Chapter 13 CNC Programming

CAD/CAM Principles and
Applications
Ch 13 CNC Programming

Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
Objectives
Understand the fundamentals of part programming in terms of the

various steps needed to be taken for completing a successful CNC part
program.
Comprehend the elements of manual part programming methods using
word address format and the ISO G-coding systems.
Learn the part programming fundamentals related to the use of various
word addresses.
Appreciate different preparatory (G codes) and miscellaneous functions
(M codes) as used in CNC part programs.
Write and prove sample part programs for CNC machining centres in
planar milling operations using the word address format.
Understand the concept of canned or fixed cycles for the hole making
operations
Learn the use of cutter diameter and length compensation while using
with multiple cutting tools.

13.1 Part Programming

Fundamentals
Process planning
Axes selection
Tool selection
Cutting process parameters planning
Job and tool setup planning
Machining path planning
Part program writing
Part program proving
Study part print
Fig. 13.1 The steps

involved in the
development of a
proven part program
in NC machining
Identify machine
tool
Capability
of cutting
tools
Identify operations
and tooling
Machine
tool
databace
Cutting
tool
database
Determine feeds,
speeds, depths,
power
Machinability
database
Prepare setup
sheet with work
setting and tooling
assembly
Develop part
program
Simulate tool
path
Dry run
Cut the first part
Inspect the part

Proven part
Fig. 13.2 A typical component for NC

machining
15
10
20
15
10
R5
40
20
10
40
15
100

Fig. 13.3 Part for NC machining shown with axes system at the
centre
Y
R5
20
20
10
30
50
35
40
50
Z
X
Fig. 13.4 Same part as in Fig. 13.3 but with axes

system at the bottom left corner
Y
70
100
100
R5
20
40
50
60
80
40
30
85
15
15

X
7
Fig. 13.5 Tool path of the part for proving the

NC part program

Fig. 13.6 Shaded 3D image of the tool cutting the part for providing
more realistic proving of the NC part program (Courtesy Virtual Gibbs Inc.)

Fig. 13.7 Setup sheet for a machining centre part

10
13.2 Manual Part

Programming Methods
ISO standards for coding

Co-ordinate function
Feed function
Speed function
Tool function
G Codes
M Codes
11
Fig. 13.8 Absolute (G90) and incremental (G91)

systems
15
10
5
O
B
A
C
5
25
35

X
12
Fig. 13.9 XY plane selection for vertical axis milling

Z
machines
G17
X
13
Fig. 13.10
XY plane selection for horizontal axis

milling machines
Y
X
Z
G17

14
Fig. 13.11 XZ plane selection for horizontal axis milling

Z
machines
G18
X
15
Fig. 13.12
YZ plane selection for horizontal axis

Z
milling machines
G19
X
16
Fig. 13.13 Setting the workpiece on the machine table

17
Fig. 13.14 Positioning, preparatory function G00

Y
45
30
A
20
B
X
150

18
Fig. 13.15 Positioning, preparatory function G00 in 3

dimensions
Z
A
70
Y
40
50
45
90
90
X
19
Fig. 13.16 Linear interpolation, preparatory function

G01
Y
100
E
30
X
20
110

20
Fig. 13.17 Circular interpolation, preparatory function

G02/G03
Y
20
G
F
30
X
50
65
5
R3
15

21
Fig. 13.18 Circular interpolation in XY plane using G17

plane selection
Z
X
22
Fig. 13.19 Circular interpolation in XZ plane using G18

plane selection
Z
Y
A
X
23
Fig. 13.20 Example

Y
125
R
C 10
5
R3
100
10
R
B
75
50
25
25
E
X
65
10

24
Fig. 13.21
Simulation of the above part program for

component shown in Fig. 13.20

25
Fig. 13.22 Component for example 13.2

Y
98
20
98
80
20
18.757
18.757
80
2

26
Fig. 13.23 Tool path for machining the component for

example 13.22
Y
Cutter centre path
Y1
Y2
Part contour
X1
X2
27
Fig. 13.24 Offset Tool path for machining contours

that are not parallel to the principal axes
Y
Cutter centre path
Y1
Y2
Part contour
X1
X2
28
Fig. 13.25


29
Fig. 13.26 Tool length compensation
4
L4
TOOL
2
3
L2
L3

30
Fig. 13.27 Typical motions embedded in G81 canned

cycle
R AP
ID
Breakthrough
distance
Hole
Depth
FEED
RAPID
Clearance plane

31
Fig. 13.28 Example for canned cycles.

Y
100
D
C
B
1
0
100
70
50
35
25
55
75
15

32
Fig. 13.29 Component for NC program in example

13.3
130
115
Y
95
80
100
84
84
60
40
34
16
X
20
40
60
20
8
10
Cutting tools:
1 End mill 40 mm
2 Centre drill
3 Twist drill 6 mm
4 Twist drill 8.5 mm
5 Tap M10

33
Fig. 13.30


34
Fig. 13.31 Cutter radius compensation

0
10
30
12
70
90
10
20
Programmed Path
40
Offset Path of Cutter

60
80

35
Fig. 13.32 Example showing the cutter radius

compensation using the G codes G42
Set point
A
Y
1
G42
G40
110
140
90
60

36
Fig. 13.33 Example showing the cutter radius

compensation using the G codes G41 and G42
A
100
41
60
B
K
42
2
0
L
200
0
12
E
J
200

37
Fig. 13.34 Example for contour programming using

the cutter radius compensation
R10
70.432
84.574
20
46.642
120
77.503
R15
39.571
25.607
91.645
R15
R10
22.5
15
33
10
4.393 53.713
124.853
134.799
10

38
Summary
Part programming is a systematic activity and following the

steps in proper sequence will help in developing efficient part
programs
Selection of the part coordinate axes system with respect to the
part geometry help in reducing the mathematical calculations
that are needed to write the part program
ISO standard for part programming utilises all the 26 characters
of English alphabet as word addresses in a part program.
Preparatory functions or G-codes control the geometrical nature
of the data input as well as operation of some of the data in a
program. A large number of these codes are standardised by
ISO.

39
Summary
Motion commands are the most important part of the G-codes

used to control the motion in rapid (G00), linear interpolation
(G01) and Circular interpolation (G02 and G03).
Miscellaneous functions or M-codes are used to specify the
machine tool functions in the program. Less number of codes
are standardised in view of these being machine specific.
For programs involving multiple tools, tool length compensation
can be activated by the use of tool offset registers.
Canned or fixed cycles offer the facility to reduce the bulk of
program by canning the often repeated command into a single
G-code. Examples are for the drilling of holes (G81).
In milling of contours large amount of complex calculations are
often required to take multiple cuts. This can be reduced by the
use of cutter diameter compensation (G41 and G42).
40

Chapter 13 CNC Programming

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 13 CNC Programming

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 13 CNC Programming

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CAD/CAM Principles and

CAD/CAM Principles and

Understand the fundamentals of part programming in terms of the

CAD/CAM Principles and

13.1 Part Programming

Study part print

Fig. 13.1 The steps

Cut the first part

Inspect the part

CAD/CAM Principles and

Fig. 13.2 A typical component for NC

CAD/CAM Principles and

Fig. 13.4 Same part as in Fig. 13.3 but with axes

CAD/CAM Principles and

Fig. 13.5 Tool path of the part for proving the

CAD/CAM Principles and

CAD/CAM Principles and

Fig. 13.7 Setup sheet for a machining centre part

CAD/CAM Principles and

13.2 Manual Part

ISO standards for coding

Fig. 13.8 Absolute (G90) and incremental (G91)

CAD/CAM Principles and

Fig. 13.9 XY plane selection for vertical axis milling

XY plane selection for horizontal axis

CAD/CAM Principles and

Fig. 13.11 XZ plane selection for horizontal axis milling

YZ plane selection for horizontal axis

Fig. 13.13 Setting the workpiece on the machine table

CAD/CAM Principles and

Fig. 13.14 Positioning, preparatory function G00

CAD/CAM Principles and

Fig. 13.15 Positioning, preparatory function G00 in 3

Fig. 13.16 Linear interpolation, preparatory function

CAD/CAM Principles and

Fig. 13.17 Circular interpolation, preparatory function

CAD/CAM Principles and

Fig. 13.18 Circular interpolation in XY plane using G17

Fig. 13.19 Circular interpolation in XZ plane using G18

Fig. 13.20 Example

CAD/CAM Principles and

Simulation of the above part program for

CAD/CAM Principles and

Fig. 13.22 Component for example 13.2

CAD/CAM Principles and

Fig. 13.23 Tool path for machining the component for

Cutter centre path

Fig. 13.24 Offset Tool path for machining contours

Cutter centre path

Simulation of the above part program for

CAD/CAM Principles and

Fig. 13.26 Tool length compensation

CAD/CAM Principles and

Fig. 13.27 Typical motions embedded in G81 canned

CAD/CAM Principles and

Fig. 13.28 Example for canned cycles.

CAD/CAM Principles and

Fig. 13.29 Component for NC program in example