Inclined Plane Group Lever Group: Simple Machines

Machines make work easier. They help us to do tasks with less effort.
All machines need energy to work.

Some machines change the intensity of a force: when we apply
a little force, the machine produces a bigger force.
For example, levers change the intensity of a force. Other machines
change the direction of a force. For example, when we pull
on a pulley rope, we create a downward force; the object on the other
end of the rope rises.
Compound Machines
A compound machine is made up of two or more simple machines.
Compound machines work together to make a task easier.
Examples: wheelbarrow, can opener, bicycle, shears
Machines
Screws
Screws are used to hold objects together and to raise and lower things. A screw is an
inclined plane wrapped around a nail. The inclined plane of a screw is called the thread.
When you put a screw into wood, the thread cuts a groove in the wood, making it hold very
tightly. Screws change the direction and intensity of a force.
Examples: bolt, Archimedes screw
Wedges
A wedge is made up of two inclined planes joined back to back. The edges of the planes
meet and form a sharp edge. Wedges can be used to hold things together, as in a nail, or
to split things apart, as in a knife. Wedges change the direction of a force.
Examples: ax, knife, nail
Lever
We use levers to lift things. A lever is a board or bar that rests on a turning point. This
turning point is called the fulcrum. The closer the object is to the fulcrum, the easier it
is to move. When we apply a force at the effort point, the force is intensified at the
resistance point. Levers change both the intensity and direction of a force.
Examples: seesaw, hammer, bottle opener, crowbaw, human arm
Pulley
A pulley is made up of a wheel and a rope. The rope fits into a groove on the wheel.
Pulling down on one end of the rope lifts the object on the other end. Pulleys help move
loads up, down or sideways. Pulleys change the direction of a force.
Examples: flag pole, crane
Wheel and Axle
An axle is a cylinder that goes through the center of a wheel. The axle allows the wheel
to turn. Wheels and axles change the intensity of a force, making it easy to move things
from place to place.
Examples: door knob, wagon wheels
Inclined Planes
An inclined plane is a sloping surface, such as a ramp. Inclined planes are used to move objects
up or down. The object moves farther than when it is lifted straight up or lowered straight down,
but less force is needed. Inclined planes change the intensity and direction of a force.
Examples: staircase, ramp, slide
Simple Machines
A simple machine has few or no moving parts. There are six simple
machines, which can be grouped as inclined planes and levers.
Inclined Plane Group Lever Group
levers
wheel and axle
Effort
Resistance
Fulcrum
Richmond Publishing 2006. Richmond Publishing is an imprint of Santillana Educacin, S.L.
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Key
1 Polar Bear
2 Walrus
3 Brown (Grizzly) Bear
4 Fir Tree
5 Grey Wolf
6 Red Deer
7 Reindeer
8 Killer Whale
9 Moose
10 Sea Lion
11 Saguaro Cactus
12 Rattlesnake
13 Bald Eagle
14 Lynx
15 Palm Tree
16 Tiger
17 Bamboo
18 Giant Panda
19 Rhesus Monkey
20 Dolphin
21 Jaguar
22 Macaw
23 African Elephant
24 Baobab
25 Dromedary Camel
26 Indian Elephant
27 Llama
28 Alligator
29 Lion
30 Giraffe
31 Orangutan
32 Toucan
33 Spider Monkey
34 Rhinoceros
35 Gorilla
36 Shark
37 Kangaroo
38 Eucalyptus
39 Koala
40 Ombu
41 Whale
42 Penguin
3
8
10 11 13
21
20 22
27 28
32
33
23 24
30
29
34
35
36
42
41
40
31
37
38
39
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Animal and Plant Habitats

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Activities
Habitats
Have students identify the animals and plants according to their
habitats: animals and plants which live in hot places (camel,
toucan, koala, rattlesnake, cactus), animals and plants which
live in temperate places (moose, lynx, rhesus monkey and
ferns), animals and plants which live in cold places (peguin,
polar bear, walrus, fir tree).
Then have students identify the animals which live in trees
(orangutan, koala, toucan), the animals which live on
the ground (lion, elephant, kangaroo) and animals which live
in water (whale, shark, sea lion).
Movement
Students list animals under these headings: Animals that Run,
Animals that Fly, Animals that Swim, Animals that Slither
(e.g., runlion, tiger, reindeer; flyeagle, toucan, macaw;
swimdolphin, whale, shark; slitherrattlesnake). Ask
individual students to imitate the movements of different
animals and have the class guess what they are.
Birth
Have students draw and label animals that are born from
their mothers (the mammals, including the marine mammals),
and animals that are born from eggs: the birds, reptiles, and fish.
Body Covering
Write these headings on the board: Hair, Scales, Feathers. Have
students list animals under the headings according to their body
covering (e.g., Hairthe mammals, even marine mammals have
some facial hair when they are born; Scalesshark, rattlesnake;
Featherseagle, toucan, parrot, penguin).
Body Parts
Have students identify the animals which have four legs
(lion, rhinoceros, koala), the animals which have two legs
and two wings (penguin, parrot), the animals which have fins
(shark, whale, dolphin) and the animals which do not have legs,
wings or fins (rattlesnake).
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The Water Cycle
Activities
The Water Cycle
Indicate the evaporation of the water with gestures going from the ocean
toward the sky.
Indicate the movement of the clouds with gestures going from the ocean
to the land.
Indicate the fall of snow and rain with gestures going from the clouds
to the land.
Indicate the movement of the water with gestures going from the rivers
to the ocean.
Review the water cycle. Ask different students to explain, with gestures,
what happens at each stage of the water cycle. Have other students correct
them if necessary.
Labeling
Ask students to identify the following things on the poster: clouds, rain, snow,
ice, river, ocean, groundwater.
States of Water
Ask students to name all the water they see in the picture: (clouds, rivers, ice,
ocean, lake, groundwater, rain, snow).
Then ask students to say which water is solid: ice, snow and which is liquid:
clouds, rivers, sea, lake, groundwater, rain. Ask them to name characteristics
of ice: it is cold, it is hard. Then ask them to name uses for ice: to preserve foods,
to cool drinks, etc.
Ask students to explain the difference between ice and water: ice is frozen water.
The Weather
Point to different areas of the map and encourage students to say what
the weather is like. Point to sunny, snowy, cloudy and rainy areas. Ask students
where they think it is hot and cold.
clouds
snow
rain
the Sun
river
sea
water vapour
Richmond Publishing 2006. Richmond Publishing is an imprint of Santillana Educacin, S.L.
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Madrid
S P A I N
Lisbon
P
O
R
T
U
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A
L
Paris
FRANCE
Rome
ITALY
Athens
GREECE
Ankara
TURKEY
Sofia
BULGARIA
Bucharest
ROMANIA
MOLDOVA
Kishinev
UKRAINE
Kiev
Budapest
HUNGARY
Belgrade
SERBIA
Podgorica
MONTENEGRO
Sarajevo
BOSNIA
AND
HERZEGOVINA
Zagreb
CROATIA
SLOVENIA
Ljubljana
Vienna
AUSTRIA
Bern
SWITZERLAND
Vaduz
LIECHTENSTEIN
CZECH REPUBLIC
Prague
Bratislava
SLOVAKIA
GERMANY
Berlin
Brussels
BELGIUM
LUXEMBOURG
Luxembourg
London
UNITED
KINGDOM
IRELAND
Dublin
ICELAND
Reykjavik
DENMARK
Copenhagen
Amsterdam
NETHERLANDS
Warsaw
POLAND
Minsk
BELARUS
LITHUANIA
Vilnius
LATVIA
Riga
ESTONIA
Tallinn Stockholm
SWEDEN
Oslo
NORWAY
Helsinki
FINLAND
Moscow
RUSSIA
Tirana
ALBANIA
Skopje
MACEDONIA
Andorra la Vella
ANDORRA
Monaco
MONACO
VATICAN
CITY
SAN
MARINO
MALTA
Valletta
M
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A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
Nicosia
CYPRUS
B l a c k S e a
C a s p i a n
S e a
B
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N o r t h
S e a
N o r w e g i a n
S e a
Yerevan
ARMENIA
Tbilisi
GEORGIA
Baku
AZERBAIJAN
0 121
Kilometres
SCALE
242
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Political Map of Europe
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Roman Empire Boundaries
HI S PANI A
GALLI A
GERMANI A
I TALI A
AS I A
AF RI CA
BRI TANNI A
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A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
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N o r t h
S e a
B l a c k S e a
S YRI A
J UDAEA
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The Roman Empire
Hadrians Wall baths theatre aqueduct temple Appian Way
sarcophagus
statue road sarcophagus theatre aqueduct theatre temple

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The History of Transport
Air Air
Land
Sea Sea
Land
hot-air balloon
18
th
century
cart
Antiquity
boat
Antiquity
caravel
15
th
century
galley
17
th
century
frigate
17
th
century
steamer
19
th
century
submarine
19
th
century
cruise ship
20
th
century
stagecoach
18
th
century
wagon
19
th
century
steam locomotive
19
th
century
car
19
th
century
car
20
th
century
steam train
19
th
century
high-speed train
20
th
century
motorcycle
20
th
century
four-wheel drive car
21
th
century
airship
20
th
century
biplane
20
th
century aeroplane
20
th
century
rocket
20
th
century

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Inclined Plane Group Lever Group: Simple Machines

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Machines make work easier. They help us to do tasks with less effort.

All machines need energy to work.

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