims and without. Necessity and fashion are the reason people
wear hats. The first manufactured hats were nothing more than a round piece of leather. A circle
of holes about the size of one's head was punched in the leather, and a string was then woven
through those holes and pulled tight to hold the hat snugly to the head. The hatband separated
the crown from the brim.
The wide floppy brim was tied up with a ribbon, to keep it out of ones eyes. Some times when
the ribbon was off they would see that the brim stayed curled by itself. This led to the hand-curled
brim.
Brims were bound with ribbon to keep them from fraying after being trimmed with the knife.
Although advancements in materials have eliminated the need for binding the brim, or pinning it
up, the custom remains. We must keep our brims curled up because long ago hattersdid not
know how to stiffen a brim.
When men went off to do battle it was customary to wear a feather from their loved one. Because
men were mostly right-handed they lead when sword fighting with the right side. At first they
would stick the feather in the adjusting hatband. Unless they wanted to fight blind,
surviving duelers moved the feather and knot, to the left side of the hat, where it remains today.
As time went on, they would wrap a ribbon around the crown to hold the feather and hide the tie
string knot.
When leather turned to velvet some protection was needed to keep the soft fabric from falling on
peoples hair, this is where the lining came from. Even though modern hats are stiff enough not
to collapse, the custom remains. Individual sizing eliminated the need for the tie string, but the
bow remains at the back of the hat, serving as a memorial to bygone hatters. What has evolved
from necessity later became fashion.
[7]

Hats like the cowboy hat were designed from the fur up, to provide a lightweight all-weather
shield from the climatic conditions of the American West. Hats like the baseball cap were
designed to provide shade

Hairstyle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Haircut" redirects here. For other uses, see Haircut (disambiguation).

The examples and perspective in this article may not
represent a worldwide view of the
subject. Please improve this articleand discuss the issue
on the talk page. (September 2011)


Traditional hairstyle of a Japanese bride.


The Venus of Willendorf with braided hair (or wearing a woven basket)
A hairstyle, hairdo, or haircut refers to the styling of hair, usually on the human
scalp. The fashioning of hair can be considered an aspect of personal
grooming, fashion, and cosmetics, although practical, cultural, and popular
considerations also influence some hairstyles.
[1][2]

Contents
[hide]
1 Prehistory and history
o 1.1 Paleolithic
o 1.2 Bronze Age
o 1.3 Ancient history
o 1.4 Roman Empire and Middle Ages
o 1.5 Early modern history
1.5.1 Male styles
1.5.2 Female styles
8 References

Defining factors[edit]
A hairstyle's aesthetic considerations may be determined by many factors, such as
the subject's physical attributes and desired self-image or the stylist's artistic
instincts.
Physical factors include natural hair type and growth patterns, face and head shape
from various angles, and overall body proportions; medical considerations may also
apply. Self-image may be directed toward conforming to mainstream values (military-
style crew cuts or current "fad" hairstyles such as the Dido flip), identifying with
distinctively groomed subgroups (e.g., punk hair), or obeying religious dictates (e.g.,
Orthodox Jewish have payot, Rastafari have Dreadlocks, North India jatas, or the
Sikh practice of Kesh), though this is highly contextual and a "mainstream" look in
one setting may be limited to a "subgroup" in another.
A hairstyle is achieved by arranging hair in a certain way, occasionally using combs,
a blow-dryer, gel, or other products. The practice of styling hair is often
called hairdressing, especially when done as an occupation.
Hairstyling may also include adding accessories (such as headbands or barrettes) to
the hair to hold it in place, enhance its ornamental appearance, or partially or fully
conceal it with coverings such as a kippa, hijab, tam or turban.
Hairstyle process[edit]


Most cosmetology programs in the United States require students to purchase practice heads
that are made with real human hair. Students can cut, color and add permanents as they are
trained in the procedures.
Hair dressing may include cuts, weaves, coloring, extensions, perms, permanent
relaxers, curling, and any other form of styling or texturing.
Length and trimming[edit]
Hair cutting or hair trimming is intended to create or maintain a specific shape and
form. Its extent may range from merely trimming the uneven ends of the hair to a
uniform length to completely shaving the head.
The overall shape of the hairstyle is usually maintained by trimming it at regular
intervals. There are ways to trim one's own hair but usually another person is
enlisted to perform the process, as it is difficult to maintain symmetry while cutting
hair at the back of one's head. Although trimming enhances the hair's appearance by
removing damaged or split ends, it does not promote faster growth or remove all
damage along the length of the hair.
Stylists often wash a subject's hair first, so that the hair is cut while still slightly damp.
Compared to dry hair, wet hair can be easier to manage in a cut/style situation
because the added weight and surface tension of the water cause the strands to
stretch downward and cling together along the hair's length, holding a line and
making it easier for the stylist to create a form.
Brushing and combing[edit]


Hair styling in Himba tribe
Brushes and combs are used to organize and untangle the hair, encouraging all of
the strands to lie in the same direction and removing debris such as lint, dandruff, or
hairs that have already shed from their follicles but continue to cling to the other
hairs.
There are all manner of detangling tools available in a wide variety of price
ranges. Combs come in all shapes and sizes and all manner of materials including
plastics, wood, and horn. Similarly, brushes also come in all sizes and shapes,
including various paddle shapes. Most benefit from using some form of a wide tooth
comb for detangling. Most physicians advise against sharing hair care instruments
like combs and clips, to prevent spreading hair conditions like dandruff and head lice.
The historical dictum to brush hair with one hundred strokes every day is somewhat
archaic, dating from a time when hair was washed less frequently; the brushstrokes
would spread the scalp's natural oils down through the hair, creating a protective
effect. Now, however, this does not apply when the natural oils have been washed
off by frequent shampoos. Also, hairbrushes are now usually made with rigid plastic
bristles instead of the natural boar's bristles that were once standard; the plastic
bristles increase the likelihood of actually injuring the scalp and hair with excessively
vigorous brushing.
Drying[edit]
Hair dryers speed the drying process of hair by blowing air, which is usually heated,
over the wet hair shaft to accelerate the rate of water evaporation.
Excessive heat may increase the rate of shaft-splitting or other damage to the hair.
Hair dryer diffusers can be used to widen the stream of air flow so it is weaker but
covers a larger area of the hair.
Hair dryers can also be used as a tool to sculpt the hair to a very slight degree.
Proper technique involves aiming the dryer such that the air does not blow onto the
face or scalp, which can cause burns.
Braiding and updos[edit]
Tight or frequent braiding may pull at the hair roots and cause traction
alopecia. Rubber bands with metal clasps or tight clips, which bend the hair shaft at
extreme angles, can have the same effect.
If hair is pinned too tightly, or the whole updo slips causing pulling on the hair in the
follicle at the hair root are other scenarios that can cause aggravation to the hair
follicle and result in headaches. Although many African- Americans use braiding
extensions as a form of convenience, it is important not to keep the braids up longer
than needed to avoid hair breakage or hair loss.
Industry[edit]
Hair styling is a major world industry, from the salon itself to products, advertising,
and even magazines on the subject. In the United States, most hairstylists are
licensed after obtaining training at a cosmetology or beauty school.
[34]

In recent years, competitive events for professional stylists have grown in popularity.
Stylists compete on deadline to create the most elaborate hairstyle using props,
lights and other fantastic accessories.
[35]

Tools[edit]


Hair being straightened with a flat iron.
Styling tools may include hair irons (including flat, curling, and crimping irons), hair
dryers, and hair rollers. Hair dressing might also include the use of hair product to
add texture, shine, curl, volume or hold to a particular style. Hairpins are also used
when creating particular hairstyles. Their uses and designs vary over different
cultural backgrounds.
Products[edit]
Styling products aside from shampoo and conditioner are many and varied. Leave-in
conditioner, conditioning treatments, mousse, gels, lotions, waxes,
creams, clays, serums, oils, and sprays are used to change the texture or shape of
the hair, or to hold it in place in a certain style. Applied properly, most styling
products will not damage the hair apart from drying it out; most styling products
contain alcohols, which can dissolve oils. Many hair products contain chemicals
which can cause build-up, resulting in dull hair or a change in perceived texture.
Wigs[edit]
Care of human or other natural hair wigs is similar to care of a normal head of hair in
that the wig can be brushed, styled, and kept clean using haircare products.
Synthetic wigs are usually made from a fine fiber that mimics human hair. This fiber
can be made in almost any color and hairstyle, and is often glossier than human hair.
However, this fiber is sensitive to heat and cannot be styled with flat irons or curling
irons. There is a newer synthetic fiber that can take heat up to a certain temperature.
Human hair wigs can be styled with heat, and they must be brushed only when
dry. Synthetic and human hair wigs should be brushed dry before shampooing to
remove tangles. To clean the wig, the wig should be dipped into a container with
water and mild shampoo, then dipped in clear water and moved up and down to
remove excess water. The wig must then be air dried naturally into its own
hairstyle.Proper maintenance can make a human hair wig last for many years.
Functional and decorative ornaments[edit]
There are many options to adorn and arrange the hair. Hairpins, clasps, barrettes,
headbands, ribbons, rubber bands, scrunchies, and combs can be used to achieve a
variety of styles. There are also many decorative ornaments that, while they may
have clasps to affix them to the hair, are used solely for appearance and do not aid
in keeping the hair in place. In India for example, the Gajra (flower garland) is
common there are heaps on hairstyles.
Social and cultural implications[edit]


A one-year-old in San Antonio, getting his first haircut
Gender[edit]
At most times in most cultures, men have worn their hair in styles that are different
from women's. American sociologist Rose Weitz once wrote that the most
widespread cultural rule about hair is that women's hair must differ from men's
hair.
[36]
An exception is the men and women living in the Orinoco-Amazon Basin,
where traditionally both genders have worn their hair cut into a bowl shape. In
Western countries in the 1960s, both young men and young women wore their hair
long and natural, and since then it has become more common for men to grow their
hair.
[37]
During most periods in human history when men and women wore similar
hairstyles, as in the 1920s and 1960s, it has generated significant social concern and
approbation.
[38]

Religion[edit]
Cutting off one's hair is often associated with religious faith: Catholic nuns often cut
their hair very short, and men who joined Catholic monastic orders in the eighth
century adopted what was known as the tonsure, which involved shaving the tops of
their heads and leaving a ring of hair around the bald
crown.
[37]
Many Buddhists, Hajj pilgrims and Vaisnavas, especially members of
the Hare Krishna movement who are brahmacharis or sannyasis, shave their heads.
Some Hindu and most Buddhist monks and nuns shave their heads upon entering
their order, and Korean Buddhist monks and nuns have their heads shaved every 15
days.
[39]
Adherents of Sikhismare required to wear their hair unshorn. Women
usually wear it in a braid or a bun and men cover it with a turban.
[citation needed]

Marital status[edit]
In the 1800s, American women started wearing their hair up when they became
ready to get married. Among the Fulani people of west Africa, unmarried women
wear their hair ornamented with small amber beads and coins, while married women
wear large amber ornaments. Marriage is signified among the Toposa women
of South Sudan by wearing the hair in many small pigtails. Unmarried Hopi women
have traditionally worn a "butterfly" hairstyle characterized by a twist or whorl of hair
at each side of the face.
[40]

Life transitions[edit]
In many cultures, including Hindu culture and among the Wayana people of
the Guiana highlands, young people have historically shaved off their hair to denote
coming-of-age. Women in India historically have signified adulthood by switching
from wearing two braids to one. Among the Rendille of north-eastern Kenya and
the Tchikrin people of theBrazilian rainforest, both men and women shave their
heads after the death of a close family member. When a man died in
ancient Greece, his wife cut off her hair and buried it with him,
[37]
and in Hindu
families, the chief mourner is expected to shave his or her head 10 days after a
death.
[41]

Social class[edit]
Throughout history, hair has been a signifier of social class.
Upper-class people have always used their hairstyles to signal wealth and status.
Wealthy Roman women wore complex hairstyles that needed the labours of several
people to maintain them,
[42]
and rich people have also often chosen hairstyles that
restricted or burdened their movement, making it obvious that they did not need to
work.
[43]
Wealthy people's hairstyles used to be at the cutting edge of fashion, setting
the styles for the less wealthy. But today, the wealthy are generally observed to wear
their hair in conservative styles that date back decades prior.
[44]

Middle-class hairstyles tend to be understated and professional. Middle-class people
aspire to have their hair look healthy and natural, implying that they have the
resources to live a healthy lifestyle and take good care of themselves.
Historically, working-class people's haircuts have tended to be practical and simple.
Working-class men have often shaved their heads or worn their hair close-cropped,
and working-class women have typically pulled their hair up and off their faces in
simple styles. However, today, working-class people often have more elaborate and
fashion-conscious hairstyles than other social classes. Many working-
class Mexican men in American cities wear their hair in styles like the Mongolian
(shaved except for a tuft of hair at the nape of the neck) or the rat tail (crewcut on
top, tuft at the nape), and African-Americans often wear their hair in complex
patterns of braids and cornrows, fastened with barrettes and beads, and sometimes
including shaved sections or bright colour. Sociologists say these styles are an
attempt to express individuality and presence in the face of social denigration and
invisibility.
[45]

Haircut in space[edit]


NASA astronaut Catherine (Cady) Coleman trims the hair of European Space Agency
astronaut Paolo Nespoli in the Kibo laboratory on the International Space
Stationduring Expedition 26. A hair clipper attached to a vacuum cleaner was used to remove the
free-floating hair clippings.
[46]

Haircuts also occur in space at the International Space Station. During the various
Expeditions astronauts use hair clippers attached to vacuum devices for grooming
their colleagues so that the cut hair will not drift inside the weightless environment of
the space station and become a nuisance to the astronauts or a hazard to the
sensitive equipment installations inside the station.
[46][47][48]

Haircutting in space was also used for charitable purposes in the case of
astronaut Sunita Williams who obtained such a haircut by fellow astronaut Joan
Higginbotham inside the International Space Station. Sunita's ponytail was brought
back to earth with the STS-116 crew and was donated to Locks of Love.
[49][50]

See also[edit]


Weaving
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about textile weaving. For other uses, see Weaving (disambiguation).
"Weaver (occupation)" redirects here. For other uses, see Weaver.

A ni-Vanuatu person demonstrates traditional weaving on Malakula.


Warp and weft in plain weaving


A satin weave, common for silk, each warp thread floats over 16 weft threads.
Weaving is a method of fabric production in which two distinct sets of yarns or
threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth. The other methods
are knitting, lace making, felting, and braiding or plaiting. The longitudinal threads
are called the warp and the lateral threads are the weft or filling. (Weft or woof is an
old English word meaning "that which is woven".
[1]
) The method in which these
threads are inter woven affects the characteristics of the cloth.
[2]

Cloth is usually woven on a loom, a device that holds the warp threads in place while
filling threads are woven through them. A fabric band which meets this definition of
cloth (warp threads with a weft thread winding between) can also be made using
other methods, including tablet weaving, back-strap, or other techniques without
looms.
[3]

The way the warp and filling threads interlace with each other is called the weave.
The majority of woven products are created with one of three basic weaves: plain
weave, satin weave, or twill.
[4]
Woven cloth can be plain (in one colour or
a simple pattern), or can be woven in decorative or artistic designs.
Contents
[hide]
1 Process and terminology
2 History
o 2.1 China and Southeast Asia
o 2.2 Islamic world
o 2.3 Medieval Europe
o 2.4 Huguenot Weavers
o 2.5 Weaving in the American Colonies (1500-1800)
o 2.6 Industrial Revolution
3 The role of the weaver
o 3.1 Hand loom weavers
o 3.2 Power loom weavers
o 3.3 Craft Weavers
o 3.4 Wire Weavers
4 Other cultures
o 4.1 Andean civilizations
o 4.2 American Southwest
o 4.3 Amazonia
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Process and terminology[edit]
Main articles: Loom and Power Loom


A woman weaving with a free-standing loom (type of hand loom)


An Indian weaver preparing his warp on a pegged loom (another type of hand loom)

Patricia Hernandez Chavez and mother work on backstrap looms in Oaxaca
In general, weaving involves using a loom to interlace two sets of threads at right
angles to each other: the warp which runs longitudinallyand the weft (older woof) that
crosses it. One warp thread is called an end and one weft thread is called a pick.
The warp threads are held taut and in parallel to each other, typically in a loom.
There are many types of looms.
[5]

Weaving can be summarized as a repetition of these three actions, also called
the primary motion of the loom.
Shedding: where the ends are separated by raising or lowering heald frames
(heddles) to form a clear space where the pick can pass
Picking:where the weft or pick is propelled across the loom by hand, an air-jet, a
rapier or a shuttle.
Beating-up or battening: where the weft is pushed up against the fell of the cloth
by the reed.
[6]

The warp is divided into two overlapping groups, or lines (most often adjacent
threads belonging to the opposite group) that run in twoplanes, one above another,
so the shuttle can be passed between them in a straight motion. Then, the upper
group is lowered by the loom mechanism, and the lower group is raised (shedding),
allowing to pass the shuttle in the opposite direction, also in a straight
motion.Repeating these actions form a fabric mesh but without beating-up, the final
distance between the adjacent wefts would be irregular and far too large.
The secondary motion of the loom are the:
Let off Motion: where the warp is let off the warp beam at a regulated speed to
make the filling even and of the required design
Take up Motion: Takes up the woven fabric in a regulated manner so that the
density of filling is maintained
The tertiary motions of the loom are the stop motions: to stop the loom in the
event of a thread break. The two main stop motions are the
warp stop motion
weft stop motion
The principal parts of a loom are the frame, the warp-beam or weavers beam, the
cloth-roll (apron bar), the heddles, and their mounting, the reed. The warp-beam is
a wooden or metal cylinder on the back of the loom on which the warp is delivered.
The threads of the warp extend in parallel order from the warp-beam to the front of
the loom where they are attached to the cloth-roll. Each thread or group of threads of
the warp passes through an opening (eye) in a heddle. The warp threads are
separated by the heddles into two or more groups, each controlled and automatically
drawn up and down by the motion of the heddles. In the case of small patterns the
movement of the heddles is controlled by cams which move up the heddles by
means of a frame called a harness; in larger patterns the heddles are controlled by a
dobby mechanism, where the healds are raised according to pegs inserted into a
revolving drum. Where a complex design is required, the healds are raised by
harness cords attached to a Jacquard machine. Every time the harness (the
heddles) moves up or down, an opening (shed) is made between the threads of
warp, through which the pick is inserted. Traditionally the weft thread is inserted by a
shuttle.
[6][7]

On a conventional loom, the weft thread is carried on a pirn, in a shuttle that passes
through the shed. A handloom weaver could propel the shuttle by throwing it from
side to side with the aid of a picking stick. The "picking on a power loom is done by
rapidly hitting the shuttle from each side using an overpick or underpick mechanism
controlled by cams 80-250 times a minute.
[6]
When a pirn is depleted, it is ejected
from the shuttle and replaced with the next pirn held in a battery attached to the
loom. Multiple shuttle boxes allow more than one shuttle to be used. Each can carry
a different colour which allows banding across the loom.
The rapier-type weaving machines do not have shuttles, they propel the weft by
means of small grippers or rapiers that pick up the filling thread and carry it halfway
across the loom where another rapier picks it up and pulls it the rest of the
way.
[8]
Some carry the filling yarns across the loom at rates in excess of 2,000
meters per minute. Manufacturers such as Picanol have reduced the mechanical
adjustments to a minimum, and control all the functions through a computer with
a graphical user interface. Other types use compressed air to insert the pick. They
are all fast, versatile and quiet.
[9]

The warp is sized in a starch mixture for smoother running. The loom warped
(loomed or dressed) by passing the sized warp threads through two or
more heddles attached to harnesses. The power weavers loom is warped by
separate workers. Most looms used for industrial purposes have a machine that ties
new warps threads to the waste of previously used warps threads, while still on the
loom, then an operator rolls the old and new threads back on the warp beam. The
harnesses are controlled by cams, dobbies or a Jacquard head.


A 3/1 twill, as used in denim
The raising and lowering sequence of warp threads in various sequences gives rise
to many possible weave structures: textile production went through profound
changes brought about by the industrial revolution in the 19th century. At the
beginning of the century in America, weaving was still done by hand, both
commercially and at home. Most professional weavers were men who did their work
for sale. Women wove items at home for family use. By the end of the 19th century
weavers were simply mill workers who tended several water or steam powered
looms at a time. The increased speed of production brought more textiles to the
average farmhouse and renderd
plain weave: plain, and hopsacks, poplin, taffeta,
[10]
poult-de-
soie, pibiones and grosgrain.
twill weave: these are described by weft float followed by warp float, arranged to
give diagonal pattern. 2/1 twill, 3/3 twill, 1/2 twill. These are softer fabrics than
plain weaves.,
[4]

satin weave: satins and sateens,
[11]

complex computer-generated interlacings.
pile fabrics : such as velvets and velveteens
[11]

Both warp and weft can be visible in the final product. By spacing the warp more
closely, it can completely cover the weft that binds it, giving a warp faced textile such
as repp weave.
[10]
Conversely, if the warp is spread out, the weft can slide down and
completely cover the warp, giving a weft faced textile, such as atapestry or
a Kilim rug. There are a variety of loom styles for hand weaving and tapestry.
[10]

History[edit]

Weaving in ancient Egypt
There are some indications that weaving was already known in the Paleolithic era.
An indistinct textile impression has been found at theDoln Vstonice site.
[12]

Neolithic textile production is supported by a 2013 find of linen cloth in burial F. 7121
at the atalhyk site
[13]
suggested to be from around 7000 BCE
[14]
with further finds
from the advanced civilisation preserved in the pile dwellings in Switzerland.
[citation
needed]
One extant fragment from the Neolithic was found in Fayum, at a site dated to
about 5000 BCE.
[citation needed]
This fragment is woven at about 12 threads by 9
threads per cm in a plain weave. Flax was the predominant fibre in Egypt at this time
(3600 BCE) and continued popularity in the Nile Valley, though wool became the
primary fibre used in other cultures around 2000 BCE.
[citation needed]

By biblical times,
[a]
weaving was known in all the great civilisations, but no clear line
of causality has been established. Early looms required two people to create the
shed, and one person to pass through the filling. Early looms wove a fixed length of
cloth, but later ones allowed warp to be wound out as the fell progressed. The
weavers were often children or slaves. Weaving became simpler when the warp was
sized.