Paint & Coatings Industry August 2014

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

1
1
-
1
2
,

2
0
1
4

T
u
r
n

t
o

p
a
g
e

4
6
-
4
7

f
o
r

d
e
t
a
i
l
s
S
T
I
L
L

T
I
M
E

T
O

R
E
G
I
S
T
E
R
!
C
T
T

i
s

o
n
l
y

a

m
o
n
t
h

a
w
a
y
!
www.pcimag.com
August 2014
VOLUME 30, NUMBER 8
Paint Coatings Industry
INSIDE
UV LED Curing
Equipment Directory
New Elastomeric Binder
Globally Serving Liquid and Powder Formulators and Manufacturers
TRANSPORTATION
COATINGS
Cust omi zed Col or and Per f or mance
HEUCO
FIT Concept is a new and innovative pigment preparation approach consolidating

Heubachs extensive know-how into ultimate and comprehensive pigment preparation
lines offering customized color and performance solutions.
The HEUCO
FIT Concept comprises:

> Extensive and homogenous color shades (NCS, corporate and RAL colors)
> Easy-to disperse products
> Extremely high reproducibility
> Quick tinting strength development at even low shear forces
> IR-reflecting color formulations
www. heubachcol or. com
P
i
g
m
e
n
t

P
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
HEUCO
FI T
Concept
NEOCAR
more performance and value options
NEOCAR
latexes help you formulate coatings that deliver the performance your customer expects while
you manage raw material costs. These versatile vinyl versatate-based binders from Arkema Coating
Resins outperform vinyl acrylics in exterior exposure testing, and compare favorably to all-
acrylic binders.
You can expect exceptional water and alkali resistance; good durability, flexibility
and elongation properties, and chemical resistance.
Visit www.arkemacoatingresins.com/neocar for details
and to request a sample.
NEOCAR

is a registered trademark of Arkema Inc.
Arkema Inc. 2014
IMAGINE
George Lu,
General Manager,
China Operations
(
Duplicating your U.S.

process in China? Now youre
speaking my language!)
Ross can help make your business
more competitive in East Asia,
Europe and the Middle East. With
two plants in China, Ross can
provide the mixing equipment
you need to duplicate your
U.S. process overseas.
With genuine Ross engineering and
quality standards, we can help
eliminate end-product inconsistency.
With worldwide manufacturing
and distribution, we can also
deliver fast at a price thats
impressive in any language.
Call 1-800-243-ROSS today.
Or visit www.mixers.com.
?
!
Scan to learn more.
Free Tag Reader: http://gettag.mobi
PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY (ISSN: Print 0884-3848 and Digital 2328-8329) is published 12 times annually, monthly,
by BNP Media, Inc., 2401 W. Big Beaver Rd., Suite 700, Troy, MI 48084-3333. Telephone: (248) 362-3700, Fax: (248) 362-0317.
No charge for subscriptions to qualified individuals. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in the U.S.A.:
$123.00 USD. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in Canada: $160.00 USD (includes GST & postage);
all other countries: $178.00 (intl mail) payable in U.S. funds. Printed in the U.S.A. Copyright 2014, by BNP Media. All rights
reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the consent of the publisher.
The publisher is not responsible for product claims and representations. Periodicals Postage Paid at Troy, MI and at additional
mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY, P.O. Box 2145, Skokie, IL 60076.
Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608. GST account: 131263923. Send returns (Canada) to IMEX Global
Solutions, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON, N6C 6B2. Change of address: Send old address label along with new address to PCI
- PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY, P.O. Box 2145, Skokie, IL 60076. For single copies or back issues: contact Ann Kalb at (248)
244-6499 or KalbR@bnpmedia.com.
Audited by BPA Worldwide
Printed in the U.S.A.
PAI NT & COATI NGS I NDUSTRY, VOLUME 30, NUMBER 8
August, 2014
CONTENTS
ON T HE COV E R :
Cover photos courtesy of
www.thinkstock.com.
FEATURES
20 Improved Hull Coatings Save Fuel, ENDURES B.V.
24 New Elastomeric Binder with Dirt Pickup
Resistance, Multiquimica s.a.
38 No Fear of Scratches, Evonik Industries
42 Equipment Directory
44 Thin-Film Analysis Using UV-Vis
Spectrophotometry, Shimadzu
Scientific Instruments
48 UV LED Curing, Phoseon Technology
BUSINESS TOOLS
43 Equipment Showcase
54 Supplier Showcase
ONLINE FEATURES
www.pcimag.com
Glass Flake Epoxy System Protects
Historic Bridge, Sherwin-Williams
Protective & Marine Coatings
Thermal Insulating Coating System Prevents
Burn Accidents, Tnemec Company Inc.
DEPARTMENTS
6 Viewpoint
8 Industry News
12 Company News
16 Calendar of Events
18 Names in the News
52 Products
53 Classifieds
54 Advertiser Index
38 48 24
AUGUST 2014
|
W W W . P C I M A G . C O M 6

VIEWPOINT
Publisher Donna Campbell and
I recently attended the grand
opening of BYK USAs expanded
facility in Wallingford, CT. The
56,000-sq-ft, three-story office
and production facility will
more than double manufactur-
ing capacity. The expansion
project represents a $50 million
investment from ALTANA (BYK
USAs parent company), the largest single
investment the Group has made outside of
Germany. In addition to increasing pro-
duction, the facility increases worldwide
supply chain security for BYKs additives.
Prior to the completion of the new facil-
ity, roughly 50% of the companys prod-
ucts were shipped from overseas. The new
plant will allow BYK to be more flexible
and not have to deal with shipping issues.
By being able to manufacture the prod-
ucts in the U.S., we save ourselves a lot of
time when it comes to freight issues. If a
customer needs a specific product or is
ramping up a new product line, we can
react quicker. We dont have to wait 8-12
weeks. It also reduces our inventory hold-
ing costs, so it gives us a lot of flexibility,
said Dirk Plas, President, BYK USA.
Edward Ogle, Senior Manager of Manu-
facturing, led our tour of the new facility,
which features 18 new bulk raw material
tanks that can each hold 12,300 gallons of
raw materials; a quality control lab, where
each raw material is tested before being
used; a control room, which includes a
four-operator station that has access to all
of the formulas and equipment in the facil-
ity; a three-story, 60-foot-tall production
area; and a two-story, 30-foot-
tall support area.
Here are a few mind-boggling
numbers that relate to the con-
struction of this facility: 2,530
cubic yards of concrete was
poured enough to make a side-
walk 10.4 miles long; 648 tons
of steel was used; 26,400 feet
of stainless steel process piping
was installed, 66,000 feet of power cable
and 142,000 feet of instrumentation cable
were run throughout the building; and
269 pieces of process equipment and 1,680
process instruments were installed.
BYK USA has worked closely
with the city of Wallingford
and with the state of Connecti-
cut on this project. Last year,
the state provided the com-
pany with a $6 million loan
at a very low interest rate to
help fund the new facility, with
t he incentive that $4 million
would be forgiven if the com-
pany retained its 97 employees
and added 37 new positions within three
years. BYK has been hiring and training
local engineers, chemists and operators
for this facility, and has already added
almost 20 new people, with plans to hire
approximately 35 more.
The facility, which took 18 months to
complete, was scheduled to begin pro-
duction in July.
Exciting Expansion
By Kristin Johansson, Editor | PCI
We create
chemistry
that makes
carbon fber
love exposure.
Keep your carbon fber parts looking new with
Tinuvin
CarboProtect
. Get more than twice

the industry standard for UV protection in one
step. Lightweight yet durable. Just another
example of how at BASF, we create chemistry.
basf.us/dpsolutions
= Registered trademark of BASF Corporation.
AUGUST 2014 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M 8

INDUSTRY NEWS
IRVING, TX Market research
firm Lucintel has released a new
report that analyzes the global
automotive coating industry by
segments and region. The report,
Global Automotive Coating Indus-
try 2014-2019: Trend, Forecast and
Opportunity Analysis, provides an
analysis of the automotive coatings
industry including market trends,
competitive landscape, company
profiles, mergers and acquisitions,
emerging trends, and key drivers
of industry growth. The study also
includes global forecasts for auto-
motive coatings through 2019,
segmented by application such as the
OEM and refinish markets; by product
type such as electrocoats, primer coats
basecoats and clearcoats; and by tech-
nology such as waterborne coatings and
solventborne coatings.
Lucintel forecasts that the major-
ity of segments for automotive coat-
ings will grow moderately from 2014
to 2019. Strict environmental laws in
North America and Europe will drive
the demand for waterborne coatings and
UV-cure coatings in the forecast period.
BRIC nations are forecast to be the hub of
automotive production, favored by prox-
imity to market, easy financing and low-
cost production arbitrage, which,
according to the report, will drive
the demand for automotive coatings
in BRIC nations. Continuous focus
on research and development activi-
ties by industry players will foster
new innovations in the automotive
coatings industry, which will ulti-
mately drive industry growth.
The biggest challenge faced by
the industry is the increasing cost
of crude oil, which raises prices of
key raw materials, impacting profit
margin. Concerns over the environ-
mental impact of VOCs and pricing
pressures from auto manufactur-
ers are other challenges for automo-
tive coatings manufacturers. Continued
innovation of products is very important
for companies to sustain their success-
ful position in the market.
For additional information about
the report, call 972/636.5056 or visit
www.lucintel.com.
Global Automotive Coatings Market
to Reach $18.2 Billion by 2019
OSHA Releases Tool to Help
Identify Workplace Hazards
WASHINGTON, DC The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration has released a new interactive training tool
to help small businesses effectively identify hazards in the
workplace. Employers and workers can virtually explore how
to identify common workplace hazards in the manufacturing
and construction industries. Users of the new training tool will
learn not only hazard identification skills but also learn about
hazard abatement and control.
Hazard identification is a critical part of creating an injury- and
illness-prevention program that will keep workers safe and healthy
on the job, said Dr. David Michaels, Assistant Secretary of Labor for
Occupational Safety and Health. This new tool not only educates
employers about how to take control of their workplaces and protect
workers, it also demonstrates that following well-established safety
practices is also good for the bottom line.
Through the hazard identification tool, users can play from
the perspective of either a business owner or an employee as they
learn to identify realistic, common hazards and address them
with practical and effective solutions. The tool explains the key
components of the hazard identification process, which include
information collection, observation of the workplace, investiga-
tion of incidents, employee participation and prioritizing hazards.
OSHA developed the tool in conjunction with its Training
Institute to assist small-business owners in effectively identifying
hazards in their workplace. The hazard identification training
tool can be found on OSHAs website at www.osha.gov/hazfinder.
U.S. Demand for Solvents to
Approach 11 Billion Pounds by 2018
CLEVELAND According to a new study released by Cleveland-
based market research firm The Freedonia Group Inc., U.S.
demand for solvents is expected to increase at an annual pace of
1.5% through 2018 to 11 billion pounds. Growth is driven by a
robust recovery in construction spending along with a continued
rebound in manufacturing output. Strength in both nonresi-
dential and residential building construction will stimulate not
only direct solvent use in construction-related activities, but also
increased solvent demand in coatings and other construction-
related materials. Solvent use in a variety of manufacturing appli-
cations, most notably in chemical processing, will be supported in
part by comparatively low natural gas prices that will help boost
the competitiveness of U.S. manufacturers. These and other trends
are presented in Solvents, a new study from The Freedonia Group.
Steadily growing environmental concerns, as well as regula-
tory pressure, will drive demand for green solvents that are
derived from renewable materials. According to analyst Ryan
Sullivan, This will contribute to growth in alcohols and glycols,
which will see the largest gains of all solvents. Other green sol-
vents such as butanediol and terpenes will see the fastest demand
growth, albeit from much smaller bases.
Register Now at
http://webinars.pcimag.com
FREE 60-MIN.
WEBINAR
Bio Succinic Acid:
A Key Building Block for
Sustainable Urethane Dispersions,
Alkyd Resins and Coatings
Tuesday, September 16 at 10:00 AM ET
BioAmber is a renewable chemical company producing bio-based succinic acid for several diverse
market segments including resins such as urethanes, polyesters and alkyds. BioAmber has been active
in demonstrating the performance advantages of bio-based succinic acid in polyurethane dispersions
(PUDs) and alkyds formulations. This webinar will summarize the performance advantages of
bio-based succinic acid in these applications. We will describe polyester polyols, PUDs and alkyd
synthesis, coating formulations and key performance
advantages attributed to the succinic acid, including:
abrasion and solvent resistance
hardness
durability
improve sustainability
FREE 60-MIN. WEBINAR
View and register for free at
http://webinars.pcimag.com
If you cant attend the live event, register anyway
to view the on-demand version.
Sponsored By:
William (Bill) D. Coggio, Ph.D.
Bio Amber Inc.
Global Applications and
Technology Support Manager
SPEAKERS:
Nicolas Florent
Bio Amber Inc.
Global Coatings Market & Business
Development Manager
*
AUGUST 2014 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M 10

INDUSTRY
NEWS
Environmental regulations at both the
state and federal levels aimed at reducing
VOC emissions will continue to propel
the shift from conventional solvents to
green solvents. This shift has provided
a boost for glycol solvent demand in the
coatings market, where glycol-based sol-
vents have helped formulators achieve
lower VOC content. Similarly, alcohol
solvents will see increased demand from
the pharmaceuticals market in order to
help producers meet strict FDA and EPA
regulations. Shifts in demand in the siz-
able printing inks market will also be
affected by the trend toward greener
solvent products as soy- and propanol-
based solvents continue to make inroads
as replacements for hydrocarbons.
The coatings market will replace the
transportation market as the largest sol-
vents consumer by 2018. Restrained by
lengthening engine coolant flush inter-
vals and increased consumer demand
for longer-lasting, less-toxic propylene
glycol antifreeze, demand for solvents in
the transportation market will grow at a
below-average pace through 2018. Addi-
tionally, solvent-recycling operations will
provide additional downward pressure on
overall solvent demand going forward.
For additional information about the
report, visit www.freedoniagroup.com.
2014 Polyurethanes
Technical Conference
WASHINGTON, DC Registration is now
open for the 2014 Polyurethanes Techni-
cal Conference, hosted by the Center for
the Polyurethanes Industry of the Ameri-
can Chemistry Council. The conference
will take place September 22-24, 2014, at
the Gaylord Texan Resort and Convention
Center in Dallas. For additional informa-
tion about the conference, visit http://
polyurethane.americanchemistry.com.
U.S. Demand for Wood
Coatings and Preservatives
to Reach $4.8 Billion
CLEVELAND According to a newly
released study, demand for wood pro-
tection coatings and preservatives
is expected to advance 4.5% per year
through 2018 to $4.8 billion. Growth
in the industry will primarily be driven
by a rebound in residential construc-
tion activity, which in turn benefits the
major applications in which wood coat-
ings and preservatives are used, namely
furniture, decking and siding. These and
800.659.7659 www.chemir.com | www.eag.com
product development
Complete Formulation Services
Regulation Compliance Modication
Process Improvement and Scale-up
analytical support
Deformulation (Reverse Engineering)
Material Identication
Material Evaluations
Failure Analysis
Litigation Support
Accelerate Your R&D

PAI NT & COATI NGS I NDUS TRY

11
other trends are presented a new study
from The Freedonia Group Inc., a Cleve-
land-based market research firm.
Analyst Katherine Brink stated that,
Further advances will be restrained by
the rising use of non-wood materials in
several key applications. Coatings and
preservatives will be limited in siding,
where wood is forecast to account for
a shrinking share of demand and faces
fierce competition from alternative mate-
rials. In decking applications, although
wood still dominates, plastic composite
decking continues to erode woods share,
which also puts a dent in wood-protec-
tion product sales.
Demand for coatings is projected to
rise 4.7% annually through 2018. Main-
tenance end-uses account for a slightly
higher share of coatings demand, driven
by the needs of the large existing base
of wood items. Even so, demand for new
coatings in construction-related appli-
cations will be the primary impetus for
accelerating demand gains through 2018.
Demand for wood preservatives is expect-
ed to increase 2.7% annually through
2018. Gains will be supported by the ris-
ing production of pressure-treated lumber
as construction activity rebounds. Faster
advances will be restrained by the matu-
rity of a number of applications, such as
railroad products and utility poles.
Wood protection product usage var-
ies depending on the application. For
instance, paint is the dominant product
in siding, and window and door applica-
tions, but stains and sealers are more
widely used on decks, cabinets, furniture
and f looring. Similarly, oil-based pre-
servatives including creosote and penta
tend to be utilized in industrial applica-
tions such as railroad products and util-
ity poles, while water-based types such
as copper azole and ACQ are used to treat
wood intended for residential and non-
industrial applications.
For additional information about the
report, Wood Protection Coatings & Pre-
servatives, visit www.freedoniagroup.com.
PPG Donates to NACE
Scholarships
PITTSBURGH The PPG Industries Foun-
dation has donated $10,000 to create two
annual scholarships provided through the
NACE International Foundation, a 501(c)(3)
entity affiliated with NACE International,
The Corrosion Society. Two students pursu-
ing postsecondary academic degrees related
to corrosion or coatings will each receive a
$5,000 scholarship on behalf of PPG. The
2014 winners are: Kaitlyn Martin of Bay-
town, TX, a junior majoring in mechanical
engineering at Colorado School of Mines;
and Azra Turajlic of Fort Worth, TX, a fresh-
man majoring in petroleum engineering at
Louisiana State University.
China Conference Targets
Nanoscience
QINGDAO, China BITs 4
th
Annual
World Congress of Nano Science & Tech-
nology 2014 (NANO2014) will take place
October 29-31, 2014, in Qingdao, China.
Programmed with 10 tracks, the confer-
ence targets nanoscience and nanotech-
nology professionals, highlighting recent
breakthrough stories and successes in the
field. Over the conference period, partici-
pants will have opportunities to share infor-
mation and best practices, as well as learn
about the current research and commercial
implementation of new technologies. For
additional information, visit www.bitcon-
gress.com/nano2014/Contactus.asp.
Color Science Forum 2014
and TiO
2
World Summit
FALMOUTH, ME Combining more than
25 years of experience in working with
the titanium dioxide supply chain and the
industrial pigments and colorants sectors,
Smithers Rapra is hosting the Pigment and
Color Science Forum 2014 and the TiO
2
World Summit 2014 October 7-9, 2014, at
the Le Westin Montral in Montral, Can-
ada. For more information on TiO
2
2014,
visit www.tio2conference.com.
ARCHIMEDE
EUREKA
Zero VOC Approved

SERVICEABILITY
Annual Re-Calibration
Not Required
Time to Replace a Pump
15 minutes
Time to Activate a Canister
15 minutes
Primary Service Model
Self - Service
The only design ready
Zero-/Low- VOC compatible
machines in North America
Zero VOC Approved
+/- 1%
Precision
40oz/min
Dispense
Canister
Capacity
PCP
Technology

24
Canisters
up to
2.6Qts.
up to up to

Lowest Total Cost of Ownership
Contact Us!
www.hero.ca
1.800.494.4376
sales@hero.ca
+/- 1%
Precision
80oz/min
Dispense
PCP
Technology

16
Canisters
up to
16 Canister
Capacity
12 x 3.7Qts.
4 x 5.1Qts.
up to
Thomas E. Tom Gosz
PORTAGE, IN Sherwin-Williams Scien-
tist Thomas E. Tom Gosz of Portage,
IN, passed away June 30, 2014. He was
born October 2, 1960, in Kaukauna,
WI, the son of Clifford and Janice (Wit-
tmann) Gosz.
Gosz graduated from Michigan
Technological University in 1983.
He received a Masters Degree from
DePaul University in 1989. Gosz
worked as a scientist for the Sherwin-
Williams Co. for over 25 years and was
involved in the application of Sherwin-
Williams coatings to many of the wind
turbines seen along the highways.
OBITUARY
AUGUST 2014
|

COMPANY NEWS
Bayer Receives Responsible Care Honor
PITTSBURGH Bayer Corp. has been named a 2014 Responsible
Care
Company of the Year by the American Chemistry Council

(ACC) in recognition of its commitment to continual improvement
in environmental, health, safety and security performance.
ACCs top honor is awarded to member companies that have
enhanced and embraced the Responsible Care ethic throughout
their organizations. Each year, the ACC names Responsible Care
Company of the Year recipients in the small, medium and large
company categories. Bayer is a 2014 large company recipient.
OMNOVA Solutions Expands
Specialty Resins Capacity
FAIRLAWN, OH OMNOVA Solutions announced the completion
of an expansion at its Le Havre, France, manufacturing facility
that will enable the company to increase its capacity to produce
specialty acrylic resins for waterborne coatings. This multi-mil-
lion euro expansion features semi-continuous polymerization and
builds on OMNOVAs existing capabilities for acrylic water-based
chemistries in the United States in order to enhance regional
service to customers in Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia.
Fischer Technology Attains ISO Accreditation
WINDSOR, CT Fischer Technology has received accreditation
to ISO/ IEC 17025:2005 by the American Association of Accredi-
tation Laboratories. ISO 17025 is the internationally accepted
standard for calibration laboratories; accreditation by A2LA dem-
onstrates Fischers continued pursuit of quality excellence. Fischer
can now offer ISO 17025 certifications for a variety of instruments
and standards including: film thickness instruments and stan-
dards for eddy current, magnetic induction, X-ray fluorescence,
coulometric and beta backscatter applications; electrical conduc-
tivity instruments and standards for eddy current comparison;
ferrite number instruments and standards; and nano-indentation
instruments and standards.
ISO 17025 is the benchmark standard for calibration labs and
assures the competency of the laboratory staff and the accuracy of
the calibrations being performed.
U.S. Zinc Expands Relationship with KODA
HOUSTON U.S. Zinc officials announced the expansion of its
relationship with KODA Distribution Group (KDG) through the
increase of Ribelins territory to include the Southeast region.
This now provides U.S. Zinc coast-to-coast coverage for the CASE
(coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomers) market by KDG
companies, which include EW Kaufmann in the Northeast, GMZ
in the Midwest, PT Hutchins on the West Coast and Ribelin in the
Southwest and Southeast.
In 2013, U.S. Zinc launched a new national distribution
strategy, consolidating its distribution network to more effec-
MUTTENZ, Switzerland/MUMBAI,
India Specialty chemicals compa-
ny Clariant inaugurated enhance-
ments to its production capabilities
and customer support in Indone-
sia and Southeast Asia and Pacific
(SEA&P) at an official ceremony
at its site in Tangerang, Banten,
Indonesia. The increase in produc-
tion capacity and upgrading of
local facilities will better support
the strong growth in demand for
pigments, masterbatches, person-
al care, home care and industrial
care ingredients in local and over-
seas markets.
The investments by the Indus-
trial & Consumer Specialties, Mas-
terbatches and Pigments business units
highlight Clariants commitment to
strengthen its long-term provision of
value-added services to customers in
Indonesia and SEA&P. Clariant is rep-
resented in eight locations in Indonesia.
Among Clariants expansion at the
Tangerang facility is a new pigment
preparations plant, doubling capacity to
support the growth in demand for low-
VOC pigment preparations complying
with eco-labeling schemes such as Blue
Angel and equivalent schemes in other
regions. The site has received ISO 50001
Energy Management System certifica-
tion, a benchmark certification that pro-
motes systematic energy savings and
better environmental performance.
Clariant Chemicals (India) Limit-
ed has opened its new headquarters
at Reliable Tech Park in Airoli, Navi
Mumbai, India. The new head-
quarters is designed to act as a
catalyst for growth of the com-
panys operations in India.
Dr. Hariolf Kottmann, CEO, Clari-
ant International Limited, com-
mented at the inauguration saying,
The future of Clariant is in Asia
and India is a key market for Clariant
globally. I am excited to open a new
chapter for Clariant in the country
with the new HQ in Navi Mumbai.
The new office will afford us the
opportunity to broaden our custom-
er base, deliver innovative solutions
and create value that will benefit
all our stakeholders. We intend to
improve our market presence and
generate additional growth through a
sustained thrust on innovation.
The new facility covers a total area
of 140,000 square feet. It will even-
tually house around 400 employ-
ees across various service functions
as well as the Pigments, Additives,
Industrial & Consumer Specialties,
and Masterbatches businesses, along
with their technical service teams.
Clariant Inaugurates Investments in Asia
Clariant inaugurates Indonesian investments.
(Photo: Clariant)
13
C O MP A N Y N E WS
tively and efficiently serve its customers. Under this strategy,
U.S. Zinc aligned with KDG and HB Chemical as its two nation-
al partners, in addition to key specialty distributors, to serve
the entire zinc oxide market.
Evonik Corp. Honors Lintech
MACON, GA Lintech International, a Georgia-based distribu-
tor of specialty chemicals, has received Evonik Corp.s 2013 Dis-
tributor of the Year Distribution Excellence Award. Lintech also
earned the award in 2012. Dennis Gillespie, Lintech President,
accepted the award at a June event in Parsippany, NJ, the location
of Evoniks North American headquarters.
Lintech has a long-standing business partnership with Evonik
and currently represents four Evonik Industries divisions: Meth-
acrylates, Coatings & Adhesives Resins, Crosslinkers, and Inor-
ganic Materials. The award was based on input from all divisions
working with Lintech.
Kelly-Moore Paints Enlarges Retail Reach
SAN CARLOS, CA Paint and coatings manufacturer and
retailer Kelly-Moore Paint Co. has opened a 5,400-square-foot
store in Petaluma, CA. This is Kelly-Moores 105
th
retail store in
northern California.
The Petaluma location will feature the entire Kelly-Moore prod-
uct offering, including the premium Dura-Poxy+, Acry Plex and
Enviro Coat for interior projects and Acry Shield Exterior, Dura-
Poxy+ Porch and Floor, Acry Shield Stain, and Storm Stain for exte-
rior painting and staining, and for creating specialty paint finishes
both Old Masters and Modern Masters product lines are available.
The new store showcases the ColorStudio Collection with
over 1,700 colors. Each color in the collection, available in paint
swatch or wet sample, was inspired by the architecture, lifestyle,
environmental conditions, and regional attributes that define the
individuality of the western United States.
Oxea Completes Specialty Esters Plant in China
OBERHAUSEN, Germany The chemical company Oxea has
completed its specialty esters plant in Nanjing, China after a con-
struction period of slightly more than 15 months. It is Oxeas first
production site in Asia and will complement the companys three
existing specialty esters plants in Europe, boosting Oxeas global
production capacity for specialty esters by 40%.
AkzoNobel to Invest in China Technology Center
AMSTERDAM, The Netherlands AkzoNobel is investing more
than 6.5 million in its Songjiang site near Shanghai, China,
expanding an existing research center by adding a dedicated facil-
ity for the companys Performance Coatings businesses.
Once completed in June 2015, the new development and appli-
cation center will add capability and capacity to serve growing
800.296.0040 856.533.3000
EPALLOY Specialty Epoxy Resin & ERISYS Epoxy Modiers Featuring our EPALLOY EPN
series providing premium chemical resistance and corrosion resistance.
HC Before HC After
RTC Before RTC After
HC Before HC After
HC Before HC After
LER 24 Hour
H
2
SO
4
Immersion
EPALLOY 8240 24 Hour
H
2
SO
4
Immersion
EPALLOY 8240 30 Day
H
2
SO
4
Immersion
When you need a high performance fnish toughness and durability, with
excellent chip, chemical and corrosion resistance turn to CVC Thermoset
Specialties, the leader in thermoset materials for coatings:
Our materials stand up
to your toughest
coatings challenges.
Hypro Reactive Liquid Polymers
HyPox Elastomer Modifed Epoxy Resins
EPALLOY Specialty Epoxy Resins
ERISYS Reactive Modifers
OMICURE Catalysts & Accelerators
For information on these and other Emerald products, including Black

Shield carbon black pigment dispersions, Hilton Davis color dispersions,
FOAM BLAST defoamers, Masil and Silmera reactive silicones/silanes,
and K-FLEX non-phthalate coalescents, visit www.emeraldmaterials.com
2014 Emerald Performance Materials, LLC
Registered trademarks of Emerald Performance Materials, LLC
Trademarks of Emerald Performance Materials, LLC
Visit us:
CTT 2014
Booth #57
AUGUST 2014
|

COMPANY NEWS
demand throughout Asia for solutions targeted at the packaging,
coil, specialty finishes and powder coatings markets.
The extension will also double the number of people working in
R&D at Songjiang, to around 200, over the next couple of years.
When fully operational, the new laboratory will be Performance
Coatings second-largest research and development base after
Felling in the UK.
Located in the greater Shanghai area, the Songjiang site was
recently expanded to create one of AkzoNobels biggest resin
plants for performance coatings.
PPG Plans Facility Expansion in Brazil
PITTSBURGH PPG Industries recently announced an invest-
ment of about $40 million in its coatings manufacturing facility
located in Sumare, So Paulo, Brazil.
The expansion project will add a 65,000-square-foot plant for
on-site resin production. The resin will be used to manufacture
PPGs electrocoat products to meet growing demand among OEMs
and industrial coatings customers in the region. PPG anticipates
completion of the project in 2015 and expects to add more than 30
new positions at the facility.
ISO Certification for Custom Milling & Consulting
FLEETWOOD, PA Custom Milling & Consulting Inc. has been
granted ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System Certifica-
tion for the manufacture and provision of its complete range of
products and services.
ISO 9001:2008 is an internationally recognized certification
that provides guidelines for the implementation of standard prac-
tices to ensure products meet regulatory and customer require-
ments. The certification covers design, development, production,
sales, marketing, and servicing of wet milling machinery, includ-
ing wet mill toll processing. Also, the design, development, manu-
facture and sale of colorants for the landscape industry.
PPG Reaches Agreement to Acquire Comex
PITTSBURGH PPG Industries has reached a definitive agreement
to acquire Consorcio Comex, S.A. de C.V. (Comex), an architectural
and industrial coatings company with headquarters in Mexico City,
Mexico. The transaction is valued at $2.3 billion and is subject to
regulatory approvals and customary closing conditions.
Comex manufactures coatings and related products in Mexico
and sells them in Mexico and Central America through approxi-
mately 3,600 stores that are independently owned and operated
by more than 700 concessionaires. Comex also sells its products
through regional retailers, wholesalers and direct sales to cus-
tomers. The company has approximately 3,900 employees, eight
manufacturing facilities and six distribution centers, and had
sales of approximately $1 billion in 2013. Comex is a privately
held company that was founded in 1952.
Charles E. Bunch, PPG Chairman and CEO, said that PPG plans
to fund the acquisition primarily using currently held cash and
short-term investments, but he indicated that the company may
fund a portion of the purchase price through the addition of debt.
Bunch added that excluding non-recurring acquisition-related
costs the deal will be immediately accretive to earnings, and that
the company anticipates acquisition-related synergies of 3-4% of
acquired sales will be achieved over a two-year period.
The companys North American architectural coatings busi-
ness has also reached a definitive agreement to acquire Mas-
terwork, an independent architectural paint distributor head-
quartered in Pittsburgh. The acquisition of Masterwork, which
operates a 13-store network throughout western Pennsylvania,
Ohio and New York, will expand PPGs company-owned stores
footprint in the region.
Perstorp Acquires Chemkos Penta Business
PERSTORP, Sweden Specialty chemicals company Perstorp
has acquired the pentaerythritol, penta and calcium formate
businesses from Chemko a.s. Strske, a chemicals producer
in Slovakia.
The sales agreement includes Chemko a.s. Strskes penta
and calcium formate businesses, related technology and certain
assets. It does not include the manufacturing plant in Strske,
Slovakia, any real estate or employees. The transaction is part of
Perstorps plan to increase polyol capacity.
The polyalcohol penta is used in applications including alkyd
resins, PVC stabilizers, synthetic lubricants, varnishes and other
products. Perstorp is now producing penta in three different pro-
duction plants in Germany, the United States and Sweden.
Saint Clair Systems Inc. Buys Norcross Corp.
WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP, MI Saint Clair Systems Inc., Wash-
ington Township, MI, has purchased the assets of Norcross Corp.,
a Massachusetts-based viscosity-control company. Saint Clair
Systems President C. Robert Gladstone believes the combination of
technology and experience shared by the two companies provides
additional opportunities to serve existing customers and a signifi-
cant opportunity to expand into new markets.
Gladstone also noted that Saint Clair Systems will benefit from
Norcross international sales network.
RPM Acquires Waterproofing
Products Manufacturer
MEDINA, OH RPM International Inc. announced that Viapol
Ltda., part of The Euclid Chemical Co. and RPMs Performance
Coatings Group, has acquired Betumat Quimica Ltda., a water-
proofing products manufacturer based in Candeias, Brazil.
Betumat offers a full line of waterproofing products, including
asphaltic membranes, cementitious grouts and modified asphalt
products, to professional contractors and builders primarily in
northern Brazil.
Datacolor Acquires Media Logic
LAWRENCEVILLE, NJ Datacolor AG announced the acquisi-
tion of Media Logic SNC, a software provider for the Italian and
European retail paint market. The acquisition includes Media
Logic SNCs distribution company. The privately held company is
headquartered in Reggio Emilia, Italy, and provides customized
software solutions focused on the industrial paint market. All
seven Media Logic employees, as well as the founder Corrado Iotti,
are joining the Datacolor team.
Media Logics software, Ymity, manages the entire process of
color communication for tinting systems, from measuring to mix-
ing color at points of sale in the retail market and at laboratories.
The software offers management of multiple dispensers and seam-
less data exchange between the paint manufacturer and paint
dealers, assuring the right paint color. The company also provides
a smartphone and tablet application that allows users to simulate
color choices for their home in 3D.
15
C O MP A N Y N E WS
ALTANA Group Invests in Landa Digital Printing
WESEL, Germany/REHOVOT, Israel The specialty chemicals
group ALTANA and Landa Corp. have concluded an equity
financing agreement under which ALTANA will invest 100
million for a minority stake in Landa Digital Printing. Both
companies see the agreement not only as a financial invest-
ment, but also as a starting point for a long-term strategic part-
nership to bring digital printing solutions to the commercial,
packaging and publishing markets. Other units of the Landa
Group, including Landa Labs and Landa Ventures, are not
included in the transaction.
The proceeds will be used for completing the development of
Nanography, Landas water-based digital printing process, includ-
ing engineering and production ramp-up of Landa Nanographic
Printing Presses and building of manufacturing plants for
Landa NanoInk colorants.
ALTANA is expected to be an active partner, drawing on
print industry expertise gained from its BYK Additives &
Instruments, ECKART Effect Pigments, and ACTEGA Coatings
& Sealants divisions.
Protex International Buys
Chartwell International
PARIS Protex International, Paris, France, has acquired Chart-
well International Inc., Attleboro Falls, MA. Larry Cohen will
remain with the company as a consultant, and there are no
changes planned in the agent and distribution system that has
been set up by Chartwell.
The name Chartwell will continue to be used for the companys
adhesion promoter family.
Protex International is a diversified, privately held company with
sales to a range of end markets including specialty chemicals, coat-
ings, textile, electronics, water pretreatment, food and perfume.
Clariant and Ashland Complete
Sale of Joint Venture
MUTTENZ, Switzerland/COVINGTON, KY Clariant and Ash-
land Inc. have closed the previously announced sale of their joint
venture ASK Chemicals, headquartered in Hilden, Germany, to
investment funds affiliated with Rhne, a London and New York-
based private equity investment firm.
The divestment of our stake in ASK Chemicals is part of our
continuous active portfolio management to reallocate capital
towards our more profitable growth areas, said Hariolf Kott-
mann, CEO of Clariant.
ASK Chemicals is a leading foundry chemicals manufacturer
with a portfolio that encompasses a broad and innovative range
of foundry resources such as binders, coatings, feeders, filters and
release agents, as well as metallurgical products including inocu-
lants, inoculation wires and master alloys.
Ogdensburg, New York USA

Phone: +1-315-393-4450
Email: techsale@defelsko.com The Measure of Quality
I Ensure adequate coverage while
controlling costs
I Accepts ALL PosiTector probes including
dry film thickness, surface profile, and more
I Conforms to ASTM D7378
Affordably predict a
cured thickness before
parts go into the oven
Affordably predict a
cured thickness before
parts go into the oven
Custom Kits for measuring
powder Before and After cure
are available: www.DeFelsko.com/PCKits
Non-contact Uncured Powder Thickness Gage
Advanced
technology allows
measurements
on moving parts
1-800-448-3835 or www.defelsko.com
AUGUST 2014
|

CALENDAR
AUG. 19-22
ResonantAcoustic Industrial
Mixing Forum
Butte, MT
www.resodynmixers.com
SEPT. 3-5
Asia-Pacific Coatings Show
Jakarta, Indonesia
www.coatings-group.com
11-12
Coatings Trends
& Technologies
Lincolnshire, IL
www.coatingsconference.com
18-19
SCAA Annual Conference
St Kilda, Australia
www.scaa.asn.au
22-24
Latex Film Formation
London
don.sundberg@unh.edu
22-24
Polyurethanes Technical Conference
Dallas
www.americanchemistry.com
22-26
Basic Composition of Coatings
Rolla, MO
http://coatings.mst.edu
25
Intermediate Inkjet Formulation
Runcorn, UK
info@iformulate.biz
OCT. 7-9
Pigment & Color Science Forum and TiO
2

World Summit
Montreal, Canada
www.pigmentmarkets.com
14-16
Print & Ink Technology
Hampton, UK
www.pra-world.com
15-16
North African Coatings Congress
Casablanca, Morocco
www.coatings-group.com
20-21
Waterborne Adhesives Short Course
Greenville, SC
www.ascouncil.org
20-22
ASC Fall Convention & EXPO
Greenville, SC
www.ascouncil.org
20-24
Introduction to Paint Formulation
Rolla, MO
http://coatings.mst.edu
21-22
Professional Paint Formulation
Hampton, UK
www.pra-world.com
23-25
Paintistanbul 2014
Istanbul, Turkey
http://en.paintistanbul.com
27-29
Rheology Fundamentals and Applications
San Diego
don.sundberg@unh.edu
29-31
NANO2014
Qingdao, China
www.bitcongress.com/nano2014/
Contactus.asp
Meetings, Shows and Educational Programs
KONICA MINOLTA SENSING AMERICAS, INC. 101 Williams Drive, Ramsey NJ 07446
Toll Free: (888) 473-2656 Outside US: (201) 236-4300 sensing.konicaminolta.us
Formulate and Control Color
More Efficiently
At Konica Minolta Sensing Americas, we provide high
performance color measurement instrumentation and advanced
software solutions to help you formulate color more effectively
and meet color quality standards with less waste, time, and effort.
L* = -0.03
a* = 0.15
b* = 0.2
GOOD MATCH
Visit http://sensing.konicaminolta.us
CM-3600A
Spectrophotometer
renntag ofers you unparalleled knowledge, service
and solutions in the adhesives, coatings, elastomers,
sealants, (ACES) and construction industries.
A CIobaI Search for the est
The Brenntag ACES Team ofers you best in class
technical support giving your company the competitive
edge in your industry. Given our international network
of proven partnerships, we can identify new applications
and market trends for the ACES market and bring you
a portfolio of industrial and specialty chemistries to
answer your formulating needs.
Ohering a WorId of SoIutions
Our extensive industry experience and formulation
laboratories allow us to solve complex problems by
providing creative, state-of-the-art solutions. Highly
skilled professionals make sure their extensive
knowledge and expertise contribute to the individual
success of each supplier and customer.
AIways a Step Ahead
Delivering reliability, integrity and safety in the value
chain is the mission of our highly trained and committed
logistics staf. We provide dedicated logistical systems,
which provide just-in-time delivery, assure traceability
and facilitate seamless production at your site.
uiIding a righter WorId
SHARfD VALUfS SHARfD SUCCfSS
renntag North America
brenntag@brenntag.com
renntag Latin America
ACES@brenntagla.com
AUGUST 2014
|

NAMES IN THE NEWS
Colin Anderson joined American Chemet Corp.s
team as Director of Research and Development.
Hoover Container Solutions promoted Gabriela
Blanco to International Client Services Manager.
AkzoNobels protective coatings business
has appointed Scott Doering and Fernando
Macedo as Vice Presidents overseeing the Inter-
national
and Devoe
protective coatings brands within the North

America East and West regions.
Sartomer Americas has named Chris Halvorsen and Bruce
Bradley Senior Account Managers with sales responsibility for
customers in the Midwest territory. Christian Petrangeli has
been promoted to Americas Sales Manager.
Steven Mills, former Chief Financial Officer at Amyris Inc., is
joining Elevance Renewable Sciences Inc.s Board of Directors.
Dr. Brij Mohal has been appointed Vice President and Managing
Director, Americas, for Chromaflo Technologies. Larry Haines
now serves as Coatings Business Director, Americas.
I.C.T.C. Holdings Corp. has appointed two new Vice Presidents to
work from HEROs headquarters in Vancouver, BC. Terry Newton
is the new Senior VP Global Sales, Key Accounts, and
Carlos de Melo is the new VP and General Manager,
HERO Products Group, North American Operations.
Maroon Inc. has launched an Inside Sales
Department at the companys Ohio headquarters
with Inside Sales Specialists Christie Parker and
Valerie Bokar.
Gustavo Pinto has been promoted to Sales Director, Latam Spe-
cialty Carbon Blacks, at Orion Engineered Carbons.
Collin G. Qualls has joined National Coatings Corp. as the new
District Sales Manager serving the Gulf, Southeast region.
J. Lawrence (Larry) Robinson has retired as President of the
Color Pigments Manufacturers Association Inc. (CPMA). David J.
Wawer is the new CPMA Executive Director.
Brian Savulis, owner and President of Yeagle Technology Inc.,
received the Ashford Business of the Year Award, an annual award
presented to an Ashford, CT, business.
Alberdingk Boley Inc. has named Andrew Starling Southeast
Sales Representative. He is taking over the territory for Steve Coo-
per, who is retiring.
From viscosity to flm application, abrasion and washability

to coating thickness; Elcometers range of high quality instruments
ensure accurate, repeatable and reproducible test results, every time.
ELCOMETER 4340
MOTORISED FILM APPLICATOR
Repeatable and reproducible
test results, tme afer tme afer tme
Viscosity Film Application Coating Thickness
sales@elcometer.com www.elcometer.com
Wet & Dry Abrasion
A wide range of fow, dip &
Zahn cups together with our
rotational & Krebs viscometers
accurately measure the viscosity
of coatings, inks, adhesives and
pastes.
Our range of manual &
automatic flm applicators
ensure smooth, reproducible,
accurate and reliable
application of a wide range of
coatings & product samples.
From coatings and inks to paper
and clothing materials our
abrasion testers are ideal for
testing abrasion, washability and
resistance of a wide range of
materials.
Up to 40% faster than other
coating thickness gauges, the
new Elcometer 456 provides you
with accurate and repeatable
readings. Integral & separate
probes available.
USA & Canada: (800) 521-0635
PCI Elcometer 4340 Half Page Ad .indd 1 07/05/2014 09:23:22
Pinto Starling
FIND
THE
RIGHT
SUPPLIER
DONT WASTE PRECIOUS TIME SEARCHING FOR SUPPLIERS
Turn to the PCI Buyers Guide for companies in the paints and coatings industry.
GO TO:
pcimag.com/buyersguide
or SCAN THE CODE:
Get the free mobile app at
http:/ / gettag.mobi
Paint Coatings Industry
AUGUST 2014
|

F
rictional resistance contributes up to
80-90% of the total resistance for com-
mercial vessels. An increase in resistance
results in higher fuel consumption, harm-
ful greenhouse gas emissions and higher
(engine) maintenance ultimately higher cost for ship
owners and operators.
Therefore, much attention has always been paid to
understanding and predicting frictional resistance of
a ship in the design phase. To make such predictions,
detailed knowledge of the frictional resistance coeffi-
cient of the wetted surface area of the ship is required.
This frictional resistance coefficient depends largely
on the roughness and texture of the wetted surface
area. Effects of physical roughness parameters on the
friction coefficient were established long ago in towing
tank experiments and are well documented.
1
There-
after, other studies were published on the relationship
between surface roughness of non-fouled hull coatings
and friction drag performance. At that time, so-called
self-polishing antifouling paints (based on TBT) gained
a strong market position due to their advanced binder
technology, resulting in a smooth surface on which
minimal fouling could settle. Further investigations
into friction drag consequences of changes in hull
roughness due to paint polishing have been reported by
Townsin et al.
1
and Grigson.
2

Seaweed, barnacles, mussels and tubeworms are all
attracted to ship hulls. Substantial fouling growth on
a ship hull may easily give 50-80% extra friction drag.
In the case of hard fouling (such as barnacles, tube-
worms and oysters), added drag effects were quantified
by Kempf,
3
cited in Schultz
4
and later on by Townsin.
5
For soft fouling, such as seaweed and slime fouling from
diatoms and bacterial biofilms, quantified added drag
effects have been reported varying from 9-29%.
6
So for
both hard and soft fouling, the drag penalty can be signifi-
cant, although the magnitude of the increase will strongly
depend on the type of fouling and percent coverage.
Currently available hull coatings can be divided into
two major groups: so-called self-polishing coatings (SPCs)
with biocides that leach into the environment and thereby
kill fouling organisms; and biocide-free fouling release
coatings (FRCs) on which organisms can only weakly
adhere, and fouling is readily removed at certain ship
speed and activity.
Worldwide, SPCs still have major market share
between 80-90%. FRCs are usually higher in cost, require
more attention during application and are more vulner-
able to mechanical damage. On the positive side, there
are claims from coating producers that FRCs provide fuel
savings, at least in newly applied conditions.
By Job Klijnstra, Senior Scientist Antifouling | ENDURES B.V. (strategic partner of Exova), Den Helder, The Netherlands
Improved Hull
Coatings Save Fuel
2.5
2
Torque
Speed
1700
1500
1300
FIGURE 1 Overview of FDM (left) and detailed picture of disk in seawa-
ter container (right).
21
In practice, total friction resistance of a ship is influenced
by changes in hull surface conditions, such as polishing or
weathering of the coating, and by fouling that has settled
on top. The hydrodynamic roughness resulting from foul-
ing onto a weathered coating system is hard to define.
Next to physical roughness parameters characterizing the
coating surface, there is what could be called biological
roughness that, together and in interaction with the coat-
ing surface, will give a total drag penalty. When comparing
hull coatings on friction drag performance, this total added
drag effect is the main parameter that counts.
The biological roughness thus far cannot be described
in existing physical roughness terms. Until now, the
lack of suitable experimental methods to determine such
effects has prevented reliable determination of this param-
eter. Towing test facilities are not suitable for this purpose,
especially not for making replicate measurements, and
also such experiments are far too expensive to investigate
all relevant variables.
Measuring Friction Drag Properties
A small-scale laboratory test set-up, such as the Friction
Disk Machine (FDM) available at ENDURES, has signifi-
cant advantages in this respect. The set-up replicates an
example from the U.S. Navy
6
and is used for differential
measurements of the same disks with different surface
conditions. Such comparative measurements establish
the added drag effects of specific surface conditions such
as roughness or fouling patterns. At 23 cm diameter, the
small disk size also simplifies the process of getting suf-
ficient replicates of experimental samples with the same
coating or with similar fouling patterns.
The FDM (Figure 1) consists of a variable-speed motor
that drives a shaft onto which disks are mounted. The
coated disk rotates in a cylindrical Perspex container (32
cm height and 30 cm diameter), completely filled with
filtered natural seawater. A torque sensor installed on
the shaft measures the torque produced during the entire
rotation protocol.
Torque on the motor shaft is recorded as the disks are
spun at increasing angular velocities from 500 rpm to
1500 rpm (in incremental steps of 200 rpm). Different
rotation protocols are used, depending on the specific
purpose of the test. An example of a commonly used pro-
tocol is shown in Figure 2. Torque data used in analysis of
results are the last 60 seconds of each speed step.
To verify the test accuracy, friction drag tests were
done with aluminum disks with four different roughness
grades (Rt values of 51, 55, 80 and 97 m, respectively)
in comparison to a smooth titanium disk (Rt 2 m). The
graph in Figure 3 shows the results of these tests. Friction
drag increases with surface roughness even very small
differences in Rt were found to give different drag. This
follows general hydrodynamic theory, and the FDM test
set-up is able to generate reliable and consistent data on
friction drag properties of specific surface conditions.
Friction Drag Measurements
on Different Types of Coatings
Three different, commercially available hull coatings
two types of fouling release coatings (FRC) and one
self-polishing coating (SPC) were subjected to friction
drag tests in the FDM, first in pristine condition and sub-
sequently after a period of 11 weeks raft exposure with
natural fouling on their surfaces. The difference in drag
between the two measurements demonstrates for each
coating the added friction resistance caused by the fouling
pattern present on the surface.
Figure 4 shows the coated disks prior to and after the
raft exposure period. Each coating was tested in fourfold.
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
N
m
)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time (sec)
Torque
Speed
1700
1500
1300
1100
900
700
500
300
100
-100
S
p
e
e
d

(
R
P
M
)
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
N
m
)
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Speed (RPM)
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Smooth
51 m
55 m
80 m
97 m
Coating I Coating II Coating III
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
N
m
)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
FIGURE 2 Rotation protocol used in friction drag measurements
in the FDM.
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
N
m
)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time (sec)
Torque
Speed
1700
1500
1300
1100
900
700
500
300
100
-100
S
p
e
e
d

(
R
P
M
)
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
N
m
)
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Speed (RPM)
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Smooth
51 m
55 m
80 m
97 m
3.0
2.5
FIGURE 4 Coated disks with three different antifouling coatings (four
replicates) prior to (left) and after 11 weeks (right) raft exposure.
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
N
m
)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time (sec)
Torque
Speed
1700
1500
1300
1100
900
700
500
300
100
-100
S
p
e
e
d

(
R
P
M
)
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
N
m
)
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Speed (RPM)
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Smooth
51 m
55 m
80 m
97 m
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
N
m
)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
FIGURE 3 Friction drag of grit-blasted aluminum disks with various
roughness (Rt values).
Improved Hull Coatings Save Fuel
AUGUST 2014
|

In Figure 5, average friction resistance values of
coatings in pristine condition are given. Data measured
at 500 rpm were not correctly logged in this test and
therefore discarded. Both FRCs were almost equal in
friction resistance at all rotation speeds, whereas Coat-
ing III, the SPC, gave the highest friction drag over the
entire speed range. In comparison to Coating I, the SPC
showed 10-15% more friction resistance at speeds from
900 rpm onwards. The relative difference between both
FRCs was very small with 2-5% in favour of Coating I.
Variation between the four replicates was very low. In
this particular case the newly applied fouling release
coatings showed better drag performance than the self-
polishing antifouling paint.
Figure 4 (right) gives an overview of the fouling condi-
tion after 11 weeks. Despite being exposed at the same
location and for the same time, the different coatings
showed differences in rate and type of fouling on their sur-
face. Fouled disks were returned to the lab under immer-
sion in seawater, and they were kept immersed until drag
measurements were completed. Photographs that were
taken of coated disks prior to and after completion of the
drag test are shown in Figure 6.
The graph in Figure 7 shows the results of drag mea-
surements with fouled disk in a relative sense. This means
that the torque value measured in fouled condition is
expressed as a percentage of the torque in clean condition.
This way the percent added drag as shown on the vertical
axis in Figure 7 can be seen as the drag penalty that can
be ascribed to the presence of the mixed biofilm.
The three coatings show clearly different drag proper-
ties. Coating I actually does not give any added drag with
the fouling pattern, as shown in Figure 6. After comple-
tion of the test, the disk surface was visually almost clean.
The other FRC, Coating II, in fouled condition gives
around 10% added drag at all rotation speeds. Visually,
the fouling pattern prior to testing on Coating II does not
differ greatly from the one observed on Coating I. How-
ever, this fouling apparently has stronger adhesion to the
surface, which means that the fouling release properties
of Coating II are less than those of Coating I. The surface
condition of Coating II after the test shows an irregularly
distributed thin biofilm of diatomaceous slime; apparently
this slime layer is still able to evoke a drag penalty of 10%.
The SPC coating (Coating III) shows a very different foul-
ing pattern initially (Figure 6) with quite a lot of slime and
sand patches regularly distributed over the coating surface.
These patches partly contained small sand-burrowing
tubeworms, a type of fouling not very common on anti-
fouling coatings. After rotation in the FDM all patches had
disappeared, leaving a biofilm behind, mainly consisting of
diatom slime. The added drag effect of this slime layer was
found to be around 35% over the entire speed range.
The raft test has clearly shown that, under the same
exposure conditions, fouling settlement on fouling
release coatings is different than that on self-polishing
coatings. The subsequent friction tests demonstrate
that, as a result, friction drag properties of hull coatings
may differ considerably.
Comparing both of the fouling release coatings, two
similar commercially available products, the type and
rate of fouling development during the period of static raft
exposure was not very different. Despite this, the friction
drag test in the FDM indicated better fouling release prop-
erties with one of the FRCs, making this product a better
choice from a friction resistance perspective.
Determination of Long-Term
Drag Properties
In another test set-up (Figure 8) we applied rotation aging
of coated disks in natural seawater at various speeds in
order to simulate a ship sailing at cruising speed. Combin-
ing this with intermittent short periods of static raft expo-
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
N
m
)
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Speed (RPM)
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Smooth
51 m
55 m
80 m
97 m
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
N
m
)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Speed (RPM)
700 900 1100 1300 1500
n Coating I (FRC) n Coating II (FRC) n Coating III (SPC)
D
r
a
g

P
e
n
a
l
t
y

(
%
)
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
Rotation Speed (RPM)
700 900 1100 1300 1500
FIGURE 6 Coated disks in the condition prior to (top row) and after
completion (bottom row) of the drag test.
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
N
m
)
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Speed (RPM)
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Smooth
51 m
55 m
80 m
97 m
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
N
m
)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Speed (RPM)
700 900 1100 1300 1500
D
r
a
g

P
e
n
a
l
t
y

(
%
)
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
700 900 1100 1300 1500
FIGURE 7 Friction drag of coatings with a mixed biofilm after 11 weeks
raft exposure. Vertical bars give STD of four replicates.
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
N
m
)
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Speed (RPM)
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
51 m
55 m
80 m
97 m
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
N
m
)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Speed (RPM)
700 900 1100 1300 1500
D
r
a
g

P
e
n
a
l
t
y

(
%
)
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
700 900 1100 1300 1500
FIGURE 5 Friction drag of coatings in pristine condition. Vertical bars
give STD of four replicates.
23
sure, full operational schedules of a ship can be simulated,
including idle time spent in harbour.
Determination of the friction drag properties of self-
polishing hull coatings over longer periods of time is
possible by measuring the friction resistance of coated
disks at specific intervals. This way, in conjunction with
raft exposure, quantitative data is obtained on fouling
development on aged hull coatings and associated added
drag. Custom-made aging and exposure protocols can be
applied, depending on client needs.
Conclusion
Results demonstrate that in essence, the FDM methodol-
ogy has good potential and value for use in screening
or selection of suitable hull coatings. Using a key perfor-
mance parameter of hull coatings the ability to keep
friction resistance of a ship hull as low as possible experi-
ments in the FDM can help to find suitable products for
specific ships or operational profiles, or to select the most
efficient products with best long-term friction drag perfor-
mance. This will increase cost efficiency in both ship oper-
ations and maintenance. The differential measurements
in the FDM set-up generate drag penalty data that need
further transformation before appropriate statements can
be made on consequences for added friction resistance
of ships. Such transformation can be done following the
approach described in Granville.
7
References
1
Townsin, R.L.; Byrne, D.; Svensen, T.E.; Milne, A. Trans
SNAME 89. 1981, 295-318.
2
Grigson, C.W.B. J. Ship Res. 1992, 36: 182-196.
3
Kempf, G. Trans INA. 1937, 79: 109- 119.
4
Schultz M.P.; Bendick, J.A.; Holm, E.R.; Hertel, W.M. Biofoul-
ing 2011, 27: 87- 98.
5
Townsin, R.L. Biofouling 2003, 19 (suppl.): 9- 16.
6
Holm, E.R.; Schultz, M.P.; Haslbeck, E.G.; Talbott, W.J.; Field,
A.J. Biofouling 2004, 20: 219- 226.
7
Granville, P.S. J. Fluids Eng. 1982, 104: 373- 377.
For more information, e-mail Dr. Klijnstra at Job.Klijnstra@endures.nl.
D
r
a
g

P
e
n
a
l
t
y

(
%
)40
30
20
10
0
-10
700 900 1100 1300 1500
FIGURE 8 Test set-up for rotation aging of hull coatings applied onto
disks suitable for drag measurements.
AUGUST 2014
|

D
eveloping a coating with improved dirt
pickup resistance continues to be an
important goal in the coatings indus-
try. Reasons for this include growth
in softer elastomeric wall and roof
coatings; demand for low-VOC formulations, which tra-
ditionally result in tackier coatings due to reduced glass
transition temperatures (Tgs); and the planned construc-
tion of high-rise commercial buildings, most notably in
Asia, which is driving the need for coatings that are easier
to clean and maintain.
One approach to improving dirt pickup resistance has
been to create a harder finish by raising the Tg of the
coating. There are, however, downsides to this approach.
First, it is nonviable in elastomeric applications, such as
elastomeric roof coatings that require elongation and flex-
ibility, since the increased Tg can decrease the flexibility of
the coating. Such a decrease in flexibility can lead to the
formation of cracks in the coating. Second, increasing the
Tg of a coating can require the use of coalescing solvents,
which typically have a high VOC content. The increased
VOC is in direct opposition to the need to decrease VOCs in
coatings due to government regulations.
Other approaches included using highly crosslinked
polymers, which try to provide a low-tack surface that
impedes dirt penetration. While this method can provide
an effective solution for automotive coating applications,
architectural and elastomeric coatings provide unique
challenges due to the need to retain elongation, making
crosslinked polymers a less viable approach.
A New Option
Multi-staged polymers represent fairly new technology
that involves a mixture of polymers with different Tg
ranges, resulting in a mix of hard and soft segments. This
technology, however, has yet to overcome many of the
same issues discussed above, specifically elongation prop-
erties. The aqueous binder composition of the multi-staged
polymers includes (a) polymer particles of average particle
diameter with a Tg of -30 C or lower, and (b) polymer
particles of average diameter with a Tg of 50 C, or higher,
where the average diameter ratio between particles of the
first polymer and particles of the second polymer must be
at least 4:1. To avoid sedimentation, the particle diameter
ratio between particles of the first polymer and particles of
the second polymer must be no greater than 6:1.
The first and second polymer particles both have a par-
ticle size distribution and an average molecular weight that
are each in a predetermined value range. The average par-
ticle diameter of the first polymer particle ranges from 0.33
to 0.60 micrometers; the average particle diameter of the
second polymer particle ranges from 0.06 to 0.09 microm-
eters. For the various embodiments, the first polymer
particle and the second polymer particle each have a high
average molecular weight and a polydispersity index (PDI)
of no greater than 1.11. Particle size ratio, high molecular
weight (MW) and narrow molecular weight distribution
are important to assure high dirt pickup resistance.
The combination of the average particle diameter and
particle diameter ratio of the first and second polymer
particles allows for a percolation threshold volume (Vp) to
be obtained when the aqueous coating composition has at
least 75 volume percent of the first polymer particle on a
dry basis of the aqueous coating composition. It is believed
that for the various embodiments, achieving the perco-
lation threshold volume for the particle diameter ratio
allows for the second polymer particles (the smaller of the
two particles) to preferentially percolate through the first
polymer particles to an outer surface of the elastomeric
coating where they can help to form a hard and rough
skin layer that improves dirt pickup resistance.
The first polymer particle and the second polymer
particle each include a hydrophobic branched monomer
in polymerized form; particles were synthesized by a free
radical polymerization process prepared with a hydropho-
bic branched monomer. For the various embodiments, the
hydrophobic branched monomer in the first polymer par-
ticle is a NEO monomer with a Tg of -40 C. For the second
polymer particle the hydrophobic branched monomer is a
NEO monomer with Tg of +70 C.
The aqueous binder composition does not require addi-
tional components, such as solvents and/or coalescents to
By Hugo De Notta, Ph.D., R&D Director | Multiquimica s.a., Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
New
Elastomeric
Binder
with Dirt Pickup Resistance
25
form a film. For the various embodiments, the elastomeric
binder formed can provide an elongation value of 850-
1000%, determined according to ASTM D2370. Likewise,
the elastomeric binder gives the possibility of formulating
elastomeric wall paints with a vapor transmission of 5
to 9 g/m
2
/day determined according to ASTM F1249 or
TAPPI 448, and a water absorption (after 96 h soaking in
tap water) of 9.0% or less. For the various embodiments,
the elastomeric coating formed with the aqueous coating
composition can provide a contact angle of at least 128
determined according to ASTM D7334.
The binder synthesized according to this technology also
shows high dirt pickup resistance, which is a consequence
of several technical facts such as the high reactivity of
the branched hydrophobic monomers used (which gives
a high-MW polymer with low polydispersity), the ratio of
particle size between the two binders, the low polydispersity
of each polymer to be blended, the relative binder composi-
tion, and the usage of a UV-reactive monomer to synthesize
the low-particle-size hard polymer. These properties allow
the formulation of elastomeric coatings that are particu-
larly well suited for use on masonry, concrete surfaces and
stone surfaces, among others.
As has been mentioned, the first and the second poly-
mer in the aqueous binder composition have an average
particle size distribution that is very narrow. In other
words, both polymers to be blended have very small poly-
dispersity (standard deviation of the average particle size
distribution). For example, the polydispersity for the first
polymer particle can be 5% or less, while the polydisper-
sity for the second polymer particle can be 7% or less.
As a result, the aqueous coating composition can have
essentially a bimodal particle size distribution, or a binary
mixture, of the first and second polymer particles.
The bimodal distribution and the particle diameter ratio
of the first and second polymer particles have an influence
on how the polymer particles segregate during the forma-
tion of the elastomeric coating. As appreciated, a system
of particles in motion (such as the first and second poly-
mer particles in the aqueous coating composition as the
elastomeric coating is forming) distributes itself through
a variety of mechanisms, including what is known as per-
colation. During percolation, different-sized particles of the
system can migrate in different directions depending upon
a number of different factors. These factors can include the
relative size and weight of the particles as well as the tem-
perature at which the percolation is occurring. As a result
of this migration, the different-sized particles can segregate
themselves to different parts of the elastomeric coating.
A Hard and Rough Layer
For the various embodiments, the particle diameter ratio
(with its bimodal distribution) and the weight average
molecular weight of the first and second polymer par-
ticles, among other things, are believed to affect the segre-
gation of the polymer particles as the elastomeric coating
forms. In particular, a Vp has been identified from these
parameters that provides a volume percentage of the sec-
ond polymer particle (the relatively smaller hard polymer
particle as compared to the first polymer particle) needed
to cause the second polymer particles to preferentially seg-
regate to an outer surface of the elastomeric coating dur-
ing the drying process. In this relative position, the second
polymer particles can help to form a hard and rough layer
that is hydrophobic and that helps to improve dirt pickup
resistance, while the first polymer particle helps to bal-
ance and control the elastomeric behavior of the elasto-
meric coating. For the various embodiments, the Vp can
be obtained with aqueous coating compositions having at
least 75 volume percent of the first polymer particle on a
dry basis of the aqueous coating composition; the remain-
ing volume percent of the aqueous coating composition
can be the second polymer particle.
There is not necessarily a complete segregation of the
first and second polymer particles as the elastomeric coat-
ing forms. For the various embodiments, the hard and
rough layer of the elastomeric coating can include a blend
of the first and second polymer particles. Such blends, how-
ever, will typically include a majority of the second polymer
particle when the volume percentage of the second polymer
particle is within the Vp. In other words, the Vp of the pres-
ent disclosure can be used to better ensure that the bimodal
system of the first and second polymer particles will pref-
erentially segregate so that the majority of the hard and
rough layer is formed with the second polymer particles. It
mostly depends on the particle size polydispersity.
Even more surprisingly, it has also been found that
when the volume percentage of the second polymer par-
ticle is within the percolation threshold volume, the aque-
ous coating composition does not require a coalescing
agent in order to form the elastomeric coating.
For the various embodiments, the morphological struc-
ture of the hard and rough layer also contributes to the elas-
tomeric coatings ability to provide dirt pickup resistance.
As illustrated in the following sections, the hard and rough
layer of the elastomeric coating includes a topography hav-
ing projections or bumps that provide for a rough surface.
One skilled in the art will appreciate that the presence of a
relatively high degree of surface roughness can provide for
at least two important contact effects between the rough
surface and materials that can come into contact with the
rough surface. First, the existence of a high degree of sur-
face roughness can provide for a very small contact area
between the surface and a contaminant (e.g., a particulate
or an aqueous liquid droplet) that can come into contact
with the surface. As such, adhesion between the contami-
nant and the surface can be minimized due to the minimal
contact area between the two. Second, the surface rough-
ness can facilitate the trapping of air beneath a portion of
the contaminant. For instance, when considering a liquid
droplet coming into contact with the rough surface, an air
Multi-staged polymers represent fairly
new technology that involves a mixture of
polymers with different Tg ranges, resulting
in a mix of hard and soft segments.
New Elastomeric Binder with Dirt Pickup Resistance
AUGUST 2014
|

boundary layer can form between portions of the droplet
and the surface; this air boundary layer can increase the
contact angle between the droplet and the surface.
Although surface roughness can provide a surface with
some degree of hydrophobicity, hydrophobicity can be fur-
ther enhanced when combined with a surface chemistry
providing a low surface energy. The hard and rough layer of
the elastomeric coating also displays a low surface energy,
which, coupled with the rough surface, leads to a high
contact angle that resists wetting and adherence of dirt and
contaminants. Thus, when a solid particulate or a liquid
droplet, (e.g., a water droplet) contacts the coating, it can roll
down or slide off of the surface due to the combined effects of
surface roughness and low surface energy. Also, when con-
sidering a liquid droplet, as the droplet rolls down the surface
and encounters a solid particle on the surface, the particle
can adhere to the passing droplet and can simultaneously
be removed from the surface with the liquid, as adhesion
between the surface and the particle has been minimized.
Thus, the particle can preferentially adhere to the liquid and
be cleaned from the surface of the elastomeric coating.
It has been discovered that if a coalescing agent is used,
the resulting hard and rough layer structure is altered to
a smoother surface relative to the hard and rough surface
formed without the use of the coalescing agent. Therefore,
the use of coalescent aids is not recommended.
Forming the Polymer Particles
For the various embodiments, elastomeric coatings
formed with the aqueous coating composition of the pres-
ent disclosure can have contact angles of 128 minimum.
Known synthesis techniques have been used to control
the polymer particle size. Surfactant type and the polymer-
ization process, among other things, have a great influence
on the polymer particle size. The size and polydispersity of
the polymer particles have been controlled by the choice of
polymerization starting materials and conditions for the
first and second polymer, such as seed size and concentra-
tion, polymerization rate, catalyst or initiator concentra-
tion, reaction temperature, surfactant concentration, etc.
The first polymer and the second polymer can each be
prepared by an emulsion polymerization process using at
least one hydrophobic ethylenically unsaturated mono-
mer and several hydrophilic ones.
These hydrophilic functional monomers that are use-
ful in forming the first and second polymer particles can
include, but are not limited to, hydrophilic functional
monomers that contain ethylenically unsaturated double
bonds for free radical reaction with the hydrophobic ethyl-
enically unsaturated monomer or other monomers during
polymerization. Examples of such hydrophilic functional
monomers can include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid,
n-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl methacry-
late, acrylamide, and mixtures thereof.
Monomers used in forming the first polymer particle
can include mixtures of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and/or
n-butyl acrylate, NEO monomer with Tg of -40 C, acrylic
or methacrylic acid, and/or acrylamide, and methyl meth-
acrylate that contains more than 40% by weight of NEO
monomer. The remaining monomer is mostly 2-ethyl-
hexyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate or combination thereof.
Monomers used in forming the second polymer particle
can include mixtures of NEO monomer with Tg of +70 C
and several hydrophilic ones such as 2-ethylhexyl acry-
late and/or butyl acrylate, acrylic or methacrylic acid,
acrylamide and methyl methacrylate that contains more
than 40% by weight of NEO monomer, no more than 5%
by weight of methyl methacrylate, and less than 3% of
4-(2-acryloyloxyethoxy)-2-hydroxybenzophenone, with
the remaining monomer being 2-ethylhexyl acrylate,
n-butyl acrylate or a combination thereof.
Suitable polymerization conditions must be used. Typi-
cally, the reaction temperature is 70-80 C. The polymer-
ization can be conducted using polymerization initiators.
Suitable free radical polymerization initiators are known
to promote emulsion polymerization and can include
water-soluble oxidizing agents, such as organic perox-
ides (e.g., t-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide,
etc.), inorganic oxidizing agents (e.g., hydrogen perox-
ide, potassium persulfate, sodium persulfate, ammonium
persulfate, etc.), and those initiators that are activated in
the water phase by a water-soluble reducing agent. Such
initiators are employed in an amount sufficient to cause
polymerization. The amount of such free radical initiators
used can be in the range of 0.05-0.20% by weight based
on the weight of all monomers present.
Redox initiators may be employed, especially when
polymerization is carried out at lower temperatures. For
example, reducing agents may be used in addition to
the persulfate and peroxide initiators mentioned above.
Typical reducing agents can include, but are not limited
to, alkali metal salts of hydrosulfites, sulfoxylates, thio-
sulfates, sulfites, bisulfites, etc. In general, the reducing
agents are used in the range of 0.01-0.20% by weight
based on the weight of all monomers present.
Various additives can be added before, during or after
polymerization. These include surfactants, reactive surfac-
tants, radical chelating agents, buffering agents, neutral-
izing agents, defoamers and polymeric stabilizers, among
others. Suitable surfactants can include, but are not limited
to, those having a low critical micelle concentration (CMC).
For the various embodiments, suitable surfactants have
a CMC of less than 0.009 g/100 g in 0.1 M NaCl at 25 C.
So, for the various embodiments the first polymer and the
second polymer include surfactant having a critical micelle
concentration of less than 0.009 g/100 g in 0.1 M NaCl at
25 C combined with reactive surfactants.
Examples of suitable surfactants can include alkyldi-
phenyloxide disulfonate, polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether
phosphate, ammonium salt, and polyoxyethylene alkyl-
phenyl ether ammonium sulfate. For the various embodi-
ments, the amount of the surfactant can be in the range of
0-2.8% by weight.
Study 1: Percolation Threshold
In this example, the percolation threshold volume, Vp,
as a function of the particle diameter ratio was studied.
As discussed earlier, the Vp provides a volume percent-
age of the second polymer particle (the relatively smaller,
hard polymer particle as compared to the first polymer
particle) needed to cause the second polymer particles to
preferentially segregate to an outer surface of the elas-
27
tomeric coating during the drying process. The bimodal
distribution and the particle diameter ratio of the first and
second polymer particles have an influence on how the
polymer particles segregate during the formation of the
elastomeric polymer film. As shown in Figure 1, as the
particle diameter ratio increased, the Vp decreased. As a
result, a lower concentration of the second polymer par-
ticle (hard) is required to achieve the Vp. For the various
embodiments, improvements in the dirt pickup resistance
and other properties of the elastomeric coating are also
observed as the particle diameter ratio increases. Values
for the particle diameter ratio that provide for the Vp, as
well as dirt pickup resistance and elongation properties,
include those where the first average particle diameter
to the second average particle diameter have a particle
diameter ratio in the range of 4:1 to 6:1. Particle diameter
ratio values above 6:1 have been found to cause sedimen-
tation of the first polymer particle in the aqueous coating
composition over time.
From the data provided in Figure 1, aqueous coating
compositions of the first and second polymer particles
at percolation threshold volumes of 57% and 25% were
prepared. For the aqueous coating compositions with the
percolation threshold volumes of 57%, the first polymer
particle had a PDI of 1.09, a Tg of -40 C, high MW and an
average particle diameter of 0.1 micron. The second poly-
mer particle had a PDI of 1.08, a Tg of 50 C, high MW and
an average particle diameter of 0.09 micron. The volume
average particle diameters for the first and second polymer
particles allow for aqueous coating compositions having
particle diameter ratios of 1.11:1 to achieve the Vp of 57%.
In this case, due to the volume of hard polymer neces-
sary to achieve percolation, a non-elastomeric behavior
is expected. The volume average particle diameters of the
first and second particles are determined based on spheri-
cal geometry using diameter measurements from a Nano-
trac
150 (Microtrac, Inc.) dynamic light scattering device,

where the measurements were taken on a 1 weight percent
aqueous suspension of the particles in distilled water.
For the aqueous coating compositions with the per-
colation threshold volumes of 25%, the first polymer
particle had a PDI of 1.08, a Tg of -40 C, high MW and
an average particle diameter of 0.36 micron. The second
polymer particle had a PDI of 1.08, a Tg of 70 C, high
MW and an average particle diameter of 0.09 micron. The
volume average particle diameters for the first and second
polymer particles allow for aqueous coating compositions
having particle diameter ratios of 4:1 to achieve the Vp
of 25%. An elastomeric behavior was observed. Here the
average particle diameter of the first and second particles
were also determined based on spherical geometry using
diameter measurements from a Nanotrac 150.
For each of the aqueous coating compositions, 75 volume
percent of the first polymer particle and 25 volume percent
of the second polymer particle were mixed on a dry basis of
the aqueous coating composition in a Heidolph ST1 agita-
tor at 200 RPM for 15 min at 25 C. The composition was
allowed to rest 24 h before preparing the elastomeric coat-
ing. An elastomeric coating was formed with each of the
aqueous coating compositions by applying a 0.007 inch
(7 mils)-thick coat of the aqueous coating composition to
a Leneta P121-10N chart (Leneta Co.) using a Dow Latex
Applicator U from BYK-Gardner. The aqueous coating
composition was allowed to dry at 25 C and a controlled
relative humidity of 50% for 24 h to form the elastomeric
coating. Each of the elastomeric coatings was sputter
coated and viewed under a Hitachi S2400 scanning elec-
tron microscope (Hitachi Instruments Inc.).
Figure 2 provides an SEM image of the elastomeric coat-
ing formed with the aqueous coating composition described
P
e
r
c
o
l
a
t
i
o
n

T
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d

V
o
l
u
m
e
,

V
p
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 4 8 12 16
Particle Size Ratio, R
soft
/ R
hard

R
soft
/ R
hard
= 1, Vp = 57%
R
soft
/ R
hard
= 4, Vp = 25%
SS70 / HS30
SL70 / HS30
FIGURE 2 SEM image of elastomeric coating with aqueous coating
composition having particle diameter ratio of 1.11:1 and percolation
threshold of 57%.
P
e
r
c
o
l
a
t
i
o
n

T
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d

V
o
l
u
m
e
,

V
p
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 4 8 12 16
Particle Size Ratio, R
soft
/ R
hard

R
soft
/ R
hard
= 1, Vp = 57%
R
soft
/ R
hard
= 4, Vp = 25%
SS70 / HS30
SL70 / HS30
FIGURE 1 Percolation: effect of particle size ratio.
AUGUST 2014
|

above having the particle diameter ratio
of 1.11:1 and the percolation threshold
of 57%. As shown, the second polymer
particles (the hard polymer) are present at
the skin layer in about the same proportion
as in the polymer particles supporting the
skin layer, in direct proportion to their con-
centration. This would be expected from
random packing of compatible latexes hav-
ing similar particle sizes (particle diam-
eter ratio almost equal to 1). Percolation
according to the present disclosure was not
seen in this aqueous coating composition.
For this case, the only way to achieve per-
colation was to prepare a blend with 57%
in volume of hard polymer, which gives a
non-elastomeric binder. In contrast, Figure
3 provides an SEM image of an elastomeric
coating formed with the aqueous coating
composition having a particle diameter
ratio of 4:1 and a percolation threshold of
25%. As shown, the second polymer par-
ticles have preferentially segregated to the
outer surface of the elastomeric coating
during the drying process. In this relative
position, the second polymer particles can
help to form the hard and rough layer of the
elastomeric coating that is both hydropho-
bic and that helps to improve dirt pickup
resistance, while the first polymer particle
helps to balance and control the elasto-
meric behavior of the elastomeric coating.
Study 2: Bending Resistance
In this example, bending resistance of the
elastomeric coatings as a function of the Tg
values for the first polymer particle and the
second polymer particle used in the aque-
ous binder compositions was studied. In
particular, the Tg of the first polymer par-
ticle was varied, while the Tg of the second
polymer particle was kept constant.
The aqueous coating composition of the
first and second polymer particles at a per-
colation threshold volume of 25%, which
corresponds to a particle diameter ratio of
4:1, was prepared. For this example, the
first polymer particle had a PDI of 1.08,
high MW, an average particle diameter
of 0.36 and Tg values starting with -10 C
and following with -20, -30 and -40 C.
The second polymer particle had a PDI of
1.08, high MW, a volume average particle
diameter of 0.09 microns and a Tg value
of 50 C. The Tg values for the first and
second polymer particles were determined
by differential scanning calorimetry using
a DSC Q 1000 from TA Instruments.
Each of the aqueous coating composi-
tions was formed in the same manner as
in Example 1. An elastomeric coating was
TABLE 1 Bending resistance.
Tg (C)
First Polymer Particle
Tg (C)
Second Polymer Particle
Elastomeric Coating Bending Resistance
(-20 C)
-40 70 Pass
-30 70 Pass
-20 70 No Pass
-10 70 No Pass
r r s TM
11 SOUTH MARION STREET WARREN, PENNA. 16365 PHONE 814/723-7980
FAX (814) 723-8502
www.connblade.com
CONN A
N
D
Since 1948
T
H
E
CO., L.L.C.
Stirrers Or Complete Units For:
PAINTS URETHANE FOAMS
ADHESIVES SLURRIES
INKS GROUTS
CEMENTS CHEMICALS
Anti-Static
**** NOW AVAILABLE OF U.H.M.W. POLYETHYLENE ****
Patented
Natural
MIXING - BLENDING - DISPERSION
* Less frequent blade changes = Less down time = Less cost
* Most efficient and aggressive Poly Blade available.
* When leading edges are worn, blade can be turned over to start like new.
* Also available of polyurethane, nylon, teflon, polypropylene and other
materials.
* Traditional stainless Conn Blades readily available.
* Call or e-mail: info@connblade.com for pricing and availability
THE NEXT GENERATION
THE NEXT GENERATION
* Less frequent blade changes = Less down time = Less cost.
* Most efficient and aggressive Poly Blade available.
* When leading edges are worn, blade can be turned over to start like new.
* Also available of polyurethane, nylon, teflon, polypropylene and other
materials.
* Traditional stainless Conn Blades readily available.
* Call or e-mail: info@connblade.com for pricing and availability.
Stirrers Or Complete Units For:
PAINTS URETHANE FOAMS
ADHESIVES SLURRIES
INKS GROUTS
CEMENTS CHEMICALS
11 SOUTH MARION STREET WARREN, PENNA. 16365 PHONE 814/723-7980
www.connblade.com
Since 1948
FAX (814) 723-8502

29
formed with each of the aqueous coating compositions by forming
a 1.2 millimeter-thick coating of the aqueous coating composition
on a glass plate. The aqueous coating composition was allowed
to dry at 25 C at a controlled relative humidity of 50% for seven
days to form the elastomeric coatings. The coating was removed
from the glass plate, and the bending resistance of each coating
was tested according to ASTM D522 Standard Test Methods for
Mandrel Bend Test using an Elcometer 1510 conical mandrel bend
tester. For results in Table 1, a Pass means that no cracks were
seen in the elastomeric coating after the bending resistance test.
No Pass means that cracks were seen in the elastomeric coating
after the bending resistance test.
Table 1 shows that as the Tg of the first polymer particle
increases, the bending resistance of the elastomeric coating
does not pass.
Study 3: Tack and Film Crack Properties
In this example, the residual tack and film crack properties of the
elastomeric coatings as a function of the Tg values for the first
polymer particle and the second polymer particle used in the
aqueous coating compositions were evaluated. In particular, the
Tg of the first polymer particle was kept constant while the Tg of
the second polymer particle was varied.
The aqueous coating composition of the first and second polymer
particles at a percolation threshold volume of 25%, which cor-
responds to a particle diameter ratio of 4:1, was prepared. For this
example, the first polymer particle had a PDI of 1.08, high MW, a
volume average particle diameter of 0.36 and a Tg value of -30 C.
The second polymer particle had a PDI of 1.08, high MW, a volume
average particle diameter of 0.09 and Tg values of 40, 45, 70 and
90 C. The Tg values for the first and second polymer particles were
determined by differential scanning calorimetry.
SL70 / HS30
Prototype Particle Size Ratio 4:1
Composition 25% Hard / 75% Soft
Competitor II - 42% PVC Competitor III - 42% PVC
FIGURE 3 SEM image of elastomeric coating with aqueous
coating composition having particle diameter ratio of 4:1 and
percolation threshold of 25%.
PROSPECTOR
THE NEXT
GENERATION
OF SEARCH
ULProspector.com | FREE ACCESS

Innovadex is now PROSPECTOR
UL joined forces with Innovadex to create the next generation of search, Prospector. Find everything you need
in one place, accessible with a single login and password. Find raw materials faster on ULProsepctor.com.
Datasheets, MSDS, Starter Formulations, Sample and Pricing Requests.
AUGUST 2014
|

Each of the aqueous coating compositions was formed in the
same manner as the previous studies. An elastomeric coating was
formed with each of the aqueous coating compositions by apply-
ing a 0.007 inch-thick coat of the aqueous coating composition to
a Leneta P121-10N chart. The aqueous coating composition was
allowed to dry at 25 C and a controlled relative humidity of 50%
for 24 h to form the elastomeric coating.
The residual tack of each coating was tested using a Rolling Ball
test method according to ASTM D3121. For the test of residual tack,
the distance in centimeters the ball rolls determines the presence of
residual tack, where distances less than 20 centimeters indicate a
coating with an unacceptable tack, and distances of 20 centimeters
or greater indicate a coating with an acceptable tack or no tack. A
TT-100 Rolling Ball Track Tester, which meets standards set by the
Pressure Sensitive Tape Council (PSTC-6) and the ASTM (ASTM
D3121) was used for testing tack of the film.
The film crack properties of each of the elastomeric coatings
were also tested and the presence of cracks determined by visual
observation according to ASTM D823.
The results for both the residual tack and the film crack proper-
ties are shown in Table 2.
As shown in Table 2, as the Tg of the second polymer particle
is increased, the elastomeric coating transitions from having a
residual tack (Tg of 40 C for the second polymer particle) to not
having a residual tack at Tg values of 70 C and greater. However,
if the Tg of the second polymer particle is increased to a value of
90 C or above, the elastomeric coating shows film crack.
Study 4: Soiling Test and Elongation
In this example, a soiling test was used to measure dirt pickup resis-
tance of elastomeric coatings formed with aqueous binder composi-
tions having different particle diameter ratios. In addition, elongation
of the elastomeric coatings formed with aqueous binder compositions
having different particle diameter ratios was measured.
Aqueous binder compositions of the first and second polymer
particles having particle diameter ratios of 3:1, 4:1 and 6:1 were
prepared. For this study, the first polymer particle had a PDI of
1.08, a Tg of -30 C, high MW, and average particle diameters of
either 0.27, 0.36 or 0.54. The second polymer particle had a PDI
of 1.08, a Tg of 70 C, high MW and an average particle diameter
of 0.09. The average particle diameters for the first and second
polymer particles allow for aqueous binder compositions having
particle diameter ratios of 3:1, 4:1 and 6:1 to achieve the Vp of
TABLE 2 Tack and film crack properties.
T
g
(C)
Second Polymer
Particle
T
g
(C)
First Polymer
Particle
Residual Tack Film Crack
40 -30 Yes No
45 -30 Yes No
70 -30 No No
90 -30 No Yes
Global Leaders in Particle Size Reduction
and Dispersion Equipment.
www.cmcmilling.com
Custom Milling & Consulting, Inc.
31
28%, 25% and 16%, respectively. The average particle diameters
of the first and second particles were determined based on spheri-
cal geometry using diameter measurements from a Nanotrac
150 device, where the measurements were taken on a 1 weight
percent aqueous suspension of the particles in distilled water.
Each of the aqueous coating compositions was formed in the
same manner as in the previous examples. Allow the composition
to rest 24 hours before preparing the elastomeric coating.
For the soiling test, an elastomeric coating was formed with
each of the aqueous coating compositions by applying a 0.007
inch (7 mils)-thick coat of the aqueous coating composition to the
varnished side of a Leneta Form 2C opacity chart. The aqueous
coating composition was allowed to dry at 25 C and a controlled
relative humidity of 50% for 24 h to form the elastomeric coating.
An initial reflectance of each coating was measured and recorded
using a Technibrite Micro TB-1C (measurement angle of 45
using a 457 nm wavelength). The entire surface of the elastomeric
coating was soiled with a slurry of iron oxide in water (50% weight/
weight slurry of red iron oxide and water). To soil the elastomeric
coating, the slurry was applied using a brush at 25 C. The soiled
coating was placed in an oven (Blue M Industrial Oven) set to 60 C
for 8 h. The coating was allowed to cool to room temperature and
was then washed with high-pressure water (tap water at room
temperature) using an air pistol (Cane NT) working at a pressure of
40 PSI and at a distance of 20 to 30 cm from the soiled coating. The
coating was then dried at room temperature and humidity. This
soiling process was repeated a total of five times.
After the fifth soiling process, a final reflectance of the soiled
coating was measured using the Technibrite at the same setting
used to measure the initial reflectance. The initial reflectance of
the elastomeric coating and the final reflectance of the soiled coat-
ing were used to calculate a percent drop of reflectance using the
following equation:
% Drop of Reflectance = [(Initial reflectance) (Final Reflec-
tance) / Initial Reflectance] x 100
To test elongation of the elastomeric coatings, an elastomeric
coating was formed with each of the aqueous coating compositions
by forming a 1.2 mm-thick coating of the aqueous coating composi-
tion on a glass plate. The coating was allowed to dry at 25 C and a
controlled relative humidity of 50% for seven days to form the elas-
tomeric coating. The coating was removed from the glass plate, and
the elongation of the elastomeric coating was measured according
to ASTM D2370 using an Instron 1011.
Table 3 provides data on the percent drop in reflectance for the
soiled elastomeric coatings, where the larger the percent drop in
reflectance the lower the dirt pickup resistance. Table 3 also pro-
vides data on the elongation of the elastomeric coatings.
As can be seen, the aqueous coating composition having a par-
ticle diameter ratio of 6:1 provided a percent drop in reflectance and
an elongation that is superior to the aqueous coating composition
having a particle diameter ratio of 3:1. As discussed earlier, for the
given Tgs, the particle diameter ratio has an impact on the effi-
ciency of the percolation of the aqueous coating composition. It is
TABLE 3 Drop in reflectance and elongation.
Particle
Diameter Ratio
Drop in Reflectance (%) Elongation (%)
3:1 -20% 197
4:1 -16 % 884
6:1 -14% 1252

UV LED Curing:
The Time is Now.
Expand your Capabilities.
Superior Performance. Integrated Control.
The Leader in UV LED Curing
Contact us today: www.phoseon.com/PCI/
AUGUST 2014
|

believed that particle diameter ratios of less than 4:1 for the aqueous
coating composition percolate less efficiently, which results in less
of the second polymer particle in the skin layer of the elastomeric
coating as compared to ratios of 4:1 or 6:1. This less-efficient per-
colation results in more of the second polymer particle remaining
below the skin layer of the elastomeric coating, where it causes
an increase in the overall Tg of the elastomeric coating below the
skin layer. In addition, when more of the second polymer particle
is present below the skin layer, it may form hard polymer domains
that create discontinuities in the elastomeric coating below the skin
layer, leading to the negative effect on the elongation of the elasto-
meric coating as illustrated in Table 3.
Study 5: Blistering Resistance, Elongation, Dirt
Pickup Resistance and Porosity
In this example, the aqueous coating composition was used as a
binder in paint formulations with different pigment volume con-
centrations (PVCs). Elastomeric coatings formed with the paint
formulations were tested for blistering resistance, elongation, dirt
pickup resistance and porosity.
The aqueous coating composition of the first and second poly-
mer particles at a Vp of 25%, which corresponds to a particle
diameter ratio of 4:1, was prepared. For this example, the first
polymer particle had a PDI of 1.08, high MW, a volume average
particle diameter of 0.36 and a Tg value of -30 C. The second
polymer particle had a PDI of 1.08, high MW, a volume average
particle diameter of 0.09 microns and a Tg value of 70 C. Each of
the aqueous coating compositions was formed in the same man-
ner as in earlier studies. The aqueous binder composition had 60
weight % solids content.
The paint was formulated in two steps. In the first step, a grind
was prepared by adding to a 1 Kg glass beaker 44.00 weight %
water, 0.12 weight % defoamer, 0.40 weight % dispersing agent,
0.10 weight % non-ionic surfactant and 0.40 weight % HEC
ER-30,000 thickener, while mixing at low speed (no more than
20 RPM) with a COWLES mixer (Morehouse Cowles) for 10 min at
room temperature.
TABLE 4 Blister resistance, elongation, dirt pickup resistance
and porosity results.
Paint
Formulated
at PVC (%)
Blistering
Resistance*
Elongation
(%)
Drop in
Reflectance
(%)
Porosity
(ASTM
D3258)**
20 Poor 1120 -17 Very Low
42 Good 981 -15 Very Low
55 Good 584 -25
Medium-
High
* Blistering resistance: Poor means MD (Blister size 2); Good means F (Blister size
8) or less.
** Results are presented as the difference of reflectance of the untested coating
and that of the penetrated coating. For PVC equal to 20%, Very Low means a 3%
drop; for PVC equal to 42% Very Low means a 5% drop; and for PVC equal to 55%
Medium- High means a 27% drop.
Quick Easy Clean Designs
Spare Parts to Complete Turn Key Systems
Afordable Maintenance & Energy Ef ciency
Conceptual Engineering & Custom Plant Design
Product Testing Services & Portable Laboratory Systems
Toll Grinding Facility for Small to Large Scale Grinding Needs
On Site Technical Assistance & Equipment Training Programs

CMS CLASSIFIER MILLING SYSTEMS
Powder Process Equipment Manufacturers

35 Van Kirk Drive Unit #17
Brampton, ON Canada L7A 1A5
Of ce: (905)456-6700 Fax: (905)456-0076
Email: sales@cms-can.com
Website: www.cms-can.com

Quality Equipment & Service Guaranteed!
TOLL FREE: 1-877-353-MILL (6455)
Classifer Milling Systems ggggggggggggggggggg yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
PROCESS EQUIPMENT SPECIALISTS
33
To prepare the grind, 20.00 weight %
hydrophobic-modified titanium dioxide
pigment, 16.90 weight % high-purity sil-
ica produced from synthesized cristobalite
extender and 17.97 weight % hydrous
aluminum silicate treated extender were
stirred in at high speed (more than 50
RPM). After adding the last extender, agi-
tation was maintained at high speed for 1
h. Finally, 0.046 weight % OIT (fungicide)
and 0.064 weight % isothiazolinone blend
14% were added as bactericides.
In the second step, the letdown was pre-
pared at a speed of no more than 20 RPM
by adding the aqueous coating composi-
tion (used as the binder) to the grind to
obtain three different PVCs of 20%, 42%
and 55%. For a PVC of 20%, 40 weight
% grind was blended with 60 weight %
aqueous coating composition. For a PVC of
42%, 66 weight % grind was blended with
34 weight % aqueous coating composi-
tion. For a PVC of 55%, 76 weight % grind
was blended with 24 weight % aqueous
coating composition. The resulting paint
formulations were mixed an additional 10
min at 10 RPM. The pH was adjusted to 8
using ammonia or other base.
To test blistering resistance, a coating
was formed with each of the paint formu-
lations by forming a 1.2 mm-thick coating
of the aqueous coating composition on
a glass plate. The aqueous coating com-
position was allowed to dry at 25 C and
controlled relative humidity of 50% for
seven days to form the elastomeric coat-
ing. The coating was removed from the
glass plate and was cut into a 5 cm by 5 cm
test specimen. The specimen was placed
in a glass beaker filled with tap water and
allowed to soak at room temperature for
96 h. The specimen was removed from the
tap water, and the surface was dried with
a paper tissue. The blister resistance was
tested according to ASTM D714.
To test elongation, a coating was formed
with each of the paint formulations as dis-
cussed above for the blistering resistance
test. The elastomeric coating was removed
from the glass plate, and the elongation of
the elastomeric coatings prepared with
the different paint formulations was mea-
sured according to ASTM D2370 using an
Instron 1011.
Drop of reflectance for the elastomeric
coatings prepared with the paint formu-
lations using the soiling test discussed
above in Study 4 was also measured.
To test the porosity of the elastomeric
coatings formed from the paint formula-
tions, a coating was formed with each
of the paint formulations by applying a
0.007 inch (7 mils)-thick coat of the paint
formulation to a Leneta P121-10N chart.
The paint formulation was allowed to dry
at 25 C and controlled relative humidity of
50% for 24 h to form the elastomeric coat-
ing. The porosity of the elastomeric coat-
ings prepared from the paint formulations
was tested according to ASTM D3258.
Table 4 shows the results for blister
resistance, elongation, dirt pickup resis-
tance (as measured by drop in reflec-
tance), and porosity for coatings prepared
with the paint formulations.
As shown in Table 4, elastomeric coat-
ings prepared from the paint formulation
having a PVC of 20% have high elonga-
tion, very low porosity resulting in poor
AUGUST 2014
|

blister resistance and a 17% drop in reflectance after the
soiling test. Elastomeric coatings prepared from the 42%
PVC have a lower elongation as compared to the elasto-
meric coating prepared from the paint formulation having
a PVC of 20%, a 17% drop in reflectance after the soiling
test, very low porosity, but good blister resistance. It is
believed that PVC of 42% is very close to the critical PVC
for the paint formulation as prepared for this study
Study 6: Contact Angle and Dirt Pickup
Resistance with Different TiO
2
In this example, three paint formulations having a 42%
PVC, with different types of titanium dioxide, were pre-
pared. The elastomeric coatings formed from the paint
formulations were tested for contact angle and dirt pickup
resistance. The different types of titanium dioxide for use in
the paint formulations were a multipurpose rutile titanium
dioxide pigment manufactured by the chloride process with
93% TiO
2
(Titanium I), a rutile titanium dioxide pigment
designed to provide maximum hiding in high-quality,
high-PVC architectural coatings with 80% TiO
2
(Titanium
II), and a universal rutile titanium dioxide pigment, manu-
factured by the chloride process, that is designed to deliver
both high gloss and excellent durability in coatings with
93% TiO
2
(Titanium III). Each type of titanium dioxide had
surface treatment with amorphous silica and alumina at
different weight percentages. Of the three titanium diox-
ides, Titanium III had a hydrophobic surface treatment.
To test the contact angle, a coating was formed in the
same manner as above. Contact angles were measured
using a Dataphysics OCA 150 equipment according to
ASTM D7334 (Pendant drop method).
To test drop in reflectance, a drawdown of each paint
formulation was prepared by applying a 0.007 inch-thick
coat of the paint formulation to the varnished side of a
Leneta Form 2C opacity chart. Drop of reflectance was
measured using the soiling test discussed in Example 4.
Table 5 shows the results for the contact angle and the
drop of reflectance for the elastomeric coatings prepared
with the 42% PVC paint formulations having different
titanium dioxide.
As shown in Table 5, Titanium III gives the paint for-
mulation the lowest drop in reflectance and the highest
contact angle as compared to the other types of titanium
dioxides tested.
Study 7: Contact Angle and Dirt Pickup
Resistance with Different Extenders
In this example, two paint formulations having a 42%
PVC, with different combinations of extenders were pre-
pared. The elastomeric coatings formed from the paint
formulations were evaluated for contact angle and dirt
pickup resistance. The different types of extenders included
high-purity silica produced from synthesized cristobalite
extender, a hydrous aluminum silicate, treated extender,
platy talc and calcium carbonate. Cristobalite and alumi-
num silicate have a hydrophobic behavior. Platy talc is less
hydrophobic than cristobalite and calcium carbonate is a
hydrophilic calcium carbonate.
The paints were formulated as described in Example
5, where the first paint formulation included the follow-
ing combination of extenders: cristobalite and aluminum
silicate; a second paint formulation included the following
combination of extenders: talc and calcium carbonate. For
the second combination, the paint formulation included
16.90 weight % talc and 17.97 weight % calcium carbonate
To test drop in reflectance, a coating was formed with
each of the paint formulations by applying a 0.007 inch (7
mils)-thick coat of the paint formulation to the varnished
side of a Leneta Form 2C opacity chart. The paint formulation
was allowed to dry at 25 C and a controlled relative humid-
ity of 50% for 24 h to form the elastomeric coating. Drop of
reflectance for the elastomeric coatings prepared with the
paint formulations was measured using the soiling test.
To test the contact angle, a coating was formed with
each of the paint formulations by applying a 0.007 inch-
thick coat of the aqueous coating composition to a Leneta
P121-10N chart. The paint formulation was allowed to
dry at 25 C and controlled relative humidity of 50% for
24 h to form the elastomeric coating. Contact angles were
measured using a Dataphysics OCA 150 according to
ASTM D7334 (Pendant drop method).
Table 6 shows the results for the contact angle and the
drop of reflectance for the elastomeric coatings prepared
with the 42% PVC paint formulations using different com-
binations of extenders.
As shown in Table 6, the use of the first combination of
extenders (cristobalite and aluminum silicate) provided
for a more hydrophobic coating as compared to the second
combination of extenders (talc and calcium carbonate).
The lower drop in reflectance showed by the paint formu-
TABLE 7 Elongation, tensile strength, water absorption and vapor
transmission results.
Paint
Formulated
at 42% PVC
Elongation
(%)
Tensile [gram
(force)/mm
2
)
Water
Absorption (%)
Vapor Transm.
(gram/m
2 .
day)
Prototype 987 95 8.2 14.2
Competitor I
(-20 C)
981 92 12.3 11.3
Competitor II
(-30 C)
834 85 12.9 11.5
Competitor
IV (-40 C)
657 75 15.7 18.8
TABLE 6 Contact angle and drop in reflectance with different extenders.
42% PVC Paint Formulated
with Hydrophobic TiO
2

and the Following Extenders
Contact Angle ()
Drop in
Reflectance (%)
Cristobalite/aluminum silicate 148 -14
Talc/calcium carbonate 136 -21
TABLE 5 Contact angle and dirt pickup resistance with different TiO
2
.*
42% PVC Paint
Formulated With
Contact Angle () Drop in Reflectance (%)
Titanium I 137 -19
Titanium II 136 -18
Titanium III 146 -14
* Measured as drop in reflectance
35
lated with the first combination of extenders also confirms
the higher dirt pickup resistance typically seen on rough,
hydrophobic surfaces.
Study 8: Elongation, Tensile Strength,
Water Absorption and Vapor Transmission
In this example, four paint formulations, each having a
42% PVC, were prepared. The first paint formulation used
the aqueous binder composition (prototype) as the binder
(prepared as described in Example 5). The second example
was the same paint formulation using a competitive poly-
mer (Tg of -20 C) as a binder. The third paint formulation
used another competitor as the binder (Tg of -30 C), and
the fourth paint formulation used a commercial polymer
with Tg of - 40 C as a binder. The coatings formed with
the paint formulations were tested for elongation, tensile
strength, water absorption and vapor transmission.
To test elongation, tensile strength, water absorption
and vapor transmission of the coatings, a 1.2 mm film
with each of the paint formulations was prepared. The
formulations were allowed to dry at 25 C and controlled
relative humidity of 50% for seven days to form the coat-
ing. For the elongation and tensile strength, the coating
was removed from the glass plate, and the elongation and
tensile strength were measured according to ASTM D2370
using an Instron 1011. Water absorption was measured,
as discussed herein, and vapor transmission according to
ASTM F1249. The results are shown in Table 7.
Study 9: Soiling Test
In this example, four paint formulations were prepared.
The first one had a 42% PVC using the same paint formula-
tion described in Example 5 and the prototype with ratio of
particle size 4:1 and 75%/25% blend as a binder. The second
paint formulation had a 42% PVC using the same paint for-
mulation described in Example 5 with the prototype binder
with particle size 4:1, but with the composition 81%/19% as
a binder. The third paint formulation had a 42% PVC using
the same paint formulation described in Example 5, where
Competitor II was the binder. The fourth paint formulation
had 42% PVC using the same paint formulation described
in Example 5, where Competitor III was the binder.
For the soiling test, drawdowns of each paint formula-
tion were made by applying a 0.007 inch-thick coat to
the varnished side of a Leneta Form 2C opacity chart. The
paint formulation was allowed to dry at 25 C and a con-
trolled relative humidity of 50% for 24 h.
Initial ref lectance of each coating was measured
using a Technibrite (measurement angle of 45 using
a 457 nm wavelength). Then the entire surface of the
coating was soiled with a slurry of iron oxide in water
(50% weight/weight slurry of red iron oxide and water)
using a brush at 25 C. The soiled coating was placed
in an oven set to 60 C for 8 h. The soiled coating was
allowed to cool to room temperature. Finally the coat-
ing was washed with high-pressure water (tap water at
room temperature) using an air pistol (Cane NT) work-
ing at a pressure of 40 PSI and at a distance of 20 to 30
cm from the soiled coating. The coating was allowed
to dry at room temperature and humidity. This soiling
process was repeated a total of five times.
Figure 4 provides images of the coatings after the
soiling test, where the ref lectance is measured in a
region of the soiled coatings that have been washed as
discussed above. For the images, the dark portions in
the region indicate the presence of soil on the coatings.
As can be seen, a visual comparative evaluation dem-
onstrates that the elastomeric coatings formulated with
the aqueous coating composition as the binder (the first
and second) provides superior dirt pickup resistance
as compared to the other two coatings (the third and
fourth paint formulations).
It is also easy to see that the second paint formulation
shows poorer performance than the first one. It is justified
by the fact that for this example the amount of hard polymer
present is lower than the one necessary to achieve percola-
tion for the particle size ratio 4:1
Study 10: Contact Angle
In this example, a paint formulation having 42% PVC,
using the prototype with particle size ratio 4:1 and with
composition of 75% soft polymer and 25% hard polymer,
was prepared. A drawdown was made by applying a 0.007
inch-thick coat of the paint formulation to a Lenexa P121-
10N chart. The paint formulation was allowed to dry at
25 C and controlled relative humidity of 50% for 24 h.
SL70 / HS30
Competitor II - 42% PVC Competitor III - 42% PVC
FIGURE 4 The coatings after the soiling test.
AUGUST 2014
|

Contact angle was measured using Data physics OCA 150 accord-
ing to ASTM D7334 (Pendant drop method).
The elastomeric coating produces a contact angle of 142.
Figure 5 shows a picture of a drop of water on the elastomeric
coating, whose shape indicates that the surface of the elastomeric
coating is hydrophobic.
Summary
This new binder, adequately formulated, gives coalescent-free elas-
tomeric wall paints and elastomeric roof coatings with elongation
values of 500 to 1,000% (according to ASTM D2370), high storage
modulus, which means good elongation retention within a wide
range of temperatures, a vapor transmission of 5 to 9 g/m
2
/day
determined according to ASTM F 1249, a water absorption lower
than 9.0% after soaking in tap water for 96 h, a minimum contact
angle of 138 and excellent dirt pickup resistance.
References
1. Kusy, R.P. Influence of Particle Size Ratio on the Continuity of Aggre-
gates, J. Appl. Phys. (1978), 48, 5301.
2. Bierwagen, G.P. Critical Pigment Volume Concentration (CPVC) as a
Transition Point in the Properties of Coatings, J. Coat. Tech. (1992),
64(806), 71.
3. Floyd, F.L.; Holsworth, R.M. CPVC as Point of Phase Inversion in
Latex Paints, J. Coat. Tech. (1992), 64(806), 65.
4. Eckersley, J.S.T.; Helmer, B.J. Mechanistic considerations of particle
size effects on film properties of hard/soft latex blends, JCT Journal of
Coatings Technology.
5. Dickie, R.A. Heterogeneous Polymer-Polymer Composites. I. Theory
of Viscoelastic Properties and Equivalent Mechanical Models, J. Appl.
Poly. Sci. (1973), 17, 45.
For more information, email hugo.denotta@multiquimica.com.
This paper was presented at the 2013 ABRAFATI International Coatings Congress in
Sao Paulo, Brazil.
FIGURE 5 Contact angle.
Where technical expertise meets product ingenuity.
A global leader in distribution, Nexeo Solutions is more than great products;
we are your true partner. Whether you need a specialty chemical or an
enhanced blend,our connection to the industrys top producers along
with our technical expertise makes Nexeo Solutions your single source
for all your paints and coatings chemical needs.
Need technical assistance?
Scan here for more information
or visit nexeosolutions.com/pci
From
specialty
chemicals
to fully
formulated
products
1 . 8 0 0 . 5 3 1 . 7 1 0 6 | n e x e o s o l u t i o n s . c o m
C HE MI C A L S | P L A S T I C S | C OMP O S I T E S | E N V I R ONME N T A L S E R V I C E S
AUGUST 2014
|

A
utomotive paints have to withstand a
lot whether it is dirt, road salt or UV
radiation. The coatings protect a cars
body against mechanical and environ-
mental influences, and also serve an
important optical purpose. Most of todays automotive
coatings are comprised of four paint layers. The topmost
layer the clearcoat, which is about 40 micrometers
thick is crucial to a cars visual presentation. For design
reasons, the clearcoat has to be transparent and shiny,
but also strong and flexible so it does not splinter when
impacted by foreign objects.
Modern polyurethane-based two-pack clearcoats are
remarkably resistant to chemical influences. Automo-
bile manufacturers are using clearcoats with improved
scratch resistance, particularly beginning with upper
midrange vehicles. This is done in an attempt to meet cus-
tomer demands, as well as reduce the cost of maintaining
vehicle fleets and leased vehicles for resale.
Over time, however, and with regular visits to the car
wash, brushes, as well as dust and dirt, leave behind visible
micro-scratches in these clearcoats. This is why a clearcoat
may lose its shine over the years. Even today, coatings that
are labeled as scratch-resistant and are formulated with
nanoparticles only start out as scratch-resistant. The prob-
lem is that the binding agent weathers over time, causing
particles on the surface of the clearcoat to be washed out by
brushes and cleaners, which means scratches will occur.
New Binder Technology
For over 30 years, scientific literature has shown that
silane-modified resins can significantly improve the prop-
erties of adhesives and coatings. But a key component of
these resins is difficult to produce in high yields on an
industrial scale, which has a noticeable impact on the
price. This is why the technology is currently limited to
niche applications, such as high-performance adhesives.
When it comes to automotive clearcoats, which are far
more price-sensitive, silane-modified resins had not even
been considered until now.
Evoniks Crosslinkers Business Line of the Coatings &
Additives Business Unit has developed a technology plat-
form that can be used to significantly improve the scratch
resistance of clearcoats. For developing this VESTANAT
EP-M family of products, they received the Evonik Innova-

tion Award 2013 in the New Products/New System Solu-
tions category. Clearcoats based on this new technology
By Dr. Hans Grlitzer, Head of Business Development, Crosslinkers; Markus Hallack, Senior Manager New
Business Development, Coatings & Additives; Dr. Stephan Kohlstruk, Innovation Management, Crosslinkers; and
Dr. RainerLomlder, Head of Applied Technologies, Crosslinkers | Evonik Industries, Marl, Germany
No Fear
of Scratches
n Reference (standard) n Evonik coating formulation 1 n Evonik coating formulation 2
Evonik formulations based on two diferent products of the VESTANAT EP-M family.
100
FIGURE 1 The silylisocyanate, 3-isocyanatopropyltrimethoxysilane
(IPMS) molecule.
The new platform for coating
binders based on the molecule
IPMS. It can be converted to
silane-modified coating resins
through a variety of linkers.
Diols and triols are shown as
examples in this image.
39
stand up to chemicals and weather as well as the conven-
tional two-pack polyurethane coatings.
With the goal of producing industrially relevant quan-
tities at competitive prices, and with the involvement of
multiple business units, the participants in this project
researched and tested the technologys potential for coating
formulations, and developed a process for manufacturing
the coating resin. This included finding suitable catalyst
systems. The development work covered vast sections of the
entire value-added chain, including a coatings formulator
and an automobile manufacturer. The team networked and
used the Groups existing expertise in silane chemistry and
isocyanate production processes. Intensive and cooperative
collaboration with the Functional Silanes Business was a
major contributing factor to the success of the project.
The key component in the production of urethane-mod-
ified poly(alkoxysilane) is a silylisocyanate, 3-isocyanato-
propyltrimethoxysilane (IPMS). With one silane and one
isocyanate group, the molecule is bifunctional and particu-
larly well-suited to crosslinking (Figure 1). In producing
this silane-modified isocyanate, it was important to master
a phosgene-free production process. Such a process pre-
vents the simultaneous destruction of the sensitive silane at
the other end of the molecule when the isocyanate group is
chemically synthesized improving yield distinctively.
Evonik has since filed patent applications for the inno-
vative crosslinking concepts and the new catalyst con-
cepts. The IPMS has been produced on an industrial scale
at a new plant at the Marl, Germany, site since June 2013.
Testing
Based on tests commonly used in the automotive industry,
this key component for innovative resins can significantly
improve the scratch resistance and gloss retention of
clearcoats (Figure 2). Tests conducted on the carwash
resistance of coatings with the new coating binders from
Evonik show that the coatings permanently retain their
scratch resistance. Even after 1,000 and 1,500 hours of
accelerated weathering, these coatings can hold up to
80-90% of their original gloss in the test. The standard
for scratch resistance (in gray) is still only a little over
70%. The reason for the improved scratch resistance is the
higher crosslinking density that, at the same time, allows
the clearcoat to be highly flexible, and also allows the for-
mation of hard, SiO
2
-like areas solidly integrated into the
coating matrix comparable to quartz.
Figure 3 shows the stresses that coated surfaces
undergo in car washes, as simulated realistically in the
Amtec laboratory car wash facility. Test panels were
moved back and forth under horizontally rotating wash-
ing brushes. The contact pressure was adjustable. To
simulate the surface contamination, a fixed quantity of
quartz powder was mixed with the cleaning water.
Figure 4 shows scratches on the surface of a standard
automotive clearcoat created in the car wash simulation
test as seen under a scanning electron microscope.
Figure 5 shows coated panels after a scratch test (wet).
On the left is the control panel, and on the right, a test
panel coated with a polysilane-based clearcoat.
Tests also proved that clearcoats based on the new
technology stand up to chemical and weather exposure
5 m
100
90
80
70
60
50
Initial 500 1,000 1,500
G
l
o
s
s

R
e
t
e
n
t
i
o
n

(
%
)
Time (h)
FIGURE 2 Gloss retention test with the new coating binders.
5 m
100
90
80
70
60
50
Initial 500 1,000 1,500
G
l
o
s
s

R
e
t
e
n
t
i
o
n

(
%
)
Time (h)
FIGURE 4 Scanning electron microscope images of scratches on clearcoat.
5 m
100
90
80
70
60
50
Initial 500 1,000 1,500
G
l
o
s
s

R
e
t
e
n
t
i
o
n

(
%
)
Time (h)
FIGURE 3 Car wash simulation test.
No Fear of Scratches
AUGUST 2014
|

as well as conventional two-pack polyurethane coatings. Another
advantage is that the new materials are a relatively simple matter
for customers, because only fine-tuning is required to integrate
them into established coating formulations. The technology is
fully compatible with conventional two-pack polyurethane coat-
ings. For a car manufacturer, this means coatings with the new
resin can be easily applied in existing production lines.
Custom-Designed Solutions
With this new technology, the flexibility, chemical resistance, adhe-
sion and surface energy of coatings, as well as their solubility in sol-
vents, can be adjusted by selecting particular organic crosslinkers.
The processing window can also be set by combining various resins
and catalysts within a wide range of temperatures, from ambient
temperature to 160 C. This provides a toolbox that can be used to
design a customized solution for each application. So IPMS provides
the basis for members of an entire product family. In addition to
clearcoats for the automotive industry, the technology could also be
used for a host of other applications that would benefit from extreme
scratch resistance for aesthetic or functional reasons.
Evonik does not supply IPMS as a building block for resins to
coatings manufacturers because this material would be difficult
to store and, above all, handle. Instead, customer-specific resins,
named VESTANAT EP-M, are supplied to customers.
Conclusion
Clearcoats based on this new binder technology are now on
their way to being approved by selected automobile manu-
facturers. A manager at one facility has
indicated that the silane technology could
become the standard for clearcoats of pre-
mium vehicles at his company in the next
few years.
For more information, contact Markus.hallack@evonik.com.

5 m
FIGURE 5 Coated panels after a scratch test.
October 7-9, 2014
Le Westin Montreal,
Canada
With more than 25 years of
experience in the industry,
Smithers Rapras Pigment
and Color Science Forum
2014 brings together the leading
names in the industry to discuss
market trends, intellectual
property matters,and new
advances in plastics, cosmetics,
paints & coatings, multifunctional
pigments, industrial design,
paper & printing inks, consumer
electronics and automotive
applications.
Delivering high-performance moisture resistance takes a unique understanding of application
needs. Bomar Oligomers facilitate the development of customized solutions for even the most
challenging niche applications. You get high-performance oligomers that provide unparalleled
moisture and chemical resistance, exibility, and optical clarity. And theyre a fundamental part
of the Dymax Edge...an integrated offering of oligomers, customized adhesives and coatings,
cure and dispense equipment, and application expertise to deliver the best solution possible.
Visit dymax-oc.com/bomar to download the Hydrophobic Oligomers Technology Bulletin.
DYMAX-OC.COM
8 7 7 - 3 9 6 - 2 9 8 8
AUGUST 2014
|

EQUIPMENT DIRECTORY
Brookfeld Engineering
Laboratories Inc.
11 Commerce Blvd.
Middleboro, MA 02346
(508) 946-6200; (800) 628-8139
Fax: (508) 946-6262
sales@brookfieldengineering.com
www.brookfieldengineering.com
David DiCorpo,
Gen. Mgr.-Laboratory Sales
Robert G. McGregor,
Gen. Mgr.-Global Mktg.
Brookfield celebrates 80 years
as the world leader in the design
and manufacture of viscosity
measurement andcontrol
instrumentation for laboratory
and in-line viscometers, texture
instrumentation and powder flow
measurement.
SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 10
BYK-Gardner USA,
BYK Additives and
Instruments,
A member of ALTANA
9104 Guilford Rd.
Columbia, MD 21046
(301) 483-6500; (800) 343-7721
Fax: (301) 483-6555;
(800) 394-8215
info.byk.gardner.usa@altana.com
www.byk.com
Doris Harman, Cust. Service Mgr.
An international leader of quality
control testing instruments for
analyzing color, gloss, haze,
mottling, orange peel, and
physical properties.
SEE OUR AD ON FOLLOWING PAGE
Charles Ross
& Son Company
710 Old Willets Path
Hauppauge, NY 11788
(631) 234-0500; (800) 243-7677
Fax: (631) 234-0691
mail@mixers.com
www.mixers.com
www.highshearmixers.com
Chris Ross, V.P.-Sales
Ross is a leading manufacturer of
mixing, blending, drying, emulsi-
fication, homogenization, disper-
sion and control equipment for
the paint, coatings, ink, chemical
and other industries.
Classifer Milling
Systems
35 Van Kirk Dr., Unit 17
Brampton, ON L7A 1A5 Canada
(905) 456-6700;
(877) 353-6455 (MILL)
Fax: (905) 456-0076
info@cms-can.com
www.cms-can.com
Todd Vanderhart, Pres.
Size reduction equipment and
powder processing systems
for an extensive range of
applications worldwide. Free
consultations.
Conn and Co. LLC
11 S. Marion St.
Warren, PA 16365
(814) 723-7980
Fax: (814) 723-8502
www.connblade.com
Richard C. Freeman, Owner
Industrial mixing equipment and
patented blending/dispersion
blades.
Custom Milling &
Consulting Inc.
1246 Maidencreek Rd.
Fleetwood, PA 19522
(610) 926-0984
Fax: (610) 926-0989
sales@cmcmilling.com
www.cmcmilling.com
Provides a unique business
solution for all your wet milling,
toll milling, media milling,
particle size reduction, and
pigment dispersion needs.
DeFelsko Corp.
802 Proctor Ave.
Ogdensburg, NY 13669
(315) 393-4450; (800) 448-3835
Fax: (315) 393-8471
techsale@defelsko.com
www.defelsko.com
David Beamish
Coating thickness gages and
inspection instruments.
Elcometer Inc.
1893 Rochester Industrial Dr.
Rochester Hills, MI 48309
(248) 650-0500; (800) 521-0635
Fax: (248) 650-0501
sales@elcometerusa.com
www.elcometer.com
Sunny Nietubicz,
Technical Sales Rep
Chris Beninati, Sales Engr.
Elcometer products measure
coating thickness, climate,
porosity and adhesion as well
as a wide range of physical test
parameters required for the for-
mulation of coatings.
EMI - Engineered Mills
Inc., Milling & Mixing
Equipment
888 E. Belvidere Rd., Unit #214
Grayslake, IL 60030
(847) 548-0044
Fax: (847) 548-0099
sales@EMImills.com
www.emimills.com
Dave L. Peterson; Robert Radcliff
Horizontal bead mills, mixers and
dispersers for laboratory and
production applications. Wet mill-
ing, fine grinding and dispersing.
Grinding media.
Glen Mills Inc.
220 Delawanna Ave.
Clifton, NJ 07014
(973) 777-0777
Fax: (973) 777-0070
staff@glenmills.com
www.glenmills.com
S. Goldberg, E. Szwerc, D. Ahrens
Grinding equipment, micromedia
(beads) of glass, ceramic, steel,
also sample dividers, blenders,
and mills.
HERO Products Group
720 Eaton Way
Delta, BC V3M6J9
CANADA
(604) 522-6543
Fax: (604) 522-8735
sales@hero.ca www.hero.ca
Steve Balmer, Pres./COO; Matt
Docherty, V.P.-Sale; Terry New-
ton, Sr. VPGlobal Sales; Arnold
Yong, Mktg. Mgr.
Colorant dispensing and mixing
equipment for point of sale and
in-plant production equipment.
Products sold globally to retail
paint stores, paint manufactur-
ers, point of sale retailers and
industrial users.
Konica Minolta Sensing
Americas, Inc.
101 Williams Drive
Ramsey, NJ 07446
(888) 473-2656
marketing.SUS@konicaminolta.com
http://sensing.konicaminolta.us
Providing high-performance color
measurement solutions, Konica
Minolta Sensing helps organiza-
tions formulate, evaluate, and
control the color and appearance
of samples more efficiently.
Myers Engineering Inc.
8376 Salt Lake Ave.
Bell, CA 90201
(323) 560-4723
Fax: (323) 771-7789
sshira@myersmixer.com
www.myersmixer.com
J.D. Hodgson, Cary Buller,
Stephanie Shira
Myers offers complex mixing and
dispersing systems that are used
in many industries with products
having low to high viscosities.
NETZSCH Premier
Technologies LLC
125 Pickering Way
Exton, PA 19341
(484) 879-2020
Fax: (610) 280-1299
info.npt@netzsch.com
www.netzsch-grinding.com/
coatings
Randall Smith, Pres.
Stephen Miranda, Sales Dir.-North
America
Wet grinding, dispersion, mix-
ing, deaeration, homogenization,
module systems including the
product lines of NETZSCH and
Premier Mill.
parker domnick hunter |
Process Filtration
2340 Eastman Ave.Oxnard,
CA 93030
PA I NT & C OAT I NGS I NDUS T RY
43
(877) 784-2234
dhpsales.na@parker.com
www.parker.com/
dhprocessipctamer
Hendi, Business Dev. Mgr.; Rick
Johnson, Natl. sales Mgr.
Parker domnick hunter filtration
products ensure removal of gels,
agglomerates and contaminants
to maintain manufacturers
desired pigment and color
properties.
SEE OUR AD ON THIS PAGE
Particle Sizing
Systems Inc.
8203 Kristel Cir.
Port Richey, FL 34668
(727) 846-0866
Fax: (727) 846-0865
kerry@pssnicomp.com
www.pssnicomp.com
Kerry Hasapidis, V.P.; Patrick
OHagan, Natl. Sales Mgr.
Particle size, particle counting
equipment and zeta potential
analyzers, image analyzers,
homogenizers, hydrocyclones.
Paul Gardner Co. Inc.
316 N.E. 1st St.
Pompano Beach, FL 33060
(954) 946-9454; (800) 762-2478
Fax: (954) 946-9309
gardner@gardco.com
www.gardco.com
Jim Wick, Techl. Sales
(GARDCO) Paul N. Gardner Com-
pany distributes, produces and
designs quality physical testing
and inspection instruments for
the paint, coatings and related
industries. These include the
automotive, aerospace, specialty
chemical, petroleum, plastics,
pharmaceutical and food indus-
tries, among others.
Phoseon Technology
7425 N.W. Evergreen Pkwy.
Hillsboro, OR 97124
(503) 439-6446
Fax: (503) 439-6408
info@phoseon.com
www.phoseon.com
Tom Molamphy, V.P.-Sales/Mktg.
The world leader in UV LED
curing systems to enable the
manufacture of environmentally
cleaner, cooler, and more effi-
cient systems.
Powder Technologies,
Inc. (PTI)
3855 Sylon Blvd, Ste. 54
PO Box 780
Hainesport, NJ 08036
(609) 914-0521; (267) 228-6111
Fax: (609) 914-0318
sales@powdertechusa.com
www.powdertechusa.com
Rick Isherwood, Pres.
PTI distributes Ystral equipment
in North America, including the
patented Conti TDS for induction,
dispersion and complete wetting
of powders into liquids, and Pilo-
tec for small batch testing.
Q-Lab Corporation
800 Canterbury Rd.
Westlake, OH 44145
(440) 835-8700
Fax: (440) 835-8738
James Gauntner
Accelerated weathering test
chambers, xenon arc test
chambers, testing panels, cyclic
corrosion chambers, contract
testing service.
Shimadzu Scientic
Instruments Inc.
7102 Riverwood Dr.
Columbia, MD 21046
(410) 381-1227; (800) 477-1227
Fax: (410) 381-1222
webmaster@shimadzu.com
www.ssi.shimadzu.com
Offers a full line of analytical
measurement and testing instru-
mentation for a variety of appli-
cations in science and industry.
SEE OUR ARTICLE ON PAGE 44
tec5USA Inc.
80 Skyline Dr.
Plainview, NY 11803
(516) 653-2000
Fax: (516) 939-0555
info@tec5usa.com
www.tec5usa.com
Gert Noll, General Mgr.
Process control spectrometer sys-
tems, individual OEM components,
thin-film thickness measurement
systems. Fiber-optic accessories
and measuring heads.
Together, we can minimize process
downtime and reduce product waste.
Our ltration products ensure removal of gels, agglomerates,
and contaminants to keep your operation running efciently
while maintaining desired pigment and color properties.
LEARN MORE. www.parker.com/dhprocessipc
phone: 877 784 2234
email: dhpsales.na@parker.com
ENGINEERING YOUR SUCCESS.
Melt blown, resin bonded, stringwound, pleated lters, vessels...and more!
Parker domnick hunter one-eighth page_.indd 1 7/3/2014 2:49:35 PM
www.byk.com
1-800-343-7721
Total Color Impression
Multi-angle color measurement of metallic colors and
effect pigments with the BYK-mac family of instruments
for the lab, eld, and on line quality control.
tec5USA, Inc.
MultiSpec
Spectrometer System
Modular system for
fast, process-capable
UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy.
Based on Zeiss detector-
array spectrometers, the MultiSpec System provides outstanding
performance with high reliability and excellent reproducibility.
Multi-channel versions are available. Ideal for surface analysis, color
determination, film thickness, transmission & reflection measurements.
Connects seamlessly to fiber-optic
accessories. Customizations possible.
www.tec5usa.com
info@tec5usa.com
EQUIPMENT SHOWCASE
AUGUST 2014
|

T
hin films play a critical role in our
lives as they are used, for example, in
electronics, solar cells and coatings on
eyeglasses in order to reduce glare and
increase the amount of transmitted light
through the lenses. For example, anti-reflection (AR)
coatings are applied to lenses in order to reduce glare that
would otherwise be present in uncoated lenses. This has
become an attractive feature for many consumers and,
therefore, measurement and control of AR coatings has
become increasingly important.
Figure 1 shows two ref lectance spectra of ophthalmic
lenses. The black spectrum is the ref lectance spectrum
of a lens that contains a hard coating as well as an AR
coating, whereas the red spectrum is a lens that only
has a hard coating.
Applying coatings as thin films relies heavily on the
ability to determine the thickness of the coating for qual-
ity control purposes. In ophthalmics, spectral reflectance
is used to measure AR as well as hard coating thickness.
The ophthalmic industry takes advantage of the capabil-
ity to add multiple coatings in various combinations in
order to provide the best consumer products. Special film
thickness software offers the ability to analyze a single
film on a lens. In Figure 1, the area of interest for the hard
coating is between 500 and 650 nm.
Film thickness, d, is determined from the wavelength
between peaks and valleys in interference patterns. It is
required that the refractive index of the coating and the
incident angle are known prior to calculating film thick-
ness, as given in Equation 1, where n is the refractive
index of the film, q is the angle of incidence,
1
and
2
are
wavelengths of two noticeable peaks (or valleys), and Dm
is the number of peaks between
1
and
2
.
1
)
1 1
(
1
sin 2
1 2
2 2
=
n
m
d
(1)
In ophthalmics, the area of interest lies in the ability to
analyze multiple coatings that are comprised of hard coat-
ings and AR coatings. Whether multiple or single coatings
are being applied to a substrate, it is critically important
that the individual coatings by themselves have been ana-
lyzed for film thickness prior to making a finished product.
This article focuses on the ability to measure a single pro-
tective coating on an acrylic substrate using a Shimadzu
UV-2600 UV-Vis spectrophotometer with 5 degree relative
specular reflectance accessory and film thickness software.
Method
Reflectance spectra of an acrylic lens with a single protec-
tive coating were acquired on the UV-2600 using the 5
By Jeff Head, M.S., Product Specialist; John Kinyanjui Ph.D., Product Specialist; and Mark Talbott, Ph.D., Product
Manager | Molecular Spectroscopy Group, Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, MD
Thin-Film
Analysis
4.04
R
%
2.66
2.00
1.00
0.04
349.3 500.0 600.0 700.0 839.2
nm
(a) (b)
External View
Optics
Sample
(measuring
surface down)
Light Beam
(a) (b)
FIGURE 1 (a) Ophthalmic lens with AR coating and hard coating; (b)
reflectance spectra of ophthalmic lenses with and without an AR coating.
4.04
R
%
2.66
2.00
1.00
0.04
349.3 500.0 600.0 700.0 839.2
nm
(a) (b)
External View
Optics
Sample
(measuring
surface down)
Light Beam
(a) (b)
FIGURE 2 (a) Relative specular reflectance accessory (5) and external
view of light beam path with accessory in place; (b) Relative specular
reflectance accessory (5) sitting in UV-2600 sample compartment with
acrylic lens in place.
Using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry
45
degree relative specular reflectance accessory under the
following scan conditions:
Wavelength range (nm): 350 to 850 nm
Scan speed: Fast
Slit width: 5.0
Sampling interval: 0.5
Auto sampling interval: Enabled
Scan mode: Single
A background scan was obtained by mounting the mir-
ror assemblies on the sample and reference stages with the
mirrors face down and then acquiring a baseline scan. It
should be noted that for measuring lenses and other acrylic
materials on the 5 degree relative specular reflectance acces-
sory, the ideal background would be obtained by replacing
the sample-side reference mirror with a blank, uncoated
lens. However, for the purposes of this study, an aluminum
mirror was used as a sample mirror during the baseline scan
in order to acquire a baseline scan. The sample mirror was
then removed and replaced with the acrylic lens in order to
acquire a reflectance spectrum, as shown in Figure 2.
The refractive index of the protective coating on the
acrylic lens was estimated by etching away a small layer
of the coating and suspending it in solutions of various
refractive indices and then using the Becke line test to
estimate the refractive index of the coating. In analyzing
the coating using the Becke line test, the refractive index
was estimated to be between 1.393 and 1.440.
Results and Discussion
Reflectance spectra of the acrylic lens with protective
coating are shown in Figure 3.
The thickness of the protective coating can be deter-
mined using the film thickness software. It is required to
know the refractive index of the coating as well as the inci-
dent angle of light. Figure 4 shows the images acquired of
the sample and estimating the refractive index using the
Becke line test.
With an incident angle of 5 degrees, the thickness of the
coating was calculated to be between 3.638 and 3.761 m,
as summarized in Figure 5.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this article has demonstrated the ability to
measure the thickness of a single coating so long as the
refractive index and the incident angle of light are known
prior to using the film thickness software from Shimadzu.
The software allows for a quick and easy way to calculate
the film thickness of various coatings.
350.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0 850.0

Wavelength (nm)
R

%
4.04
3.00
2.00
1.20
RI = 1.393 RI = 1.440
External View
Optics
Sample
(measuring
surface down)
Light Beam
FIGURE 3 Reflectance spectra of acrylic lens with hardcoat layer.
350.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0 850.0
Wavelength (nm)
R

%
4.04
3.00
2.00
1.20
RI = 1.393 RI = 1.440
Optics
Sample
(measuring
surface down)
Light Beam
FIGURE 5 Summary of film thickness calculations by the film thickness
software.
350.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0 850.0
Wavelength (nm)
R

%
4.04
3.00
2.00
1.20
RI = 1.393 RI = 1.440
Optics
Sample
(measuring
surface down)
Light Beam
FIGURE 4 Becke line test of coating particles suspended in solutions
with refractive indices of 1.393 and 1.440.
Spectrophotometry
2014 Sponsors as of 7/11/14
Gold Sponsor: Silver Sponsors: Bronze Sponsors: Premium Sponsor:
2014 Schedule of Events
Thursday, September 11
8:30 a.m.
9:15 a.m.
KEYNOTE: From Evolution to Innovation
Jennifer Turner, Marketing Manager, Evonik Corporation
Christopher Howard, Manager, Applied Technology, Evonik Corporation
9:15 a.m.
9:45 a.m.
S1 Smart Coating Technologies to Actively Improve
Indoor Air Quality
Thomas Tepe, Technical Service Manager, Dow
Coating Materials
S2 Optimizing Techniques for
Formulating with Chloride Process TiO
2

Beth Howard, Technical Service Manager, Cristal USA
9:45 a.m.
10:15 a.m.
S3 Development of a Novel Zero-VOC, Surfactant-
Free Alkyd Dispersion for High-Performance Coatings
Christine Fortener, Senior Technical Account
Coordinator, Arkema Coating Resins
S4 New Development in Calcined
Kaolin for Architectural Coatings
Ashok Khokhani, Technical Manager Kaloin, BASF
11:00 a.m.
11:30 a.m.
S5 Novel Matting Agents for UV/EB
Applications
Steven Thompson, Technical Product Manager, Lubrizol Corp.
S6 New Reds Pigment Innovation
Gary Balint, Technical Service Manager Paint, LANXESS Corp.,
Inorganic Pigments Group
10:15 a.m.
11:00 a.m.
Networking Break / Exhibit Tabletops Open Sponsored by:
7:30 a.m.
8:30 a.m.
Registration / Continental Breakfast / Exhibit Tabletops Open Sponsored by:
12:00 p.m.
1:30 p.m.
Luncheon / Exhibit Tabletops Open Sponsored by:
3:00 p.m.
3:30 p.m.
5:00 p.m.
7:00 p.m.
Networking Reception / Exhibit Tabletops Open Sponsored by:

11:30 a.m.
12:00 p.m.
S7 Solvent-Free, UV-Curable Polyurethane Dispersion
Shi Yang, Ph.D., Senior Technical Manager, Reichhold
S8 Beyond Easily Dispersible Pigments
Mark Ryan, Marketing Manager, The Shepherd Color Co.
1:30 p.m.
2:00 p.m.
S9 Lactide-Modied Polyester Resins with Enhanced
Resin and Coating Performance
Bas van Leeuwen, Senior Technical Marketing Specialist,
Corbion Purac
S10 High-Performance Epoxy System for Ultra-Low-
VOC Waterborne Concrete Coatings
Carlos Gonzalez, Marketing Development Manager, Momentive
Specialty Chemicals
2:30 p.m.
3:00 p.m.
S13 Waterborne Acrylic Technologies for Wood
Coatings
Terri Carson, Ph.D., Director of Technical Service and Quality
Control, Alberdingk Boley, Inc.
S14 New Superwetting Surfactants for Coatings
Applications
Jeanine Synder, Principal Development Chemist, Air Products and
Chemicals, Inc.
3:30 p.m.
4:00 p.m.
9:15 a.m.
9:45 a.m.
S15 Fluoro-Silicone Addition into Coating Films
Impacting Physical Properties and Application
Performance
Steve Wilkowski, Account Manager, Siltech Corp.
S21 In Zinc We Trust? The Path to Novel
Environmental Friendly Corrosion Inhibitors
S16 Formaldehyde-Free, Low-pH Emulsion Redox
System
Paul Fithian, Regional Sales Manager, Brggemann Chemical
S22 Introduction to Wet Processing, Grinding and
Dispersing
4:00 p.m.
4:30 p.m.
S17 Are the Heat and Pressure of Formulating
Coatings for the Oil and Gas Market Getting to You?
Andrew Recker, Technical Specialist, BASF
S18 The Impact of Various Additives on the Sag
Resistance of Two-Component, High-Solids, Low-VOC
Epoxies
William Turner, Technical Service Chemist, BYK Additives
4:30 p.m.
5:00 p.m.
S19 Novel Silicone Resin Technology for High-
Temperature Applications
Brian Casey, Chemist, Evonik Corp.
S20 Accelerators for Increasing Cure Speed of Epoxy
Coatings at Sub-Ambient Temperatures
Niranjan Malvadkar, Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist, The Dow
Chemical Company
2:00 p.m.
2:30 p.m.
S11 The Case for Two-Component Waterborne
Polyurethane Coatings
Peter Schmitt, Field Technical Service Manager, Bayer MaterialScience
S12 Development of Novel Water-Soluble Catalysts
for Polyurethane Coating Applications
Brandon Parks, R&D Chemist, Reaxis, Inc.
TRACK 2: PIGMENTS AND PROCESSES TRACK 1: VOC REDUCTION
TRACK 2: PIGMENTS AND PROCESSES (CONTINUED) TRACK 1: UV/EB TECHNOLOGY
TRACK 1: ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY II TRACK 2: EQUIPMENT / SOFTWARE
Friday, September 12
8:30 a.m.
9:15 a.m.
KEYNOTE: Economic Forecast
Robert Fry, Ph.D., Senior Economist, DuPont
7:30 a.m.
8:30 a.m.
Continental Breakfast / Exhibit Tabletops Open Sponsored by
TRACK 1 & 2: ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY
TRACK 1 & 2: RESIN AND ADDITIVE ADVANCEMENTS
2014 Schedule of Events
Thursday, September 11
8:30 a.m.
9:15 a.m.
KEYNOTE: From Evolution to Innovation
Jennifer Turner, Marketing Manager, Evonik Corporation
Christopher Howard, Manager, Applied Technology, Evonik Corporation
9:15 a.m.
9:45 a.m.
S1 Smart Coating Technologies to Actively Improve
Indoor Air Quality
Thomas Tepe, Technical Service Manager, Dow
Coating Materials
S2 Optimizing Techniques for
Formulating with Chloride Process TiO
2

Beth Howard, Technical Service Manager, Cristal USA
9:45 a.m.
10:15 a.m.
S3 Development of a Novel Zero-VOC, Surfactant-
Free Alkyd Dispersion for High-Performance Coatings
Christine Fortener, Senior Technical Account
Coordinator, Arkema Coating Resins
S4 New Development in Calcined
Kaolin for Architectural Coatings
Ashok Khokhani, Technical Manager Kaloin, BASF
11:00 a.m.
11:30 a.m.
S5 Novel Matting Agents for UV/EB
Applications
Steven Thompson, Technical Product Manager, Lubrizol Corp.
S6 New Reds Pigment Innovation
Gary Balint, Technical Service Manager Paint, LANXESS Corp.,
Inorganic Pigments Group
10:15 a.m.
11:00 a.m.
7:30 a.m.
8:30 a.m.
Registration / Continental Breakfast / Exhibit Tabletops Open Sponsored by:
12:00 p.m.
1:30 p.m.
3:00 p.m.
3:30 p.m.
5:00 p.m.
7:00 p.m.

11:30 a.m.
12:00 p.m.
S7 Solvent-Free UV-Curable Polyurethane Dispersion
Shi Yang, Ph.D., Senior Technical Manager, Reichhold
S8 Beyond Easily Dispersible Pigments
Mark Ryan, Marketing Manager, The Shepherd Color Co.
1:30 p.m.
2:00 p.m.
Corbion Purac
Specialty Chemicals
2:30 p.m.
3:00 p.m.
Coatings
Applications
Chemicals, Inc.
3:30 p.m.
4:00 p.m.
9:15 a.m.
9:45 a.m.
Performance
System
Dispersing
4:00 p.m.
4:30 p.m.
Epoxies
4:30 p.m.
5:00 p.m.
Chemical Company
2:00 p.m.
2:30 p.m.
TRACK 2: PIGMENTS AND PROCESSES TRACK 1: VOC REDUCTION
TRACK 2: PIGMENTS AND PROCESSES (CONTINUED) TRACK 1: UV/EB TECHNOLOGY
TRACK 1: ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY II TRACK 2: EQUIPMENT / SOFTWARE
8:30 a.m.
9:15 a.m.
7:30 a.m.
8:30 a.m.
S
c
h
e
d
u
l
e

o
f

E
v
e
n
t
s
PRODUCED BY:
September 11-12, 2014 Lincolnshire Marriott, IL
Register today at Register today at
at www.coatingsconference.com
Exhibitors: (as of 7/11/14)
Finish First
A C T
Test Panel Technol ogi es

MICRO POWDERS, INC.

MICRO POWDERS, INC.
12:00 p.m.
1:30 p.m.
3:00 p.m.
3:30 p.m.
5:00 p.m.
7:00 p.m.

12:00 p.m. Shi Yang, Ph.D., Senior Technical Manager, Reichhold Mark Ryan, Marketing Manager, The Shepherd Color Co.
1:30 p.m.
2:00 p.m.
Corbion Purac
Specialty Chemicals
2:30 p.m.
3:00 p.m.
Coatings
Applications
Chemicals, Inc.
3:30 p.m.
4:00 p.m.
9:15 a.m.
9:45 a.m.
9:45 a.m.
10:15 a.m.
10:45 a.m.
11:15 a.m.
11:15 a.m.
11:45 a.m.
11:45 a.m.
12:15 p.m.
Performance
Andrew Throne, Heubach
S23 Low-Voltage Electron Beam Provides
Sustainable Curing Solutions
Im Rangwalla, Energy Sciences Inc.
S25 High-Performance Waterborne Binders
Jamie Dziczkowski, Ph.D., Chemist Associate, Reichhold
S27 Succinic Acid: A Biobased Building Block in
Performance-Driven Polyurethane and Alkyd Coatings
Bill Coggio, Ph.D., Global Manager Applications Development
and Tech Support, BioAmber Inc.
S29 A New Ultra-Low-VOC Coalescent Derived from
Bio-Renewable Sources
Bill Leightner, Technical Sales Manager, Archer Daniels Midland
System
Dispersing
Edward Casama, Head of Technology GD North America, Buhler, Inc.
S24 Laboratory Formulation Software Meets GHS SDS
Requirements
James DeGroff, Managing Partner, Formulator Software LLC
S26 Advanced Rheology Concepts and Measurements
Mihai Polverejan, Ph.D., Technical Manager, Elementis Specialties
S28 An Improved Accelerated Test Cycle That
Correlates with Natural Weathering
Matt McGreer, Product Manager, Weathering Instruments, Atlas
S30 Development of Reproducible and Meaningful Test
Methodologies for Emergent Technologies: Resistance
to Ice Accretion for Icephobic Coatings, and Fingerprint
Transfer and Cleanability for Plastics and Metals
Marc Hirsch, Senior Development Scientist, M&M Hirsch &
Associates LLC
4:00 p.m.
4:30 p.m.
Epoxies
4:30 p.m.
5:00 p.m.
Chemical Company
2:00 p.m.
2:30 p.m.
TRACK 1: BIOBASED TECHNOLOGY
TRACK 1: ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY II
TRACK 2: TESTING AND TEST METHODOLOGIES
TRACK 2: EQUIPMENT / SOFTWARE
12:15 p.m. Conference Concludes
8:30 a.m.
9:15 a.m.
10:15 a.m.
10:45 a.m.
Morning Break / Exhibit Tabletops Open Sponsored by
7:30 a.m.
8:30 a.m.
Coatings Trends & Technologies is the only
coatings conference that covers it all!
This 1 day educational conference will provide you the tools, resources and opportunity to help your company
evolve with the changing trends in coatings technology and forward thinking to improve your formulations.
CONFERENCE
LOCATION:
Lincolnshire
Marriott Resort
The conference
group rate is
$135/night + tax
Book early to ensure
discounted pricing
and availability.
Group rate expires
August 20th. Call
800-228-9290
to make your
reservation.
at www.coatingsconference.com
AUGUST 2014
|

M
anufacturing managers and pro-
cess engineers need consistent,
high-production processes that
deliver quality products daily. In
addition, leading manufacturers
embrace lean manufacturing methods as they strive for
continuous improvements to their production processes.
Ultraviolet (UV) LED curing technology improves exist-
ing manufacturing processes.
UV Curing Basics
UV curing is a photochemical process that changes a
liquid ink, coating or adhesive into a solid. Instead of
using heat to drive off solvents or water, UV energy
causes drying of the specially formulated photosensi-
tive chemistry in just seconds. From its first use in the
graphic arts printing industry over 40 years ago, a broad
range of industrial manufacturers now use UV curing for
a wide variety of processes such as wood coating, elec-
tronics assembly, medical device coating and assembly,
automotive parts coating and marking, plastics decorat-
ing, and many more.
An efficient UV-curing process needs to match the
output of the UV-curing lamps to the absorption char-
acteristics of the UV chemistry. Typically, the formula-
tor will recommend the energy density (mJ/cm
2
) and
wavelengths (nm) needed for curing. Often, lab testing
confirms chemical performance and UV lamp speci-
fications. UV chemistries are available for nearly any
application as single-component formulations that do
not require mixing. Depending on the specific applica-
tion, the UV formulator can adjust viscosities to meet
the needs of the ink, coating or adhesive application
method such as screen-printing, roller coating, spray-
ing, or precision adhesive dispensing. Sometimes, if
there are shadow areas where the UV energy cannot
reach (UV curing is line-of-sight), a process can still
gain many of the advantages of UV curing by using
a dual-cure chemistry that combines UV and heat or
moisture to cure.
Advantages of UV LEDs for Manufacturing
UV LED embraces many of the advantages of traditional
UV curing for manufacturing processes. It offers advanced
capabilities beyond traditional UV curing. First is low
heat. UV LEDs do not generate any infrared output that is
translated into heat. This is extremely important on man-
ufacturing lines where the introduction of heat changes
the chemical properties of the adhesive or coating. This
heat can lead to material warping, lack of adhesion and
eventually scrap. UV LEDs are a cool light source; the
only heat is due to UV energy being generated.
The second major improvement is process stability.
Manufacturing companies need consistent, stable output.
This is now possible with UV LED curing. Traditional UV
bulbs degraded over time, which meant their UV output
was not stable. Manufacturers dealt with this by over
specifying the amount of energy needed, (which could
lead to over-cured, brittle adhesives) or by implementing
By Ed Kiyoi, Technical Marketing Engineer | Phoseon Technology, Hillsboro, Oregon
UV LED Curing
Mercury Lamp
Wavelength (nm)
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
UVC
100-280 nm
UVB
280-315 nm
UVA
315-400 nm
Visible Light
400-700 nm
Infared
700-1800 nm
LED 365 nm
LED 385 or 395 or 405 nm
355 365 385 395 405 415
Wavelength (nm)
LED only
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
LED range
20
18
16
14
Air Cooled
Water Cooled
FIGURE 1 Wavelength output comparison of mercury arc and
UV LED lamps.
Delivering Dramatic Process Improvements
49
a maintenance schedule to remove bulbs as a precaution.
With UV LED, both of these issues are removed, as they
will provide stable UV output consistently over time, lead-
ing to better process control and stability.
UV LED Lamps
Commercially available for over 10 years, a UV LED
generates UV energy by applying an electric current to
a semiconductor device called a diode, causing it to emit
UV energy. The specific materials in the diode deter-
mine the wavelength of the output, which is typically in
a very narrow band +/- 10 nm. Figure 1 compares the
output of various UV LED lamps with a typical mercury
arc lamp. UV LED lamps are provided in single-wave-
length configurations, typically centered on a specific
wavelength +/- 5 nm.
Typically, an array of UV LEDs are packaged into a
single unit or lamp head with a power supply to provide
control. A UV LED unit can weigh as little as 0.4 lb (0.2
kg). Their size and weight generally increases with energy
output or as the emitting window size increases. Suppliers
typically specify the emitting window size and peak irradi-
ance in W/cm
2
. When comparing UV LEDs, it is important
to note whether the peak irradiance given was measured
at the emitting window or at some distance away since
peak irradiance decreases with distance from the emit-
ting window.
LED Benefits
UV LEDs offer many advantages, including significantly
longer lifetimes, consistent output, more energy effi-
ciency, no ozone emissions, no mercury waste, much less
heat onto the substrate, instant on/off, and a small-form
factor ideal for incorporating into processes or machinery
with little available space.
The total ownership cost of a UV LED system is sig-
nificantly less due to less-frequent lamp replacements,
less maintenance, better energy efficiency and small
space requirements. Compared to an arc lamps 500- to
2,000-hour life, most UV LEDs have lifetime ratings of
10,000 hours, but can last over 20,000 hours. It is also
important to note that over this lifetime, UV LED output
only drops about 5%, as compared to arc lamps, which
lose about 50% by the end of their life. The instant on/
off capability of UV LEDs prevents damage to heat-
sensitive substrates during production line stops, elimi-
nating the need for mechanical shutters, which often
require additional maintenance and costly downtime.
UV LEDs are the most efficient UV-curing technology,
saving between 50 and 75% over mercury arc lamps. A
UV LED lamp converts electrical energy more efficiently
into wavelengths useful to the curing process and
wastes no energy as infrared, as is the case with both
mercury arc and electrodeless lamps.
UV LEDs are a safe and environmentally friendly
technology. Because UV LEDs emit UV energy in the
UVA range, the lamps do not generate any ozone that
needs to be exhausted from the work area. In addition,
there is no mercury in a UV LED lamp, so there are no
concerns about mercury spills in the work place or haz-
ardous disposal requirements.
In a production environment, UV LEDs require sig-
nificantly less space, monitoring, maintenance and down
time, which translates into less scrap, higher productivity
rates and higher-quality products at lower costs. Paybacks
for retrofitting onto existing machines or replacing exist-
ing UV arc lamps can be as low as 12 months.
Phoseon Technology now offers the FirePower lamp
rated at 20 W/cm
2
primarily for flexographic printing
and wood coating applications requiring high-intensity
UV energy. In general, the higher the UV LED lamp out-
put the more cooling required, so they use water cooling
to maintain the integrity of the diode. A separate chiller
provides cooled water to the UV LED units. Lower-output
units, such as the 12 W/cm
2
FireJet unit, use ambient
air cooling (Figure 2).
Practical Considerations
The working distances of UV LED lamps can range from 2
mm up to 50 mm, and the output is more like a flood pat-
tern, as shown in Figure 3. Mercury arc or electrodeless
lamps typically have a working distance of approximately
2 inches (50 mm) or further from the substrate, and use
parabolic or elliptical reflectors behind the bulb to either
collimate or focus the energy onto the substrate.
Mercury Lamp
Wavelength (nm)
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
UVC
100-280 nm
UVB
280-315 nm
UVA
315-400 nm
Visible Light
400-700 nm
Infared
700-1800 nm
LED 365 nm
LED 385 or 395 or 405 nm
355 365 385 395 405 415
Wavelength (nm)
LED only
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
LED range
W
a
t
t
s

p
e
r

c
m
2
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Air Cooled
Water Cooled
2008 2010 2012 2014
Year
Dichroic Refector
Liner
Quartz Mirror
Substrate
Substrate
Glass
Window
SLM
Array
FIGURE 2 UV LED system output.
Mercury Lamp
Wavelength (nm)
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
UVC
100-280 nm
UVB
280-315 nm
UVA
315-400 nm
Visible Light
400-700 nm
Infared
700-1800 nm
LED 365 nm
LED 385 or 395 or 405 nm
355 365 385 395 405 415
Wavelength (nm)
LED only
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
LED range
W
a
t
t
s

p
e
r

c
m
2
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Air Cooled
Water Cooled
2008 2010 2012 2014
Year
Dichroic Refector
Liner
Quartz Mirror
Substrate
Substrate
Glass
Window
SLM
Array
FIGURE 3 Optics.
UV LED Curing
AUGUST 2014
|

For some applications, such as three-dimensional
parts, a larger working distance is desirable, and
machine builders and others are finding ways to com-
pensate for the loss in irradiance by using advanced
optics. Some UV LED lamps use advanced optics to
deliver consistent high-peak irradiance UV energy
over a specific area, larger or smaller. For example,
light guides concentrate the UV LED output into a very
small area. The FireEdge UV LED lamp has specialty
optics for use in edge-curing/banding applications
while directing the exhaust air away from the substrate
surface (Figure 4).
To cure larger parts, the unique scaling feature
enables joining UV LED units end to end to provide
contiguous, uniform UV output (Figure 5). For example,
both the FireJet and FireEdge UV LEDs are scalable. The
UV LED lamps utilize power supplies that easily inte-
grate with manufacturing line process controls. Since
UV LED power supplies are solid state, they easily adapt
for a given line voltage (100 to 240 volt AC) and fre-
quency (50 or 60 Hz). For added f lexibility and energy
savings it is possible to turn off individual UV LEDs in
multiple unit installations. For example, turning off
one or more UV LED units when processing narrower
products across a wide wood coating line saves energy
without compromising production rates or quality.
Commercial Applications
Some of the earliest UV LED commercial applications
were small-area adhesive and bonding applications
such as medical device assembly, low-end thermal
inkjet printing applications (including marking, cod-
ing and variable printing), and field repair of fiberglass
composites. These early applications took advantage of
UV LEDs form factor (lightweight and small), through
cure capabilities, and increased safety inherent with
longer wavelengths. UV-curing applications previously
thought impossible are now possible due to UV LEDs
small size, light weight and cool curing capabilities. For
example, UV LED curing now dominates wide-format
inkjet printing; the UV LED lamp is ideal for this appli-
cation because it easily fits into a small carriage that
quickly moves the lightweight lamp from side-to-side
across the width of the printer to cure the inks. This
moving head application was simply not possible
with mercury arc and electrodeless lamps because of
their heavy weight, cooling mechanisms and large size.
Today, as the energy density has increased and costs
have decreased (especially for 395 nm output), UV LED
is commercial in the graphic arts, wood coatings, elec-
tronics, composites, textiles, glass, plastics, household
products, pharmaceutical and other markets.
Conclusion
UV LED curing offers many advantages for improving
manufacturing processes and product quality. Manu-
facturing managers and process engineers should eval-
uate UV curing as a way to reduce f loor space, energy
costs and environmental emissions while increasing
production rates. UV-curing formulators and lamp
manufacturers often work with manufacturers to spec-
ify the chemistry and lamps for their specific process.
Manufacturers should consider UV LED lamps to take
advantage of the additional benefits they offer such
as no ozone or mercury, small-form factor, reduced
maintenance, and consistent and reliable operation
for a stable process. UV LEDs offer manufacturers the
lowest total cost of ownership compared to other UV
lamp technologies. As shown, many formulators and
machine builders are actively involved in developing
applications using UV LED curing, and many manufac-
turers are already reaping the benefits.
Quartz Mirror
Substrate
Substrate
Glass
Window
SLM
Array
FIGURE 4 FireEdge UV LED light source.
Quartz Mirror
Substrate
Substrate
Glass
Window
SLM
Array
FIGURE 5 Scalability of the FireJet UV LED light source.
Follow PCI on Facebook at
www.facebook.com/PCIfan
on Twitter at
http://twitter.com/PCIMag
and on Linkedin at
www.linkedin.com
Visit the unique European event
for coating professionnals in 2014!
Meet more than 150 exhibitors of your sector, experts in
raw materials, equipment, packaging
Learn more about Sustainable Development and New
Technologies in Coatings thanks to the 25 workshops of
the congress.
Request your badge!
on www.eurocoat-expo.com
Code : PCI
RAW MATERIALS
RESINS
PIGMENTS
MINERAL DILUENTS
ADJUVANTS
SOLVENTS
BIOBASED PRODUCTS
PRODUCTION AND
APPLICATION MATERIALS
DISPERSERS
CONTROL AND MEASURING
MIXERS
SHREDDERS
CHEMICAL PACKAGING
CODING AND LABELLING
LABORATORY MATERIALS
COLORIMETRY
PACKAGING
TRAINING AND TEACHING
SURFACE TREATMENTS
MATERIALS HANDLING
PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
International Exhibition & Congress
for the paint, printing ink, varnish, glue and adhesive industries
2 3 , 2 4 , 2 5
Sept ember
P a r i s E x p o
Porte de Versailles
F r a n c e
www.eurocoat-expo.com
An event co-organised by:
AUGUST 2014
|

PRODUCTS
Mixers
CHARLES ROSS & SON CO.
These 200-gallon double planetary mixers feature recipe controls
that transform the entire mixing/discharge/cleaning cycle into an
automated, simplified process with a high degree of repeatability.
The standard module allows users to write up to 10 recipes each
with 10 process sequences based on agitator speed, time, tempera-
ture and vacuum/pressure level set points. E-mail sales@mixers.com.
Wireless Access Point
DEFELSKO CORP.
The PosiTector Access Point feature allows users to directly con-
nect a smart device or Wi-Fi-enabled computer to a PosiTector
Advanced body without the need for Wi-Fi network access or a
mobile hotspot. The access point allows users to communicate
directly with the Advanced gage body using a web browser or
PosiSoft Mobile App. Visit www.defelsko.com/AccessPoint.
Walk-In Oven
THE GRIEVE CORP.
No. 941 is an electrically heated, 750 F walk-in oven currently used
for drying resin mixtures. Workspace dimensions measure 48W x
48D x 72H. 60KW are installed in Incoloy-sheathed tubular heat-
ing elements, while a 4200 CFM, 3-HP recirculating blower pro-
vides horizontal airflow. It features 6 insulated walls throughout
and Type 304 2B stainless steel interior with continuously welded
seams. E-mail sales@grievecorp.com.
Abrasion Tester
BYK-GARDNER USA
The new Gardner-scrub abrasion tester can be configured to com-
ply with most ASTM, ISO and DIN methods for wet scrub abrasion
and washability testing, or set up for custom applications. Features
include a touchscreen display, a compact design and the ability to
run custom tests. E-mail info.BYK.Gardner.USA@altana.com.
Fume Hoods
HEMCO CORP.
Perchloric acid hoods are engineered for the safe handling of
perchloric acids in laboratory procedures. Hoods come in 48, 60
and 72 widths and include a dedicated wash down and exhaust
system. Visit www.HEMCOcorp.com.
Viscometer
AUTOMATION PRODUCTS INC.
The Dynatrol CL-10DV viscometer features performance and lon-
gevity, a microprocessor for digital accuracy, and noise immunity
for harsh industrial environments. Call 800/231.2062.
GRINDING MEDIA
FOR ALL
MILLING
APPLICATIONS
Any density - any diameter - any composition
Zirconium Oxide, Glass, Steel, Steel Shot, Tungsten
Carbide, Alumina, Silicon Carbide, Silicon Nitride,
Ottawa Sand, Agate, Titanium Oxide, Flint Pebbles,
Rare Earth ZrO/CeO, Nickel, Plastics, etc.
Precision Glass Balls for ball bearings, check valves,
level gauges and low temperature
critical applications are also available
Small orders welcome.
www.glenmills.com
Large stocks - Competitive Prices - Attentive service.
Please phone for full information and prices.
Glen Mills Inc.
220 Delawanna Ave., Clifton, NJ 07014
Tel: (973) 777-0777 Fax: (973) 777-0070
53
CLASSIFIEDS
Stainless IT Stainless ITT
The CONN Blades
Most Efficient & Aggressive Available
UHMW Poly
w w w . c o n n b l a d e . c o m
(814) 723-7980
EQUIPMENT CUSTOM MANUFACTURING EQUIPMENT
www.pcimag.com/PCIclassifieds
Its time to change
your Blade!
www.quickblades.net
sales@quickblades.net
2603592072
High Speed Dispersion
POSITIONS AVAILABLE
Sto Corp., ISO 9001 and 14001
certied world class manufacturer of
cladding and coating systems, offers
toll blending services for cement
based powders and water based
textured or smooth coatings.
Contact: Jerry Haller
jhaller@stocorp.com
or 678-429-2572
Mozel is an ISO 9001:2008 certifed contract
blending and flling company specializing
in polyisocyanates, solvents, and other
fammable or corrosive products. Mozel
ofers turnkey solutions and focuses on
adding value for its customers.
Let us put our expertise to work for you.
www.MozelChem.com (615)878-2199
tbarnwell@mozelchem.com
484-684-6986
sales@norstoneinc.com
www.grindingmediadepot.biz
www.bladedepot.biz
1-800-243-ROSS
www.DualShaftMixers.com
Scan to learn
more & get a
free quote.
Free Tag Reader:
http://gettag.mobi
DUAL SHAFT
MIXERS
New 50, 100 & 200 gal.
mixers in stock!
TOLL BLENDING
ISO-9001 certifed manufacturer with
nationwide network of plants seeks toll
blending inquiries: sand/cement blends,
latex or epoxy liquid packing, FFS form fll
& seal packaging, private label products.
Contact Dominic Di Cenzo
203.915.0279 or djdicenzo@cox.net
RECRUITMENT SERVICES
Specializing in paint/coatings industry. Seeking
passionate, high-impact professionals for nationwide
positions. Send your resume in confidence to:
Spencer M. Hermann
SEARCHLIGHT PARTNERS
28052 Camino Capistrano, Suite 209
Laguna Niguel, CA 92677
(949)429-8813 spencer@mrisearchlight.com
NANO Coating Sales Reps
Needed NOW!
Contact Greg at Ph: 858.220.1596
greg.ingles@appliedtechintl.com
www.appliedtechintl.com
AUGUST 2014
|

CLASSIFIEDS
PUBL I S HI NG/ S AL ES S TAF F
Publisher/ Donna M. Campbell
East Coast Sales Tel: 610/650.4050 Fax: 248/502.1091
E-mail: campbelld@pcimag.com
Midwest/ Lisa Guldan
West Coast Sales Tel: 630/293.7261
E-mail: guldanl@pcimag.com
China Media Rep. Arlen Luo
Tel: 0086-10-88579899
E-mail: nsmchina@126.com
Europe Regional Uwe Riemeyer
Manager Tel: 49 (0)202-271690
E-mail: riemeyer@intermediapartners.de
Inside Sales Manager Andrea Kropp
Tel: 810/688.4847
E-mail: kroppa@pcimag.com
Production Manager Brian Biddle
Tel: 847/405.4104 Fax: 248/244.3915
E-mail: biddleb@bnpmedia.com
EDI TORI AL S TAF F
Editor Kristin Johansson
Tel: 248/641.0592 Fax: 248/502.2094
E-mail: kristin@pcimag.com
Technical Editor Darlene R. Brezinski, Ph.D.
E-mail: darpaint@aol.com
Associate Editor Karen Parker
Tel: 248/229.2681
E-mail: parkerpcimag@gmail.com
Art Director Clare L. Johnson
OPERATI ONS S TAF F
Single Copy Sales Ann Kalb
E-mail: kalbr@bnpmedia.com
Tel: 248/244.6499 Fax: 248/244.2925
Reprint Manager Jill L. DeVries
248/244.1726
E-mail: devriesj@bnpmedia.com
LIST RENTAL, POSTAL & E- MAIL CONTACTS
Sr. Account Manager Kevin Collopy
kevin.collopy@infogroup.com
Tel: 845/731.2684 Toll Free: 800/223.2194 Ext. 684
Sr. Account Manager Michael Costantino
michael.costantino@infogroup.com
Tel: 402/836.6266
For subscription information or service,
please contact Customer Service at:
Tel: 847/763.9534 or Fax: 847/763.9538
or e-mail PCI@halldata.com
Arkema Coating Resins . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
www.arkemacoatingresins.com/neocar
BASF Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
www.basf.us/dpsolutions
BYK USA Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
www.byk.com
BioAmber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
http;//webinars.pcimag.com
www.bio-amber.com
Brenntag North America. . . . . . . . . . 17
www.brenntagnorthamerica.com
Brookfield Engineering
Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
www.brookfieldengineering.com
CHEMIR - A Division of Evans
Analytical Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
www.eag.com
www.chemir.com
Classifier Milling Systems . . . . . . . . . 32
www.cms-can.com
CNNC Hua Yuan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
www.sinotio2.com
Coatings Trends & Technologies 46-47
www.coatingsconference.com
Conn and Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
www.connblade.com
Custom Milling & Consulting . . . . . 30
www.cmcmilling.com
DeFelsko Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
www.defelsko.com
Dymax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
www.dymax-oc.com
Elcometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
www.elcometer.com
Emerald Performance Materials. . . . 13
www.emeraldmaterials.com
EMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
www.EMImills.com
Eurocoat Expo 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
www.eurocoat-expo.com
Glen Mills Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
www.glenmills.com
HERO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
www.hero.ca
Heubach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
www.heubach.com
Konica Minolta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
www.sensing.konicaminolta.us
Myers Engineering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
www.myersmixer.com
Myriant Corporation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
www.myriant.com
Nexeo Solutions, LLC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
www.nexeosolutions.com
Palmer Holland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
www.palmerholland.com
Parker Domnick Hunter. . . . . . . . . . . 43
www.parker.com/dhprocessipc
Particle Sizing Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . 43
www.pssnicomp.com
Paul N. Gardner Company, Inc. . . . . 52
www.gardco.com
The Pigment & Color
Science Forum 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Phoseon Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
www.phoseon.com/PCI/
P.L. Thomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
www.plthomas.com
Powder Technologies Incorporated. . 55
www.powdertechusa.com
Q-Lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
www.q-lab.com/CRH
Ross, Charles and Son . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
www.mixers.com
TecFiveUSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
www.tec5usa.com
UL Information & Insights. . . . . . . . . 29
www.ULProspector.com
AD INDEX
www.pcimag.com/advertiserindex
PRODUCTS & SERVICES PRODUCTS & SERVICES PRODUCTS & SERVICES
P.A.T.T.I.
Coating Adhesion Testers
When Accuracy Matters!
Analog/Digital/Computer Models Available
Complete Packages start at only $999!

www.adhesiontesting.com
Custom Pigment Dispersions
Reitech Corporation
Let us solve your Color
Match Puzzle with our
Aqueous products.
40+ years of technical expertise.
www.reitechcorporation.com (610) 929-9451
WE DO
COLORANT
DATABASES
Janda Corporation Fort Myers FL
410-263-2223 bobjanda@jandacorp.net
S
U
P
P
L
I
E
R

S
H
O
W
C
A
S
E
S
COPAL DAMAR
EAST INDIA
ELEMI MASTIC
SANDARAC
PLT Health Solutions is a leading supplier of natural resins (exudates) including
Copal, Damar, Mastic and more. Natural resins have been used for centuries in
printing inks, coated materials and protective purposes. PLT Health Solutions
has more than 50 years experience souring quality natural products globally.
For fast delivery resins are stocked locally in our NJ warehouse.
R
E
S
I
N
S
Contact PLT Health Solutions for samples and more information.
973.984.0900 x210 www.PLTHealth.com
PLT Health Solutions RESINS Ad_Layout 1 3/19/14 9:18 AM Page 1
609-914-0521 | powdertechusa.com
See why so many rely on ystrals Conti-TDS technology
110% mixing solutions for:
Noticeable reduction in TiO
2

True reduction of dust
Signicant reduction in power cost
Substantial reduction in oor space
Batch sizes from 500 to 50,000 gallons
10T of decorative emulsion at 50% solids in 15 to 30 minutes
30-70% reduction in bead mill processing time depending on pigment and
formulation
Ystral
110% Mixing Solutions
Ali Hite
CENTRAL REGION
ACCOUNT MANAGER
Profreshional.
Ali is excited to be part of the next generation in a company that focuses on longevity.
Our extensive training and mentoring program has shaped Ali into a future leader in the industry.
Shes just one example of how Palmer Holland is evolving chemical distribution.

Paint & Coatings Industry August 2014

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Paint & Coatings Industry August 2014

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Paint & Coatings Industry August 2014

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

S

FIT Concept is a new and innovative pigment preparation approach consolidating

FIT Concept comprises:

Duplicating your U.S.

. Get more than twice

Accelerate Your R&D

Company of the Year by the American Chemistry Council

For information on these and other Emerald products, including Black

Ogdensburg, New York USA

protective coatings brands within the North

From viscosity to flm application, abrasion and washability

150 (Microtrac, Inc.) dynamic light scattering device,

PAI NT & COATI NGS I NDUS TRY

ULProspector.com | FREE ACCESS

EP-M family of products, they received the Evonik Innova-

For more information, contact Markus.hallack@evonik.com.

350.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0 850.0

Analog/Digital/Computer Models Available

Complete Packages start at only $999!

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.