HS11

Papaya Growing in the Florida Home Landscape

1
Jonathan H. Crane
2
1. This document is Fact Sheet HS11, a series of the Horticultural Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and
Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Publication date: 1986; minor revision, 1994; and major revision 2005; and minor revision October 2008.
Reviewed July 2013.
2. J.H. Crane, Professor and Tropical Fruit Crop Specialist, Univ. of Fla., IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead.
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to
individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national
origin, political opinions or afliations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A&M University Cooperative
Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Nick T. Place , Dean
Scientifc name: Carica papaya L.
Common names: Papaya and pawpaw (English and
Spanish), malakor, loko, ma kuai thet (Tai), and du du
(Vietnamese).
Family: Caricaceae
Origin: Lowlands of Central America and southern
Mexico, possibly West Indies (Caribbean). Center of
diversifcation southern Mexico to Nicaragua.
Relatives: Mountain papaya (Carica candamarcensis
Hook.f.).
Distribution: Troughout the tropical and subtropical
world; in protected culture in cool subtropical regions.
History: Papaya was taken to the Caribbean and Southeast
Asia frst and then spread to India, Oceania, and Africa.
Importance: Papaya is a major commercial crop through-
out the tropical and subtropical world and exported widely
to areas where production is not possible. Florida has a
small commercial industry.
Invasive potential: Carica papaya has not been evaluated
using the IFAS Assessment of Non-Native Plants in Floridas
Natural Areas (IFAS Invasive Plant Working Group 2008).
Description
Tree and tree types
Giant arborescent plant to 33 f (10 m)tall; generally
short-lived although may live up to 20 years; usually single
trunked, no secondary growth.
Leaves
Leaves are palmately-lobed and short-lived, 6-8 months.
Flowers
Tere are 3 basic tree types, male plants, female plants, and
hermaphroditic (bisexual) plants. Fruit is normally only
produced from female and bisexual plants.
Te inforescence is a an elongated (25-100 cm long),
branched cyme in male plants and a much reduced cyme
for bisexual and female plants. Papaya is a polygamous
species with 3 basic plant types. Male (staminate) plants,
in which small, tubular, yellow fowers possessing only 10
anthers are held in cymes at the ends of long peduncles.
Female (pistillate) plants with large yellow to whitish
fowers which possess a large, superior ovary which is held
on a much reduced cyme in the leaf axils along the trunk.
Bisexual (hermaphroditic) plants possess perfect fowers
held on a much reduced cyme in the leaf axils along the
trunk.
2 Papaya Growing in the Florida Home Landscape
Fruit
Papaya fruit is a berry with a thin, smooth exocarp (peel)
and thick, feshy mesocarp surrounding an open cavity
containing many small seeds. Fruit may be globose, ovoid,
obovoid, and pyriform, 7-35 cm long, and 0.250-10 kg in
weight.
In addition, some plants may produce more than one type
of fower and exhibit diferent degrees of male or female-
ness. Tis may be triggered by temperature, changing day
length, and soil moisture availability. Female plants pro-
duce medium to large round-shaped fruit of good quality
and a large seed cavity. Bisexual plants produce small to
medium elongated fruit of good quality and a smaller seed
cavity. Male plants with bisexual fowers may produce a
few, elongated, poor quality fruit.
Pollination
Papaya plants may be self-pollinating (bisexual plants) or
cross pollinated by insects or wind. Pollinators include
honey bees, wasps, midges, thrips, surphid fies, and
butterfies.
Varieties
Tere are numerous varieties of papaya. However, very few
are available to most urban residents because of the seeds
are not commonly for sale in small amounts. Important
varieties in the U.S. include Red Lady, Maradol, and
various Solo-types.
Climate
Any climatic factor such as cool or cold temperatures,
lack of water (drought), high constant winds, or shade
will reduce papaya growth and production. Papaya plants
grow and fruit best in areas where temperatures remain
warm to hot (70F-90F; 21-32C). Root growth is best
if soil temperatures remain above 60F (15.5C) and slow
or decline below that temperature. Papaya plants are not
tolerant of freezing temperatures and are damaged or killed
below 31F (-0.6C). High temperatures above 90F (32C)
may cause fowers to drop, and low temperatures below
59F (15C) may inhibit fowering or cause misshapen
fruit. Well distributed rainfall is required for best plant
growth and fruit production. Any non-favorable weather
conditions may lead to a reduction of plant growth and
fruit production.
Papaya plants are susceptible to wind damage and will not
establish or grow well in continuously windy areas. Papaya
plants with a large amount of developing fruit are very
susceptible to toppling due to high winds. Terefore plants
should be planted in wind-protected areas of the landscape.
Propagation
Papaya is mainly propagated by seed, but tissue culture and
rooted cuttings are practiced to a limited extent. Te sex of
the plant is determined by its parents.
To propagate by seed, remove the seeds from an elongated
ripe fruit and place in a colander. Press the seeds against
the side of the colander to break the sarcotesta (sac)
surrounding the seed (this sac inhibits seed germination).
Rinse seeds thoroughly and place on a paper towel to dry
(not in the sunlight). Once seeds are dry they may be
placed in a plastic bag and stored in the refrigerator for
several years for later use.
In general, propagating and planting 2 to 3 plants is best
to insure fruit production from at least 1 plant. Tis is
because depending upon the source of seeds, they may
produce female, bisexual, or male plants. Plant 2 to 4 seeds
in each 1-gallon (3.8-liter) container in a clean, sterile
artifcial media. Water thoroughly, and place the containers
in a warm sunny location. Germination may take 2 to 3
weeks. Once seedlings have emerged, select the most vigor-
ous one and snip the others of at the soil line with clippers.
Fertilize the seedlings with a dilute complete fertilizer
solution every 10 to 14 days. Once plants have reached 6 to
12 inches (15-30 cm) tall, plant in a sunny location.
Production (Crop Yields)
Well-cared-for plants may begin to produce fowers 4
months afer planting and fruit 7 to 11 months afer plant-
ing. Te amount of fruit produced by a papaya plant varies
with the general climate, weather conditions during the
year, and plant care. Yields vary from 60 to 80 lbs per tree
over a 12 month period.
Spacing and Pruning
Papaya plants should be planted in full sun and at least 10
to 20 f (3.1-6.1 m) away from other plants, buildings, and
power lines. In general, planting 2 to 3 papaya plants 7 to
12 f (2.1-3.7 m) away from each other will insure that at
least one will be fruitful, and it will also facilitate fertilizing
and watering.
Papaya plants are not pruned because their main growing
point is terminal, and branched trees generally do not
produce as well. If the main growing point is damage or
killed, side sprouts may grow. Selecting 1 or 2 of the most
3 Papaya Growing in the Florida Home Landscape
vigorous shoots and removing the others will facilitate
growth and fruiting of the remaining shoots. Tying these
side shoots to a stake will reduce the chance they may break
of due to a heavy fruit load or high winds.
Removal of dead leaves is a good practice and results in less
scarring of the fruit from the base of the leaf petiole. It also
reduces disease and insect problems.
Soils
Papaya plants grow and fruit well in many well drained soil
types. Plants will do well with care in sands, loams, and
rocky soils with a pH of 4.5 to 8.0.
Planting Papaya Plants
Properly planting a papaya tree is one of the most impor-
tant steps in successfully establishing and growing a strong,
productive tree. Some nurseries ofer papaya plants and the
frst step is to choose a healthy nursery tree. Commonly,
nursery papaya trees are grown in 1- to 3-gallon containers
and trees stand 6 inches to 2 f tall. Large trees in smaller
containers should be avoided as the root system may be
root bound. Tis means all the available space in the
container has been flled with roots to the point that the tap
root is growing along the edge of the container in a circular
fashion. Root bound root systems may not grow properly
once planted in the ground.
Inspect the tree for insect pests and diseases and inspect
the trunk of the tree for wounds and constrictions. Select
a healthy tree and water it regularly in preparation for
planting in the ground.
Site Selection
In general, papaya trees should be planted in full sun for
best growth and fruit production. Select a part of the
landscape away from other trees, buildings and structures,
and power lines. Select the warmest area of the landscape
that does not food (or remain wet) afer typical summer
rainfall.
Planting in Sandy Soil
Many areas in Florida have sandy soil. Remove a 3- to
5-f-diameter ring of grass sod (0.9- to 1.5-m). Dig a hole 3
to 4 times the diameter and 3 times as deep as the container
the papaya tree came in. Making a large hole loosens the
soil next to the new tree, making it easy for the roots to
expand into the adjacent soil. It is not necessary to apply
fertilizer, topsoil, or compost to the hole. In fact, placing
topsoil or compost in the hole frst and then planting on top
of it is not desirable. If you wish to add topsoil or compost
to the native soil, mix it with the excavated soil in no more
than a 50-50 ratio.
Backfll the hole with some of the excavated soil. Remove
the tree from the container and place it in the hole so that
the top of the soil media from the container is level with or
slightly above the surrounding soil level. Fill soil in around
the tree roots and tamp slightly to remove air pockets.
Immediately water the soil around the tree and tree roots.
Staking the tree with a wooden or bamboo stake is optional.
However, do not use wire or nylon rope to tie the tree to the
stake because they may eventually damage the tree trunk
as it grows. Use a cotton or natural fber string that will
degrade slowly.
Planting in Rockland Soil
Many areas in Miami-Dade County have a very shallow soil
and several inches below the soil surface is a hard, calcare-
ous bedrock . Remove a 3- to 5-f-diameter ring of grass
sod (0.9- to 1.5-m). Make a hole 3 to 4 times the diameter
and 3 times as deep as the container the tree came in. To
dig a hole, use a pick and digging bar to break up the rock
or contract with a company that has augering equipment or
a backhoe. Plant trees as described in the previous section.
Planting on a Mound
Many areas in Florida are within 7 f or so of the water table
and experience occasional fooding afer heavy rains. To
improve plant survival, consider planting fruit trees on a
2- to 3-f-high by 4- to 10-f-diameter mound of native soil
(0.3- to 0.9-m x1.2- to 3.1-m).
Afer the mound is made, dig a hole 3 to 4 times the
diameter and 3 times as deep as the container the papaya
tree came in. In areas where the bedrock nearly comes to
the surface (rockland soil), follow the recommendations for
the previous section. In areas with sandy soil, follow the
recommendations from the section on planting in sandy
soil.
Care of Papaya Plants in the Home
Landscape
A calendar outlining the month-to-month cultural prac-
tices for papaya is shown in Table 1.
Fertilizer
Frequent applications of small amounts of fertilizer are best
for continuous papaya growth and fruit production (Table
2). Young plants should be fertilzed every 14 days with 1/4
4 Papaya Growing in the Florida Home Landscape
lb of a complete fertilizer with the amounts increasing as
trees become larger. Complete fertilizers include nitrogen
(N), phosphate (P
2
O
5
), potash (K
2
O), and a source of
magnesium (Mg). Once trees become about 7 to 8 months
old they should be fertilized with 1 to 2 lbs every other
month. Minor elements may be applied up to 1 time per
month. Minor elements including manganese and zinc
may be applied to the ground in soils with a low pH (7 or
less) and foliarly applied for plants growing in high pH
soils. Similarly, iron sulfate may be applied to the ground
for plants growing in low pH soils. However, for plants
growing in high pH soils, chelated iron should be mixed in
water and applied as a soil drench.
Irrigation (Watering)
Watering is essential for best papaya plant growth and fruit
production. Papaya plants that lack water (drought stress)
may drop fowers, leaves, and young fruit and produce
small fruit of low sugar content.
Plants growing in sandy or rocky soils that are well drained
and do not hold much water should be watered every other
day or every day during hot, dry conditions and less ofen
during cool parts of the year (late fall, winter). Plants
growing in soil with a capacity to hold water (loams, sandy
loams) should not be overwatered and therefore should
be watered at 3- to 4-day intervals, especially during hot
weather.
Mulch
Mulching papaya trees in the home landscape helps retain
soil moisture, reduces weed problems adjacent to the tree
trunk, and improves the soil near the surface. Mulch with
a 2- to 6-inch (5- to 15-cm) layer of bark, wood chips, or
similar mulch material. Keep mulch 8 to 12 inches (20-30
cm) from the trunk.
Insect Pests and Nematodes
Papaya plants are attacked by a number of insect pests
including:
Te papaya fruit fy (Toxotrypana curvicauda), which lays
eggs through the papaya fruit peel into the fruit cavity
where the larvae feed and eventually emerge from the
ruined fruit. Tis fy is commonly mistaken for a wasp due
to its long abdomen and yellow and black markings. Fruit
infested with papaya fruit fy may show yellow areas and
may drop from the tree prematurely. Te easiest control for
this pest is to place a paper bag over individual fruit when
they are small and leave the bag on until harvest.
Te papaya webworm (Homolapalpia dalera) is mainly a
pest of the developing fruit peel and papaya stem and is
usually found in, on, or near the stem amongst the fowers
and fruit. Control includes hand removal and hosing of
the plant with a strong stream of water from a garden hose.
Te papaya whitefy (Trialeuroides variabilis) is generally
only a pest of the leaves causing, leaves to drop and reduc-
ing fruit production. Control includes removing infested
leaves and applying appropriate pest control products.
Te two-spotted mite (Tetranychus urticae) is a major pest
of papaya leaves and may cause defoliation and early leaf
drop. Symptoms include a browning of the leaf surfact
and eventually upper leaf surfaces and skeletonizing of the
leaf. For current control measures please contact your local
County Extension Agent.
A number of nematode species (Meloidogyne incognita,
Rotylenchulus reniformis). Nematodes are small, micro-
scopic, worm-like organisms that feed on papaya plant
roots, causing plants to decline in vigor and making more
plants more susceptible to toppling over because of the loss
of roots. Papaya plants should be planted in areas with
clean soil, avoiding areas of the landscape with known
nematode problems.
Diseases
Papaya plants in Florida are susceptible to a number of
diseases:
Papaya ringspot virus is the most important disease of
papaya in Florida. Te earliest symptoms are a yellow mot-
tling of leaves and vein-clearing of leaves. As the disease
progresses, the lobes of the leaves become distorted and leaf
size is greatly reduced. Dark green streaks may develop on
leaf petioles and the main stem. Fruit symptoms consist of
dark circles or C-shaped markings on the fruit peel. Home-
owners wishing to grow papaya in their home landscapes
should avoid using seed from small, pear-shaped Solo-type
fruit which, tend to be more susceptible to this virus than
the larger, elongated, oval-shaped fruit found in many local
markets. All papaya plants showing symptoms of the virus
should be removed so as not to be a source of infection for
new plants. Due to the problems with this virus, we recom-
mend replanting papaya plants every 18 to 24 months.
Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes) primarily
attacks the maturing fruit. Symptoms include small
water-soaked spots that enlarge, turn brown or black and
become sunken. Eventually the fungus grows into the
fruit tissue, ruining it for consumption. Please contact
5 Papaya Growing in the Florida Home Landscape
your local County Extension Agent for current control
recommendations.
Powdery mildew (Oidium caricae) is primarily a disease
of the leaves in Florida. A superfcial white growth on the
leaf surfaces leads to small, light yellow spots on the lower
surfaces of the leaves. Next, pale yellow spots appear on the
upper leaf surfaces. Eventually, dead leaf areas fall out of
the leaves, giving them a shot-hole efect. Control includes
removing infested leaves and removing them from near the
plants.
Phytophthora blight (Phytophthora spp.) includes a
number of diseases including damping-of, root rot, stem
rot, and fruit rot. Tese diseases decrease plant vigor and
may result in plant death.
Corynespora leaf spot (Corynespora cassiicola) is a disease
of the leaves and begins as small, yellow areas which expand
into larger (0.2-0.4 inches) circular brown spots.
Papaya apical necrosis is a relatively new virus in Florida.
Symptoms include a drooping and downward cupping
of the leaves, reduced leaf size, and browning of the leaf
margins. At present there is no control for this disease.
Papaya Trees and Lawn Care
Papaya trees in the home landscape are susceptible to trunk
injury caused by lawn mowers and weed eaters. Maintain
a grass-free area 2 to 5 or more feet (0.9-1.5 m) away from
the trunk of the tree. Never hit the tree trunk with lawn
mowing equipment and never use a weed eater near the
tree trunk. Mechanical damage to the trunk of the tree will
result in weakening the tree and if severe enough can cause
dieback or kill the tree.
Roots of mature papaya trees spread beyond the drip-line of
the tree canopy and heavy fertilization of the lawn adjacent
to papaya trees is not recommended because it may reduce
fruiting and or fruit quality. Te use of lawn sprinkler
systems on a timer may result in over watering and cause
papaya trees to decline. Tis is because too much water too
ofen applied causes root rot.
Harvest, Ripening, and Storage
Papaya fruit may be harvested green for use as a vegetable
and ripe when full yellow to orange color develops on the
peel. Generally, fruit may be picked when yellow color
covers 1/5 to 1/3 of the surface peel, however, greater color
development of the fruit while on the tree increases fruit
sugar content. Afer picking fruit, should be placed at
room temperature to fully ripen before being stored in the
refrigerator. Ripe fruit will keep up to 4 to 7 days.
Uses and Nutritional Value
Papaya fruit are commonly used as a ripe fresh fruit alone,
in fruit salads, drinks, and desserts. Non-ripe fruit may
be used as a vegetable or used in green salads. Fruit is also
dried, candied, and made into pastes, jellies, and jams.
Papaya fruit is low in calories and high in potassium and
vitamin A (Table 3).
6 Papaya Growing in the Florida Home Landscape
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.
7 Papaya Growing in the Florida Home Landscape
Table 2. Fertilizer recommendations for papaya production in the home landscape.
Month Times per month Amount per tree per
application (lbs)
Number of
nutritional sprays
per month
Number of iron
applications per
month
Iron chelate drenches (oz/tree/
application)
1 2 1/4 1 1 1/4
2 2 1/4-1/2 1 1 1/4
3 2 1/4-1/2 1 1 1/4
4-7 2 1/2-3/4 1 1 1/2
8 1 3/4-1 1-2 1 1/2
9 1 1 1-2 1 1/2
10 1 1 1 1 1
12+ 1 1-2 1 1 1
Table 3. Nutrient content of ripe papaya (100 g or 3.5 oz).
z
Constitutent Approximate value Constitutent Approximate value Constitutent Approximate value
Water 89% Calcium 24 mg Sodium 3 mg
Calories 39 kcal Iron 0.1 mg Niacin 0.34 mg
Protein 0.61 g Phosphorus 5 mg Pantothenic acid 0.22 mg
Fat 0.14 g Potassium 257 mg Vitamin A 1094 IU
Carbohydrate 9.8 g Magnesium 10 mg Vitamin E 0.73
z, USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 18 (2005) [website: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/]
[Accessed 10-20-2005].