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    IGCSE Biology Revision Notes Chapter 4

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    Elaira Krizia
    The document provides an overview of the key chemicals that make up living organisms: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water. It discusses the roles and functions of these chemicals, including that carbohydrate and fat molecules are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and serve as energy stores. Proteins are made of amino acids and are used for growth and repair. Chemical reactions require these molecules to occur in water. The document also provides examples of foods that are sources of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins for animals and humans.

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    IGCSE Biology Revision Notes Chapter 4

    Uploaded by

    Elaira Krizia
    952 views5 pages
    The document provides an overview of the key chemicals that make up living organisms: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water. It discusses the roles and functions of these chemicals, including that carbohydrate and fat molecules are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and serve as energy stores. Proteins are made of amino acids and are used for growth and repair. Chemical reactions require these molecules to occur in water. The document also provides examples of foods that are sources of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins for animals and humans.

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    Chapter 4 revision notes for IGCSE workbook

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    The document provides an overview of the key chemicals that make up living organisms: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water. It discusses the roles and functions of these chemicals, including that carbohydrate and fat molecules are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and serve as energy stores. Proteins are made of amino acids and are used for growth and repair. Chemical reactions require these molecules to occur in water. The document also provides examples of foods that are sources of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins for animals and humans.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    952 views5 pages

    IGCSE Biology Revision Notes Chapter 4

    Uploaded by

    Elaira Krizia
    The document provides an overview of the key chemicals that make up living organisms: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water. It discusses the roles and functions of these chemicals, including that carbohydrate and fat molecules are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and serve as energy stores. Proteins are made of amino acids and are used for growth and repair. Chemical reactions require these molecules to occur in water. The document also provides examples of foods that are sources of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins for animals and humans.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Biology revision notes Chapter 4 The chemicals of life

    1. Our bodies are made up of ______________, we also contain ______________, ______________ and
    ______________.
    2. In most organisms, ______________ of the body is made up of ______________. The spaces between our
    ______________ are also filled with watery liquid.
    3. Chemical reactions are going on all the ______________ inside every living organism.
    This is called _________________.
    4. ______________ Reactions can ONLY take place if the chemicals are ______________ in water. If cells dry out, the
    reactions will ______________, and the organism will ______________.
    5. Uses of water:
    i) Plasma (______________ part of blood) must contain a lot of water so that substances such as ______________ can
    dissolve in it.
    ii) To get rid of ______________ ______________ in our bodies. For instance, the kidneys remove urea from the body, it
    dissolves in water, forming ______________.
    iii) To keep our bodies ______________. When it is too hot, the ______________ ______________ in the skin releases
    ______________ which is mostly water. The water in the sweat will ______________ which cools us down.

    CARBOHYDRATES
    1. Starch and Sugars are carbohydrates. Give samples of foods containing carbohydrates (Please research)

    ______________, ______________, ______________, ______________, ______________,______________


    2. Carbohydrates contain the following atoms in their molecule:

    ______________, ______________ and ______________


    Ratio of atoms in Carbohydrates: ______C ______H _______O

    A. GLUCOSE (Monosaccharide)
    1. The _________________ kind of carbohydrate are the _________________ _________________ or called
    _________________.
    2. Glucose is an example of _________________sugar.
    3. It is made of _________________ carbon atoms, _________________ hydrogen atoms and _________________
    oxygen atoms. Molecular formula can be written as : _________________
    4. It is _________________ in water and taste _________________.

    B. SUCROSE (Disaccharide)
    1. If two sugar molecules join together, a larger molecule is formed called a _________________ sugar, also known as
    _________________.
    2. Examples of complex sugar : _________________, _________________.
    3. It is also _________________ in water and taste _________________.

    C. STARCH (Polysaccharide)
    1. If many simple sugars join together, a very large molecule is formed called a _________________. It is a long chain of
    sugar.
    2. Example of polysaccharide include the _________________ of plant cell walls.
    3. It is _________________ in water, and does not taste _________________.

    ENERGY FROM CARBOHYDRATES


    1. Carbohydrates are needed for _________________. The energy is released by _________________.
    -_________________ is normally used in respiration, it is also in this form of sugar that carbohydrate is transported
    around an _________________s body.
    -Human blood _________________ contains dissolved _________________ to transport to all the
    _________________.

    -The cells use the _________________ to release _________________.


    2. Plants also use glucose in _________________ to provide them with _________________.
    - Plants do not _________________ glucose around their body.
    - Plants transport _________________.
    -Plant cells will _________________ the sucrose to glucose when they _________________ to use it.
    -Plants also stores _________________, it is easy for plants to change it into glucose or in reverse.
    -Some plants store large quantities of starch in their _________________ or _________________.
    3. Animals do not store _________________. They store _________________(a form of polysaccharide) in the
    _________________ and the _________________ .

    CARBOHYDRATES FROM PLANT BASED FOOD


    1. Plants make their own _________________ by _________________. Animals and _________________ get their
    carbohydrates from the food that they _________________.
    2. Very little carbohydrates are stored in animals, that is why meat and fish do not contain any _________________.

    Activity 4.1 : TESTING FOODS FOR SUGARS


    (please design experiment using foods such as -Rice- strawberries - Broccoli Pasta chicken meat egg grapes)

    FATS
    A. MADE OF GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS
    1. Fats are also known as _________________.
    2. Like _________________, fats contains only three kinds of atoms which are: _________________, ________________
    and _________________.
    3. A fat molecule is made of _________________ molecules joined together: one _________________ and three
    _________________ _________________.
    4. They are _________________ in water.
    5. Fats that are liquid in _________________ _________________ are called _________________.
    B. FATS ARE GOOD STORAGE PRODUCTS
    1. Fats and oils can be used in a cell to _________________ energy.
    2. It releases more than _________________ energy compared to carbohydrates.
    3. However cells will use _________________ first when they need energy and only use _________________ when all
    the available carbohydrates have been _________________.
    4. Extra energy in fats make them very _________________ for storing energy.
    5. For example, some cells in mammals underneath the skin become filled with large drops of _________________ or
    oils. They are used to _________________ energy when needed.
    -This layer of fat is called the ________________ _________________.
    - This tissue helps to keep _________________ inside the body.
    - It _________________ the body.
    - Animals which live in cold place have especially _________________ layers of adipose tissue called
    _________________.
    6. Plants also stores _________________ in their seeds, for example: _________________, _________________, and
    _________________ _________________. These oils provide a good store of energy for _________________.
    C. FATS ARE IN FOOD FROM PLANTS AND ANIMALS
    1. Plants make _________________ by _________________, they use some to make _________________.
    2.We get fats from eating _________________ or _________________.

    PROTEINS
    A. PROTEINS ARE LONG CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS
    1. Protein contains _________________, _________________ and _________________, it also contains
    _________________ and _________________.
    2. They are made of long chain of smaller molecules called _________________ _________________.
    3.There are _________________ kinds of amino acid.
    4. A small difference in the _________________ of the amino acid will result in a different kind of _________________.
    5. Some proteins are _________________ in water. Example: _________________
    6. Some proteins _________________ in water. Example: _________________ (found in _________________ and
    _________________)
    B. PROTEINS ARE USED FOR GROWTH AND REPAIR
    1. Proteins are not normally used for _________________.
    2. It is used for making _________________ _________________. These are needed for _________________ and for
    _________________ damaged parts of the body.
    3. Cell membranes and _________________ contain a lot of protein.
    4. It is also used to make _________________ to fight _________________ and _________________ in the body.
    5_________________ are also protein.
    C. PLANT FOODS AND ANIMAL FOODS ARE GOOD SOURCES OF PROTEIN
    1. Plants make _________________ by _________________, they use some carbohydrates to make fats and also to
    make _________________.
    2. To do proteins, plants need _________________ ions or _________________ ions. These ions contain
    _________________, which is combined with _________________ by the plants to make _________________
    _________________.
    3. The _________________ _________________ are linked together to produce _________________.
    List some food rich in protein: _________________, _________________,_________________

    Activity 4.4 : TESTING FOODS FOR PROTEIN


    (please design experiment using foods such as -Rice- beans - Broccoli Pasta chicken meat egg grapes- potato)

    Please copy table 4.1

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