MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION

LAB REPORT NO 4

SUBMI TTED TO : SI R USMAN

SUBMI TTED BY:
HAFI Z SI KANDAR
ROLL NO: 11-ME-142
GROUP : A 2


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An Infrared Thermometer is a thermometer which infers temperature from a
portion of the thermal radiation sometimes called blackbody radiation emitted by
the object being measured. They are sometimes called laser thermometers if
a laser is used to help aim the thermometer, or non-contact
thermometers or temperature guns, to describe the device's ability to measure
temperature from a distance. By knowing the amount of infrared energy emitted by
the object and its emissivity, the object's temperature can often be determined.
Infrared thermometers are a subset of devices known as "thermal radiation
thermometers".
Sometimes, especially near ambient temperatures, false readings will be obtained
indicating incorrect temperature. This is most often due to other thermal radiation
reflected from the object being measured, but having its source elsewhere, like a
hotter wall or other object nearby - even the person holding the thermometer can
be an error source in some cases. It can also be due to an incorrect emissivity on
the emissivity control or a combination of the two possibilities.
The most basic design consists of a lens to focus the infrared thermal radiation on
to a detector, which converts the radiant power to an electrical signal that can be
displayed in units of temperature after being compensated for ambient temperature.
This configuration facilitates temperature measurement from a distance without
contact with the object to be measured. As such, the infrared thermometer is useful
for measuring temperature under circumstances where thermocouples or other

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probe type sensors cannot be used or do not produce accurate data for a variety of
reasons.
The most common infrared thermometers are as follows:
SPOT INFRARED THERMOMETER OR INFRARED PYROMETER:
Measures the temperature at a spot on a surface (actually a relatively small area
determined by the D: S ratio).Related equipment, although not strictly
thermometers, includes:
INFRARED SCANNING SYSTEMS scan a larger area, typically by using
what is essentially a spot thermometer pointed at a rotating mirror. These
devices are widely used in manufacturing involving conveyors or "web"
processes, such as large sheets of glass or metal exiting an oven, fabric and
paper, or continuous piles of material along a conveyor belt.
INFRARED THERMAL IMAGING CAMERAS or Infrared Cameras are
essentially infrared radiation thermometers that measure the temperature at
many points over a relatively large area to generate a two-dimensional image,
called a thermo gram, with each pixel representing a temperature. This
technology is more processor- and software-intensive than spot or scanning
thermometers, and is used for monitoring large areas. Typical applications
include perimeter monitoring used by military or security personnel, inspection
process quality monitoring of manufacturing processes, and equipment or
enclosed space hot or cold spot monitoring for safety and efficiency
maintenance purposes




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USES:
Infrared thermometers can be used to serve a wide variety of temperature
monitoring functions. A few examples are given below:
Detecting clouds for remote telescope operation
Checking mechanical equipment or electrical circuit breaker boxes or outlets
for hot spots
Checking heater or oven temperature, for calibration and control purposes
Detecting hot spots / performing diagnostics in electrical circuit board
manufacturing
Checking for hot spots in firefighting situations
SOME I MPORTANT TERMI NOLI GI ES.
DISTANCE-TO-SPOT RATIO (D: S)
The distance-to-spot ratio (D: S) is the ratio of the distance to the object and the
diameter of the temperature measurement area. For instance if the D:S ratio is 12:1,
measurement of an object 12 inches (30 cm) away will average the temperature
over a 1-inch-diameter (25 mm) area. The sensor may have an adjustable
emissivity setting, which can be set to measure the temperature of reflective
(shiny) and non-reflective surfaces.
EMISSIVITY:
Emissivity is defined as the ratio of the energy radiated by an object at a given
temperature to the energy emitted by a perfect radiator, or blackbody, at the same
temperature. The emissivity of a blackbody is 1.0. All values of emissivity fall
between 0.0 and 1.0. Most infrared thermometers have the ability to compensate
for different emissivity values, for different materials. In general, the higher the
emissivity of an object, the easier it is to obtain an accurate temperature

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measurement using infrared. Objects with very low emissivities (below 0.2) can be
difficult applications. Some polished, shiny metallic surfaces, such as aluminum,
are so reflective in the infrared that accurate temperature measurements are not
always possible.
FI VE WAYS TO DETERMI NE EMI SSI VI TY
There are five ways to determine the emissivity of the material, to ensure accurate
temperature measurements:
Heat a sample of the material to a known temperature, using a precise sensor, and
measure the temperature using the IR instrument. Then adjust the emissivity value
to force the indicator to display the correct temperature.
For relatively low temperatures (up to 500F), a piece of masking tape, with an
emissivity of 0.95, can be measured. Then adjust the emissivity value to force the
indicator to display the correct temperature of the material.
For high temperature measurements, a hole (depth of which is at least 6 times the
diameter) can be drilled into the object. This hole acts as a blackbody with
emissivity of 1.0. Measure the temperature in the hole, then adjust the emissivity to
force the indicator to display the correct temperature of the material.
If the material, or a portion of it, can be coated, a dull black paint will have an
emissivity of approx. 1.0. Measure the temperature of the paint, then adjust the
emissivity to force the indicator to display the correct temperature.
Standardized emissivity values for most materials are available . These can be
entered into the instrument to estimate the material's emissivity value.



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EXPERI MENT PERFORMED :-
I NFRARED THERMOMETER
MODEL NO:62 MAX
MANUFACTURER: FLUKE

FI GURE:











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SPECIFICATIONS:

Temperature Range Fluke 62 MAX -30 C to 500 C (-22 F to 932 F)
Fluke 62 MAX+ -30 C to 650 C (-22 F to 1202 F)

Accuracy Fluke 62 MAX 1.5 C or 1.5% of reading, whichever is greater
-10 C to 0 C: 2.0
-30 C to -10 C: 3.0
Fluke 62 MAX+ 1.0 C or 1.0% of reading, whichever is greater
-10 C to 0 C: 2.0
-30 C to -10 C: 3.0

Response Time
(95%)
Fluke 62 MAX <500 ms (95% of reading)
Fluke 62 MAX+ <300 ms (95% of reading)
Spectral Response 8 to 14 microns
Emissivity 0.10 to 1.00

Optical Resolution Fluke 62 MAX 10:1 (calculated at 90% energy)
Fluke 62 MAX+ 12:1 (calculated at 90% energy)

Display Resolution

0.1 C (0.2 F)

Repeatability of
Readings
Fluke 62 MAX 0.8% of reading or <1.0 C (2 F), whichever is greater
Fluke 62 MAX+ 0.5% of reading or <0.5 C (1 F), whichever is greater

Power AA battery

Battery Life Fluke 62 MAX 10 hours with laser and backlight on
Fluke 62 MAX+ 8 hours with laser and backlight on

Physical
Specifications
Weight 255 g (8.99 oz.)
Size (175 x 85 x 75) mm (6.88 x 3.34 x 2.95) inches
Operating
Temperature
0 C to 50 C (32 F to 122 F)

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Storage Temperature -20 C to 60 C (-4 F to 140 F), (without battery)
Operating Humidity 10 % to 90 % RH non-condensing at 30 C (86 F)
Operating Altitude
2000 meters above mean sea level
Storage Altitude 12,000 meters above mean sea level
IP Rating
IP 54 per IEC 60529
Drop Test 3 meters
Vibration and Shock
IEC 68-2-6 2.5 g, 10 to 200 Hz, IEC 68-2-27, 50 g, 11
ms
EMC EN 61326-1:2006 EN 61326-2:2006

Standards and
Agency Approval
Compliance EN/IEC 61010-1: 2001
Laser Safety
FDA and EN 60825-1 Class II


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FEATURES:
KEY BENEFITS
Dust and water-resistant: IP54 rated for dust and water resistance.
Rugged: 3-meter (9.8-foot) drop tested.
Ergonomically designed: Completely redesigned for a more natural
hand fit.
Small and lightweight; clips to your tool belt or belt loop or easily fits
into your tool box.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES
Distance to spot: Precise laser technology makes for more accurate and
repeatable measurements.
Dual lasers: The 62 MAX+ has dual rotating lasers to help you identify area
to be measured. The measurement area is the spot between the dots.
Large, backlit display: Large screen makes data easier to read, even in dark
areas.
Min/Max/Avg/Dif: Displays the minimum, maximum or average
temperature, or the difference between two measurements.
Alarm: Hi and Lo alarms for rapid display of measurements outside the
limits.
Power: Both the 62 MAX and 62 MAX+ are powered by a single, standard
AA battery.