Lecture 2

Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

(II) (II)
(chapter 9)
Learning goals
Understand physical meanings of sinusoidal (ac) (ac) signals
Understand the meaning of rms value of sinusoidal (ac) (ac)
signals
Understand phasor concepts and be able to perform a
phasor transform and an inverse phasor transform phasor transform and an inverse phasor transform
Be able to transform a circuit with a sinusoidal source
into frequency domain using phasor concepts
Know how to apply circuit analysis methods to solve a
circuit in frequency domain
Be able to analyze circuits containing ideal transformer/
linear transformers using phasor method
Phasor
V

Phasor operation transfer v(t) from time domian to a frequency
domain
( ) cos( )
m
v t t = + = + = + = + V time domain
cos sin
j
m
m
m m
V e
j




= = = =
= = = =
= + = + = + = +
V frequency domain
V
V V
(complex domain)
Abbreviation of polar form
rectangular form
Inverse Phasor Transform
Inverse phasor transform :
{ {{ { } }} } { {{ { } }} }
1 j j j t
m e m
V e R V e e


= == =

P
1
P
Inverse phasor operation transfers the v(t) from
a frequency domain to a time domain
Examples:

j t
e
R V e



= == =


o
45
100 ; 300 ,
rad
V e
s


= = = = = = = = Find v(t)=?
( ) 100cos(300 45 ) v t t V = + = + = + = +
o
Answer:
Resistor:
ohms law:
Passive Elements in Frequency Domain
i
v iR = == =
The phasor for the circuit variables are:


( ) ;
( ) ;
j t j
e m
j t j
e m
v t R V e V V e
i t R I e I I e





= = = = = = = =



= = = = = = = =


Passive Elements in Frequency Domain
Resistor:
ohms law:
i
v iR = == =
Substitute those into ohms law
This will be true if:

j t j t
e e
R V e R R I e



= = = =


phasor version of ohm's law V R I

= == =
Passive Elements in Frequency Domain
Inductor:
di
v L
dt
= == =
v
i
Substitute the phasor representations into the
element equation :



( )
j t
e
j t
e
j t
e
di
v t R V e L
dt
d
L R I e
dt
R Lj I e








= = = = = = = =



= == =



= == =


v
Passive Elements in Frequency Domain
This will be true if:
phasor version of an inductor V j LI

= == =
( )
j t j t
e e
v t R V e R Lj I e




= == =


Inductor:
Guess if voltage leads current or vice versa ?
phasor version of an inductor V j LI = == =
Get rid of differential equation
Passive Elements in Frequency Domain
This will be true if:
phasor version of an inductor V j LI

= == =
( )
j t j t
e e
v t R V e R Lj I e




= == =


Inductor:
Since The voltage sinusoid
leads the current by 90 of the phase advance
o
2
1 90
j
j e

= = = = = = = =

( 90 ) j j j
m m m
V V e j LI j LI e LI e



+ ++ +
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
o
phasor version of an inductor V j LI = == =
Get rid of differential equation
Passive Elements in Frequency Domain
Inductor:
Since The voltage sinusoid
leads the current by 90 of the phase advance
o
2
1 90
j
j e

= = = = = = = =

( 90 ) j j j
m m m
V V e j LI j LI e LI e



+ ++ +
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
o
phasor version of an inductor V j LI

= == =
Passive Elements in Frequency Domain
Capacitor:
v
i
dv
i C
dt
= == =
Substitute the phasor relationships:
v



( )
j t
e
j t
e
j t
e
dv
i t R I e C
dt
d
C R V e
dt
R j CV e








= = = = = = = =



= == =



= == =


Passive Elements in Frequency Domain
Which is true, if:
phasor version for a capacitor I j CV

= == =
( )
j t j t
e e
i t R I e R j CV e




= == =


Capacitor:

( 90 ) j j j
m m m
I I e j CV j CV e CV e



+ ++ +
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
o
leads by
o
( ) ( ) 90 i t v t
All passive elements can be written in the phasor domain
where is the impedance , V I Z Z

= == =
, where is the admittance I VY Y

= == =
Not a differential equation
Passive Elements - Summary
All passive elements can be written in the phasor domain
- Impedance is measured in ohm, is complex number, but
is not a phasor
- Impedance in the freq. domain is the quantity analogous
where is the impedance , V I Z Z

= == =
, where is the admittance I VY Y

= == =
- Impedance in the freq. domain is the quantity analogous
to resistance, inductance & capacitance in time domain.
- The imaginary part of the impedance is called reactance
Passive Elements - Summary
Separate each into real and imaginary parts
Z = R + jX R: resistance X: reactance
Y = G + jB G: conductance B: susceptance
For a resistor:
For a inductor:
For a capacitor:
1
Z R Y G
R
= = = = = = = = = = = = or
j
Z jx j L Y jB
L



= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = or
j
Z jx Z jB j C
C



= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = or
Passive Elements - Summary
Kirchhoff's Laws /KVL
Since KVL is expressed as
1 2 3
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ...... ( ) 0
n
i n
v t v t v t v t v t
= =
= + + + + = = + + + + = = + + + + = = + + + + =

Check if the circuit theories (KVL and KCL)
are still valid in frequency domain
making the phasor transformation of
produces
1 2 3
1
i n
i = == =

( )
j t
i e i
v t R V e



= == =



1
0
n
i
i
V

= == =
= == =

KVL holds in frequency domain
Kirchhoff's Laws /KVL
Likewise, KCL is expressed as
The phasor transformation
1 2 3
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ...... ( ) 0
n
j n
j
i t i t i t i t i t
= == =
= + + + + = = + + + + = = + + + + = = + + + + =

( )
j t
i t R I e



= == =

The phasor transformation
Produces
( )
j t
j
j e
i t R I e


= == =



1
0
n
j
j
I

= == =
= == =

Both KVL and KCL hold in frequency domain
Series and Parallel Combination
impedence
1
: , , Z R j L
j C


Z can be any of the passive elements
1 2 3 1 2 3
( )
T
V I Z I Z I Z I Z Z Z I Z

= + + = + + = = + + = + + = = + + = + + = = + + = + + =
The equivalent series impedance is:
1 2 3 T
Z Z Z Z = + + = + + = + + = + +
Ohmic law:
Series and Parallel Combination
Example: Find total impedance
Given: 60 2 377
rad
f Hz f
s
= = =
Series and Parallel Combination
Calculate impedance in
frequency domain
100
377 500 188.5
1
R
L
Z R
Z j L j m j
j

= = = = = = = =
= = = = = = = = = = = =

Answer:
60 2 377
rad
f Hz f
s
= = =
1
265
377 10
C
j
Z j
j C

= = = = = = = = = = = =

The total series impedance is:
1 2 3
100 188.5 265
100 76.5
125.9 37.4
T
Z Z Z Z
j j
j
= + + = + + = + + = + +
= + = + = + = +
= = = =
= = = =
o



Series and Parallel Combination
1
y
2
y
3
y
I

+
admittance
1 1
, , : y G j C
R j L


= = = = = = = =
Parallel elements:
1

)=
1 2 3 1 2 3
( I V y V y V y V y y y V y

= + + = + + = + + = + + = + + = + + = + + = + +
The equivalent parallel admittance:
1 2 3 T
= y y y y + + + + + + + +
Series and Parallel Combination
Example: Find total impedance
Given:
60 2 377
rad
f Hz f
s
= = =
Series and Parallel Combination
10.0
5.3
377 500
R
L
y mS
j j
y j mS
L m

=

= = =

= = =
(s:siemens)
Answer:
The total parallel
admittance is
60 2 377
rad
f Hz f
s
= = =
377 10 3.8
C
y j C j j mS = = =
1 2 3
10 1.5
10.11 8.53
y y y y j mS
mS
+ + =
=
o
T
=