Table of Contents

Acknowledgement……………………………………………………….V
List of Figures…………………………………………………………..VI
Glossary………………………………………………………………..VII

I. Executive Summary……………………………………………..........1

II. Introduction ........................................................................................4

II.1.Historical Background………………………………………….....…4
II.2.What is Nanotechnology? ...................................................................5
II.3.Nanotechnology Definitions………………………………………....7
II.4.The Significance of Nanoscale .........................................…………..8
II.5.Reasons for the Difference in Material Properties by Applying
Nanoscale ……..…………………………………………………......9
II.6.Nanomaterials……………………………………………...........….10
II.6.1.Methods of Nanomaterials Construction…………....................10
II.6.2.Properties of Nanomaterials…………………………………...11
II.6.3.Nanomaterial Science…………………………………….........12
II.6.3.1.Materials can be produced that are nanoscale……...……..12
II.6.3.1.1.Nanoscale in One Dimension………..…...…………..12
II.6.3.1.1.1.Thin films…………………………….……….....12
II.6.3.2.2.Engineered surfaces………………………………..13
II.6.3.1.2.Nanoscale in Two Dimensions………………….....13
II.6.3.1.2.1.Carbon Nanotubes…………………………….....13
II.6.3.1.2.2. Inorganic Nanotubes……………………...….....14
II.6.3.1.2.3.Nanowires…………………………………….....14
II.6.3.1.2.4.Biopolymers……………………………………..15

I
 II.6.3.1.3.Nanoscale in Three Dimensions……………………..16
II.6.3.1.3.1.Nanoparticles………………………………..…..16
II.6.3.1.3.1.1.About Nanoparticles………...…………..….16
II.6.3.1.3.1.2.Applications of Nanoparticles…………..….17
II. 6.3.1.3.2.Fullerenes………………………………………....17
II.6.3.1.3.3.Dendrimers…………………………………….......18
II.6.3.1.3.4.Quantum Dots…………………...………………...18

III. Applications of Nanotechnology………………………………...20

III.1.Nano Medicine……………………………………………………20
III.1.1.Medicine Today……………………………………...............20
III.1.2.Shortcomings of Today's Medicine………………………….20
III.1.3.Nanotechnology in Medicine…………………………….…..21
III.1.4.Applying Nanomedicine outside the body……………….…..21
III.1.5.Applying Nanomedicine inside the body………………….…22
III.1.5.1.In the Bloodstream……………………………………....22
III.1.5.2.Inside tissues…………………………………………….23
III.1.5.2.1.Eliminating Invaders…………………………..........23
III.1.5.2.2.Herding Cells and Rebuilding Tissues……………...23
III.1.5.2.3.Working on Cells…………………………………...24
III.1.5.2.4.Eliminating Viruses by Cell Surgery………….........24
III.1.5.2.5.Healing Body and Limb……………………….........24
III.1.5.2.6.Correcting Chemistry………………………….........25
III.1.5.2.7.New Organs and Limbs……………………………..26
III.1.5.2.8.First Aid……………………………………………..26
III.1.6.The Threat of New Developing Diseases…………………….27
III.1.7.Nanotechnology Facing the Threats………………………….28
III.1.8.Automated Engineering………………………………………28

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 III.1.9.Aging…………………………………………………….……29
III.1.10.Restoring Species………………………………….…….…..30
III.2.Cancer and Nanotechnology……………………….………………31
III.2.1.Nanodevices……………………………………………...........31
III.2.2.Nanotechnology and Diagnostics………………………..........31
III.2.3.Nanotechnology and Cancer Therapy………………………...33
III.2.4.Nanotechnology Platform…………………………………….37
III.2.5.National Nanotechnology Standardisation Laboratory for
Cancer Therapy……………………………………………….37
III.2.6.Conclusion……………………………………………………38
III.3.Nanotechnology in Food and Agriculture………………………...39
III.3.1.Nanofood……………………………………………………..40
III.3.1.1.Nanotechnology and food processing…………………...44
III.3.1.1.1.Nanofood now no longer just a vision……………...44
III.3.1.2.2.Processing aids……………………………………...44
III.3.1.2.3.Nutritional additives………………………………...45
III.3.1.2.4.Modern food processing methods produce
Nanoparticles………………………………………..47
III.3.1.2.Nanotechnology used for food packaging and food contact
materials
III.3.1.2.1.Extending the shelf-life of packaged Foods……...…48
III.3.3.2.2.Edible Nano coatings……………………………….48
III.3.3.2.3.Chemical release Nano packaging………………….49
III.3.3.2.4.Nano-based antimicrobial packaging and food contact
materials…………………………………….............49
III.3.3.1.5.Nano-sensor and track and trace packaging………...50
III.3.2.Nanotechnology used in agriculture………………………….51
III.3.2.1.Nano agrochemicals are already in commercial use……..51

III
 III.3.2.2.Nano-genetic manipulation of agricultural crops and
animals………………………………………………...…51
III.3.2.3.General Applications of Nanotechnology in Agriculture..52
III.3.2.4.Conclusion……………………………………………….53
III.4.Nanotechnology and water………………………………………..54
III.4.1.Difference between purification of water by nanotechnology
and conventional methods……...…...……………………….55
III.4.2.How nanoparticles purify water?.……...….………. ………..55

IV. Limitations of Nanotechnology…….…….……………………….62

IV.1.Human health risks ………………………….………………..…...57

IV.2.Environmental risks…………………………………………..……58
IV.3.Manufacturing risks …………………………………………..…...58
IV.4.Educational gap risk …………………………………………..…..58
IV.5.Essential human and environmental risks……………………..…..58

V. Final Word…………………………………………..……………...59

V.1.Market Potential……………………………………………………59
V.2.About Egypt………………………………………………………..60

VI. Refrences………………………………………………..………….61

IV
 Acknowledgement

Thanks God we could do this research wishing that it will achieve

our hoped goals and help us to present new technologies and sciences that
will lead to the development and welfare of Egypt.

Thanks the Cairo University Staff for giving us the chance to

search, express our abilities and compete in this scientific challenge. We
wish we have presented our best in this research.

The Nanotechnology Research Team

Faculty of Pharmacy-Cairo University

V
 List of Figures

-Figure (1): Human hair fragment and a network of single-walled carbon

nanotubes(P.6)
-Figure (2): Model C60 (P.17)
-Figure (3): Immune Machines (P.22)
-Figure (4): Nanoscale cantilevers (P.33)
-Figure (5): Dendrimer used in Cancer therapy (P.35)
-Figure (6): Nanoclinics destroying Cancer cells (P.37)
-Figure (7): Examples of the current use of nanomaterials in agriculture,
foods and food packaging(P.42,43,44 and 45)

VI
 Glossary

-CVD: Chemical Vapour Deposition

-CNTs: Carbon Nanotubes
-Fs: Femtosecond
-MPE: Molecular Beam Epitaxy
-NCI: National Cancer Institute
- nm: nanometer
-NNI: National Nanotechnology Initiative
-NSL: National Nanotechnology Standardization Laboratory
-NT: Nano Technology
-R&D: Research and Development
-RFID: Radio Frequency Identification
-SES: Surface Engineered Silica
-STM: Scanning tunneling microscope

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