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    Reading # 1 - UNIX OS Basics

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    Sulabh Kumar
    UNIX is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system developed at AT&T Bell Labs. It has a hierarchical file system and treats everything as a file. The kernel manages hardware resources while the shell is the interface users interact with to run commands. UNIX is stable, widely used, and optimized for program development. However, it can be user-unfriendly for novices due to cryptic commands.

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    Reading # 1 - UNIX OS Basics

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    Sulabh Kumar
    87 views17 pages
    UNIX is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system developed at AT&T Bell Labs. It has a hierarchical file system and treats everything as a file. The kernel manages hardware resources while the shell is the interface users interact with to run commands. UNIX is stable, widely used, and optimized for program development. However, it can be user-unfriendly for novices due to cryptic commands.

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    UNIX is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system developed at AT&T Bell Labs. It has a hierarchical file system and treats everything as a file. The kernel manages hardware resources while the shell is the interface users interact with to run commands. UNIX is stable, widely used, and optimized for program development. However, it can be user-unfriendly for novices due to cryptic commands.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    87 views17 pages

    Reading # 1 - UNIX OS Basics

    Uploaded by

    Sulabh Kumar
    UNIX is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system developed at AT&T Bell Labs. It has a hierarchical file system and treats everything as a file. The kernel manages hardware resources while the shell is the interface users interact with to run commands. UNIX is stable, widely used, and optimized for program development. However, it can be user-unfriendly for novices due to cryptic commands.

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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 17

    What is UNIX?

    UNIX is an Operating System (OS).



    An operating system is a group of control programs that
    helps the user communicate with the computer hardware.

    The most popular operating systems:
    Windows95/98/NT/2000, DOS

    UNIX was developed by AT&T Bell Labs in the US (95%
    written in C programming language).














    Most Important Features of UNIX

    Most important feature of UNIX: Stability
    more than 30 years to get the bugs out
    Important in shared environments and critical
    applications
    Shared Environments :
    Windows98/NT crashes more as compare to UNIX
    servers
    Critical Applications
    Hospital
    Airport
    Real -Time Applications






    Unix Basics

    UNIX is a multi user and multi tasking system.
    Multi User means many users can use the same
    system at the same time.
    Multi Tasking means you work on more than one job
    at the same time.
    In UNIX, you can create your own commands and run
    them.
    UNIX takes commands from standard input and interfaces
    with the hardware to execute those commands.
    UNIX is case sensitive.








    Unix Basics

    UNIX does not allow spaces in file names or commands.
    UNIX is actually a group of programs that work together
    to perform various tasks.
    In UNIX everything is a file. E.g. Printers are files,
    Directories are files etc.
    UNIX has a hierarchical, universal file system.

















    Introduction - O/S

    The UNIX OS has two components:
    The Shell which interfaces with the OS user.
    The Kernel which manages and deals with the hardware.










    Introduction - O/S

    The Shell interprets commands entered by users and passes
    them over to the Kernel. The Kernel executes shell commands
    on behalf of the Shell.












































    Shell Programming

    It is writing programs using a sequence of (combined)
    UNIX commands
    The shell interprets the "script" and tells the operating
    system what to do
    It also known as "scripting" language












    Who Uses UNIX?

    Computer manufacturers such as
    Sun, SGI, IBM, and HP
    Computer chip manufacturers
    like Motorola & Intel
    Software companies
    Banks
    Governments
    Hospital Authority
    Universities
    Internet Service Providers (ISP)
    Web Companies
    Web servers of many organization and for personal use



    Advantages of UNIX

    A rich set of small commands and utilities that do specific
    tasks well
    Ability to use commands and utilities together in unlimited
    ways to accomplish more complicated tasks
    Available on a wide variety of machines the most truly
    "portable" operating system.
    Optimized for program development
    A powerful unified file system.

















    Disadvantages of UNIX

    User hostile - designed for the programmer, not the
    casual user.
    Commands often have cryptic names and give very little
    response to tell the user what they are doing.
    Richness of utilities (over 400 "standard" ones) often
    overwhelms novices.























    Unix Standards

    A. ANSI C
    a language standard
    includes standard C library

    B. IEEE POSIX
    a set of standards for a Portable Operating System
    Interface(POSIX)
    defines an interface not an operating system
    most likely to be universally accepted is POSIX

    C. Open Software Foundation (OSF)
    consists of IBM, DEC, HP, and others to develop a UNIX
    that meets all IEEE standards



    D. X/Open XPG/3 and XPG/4
    international vendor consortium
    a superset of POSIX.1
    E. The Open Group
    merging of OSF and X/Open
    F. FIPS 151-2
    Federal Information Processing Standard superset of
    POSIX





























    Unix System Structure

    Different layers in Unix System are:
    Hardware
    Kernel
    Programs
    User interface








    There are different types of shell like:
    /bin/sh Bourne Shell ($)
    /bin/ksh Korn Shell
    /bin/csh C Shell (%)
    /bin/tcsh TC Shell
    /bin/rsh Restricted Shell
    /bin/bash Bourne Again Shell(Linux)











    Commands

    The basic form of any Unix command is:
    command_name option(s) argument(s)
    Most descriptions for commands such as those given in the
    On-line Manual (man) use a much more precise syntax.
    For example:

    rm [-efirR] filename






























    Some useful UNIX commands:

    cd changes directory
    cp copies files or directories
    ls lists files and directories
    ls -a lists all files, including hidden files
    mkdir creates or "makes" directories
    more displays a text file screen by screen
    mv renames (move) a file
    passwd change password
    rm deletes (removes) files from a directory
    tail views the end or bottom text of a long text file






    Standard Files on a UNIX System:

    /bin - (binary files) contains executable programs, UNIX
    commands (/sbin)
    /dev - special files that represent the physical devices
    /etc - system administrator (passwd)
    /lib - libraries of programs used by programmers
    /sys - system source files (system managers)
    /tmp - temporary files

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