UC-NRLF

99

14

517

SEfi

OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS

AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY

March

Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 103-152, plates 21-37

YAHI ARCHERY

SAXTON

T.

POPE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

BERKELEY

6,

1918

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS

IN

AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY

March

Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 103-152, plates 21-37

6,

1918

YAHI ARCHERY
BY

SAXTON

T.

POPE

CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction

103

Technical terms

105

The bow
The arrow
Manufacture of arrow points
The quiver
Handling the bow
Ishi

records with the

105
..

110

116
118

119

bow

123

Hunting methods

126

Explanation of plates

132

INTRODUCTION
Archery is nearly a lost art. Among civilized peoples it survives
only as a game. It is well known, however, that^even as late as two
centuries ago the bow was a vigorous competitor with the flintlock
in warfare.

Benjamin Franklin

at the

beginning of the Revolution

arming the American troops

with the longbow, as a cheaper and more effective weapon than the
1
flintlock musket. That the archery even of the American Indian was,
seriously considered the possibility of

during the early periods of occupation, substantially as

the musketry of the period
of the explorers. 2

is

Such aboriginal archery

a great decadence since the

effective as

attested in the historic records of

rifle

has, of course,

has supplanted the bow.

some

undergone
It is

now

1 See letter from

Benjamin Franklin to Major-General Lee, in Memoirs of the
late Charles Lee, second in command in the service of the United States of America
of America during the revolution. . . London, 1792, p. 240.

2
See, for example, the narrative of Cabeza de Vaca concerning the Indians
of Florida, in Buckingham Smith, Relation of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca,
New York, 1871, p. 30.

434000

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pniversity of California Publications in

Am.

Arcli.

and Ethn.

[Vol. 13

As a matter of fact, we have very little accurate

how the Indians used their weapons, and still less
how they made them. The present paper is an attempt to

almost extinct.

information as to
as to

present the facts concerning the archery of one tribe, the Yahi or
Deer Creek Indians of north- central California, the most southerly
division of the

survivor, Ishi,
fornia.

of the

Yanan 3 stock, as represented in the person of its last

who lived from 1911 to 1916 at the University of Cali

The paper will deal first with the very interesting methods
Yahi for the manufacture of the implements of archery, and,

second, their style of shooting.

It

must be remembered that the performances of

Avho practice with the

is

civilized archers,)

as a sport, far surpass those of savages.

It

a curiojiSufact thafe-^rcjjery was brought to perfection only after the

how became obsolete

to

bow

as a serious

compare the Yahi

who

"style"

follow the rules of the

weapon. It is interesting, therefore,

with that of the more skilful archers

modern game.

Ishi, the native informant for the present paper, comes of a tribe

famous for

its

fighting qualities.

extent on wild game, and the

We

The group

bow was

have no reason to believe that their

lived,-to

their glory
skill

a considerable

and their

delight.

or the strength of their

weapons was inferior to that of the average American savage.

cerning the informant himself, the following might be said

Con

Ishi

overHi is bow__ag_h e loved nothing else in his possession.

a gun was, but he had never shot one until after

He knew what

The bow he had used ever since

boyhood.^JWhen captured he had no weapons, though a bow and
many arrows were taken from his lodge by those who first discovered
the camp where the remnant of his people were living. Some of these
arrows we later recovered, some through the generosity of the finders
and some by purchase, but his original bow is missing.
What the writer knows of Ishi s archery is based upon three years
1911 when he entered civilization.

In this period many hours were spent in mak

ing bows and arrows, in talking about shooting, in target practice,
and in hunting trips in the fields and woods. During the years 1913
association with him.

and 1914 there was opportunity for two extended trips in the moun
tains in his company. Dr. J. V. Cooke and the present writer took

up the

practice of archery in 1912 under Ishi

according to the Indian

English
3

style.

At

own methods, though

first Ishi

was our master

Edward Sapir has published Yana

Myftis- in-

in

guidance, at first
we followed the

later

marksmanship, but at

volume

9 of the present series.

him at_target_wprk, and

performances in_shootin^ ^ame. This jdoes not in any

the end of a few

to

10o

Pope: Yahi Archery

1918]

equaTTiis"

months we were able

to outdo

on our part, but does point clearly to the actual

superiority of the "civilized" methods.
In speaking of the techniques of manufacture used by Ishi, it must

way

iniply

gFeatef"sRriI

be remembered that he soon adopted civilized tools in this work. The

jackknife and file supplanted the obsidian blade and the scraper of
sandstone.
to

He

only returned to his primitive ways

show the processes he formerly performed.

He was a most painstaking and finished workman.

when requested
His dexterity

and ingenuity were delightful to watch. No better specimens of

arrowheads, shafts, and bows are contained in the Museum of the
University than those made by him. Probably better ones were never

made anywhere.

bow has

archer

His eye for form and symmetry was perfect.

the following parts

a belly, the concave side,

when

away from the

drawn a handle or hand

back, that part

full

grip, a portion near the center for holding the weapon; limbs, that
part between the handle and the extremities. These extremities usually

have notches, or some contrivance to maintain the string in position,

called nocks.

The process

of

to the ends is called bracing

bending a bow and attaching the string

The amount of pull on the string,
it.

necessary to draw an arrow a proper distance before discharging it

from the bow, may be ascertained in pounds by means of a scale or
balance.

This

is

called the

"weight"

of the bow.

THE BOW
Ishi called the

bow man

i.

He made bows

of

many woods

while

under observation, but upon an expedition into his country three years
after his capture he showed us the tree from which the best bows were
made. It was the mountain juniper. He made a stave from one of
these trees on the spot, though

He

ently the incense cedar.

man

it

was

later ruined.

made bows, appar

was chopped down by the one

described another tree from which his tribe

in his tribe

This, he said,

who owned an

iron axe,

and

split

with wedges of

deer horn into proper-sized staves. To obtain the wood for his bow
he broke a limb from the tree, which seems to have been the custom
before the days of axes.

106

University of California Publications in

Am.

and Ethn.

Arcli.

[Vol. 13

The Indian with the axe seems to have been the bow maker of the
He also owned a long knife, and was known as Chunoydki,
vicinity.
that is, Atsugewi or Hat Creek Indian. Of his prowess with the bow,
Ishi told us

many

tales.

Juniper \vood Ishi called nogu i. Yew wood he did not seem to
have used, though he knew of it and said that other tribes used it.

His name for

was hulogos

this

He knew

i.

that

its

leaves

were

poisonous to eat.
While with us he used eucalyptus, tanbark oak, red cedar (tiyu-n i),
hickory, ash, juniper, and yew for his bows. All of these were of the

same general shape and

size, and all were backed with sinew.

Yew,
produced the best weapon. His standard of measurement
for a good bow was to hold a stave diagonally across his chest with
one end in his right hand at the hip, and the left arm extended straight

of course,

out at an angle of 45 degrees from the horizontal.

The distance

between these points was the proper length for a bow. This measured
in his own case four feet and two inches. The wddth of the bow at the
middle of each limb was three or four

fingers,

according to whether a

hunting bow or a powerful war bow was wanted.

The shape of his bow was a short, flat stave, with limbs wider

light

at

their center than at the handle, sometimes recurved at their outer

extremity, tapering gracefully to small short nocks at the ends.

His w ood, after being split or partially blocked out from a limb,
was laid in a horizontal position in a warm, sheltered place. Here it
r

seasoned.
it,

Ishi

But

as to

what time of year

seemed to have no

The process
or obsidian.

of shaping the

With

bow was

infinite patience

the proper dimensions.

to cut

it,

or

how long

to season

set opinions.

that of scraping with flint

and care he reduced the wood

In the finishing work he used sandstone.

measurements of two of his best bows are as follows

Number 1-19590. Length, 44 inches. Diameters, at handle,

to

The

by 1^ inches;
at midlimb, %c, by
inches.
Pulls 40 pounds.
inches; at nock,
6 by
Bow in possession of author. Shown in use in plate 31. Length, 54 1/ inches.
Diameters, at handle,
by 1%; at nock, 14 by i/2 inches.
by 1%; at midlimb,
Pulls 45 pounds.

1%

He seemed
Avhite sap

to

wood

%
%

have had no great respect, as the English do, for the

yew or cedar. Although he placed this at the back

of

of his bow, he did not hesitate to cut through its grain to attain a
symmetrical form, and just as often he would scrape most of it away,
leaving only a thin stratum of white at each edge. At the handle a
cross section of the

was much

flatter.

bow was

oval, while a section

through the mid-limb

Iii

107

Pope: Yahi Archery

1918]

some of

his

bows the

last six inches of the

limbs were recurved.

This was accomplished by holding the back of the bow, at this point,
on a hot rock while pressure was applied at the ends, bending the

wood over the stone, shifting the bow back and forth, until the requi
site curve had been obtained.
Then, while the wood cooled, Ishi held
it pressed against his knee, which was protected by a pad of buckskin.

[[[[11

cross sections

J
|

a.

ii

/gxlz.-

bacK_
Ishi s

short

"bovv\,

After the bow was shaped and finished smoothly 011 the belly, the
sinew was applied to the back, which had been left rather rough. As
backing for his bow, Ishi used either the dorsal fascia obtained from
a deer, or he teased out the long tendons, bama,

from the hind

legs.

These strips were from eight to fourteen inches long, and when dry
were about the thickness of parchment.

Preparatory to using this tissue he soaked it in warm water for

The back of his bow, the side having the sap wood on
he smeared thickly with glue. In his native state he made this

several hours.
it,

by boiling the skin of salmon and macerating it while

While with us he was very enthusiastic over our common liquid
glue and disdained the use of hot furniture glue. He permitted this
coating of glue to dry. Now, having his sinew wet, he chewed these
strips until they were soft and pulpy and then carefully laid them in

glue, so he said,
hot.

parallel lines

down

the back, overlapping the ends as he went.

process required a great deal of tissue

and much patience.

This

Having

applied the sinew, he bound it on with ribbons of maple bark running

one
spirally about the bow. This he removed after the expiration of
sleep/

As

the sinew dried,

it

contracted and tended to draw the

ends of the bow into a reversed position. After this had happened, he
applied more glue to the surface. Several days later, when all the

backing was thoroughly dry and hard, he

filed

and scraped

it

very

smooth, filing the overlapping margins level with the edges of his bow.

108

University of California Publications in

Strips of sinew during the process of

Am.

Arch, and Ethn.

"backing"

[Vol. 13

were folded over

He now

served or wrapped the ends of the bow

with strips of tendon, covering the nock proper and running about an
inch down the limb. Here he let his work rest for days or weeks,
the nocks of the bow.

exposing

it

to the sunlight

and permitting the wood to season fully.

he made the bow string or chalman i.

this waiting period

During
The tendons used in this were of a finer quality than those used before
and were obtained from the outer, more slender group of tendons in
the deer

shank.

These he stripped far up into their origin in the

muscle bundles, tearing them free with his teeth.

If fresh, he simply chewed this tissue and teased it
apart into
threads no larger than floss silk. If dry, he soaked it in warm water
before chewing it. He then proceeded to spin a string by fixing one
end of a bundle of tendon strips to a stationary point and rolling the
other end between his fingers in a single strand. As he progressed
the string he added more threads of tendon to the cord, making

down

a very tight, simple twist one-eighth of an inch thick. When about

five feet long, he twisted and secured the proximal
end, leaving his
twisted cord taut between two points. The last smoothing-up stage
he accomplished by applying saliva and rubbing up and down its
finished bow string was now permitted to dry. Its final
diameter was about three thirty-seconds of an inch. After it was dry
he formed a loop at one end by folding back some three inches of

length.

The

by scraping, and serving two of the three inches

securely with more tendon. He seemed to have no idea of splicing,
string, tapering

it

nor did he know any clever knots. Moreover, he never used glue at
this point.
In fact this loop was the weakest part of his string and
not infrequently came apart, when, in disgust, he would tie a single
loop knot and forego the finished effect of the unknotted self loop. Nor

had he any idea of serving his string with any binding at the nocking
point, where the arrow rests.
At this stage, Ishi was ready to string the bow. He designated the
end of the stave which grew uppermost in the tree as the chunna,
and over the nock in this end he slipped the loop of his string.
To fail to shoot with this end uppermost, he said, would cause the
arrow to miss its mark.
"face,"

In stringing the bow for the first time, he seated himself, placing
the upper nock behind his left heel, the belly toward him, the handle
against his right knee, the lower limb upward in his left hand. In
this position

he bent the bow and fastened the string about the other

Pope:

1918]

YaM

Archer

109

if

His method of securing the string was as follows

nock.

he

wound

it

twice aroung the nock, passed under the bowstring, turned backward

and wound

in the opposite direction several laps, then fixed the end by

a couple of slip knots. Usually he made his string with a tapering

extremity which rendered it easier to fasten. Then he cautiously drew

bow and observed its bend. On cold days, Ishi warmed his bow
over a fire before attempting to brace it. The ideal bow, to his mind,
his

curved in a perfect arch at all points, and at full draw represented a

crescent.
The center bent with the limbs and was the bow s weakest

No yew
forty-five inch bow he drew twenty-five inches.
wood could stand such an arc without backing. In fact he broke
two bow-staves, testing them at my request, prior to the application of
point.

sinew

Where the contour showed the bow too strong, he filed or scraped
on the belly side, thus gradually distributing the bend evenly along
the bow. About the middle he bound a ribbon of buckskin, making
it

a hand grip some five or six inches wide. This buckskin thong was
about half an inch wide and ran spirally about the bow, not over
lapping, fastened at each end by an extra wrapping of string or sinew.
Ishi

showed no tendency to anoint his weapon with grease, nor

to

apply any protective coat, though later he learned the value of shellac
in preserving his backing from dampness. The great aversion he had
to shooting while

that his

any fog or moisture was

bow was without

in the air rather indicates

the coverings of fat, wax, or resin so fre

quently used by archers in other parts of the world.

Usually Ishi made no effort to decorate his bow, though he spoke
it, and led me to infer that this was done only after the
shown some peculiar virtue, or had figured in some deed
had
implement
of valor. The one bow he embellished w hile with us he marked with
three green transverse stripes just above the handle and below the

of painting

and three long snaky lines running down the back. He said
that red also was an appropriate color.
When finished and seasoned, these bows pulled, or "weighed,"
when draw n to twenty-five inches, between thirty-five and fifty pounds.
nocks,

His favorite hunting bow weighed forty pounds.

When not in use he kept his bows in a leather quiver, or wrapped
in a cloth. The tail of a mountain lion was considered an admirable
cover for a bow.

To stand a bow
working;

if left

The bow was always

laid in a horizontal position.

was to keep it
and become weak. If a

upright, according to his theories,

standing

it

would

"sweat"

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University of California Publications in

Am. Arch, and Ethn.

[Vol. 13

child touched a bow,

it brought bad luck.

Nor should a child step over
on
the ground, for this would cause it to shoot crookedly.
lay
If a woman touched Ishi s bow it was a serious contamination. The
it

while

it

bow must be washed and cleaned with sand. He was most careful not
to keep his bow strung too long but furnished the loop with a bit of
which extended from nock to loop, and served to keep the bow
string from getting out of place while the bow was unbraced. After
cord,

unstringing he often gave his bow a slight bend backward to restore

its straightness
this is considered very bad practice by English
;

archers.

good bow was one whose string made a high musical note when
tapped with an arrow or snapped with the fingers. It should sing
the note tin, tin, tin.
This was the chief s bow.
One whose note
was dead and unmusical, Ishi treated with contempt.
placing the upper end of his braced bow at the corner of his
mouth
and gently tapping the string midway between the end
open
and center he caused clear musical notes to be produced. This sounded
like our jew s-harp, and by altering the shape of the buccal cavity he
was able to create a series of tones sufficient to form a melody relating

By

to a story of

wonderful deeds with the bow.

He sang

of a great archer

who dipped his arrow point in the sea, then in the fire, drew a
mighty bow, and shot at the sun. His arrow flew like the north wind,
and entering the door of the sun, put out its light. Then all the world
became dark, men shivered with cold, and from this time they grew
feathers on their bodies to make them warm.

THE ARROW
The arrow was

called sawa.

Of all the specimens of arrows in the University Museum, scarcely

any show such perfect workmanship as those of Ishi. His proportions
and finish are of very high order.
At the time of the rediscovery of the remnant of the tribe, a num
ber of arrows were secured from the huts, which doubtless represent
his average work. Later, while with us, he made scores of arrows of
Apparently some arrows, those of great
length, measuring a yard, and having large heads, were purely for
ornamental purposes, or intended to be given as presents, or possibly
His hunting shafts were of two kinds
to be used in time of war.
various shapes and

sizes.

obsidian pointed, and blunt, For shooting small game, such as birds
and rabbits, the latter were used. For killing deer, bear, and preda-

Pope: Tahi Arclienj

tory animals, sharp arrows were used.

Here,

missed, a broken arrow-point resulted.

County seem to be of

hazel,

if

the object shot at were

The arrow shafts were made

Those obtained from his hut in Tehama

of several kinds of wood.

him.

111

humoha, and

this

was a favorite wood with

native bamboo-like reed was also a great favorite.

Dogwood

and mountain mahogany he also used. Other shaft woods pointed out
by him were bakanyau an (Philadelphus Leivisii), sawa i ("arrow
bush, Paeonia Brownii] and loko and habaigili i, unidentified. Later,
,

as the result of a modification of ideas he

underwent in our company,

adopted the commercial %0-inch birch dowel as the ideal material,

probably because of its accessibility.
lie

In the case of cane arrows, a wooden "foreshaft," six to eight

inches long, was invariably added, and such foreshafts were sometimes

wooden arrows. They were of hazel, buckeye (bahsi), wild

The foreshaft was
(wahsu i), and perhaps other woods.
than
main
shaft.
the
normally heavier material
In general it may be said that his typical hunting arrow was a
added

to

currant

The
330
the
total
was
and
/!2 inch;
weight
The feathering of the arrow consisted of three plumes from
grains.
inch wide. They were trimmed
a buzzard s wing, 4% inches long,

hazel stick, with a foreshaft, the entire length being 29 inches.

diameter at the middle was

11

straight to the

terminated

feathers were

forward end, where their width was about

inch, and
inch from the nock of the arrow. At each end the

bound down with sinew.

In gathering wood for arrows he generally selected the tall, straight

shoots of hazel where it grew in competition with other shrubs or

them about a yard long, their greatest diameter being

more than three-eighths of an inch. These he stripped of bark
with his thumb nail. He always made arrows in groups of five. Thus
he would select the best of his sticks, and collecting them in groups,
trees, cutting
little

bind them together securely with a cord.

In this bundle they were

After any period

permitted to season, lying in a horizontal position.

from a week to a year these sticks might be used.

The
shafts.

from a

first

To
fire

process in manufacture was that of straightening his

do this he either made a small heap of glowing embers

or utilized a hot stone.

He

applied pressure with his thumbs

on the convex side of any irregularity or bend in a shaft, and holding

this near the heat, passed the wood back and forth before the stone or
coals.

In

less

When

the wood was warm, it gave very readily to pressure.

than a minute any curve or crook could be straightened out.

The wood

after cooling always retained its

new

position.

Glancing

112

University of California Publications in

down
ness.

Am.

Arch, and Ethn.

[Vol. 13

the axis of his shaft from time to time, Ishi gauged its straightTo burn or discolor the wood was evidence of bad technique.

Smoothing was accomplished by scraping and rubbing the arrow

shaft between two pieces of sandstone.
shaft by rolling

while he worked
this

it
it

He

sometimes finished the

back and forth on the thigh with his right palm,

with a piece of sandstone held in his left hand. By

means he could

"turn"

a shaft almost as accurately as if a lathe

were used.

Where

a foreshaft was to be added, the length of the main shaft

was 21 inches. At the smaller end he cut a notch for the bow string
with a bit of obsidian, making this nock
2 of an inch wide and
G

inch deep. In larger arrows he deepened this to y2 inch. The other

end of the shaft was next drilled out to accommodate the foreshaft.

His method of drilling was as follows: Placing a sharp piece of

bone, point up, in the ground, and steadying it with his toes, he rotated
the shaft perpendicularly upon this point. The motion here was iden
with that employed in making fire by means of a drill and base
stick, the stick being rolled between the palms with downward press
tical

ure.
The excavation averaged an inch in depth and a quarter of an
inch in diameter, and ran to a point. During this drilling process the
lower end of the shaft was tightly bound with sinew or cedar cord

from splitting. One end of the foreshaft was formed into

and made to fit this socket, leaving a slight shoulder where
the two segments met. Salmon glue or resin was used to secure union,
and the joint was bound with macerated tendon for the distance of an
to

keep

it

a spindle

inch or more.

When

a group of five arrows

had been brought

to this stage of

His favorite colors were green and red.

At first he insisted that these were the only colors to use, since they
had the effect of making the arrows fly straight. After we began to
excel him in marksmanship he scraped all his arrows and painted
them red and blue, perhaps to change his luck. The shafts obtained
completion, he painted them.

from his hut were of these latter colors, but at least the blue
American pigment, perhaps secured during nocturnal prowlings

is

in

vacant cabins.
Red, he told me, came from the earth and was

made with

fire.

Blue he obtained from a plant like a potato

green from a plant
4
The pig"like an onion"; black from the eye of salmon or trout.
;

4 Ishi
designated Lathyrus sulphurea, Icununutspi i, as yielding a yellow paint
for arrows. The "onion" from which green was obtained may have been a plant
related to the lily Fritillaria lanceolata, which he called t aka, although he declared
this species to produce a salmon-colored dye. Commandra umbellata, punentsaw i
in his language, was also used for painting arrows.

Pope: Yahi Archery

1918]

113

ments were mixed with the gum or sap of some

opportunity to explain the process more fully.

trees.

He had no

When

with us he

used the ground pigments of commerce, with which he mixed an

alcoholic solution of shellac.

The University Museum has a sample of red pigment obtained from

the Yahi Indians before Ishi s capture, and it is the usual red ochre.
The design employed in painting usually consisted of alternating
rings of red and blue a quarter of an inch wide, with a wide space
stripes, sometimes occupied by red or blue
running lengthwise. Only that space which was
The design was
later to be spanned by the feathers was painted.
at
the smaller end
near
the
then
ten
nock,
rings
usually three rings

between two groups of the

dots, or

lines

snaky

of the feather.

In applying his paint he used a

bunch of

make
and

bristles, set in resin,

little stick

through a

of wood, or

quill,

drew

a small

making a brush.

the rings of color he clamped the arrow shaft between his left

chest, while he rotated it

was steadied on

with the

left

hand.

To
arm

In his right, which

his knee, he held the brush with its coloring matter.

In making serpentine lines he used a little pattern of wood or deerhide, cut with a zigzag edge, along which he passed his brush. These
figures

seemed to have no symbolic meaning to him.

Apparently they

were simply standard designs.

When
below

This he

the paint

was dry, he ran

at the site of the subsequent

it,

let

a broad ring of glue above and

binding which holds the feathers.

dry.

kinds of feathers were used by Ishi on his arrows eagle,

hawk, owl, buzzard, wild goose, heron, quail, pigeon, flicker, turkey,
He preferred eagle feathers but admitted that they were
bluejay.

Many

very hard to

get.

While with us he used

feathers from the domestic turkey.

feathers from the same

The

first

at the tip

w ing on
r

either the tail or pinion

Like the best archers he put three

each arrow.

process of preparing the feather was to separate

and

split the shaft

down

its

its

length by pulling

laminae

it

apart.

forming the posterior part of the original quill was

used. He placed one end of this strip on a rock, clamping his great
toe firmly upon it, and pulled it taut with the left hand, while with a
sharp knife he shaved the upper surface of the aftershaft or rib to

Only the

strip

the thinness of paper.

reduced

it

By

scraping with an obsidian chip he now

it.
Feathers so

to translucent thinness, leaving no pith on

scraped are very flexible but the laminae tend to stand at an angle of

University of California Publications in

11-4

thirty degrees

Am.

from the perpendicular when

Arch, and Ethn.

set

on the arrow.

[Vol. 13

Hav

many
way he collected them in groups of
to
their
three, according
similarity of form and color, and bound each
group with a short bit of thread. When ready to apply them to the
feathers this

ing finished

arrow, these sets of three, each set from the same wing, were soaked
warm water. When soft, the feathers were shaken dry, separated,

in

and each tested for

its strength by pulling its two extremities.

Then,
gathering about half an inch of laminae with the tip of the aftershaft
and holding this end securely, he ruffled the rest of the laminae back

ward, in order to have a clear space over which to apply sinew in

the next stage. Each feather in turn was thus made ready.
r

Very delicate deer tendons, having been split and soaked in water,
were now chewed to a stringy pulp and drawn from the mouth in thin
ribbons about a foot long. One end he held by the teeth, the other
was attached to the arrow by a couple of turns near the nock. He
then placed each feather in succession in its position one perpen
;

dicular to the nock, two at

spaces between them.

As he

bound the

its

opposite edges,

making equidistant

rotated the shaft, the tendon being held

and a half inch of laminae together

with his thumb nail at the last. The
smoothing
reversed position of the rest of the laminae at this point made his work
easy.
Having treated one arrow, he let it dry while he fixed each of
in his teeth, he

down

rib

to the shaft,

all

the remaining four.

The next step was

to

draw

the anterior extremity of the feathering

down into position. Beginning at the last painted ring where the glue
commenced, he stripped off the laminae in preparation for the appli
cation of tendons. Again he spun out a ribbon of tissue, and setting
each feather in place, holding the top one with his left thumb, and the
other two with the first and second fingers respectively, he began bind
ing with the sinew. After proceeding a few turns, he released his
hold and straightened each feather to its final position, which was
about one-sixteenth of an inch off the direct line down the arrow, veer

ing off slightly toward the concave side of the feather. Now, drawing
the feathers tight and snug, he cut the rib about half an inch long
and completed the binding by rotation, plus a final smoothing with his

In applying the tendon, he was careful to make a close

nail.
never
overlapping his sinew except at the last few turns. Each
spiral,
arrow, being thus feathered, was put in the sunshine to dry. After a

thumb

number of hours he would pick up a shaft and by beating it gently

against his palm, restore the laminae to their natural direction, fluffing

Pope: Yahi Archery

llo

After having stroked the thoroughly dry feathers

out the feathering.

trimmed them by laying them on a flat piece of

a
straight stick as a ruler and running a sharp chip of
wood, using

to settle them, he

obsidian along this edge. Obsidian flakes are quite as sharp as a good
razor, and cut feathers better.

His feather usually had a straight edge, and had a height of ys

or 1/2 inch at the nock end. Sometimes
inch at the forward end and

they were cut in a slightly concave line, and usually no trimming was
done near the nock, but the natural curve of the feather tip was left
here, making a graceful finish to his work.
Instead of standing perpendicularly to the shaft, as has been
recommended by our ancient English archers, Ishi s feathers were set
at

an angle

after

much

to his

arrow and tended to

fall or lie closer to

use or being carried in the quiver.

the shaft

This position does

seem to have the advantage, however, of giving a better spin to the

arrows in flight, which, of course, tends toward greater accuracy.
Some of Ishi s feathers were not more than three inches long, and
those on his exhibition or

pinions

war arrows were the

full length of a

hawk

almost a foot.

In none of his arrows which were made in the wilds was there any
evidence of glue between the feather and arrow shaft but while with
;

us he occasionally ran a
it

glue beneath his feather after binding

little

on.

In his native

state,

he seems to have used no protective over the

nor did he apply any finish

sinew to keep out moisture not even fat

or varnish to the surface of his shafts.

The arrow

in the condition just described

to a certain length.

against his

own

was now accurately cut

His method of measurement was to hold the butt

sternal notch

and then, reaching along the shaft with

his left hand, almost in his shooting position (as described below), he

cut the shaft off at the end of his left forefinger.

of about twenty-nine inches.

This gave a length

The cutting of the shaft was done with

a filing motion of an obsidian knife.

Later he used a bit of broken

The point of the shaft was then slightly rounded, and if

intended for small game, bound with sinew. If obsidian points were
to be used, a notch similar to that intended for the bow string was
hack-saw.

made, and so cut that when the arrow was drawn on the bow, this
notch was in a perpendicular position. The idea in placing the head,
in a vertical plane was that in this position it entered between the
ribs of

an animal more readily.

116

University of California Publications in

Ishi did not

seem to know that in

Am. Arch, and Ethn.

flight

[Vol. 13

an arrow revolves quite

rapidly and necessarily must shift from its plane immediately upon
With the old English archers, the broad-head was
in
the
same
placed
plane with the nock, for the same mistaken reason.
leaving the bow.

With

the English, of course, the

bow

held almost perpendicular,

while with most Indians, as with Ishi, the bow has a more or less
horizontal position in shooting.
is

ARROW POINTS
For making arrowheads, bone and obsidian and flint were used by
Flint Ishi designated as pana k aina and seemed to like it
because of its varied colors. But hahJca or obsidian was in commoner
Boulders of obsi
use, and among the Yahi it served even as money.
dian were traded from tribe to tribe throughout his country. They
probably came by way of the Hat Creek Indians from Shasta County
and other districts where this volcanic glass was prevalent.
A boulder of obsidian was shattered by throwing another rock on
it.
The chunks thus obtained were broken into smaller size by hold
the Yahi.

ing a short segment of deer horn or piece of bone against a projecting

The
surface, and smartly striking it a glancing blow with a stone.
resulting flakes of obsidian best suited for arrowheads were roughly
three inches long, an inch and a half wide and half an inch thick.

Selecting one of these, according to

its

shape and grain, he began the

flaking process.

Protecting the palm of his left hand by means of a piece of buck

skin, and resting the left elbow on the left knee, he held the obsidian
tightly against the palm by folding his fingers over
was a piece of deer horn bound to a stick about a foot

it.

The

long.

flaker

Holding

instrument securely in his right hand, the stick resting beneath

the forearm for leverage, he pressed the point of the horn against the
obsidian edge with vigor, and fractured or flaked off a small bit. By
this

reversing the position of the obsidian in his hand and attacking the
opposite edge with the flaking tool, repeating in a painstaking

way

manceuver after several

flakings, he slowly fashioned his arrow

point, making long deep chips or light finishing flakes, as the condi
tion required.
He used deer horn for the heavier work, but while
with us he chiefly employed a soft iron rod three-sixteenths of an inch
this

in diameter

and eight inches

long,

having a handle or padding of cloth

5
Compare the article by N. C. Nelson, Flint Working by
Anniversary Volume, Washington, 1916, pp. 397-401.

Ishi, in

the Holmes

Talil

Pope:

1918]

bound about

it

117

Archery

for a distance of six inches.

The

tool

must be

a sub

stance that will dent slightly and thus engage the sharp edge of

Tempered

obsidian.

steel utterly fails to serve this purpose.

His

were shaped something like a screw driver, only rounded

instead of square at the point. These he filed quite sharp. When the
obsidian had assumed the desired triangular shape, he exchanged his
flaking tools

buckskin pad for a sort of thumb-piece of the same material. Hold

ing the arrow point firmly on this with the left index finger, he selected
a small flaking tool about the side of a shoemaker

awl,

made

of a

wire nail driven into a wooden handle, and fashioned the notches near
the base of the arrowhead by pressing the point of the flaking tool
against the ball of the thumb.
To make a head of this type required about half an hour.

made them
gift

in all sizes

Medium

arrows and war.

He

Large spike-like heads were for

and shapes.

size heads,

perhaps l 1/^ inches long,

% inch wide, and 14 inch thick, were for ordinary deer shooting, while
were for shooting bear.
Yahi custom to do most of the making of bows
was
Apparently
from
the camp, in secluded spots particularly favor
and arrows away
At least this was true of the making of
able to this employment.

small, flat oval heads

it

arrowheads; partially

and partially because

Ishi said that the

so,

it

no doubt, because of the danger

was

strictly a

man

men congregated

entailed,

s job.

in a circle, in a

warm sunny

place, painted their faces with black mud to keep the flying flakes
out of their eyes, and maintained silence either for ceremonial pur
poses or to avoid getting pieces of flint or glass in the mouth. Among

their theories of disease, the one

which they most usually invoked was

the supposed presence of bits of obsidian or spines of cactus and

similar sharp objects in the system.
to this theory, moreover, by the

The medicine man gave support

"magical"

extraction of such objects

by means of sucking the painful spot.

of glass flew in the eye while flaking arrowheads,
chance
a
bit
by
Ishi would pull down his lower ejr elid with the left forefinger, being

from

his patients,

If

careful not to blink or rub the

lid.

Then he bent

over, looking at the

ground, and gave himself a tremendous thump on the crown of the

head with the right hand. This was supposed to dislodge the foreign

body from the

After
ache.

eye.

work he frequently suffered from eyestrain head

like many Indians he was
He also complained of fatigue and cramp in his hands

much

close

His distant vision was excellent, but

astigmatic.

after prolonged flaking.

118

University of California Publications in

Am.

Arcli.

and Ethn.

[Vol. 13

The arrowheads were first set in the shaft by heating pine resin,
and applying it to the notched end, then moulding it about the base
of the obsidian point. When firm, the point was further secured by
binding it with sinew, back and forth, about the tangs and around
the shaft. Three wraps were made about each notch, and the tendon
\vas wound about the arrow for the distance of half an inch imme
diately below the arrowhead.

After drying, this secured the head

A little polishing with sandstone

very firmly and was quite smooth.

gave a fine finish to the bin ^ing.
These heads frequently were

ke"pt

in a little

bag of

skin,

and not

a few hours before the expected hunt. Extra

heads were kept in readiness to substitute for those broken during
use.
Large oval blades were bound on short handles and used as

attached to the arrow

till

knives. Still larger blades of the same type, on a long handle, were
used as spears.
After some experience in shooting at targets, Ishi devised a sub
stitute for the regular target arrow pile, or head.
He made blunt

points from thin brass tubing or steel umbrella sticks, cut into one

He

with deep transverse notches across one

end and pounded this portion into a blunt conical shape. These heads
he set on his shafts with glue.
inch lengths.

filed these

THE QUIVER
When upon a prolonged hunt, Ishi carried as many as sixty arrows
with him, though his quiver seldom contained more than a score. The
extra arrows he kept covered with a skin and bound with buckskin
thongs,

and he carried them slung over

his shoulder.

His quiver, now in the University Museum, was made from the
skin of an otter, the fur side out, and the hair running upward. It
measures 34 inches in length, 8 inches in width at the upper end, and
4 inches at the lower.

The skin had been removed whole, save for an

The hind legs had been split and left

incision over the buttocks.

dangling, wiiile the fore legs were tw o sheaths of skin inverted within
the quiver. The mouth was sewn with tendon, and the split tail served
as a carrying strap.

Four punctures

in the animal s back

showed

where the toggles of a salmon spear had entered and had had exit,
indicating its method of capture. A strip of buckskin was also stitched
to the outlet of the quiver, and, running inside, was again stitched
two-thirds of the
strap.

way down.

Its use

seems to have been as a carrying

Pope: Yahi Archery

1918]

bow in the quiver, and slung

was not easy to extract arrows from the
was customary to carry a few in the hand. These,

Besides his arrows he carried his

all

over the left shoulder.

quiver quickly, so

it

It

during the act of shooting, Ishi either laid on the ground or held
beneath his right arm. Owing to his peculiar method of shooting, this
did not interfere when he drew his bow.

HANDLING OF THE BOW

His system of shooting was as follows
Taking his bow from the
quiver, he placed the lower end on his partially flexed left thigh.
While he held the bow by the center with the left hand its back was
down hi s right hand caught the string between forefinger and thumb.
:

The other
the handle
the nock.

upper end near the nock.

and bending the bow, he slipped the loop

fingers held the

If,

Now, depressing
of the string over

perchance, the string were too long, he unstrung the

fchi s

tow hand.

bow and

twisted the string

till it

shortened to the proper length, when

he again bent and braced his bow. When strung, the distance between
the string and the hand grip was about four and a half inches. He

then would place four or five arrows beneath his right arm, points to
the front, leaving one in the hand. Holding the bow diagonally across
the body, the

upper end

to the left, he

"nocked"

his

arrow by lay-

University of California Publications

120

in

Am. Arch, and

EtJtn.

[Vol.

on the right side of the bow. It crossed the middle of the bow
where the first and second fingers of the left hand received it and held
it

ing

from slipping it was also a little distance away from the bow. This
refinement of technique was necessary to avoid rubbing the feathers,
which were longer than the space between the bow and the string.
it

The bow

itself

he clamped in the notch between the thumb and fingers

He did not grip it tightly, even when full drawn.

of the left hand.

and even when the arrow was released it was

only retained from springing from the hand by a light touch of his
Some Indians, he said, had a little strap on the handle to
fingers.
bow jumping out of the hand.
the
prevent
The arrow, when full drawn, rested on the bow, steadied in position
by the slight touch of his thumb on one side, the middle finger tip at
the other. When the arrow left the string, at the moment of release,
It poised in this notch,

bow

the

revolved, or turned over completely, in his hand, so that the

back of the bow was toward him.

Ishrs release

The arrow
of that

known

release (the letting fly of the arrow)

as the

Mongolian type.

That

is,

was a modification

he

"drew"

the

bow

with the right thumb flexed beneath the string. On the thumb nail
he laid the end of the middle finger, to strengthen the hold. The

index finger, completely flexed, rested on the arrow to keep

it from
The
from
the
of
extremities
the
slipping
string.
feathers, being near
the nock, were neatly folded along the shaft in the grip of these
fingers, to prevent them from being ruffled.

Ishi knew of several releases, saying that certain other tribes used
them. The primary type, that where the arrow butt is gripped between
the thumb and the flexed forefinger, he said certain Indians used,

and

it

seemed to be a criterion of strength.

191 8

There are

five

known types

121

Ytihi Archer;/

Pope:

of arrow release or methods of holding

the arrow on the string while the

bow

is

drawn.

These were determined

and named by E. S. Morse."

The Primary release is that most naturally used by the novice.
He draws the arrow by pinching it between his thumb and flexed
This is not a strong grip on the arrow, though practice
forefinger.
undoubtedly strengthens the hold. No robust archery, according to
English standards, has ever been done with this release. Yet it is
the only one reported from

many

primitive peoples, perhaps even the

method most commonly followed by uncivilized tribes.

The Secondary release is similar, but the middle finger

assists in

the pull by pressing on the string.

The Tertiary

release

holds the arrow between the

It

straightened forefinger.

may

thumb and

also place other fingers on the string

to assist in the pull.

The Mongolian or Asiatic release is chiefly used with the composite

bow, and consists of pulling the string with the flexed thumb, more or
supported by the other fingers, while the arrow is merely steadied
by contact with the forefinger, and by being held in the
between
the thumb and forefinger.
This method reaches full
angle
less

in position

effectiveness

when

sharp-edged thumb ring

is

worn

to engage the

string.

The Mediterranean

release

was known

to the ancients

used in English archery and by the Eskimo.

The

first

and

is

that

three fingers,

draw the string, while the engaged arrow

and second fingers.

unassisted by the thumb,

rests

between the

Tshi s release

first
is

of peculiar interest because

never been described before

which
in

it is

also because the

a variety, the Mongolian, has until

its

precise type has

fundamental method of

now

not been reported

America.

A series of tests of the

releases,

comparative strength of these various arrow

made by the writer with a spring scale attached to an arrow

and cord, yields the following average pulls

Primary, 25 pounds.
Primary, with an arrow having a grip or notch in the end to assist the draw,
35 pounds.
Secondary, 40 pounds.
Tertiary, 60 pounds.
Mongolian, 45 pounds.
Mongolian, with a Japanese-type shooting glove to protect the thumb, 55
pounds.
Mediterranean, 80 pounds.
Bulletin of the Essex Institute, Salem, xvn, 145-198, 1885.

122

University of California Publications in

Am.

Arcli.

and Ethn.

[Vol. 13

Greater experience may have somewhat favored the result for the
Mediterranean method, but there is no doubt that it is the most power

known releases.
As Ishi drew with the back of his hand uppermost, he extended his
bowarm horizontally and kept it straight, midway between a lateral
and forward position. His right hand he drew till its back came
ful of all

beneath his chin, the end of his radius touching the top of his sternum.
Thus he looked straight along his arrow with both eyes open. In this
position his eyes were considerably above the nock of the arrow

and

he therefore had to allow for over-shooting his mark.

He changed the position of his drawing hand for different ranges.
For near shots, his right hand was often drawn as high as his mouth.

His extreme length of draw was not over twenty-six inches, while for
small game and near shots he shortened this to eighteen or twenty

He

inches.

never drew any shaft to the head.

In drawing, his right

arm was

held close to the body, while the shoulder was markedly

elevated. This gave him a hunched appearance, but it permitted him
to hold arrows

arm

under his arm, and in other ways must have favored

of shooting. It also threw his right arm and fore

mode

his peculiar

into the

same plane with

his bow.

Before making any careful shot

down

glance

his

it

was

arrow and straighten with

his invariable habit to

his fingers

any

slight

curvature that might be present.

Nocking, drawing, aiming, and releasing, all were done within

He dwelt on his aim about a second, and shot entirely
by intuition, not by point of aim. For long shots he attempted to assist
three seconds.

the flight of his arrow by quickly pushing forward his

bow arm

as

he shot.

point blank range

is

that condition in aiming where the tip of

the arrow seems to rest on the object to be hit.

fifty

With him

this

was about

yards, and

that he

With

first

at over sixty yards his bow hand obscured his vision, so

aimed, then further elevated his bow hand before releasing.

method of shooting, where the arrow lies at the left

hand does not interfere with the vision, unless in shots
more than a hundred yards, because the left eye can see past the
the English

of the bow, the

of

hand.

After discharge of his arrow, Ishi maintained his shooting position

He preferred to shoot kneel

ing or squatting; this seems to have been the best posture for game
shooting. In kneeling, he usually placed his right knee on the ground.
for a second, as good archers always do.

Pope: Yahi Archery

1918]

123

he stood facing the target, or

His position was rather
turning his left side slightly toward it.
insecure, knees flexed a trifle, feet about four inches apart. His body

Shooting with

us, especially at targets,

he held quite erect, though in stalking game he shot from a crouching

position.

never used a wrist guard or "bracer" on his left arm to pro

tect it from the string, although he nearly always pulled up his shirt
sleeve. This was to avoid striking any clothing w ith the string, which

He

would check the

his forearm,

flight of the

and bruise

it,

arrow.

At times the

string did strike

and after prolonged shooting

his left wrist

was often sore and ecchymosed.

Leather protection for his forefinger

he sometimes used in target shooting, but neither the glove nor bracer
seemed needed for the intermittent shooting during a hunt.

In nocking his arrow, he paid no particular attention to the cock

feather, or that opposite the nock.

It rested against the

away from it. With nearly all modern archers,

very bad technique. Since most of the feathers were
as

did not seem

much

bow

as often

this is considered
soft, this

however

to disturb the flight of the arrow.

ISHFS RECORDS WITH THE

BOW

There are no records of aboriginal archery with which to compare

That the American Indian was a good shot is
conceded by all who know him, and fiction makes him out an incom

those of civilized times.

parable archer, capable of deeds outrivaling those of William Tell and

the redoubtable Robin of Sherwood Forest. But no authentic scores
exist.

have been able to compare the

an unspoiled American Indian w ith that of modern archers.

It is therefore a privilege to

shooting of

So far

as target shooting

greatest archer of all times

is

concerned,

it is

well

known

that the

was Horace Ford of England, whose records

by any in history, and have not been

of 1857 were not approached

surpassed since.

There are two well recognized rounds in archery. The English or

consists in shooting six dozen arrows at one hundred yards,

York round

four dozen at eighty yards, and two dozen at sixty yards, and adding

The American round

the score thus attained.

consists in shooting

thirty arrows at each of the distances, sixty, fifty,

The target used

is

a circular straw*

mat four

and forty yards.

feet in diameter, four

inches thick, covered with a facing on which are five concentric rings.

The central ring or gold

is

nine and one-half inches in diameter, while

124

University of California Publications in

each circle

one-half this in width.

is

Am. Arch, and Ethn.

Their values are

9, 7,

[Vol. 13

5,

3,

points.

Because of the great distance, and his inability to hit the target
often enough to warrant compiling a score, Ishi seldom shot the York
round.
But we have many records of his scores at the American

round.

It

and yet

at

Ishi s best

must be conceded that an archer may be a poor target shot

the same time be a practical and accurate archer in hunting.
scores at the American round are as follows, 30 arrows being

shot at each distance:

October 23, 3914.
60 yards, 10 hits,
50 yards, 20 hits,
40 yards, 19 hits,
49

Total

May

223 score 4 golds

30, 1915.

60 yards, ]3
50 yards, 17
40 yards, 23

hits,

hits,
hits,

51 score
59 score
95 score,

53 hits. 205 score,

Total

The

hits,

32 score
92 score, 2 golds
99 score, 2 golds

best score for the

Rendtorff, and

is

gold

gold

American round

thus recorded

is

at present held

by E.

J.

60 yards, 30 hits, 208 score

50 yards, 30 hits, 226 score
40 yards, 30 hits, 234 score
Total

A
hits,

90 hits, 668 score

good score will total 90

538 score.

hits,

500 score.

My own

best

round

is

88

At ten and twenty yards Ishi was proportionately much more

accurate, and while not consistent, he could hit objects three or four
inches in diameter with such frequency that it was a commonplace
event.
Out of every five arrows, one or two surely would reach the
mark.

In his native

state, his targets

were small bundles of straw

he shot at a small hoop in motion.

At shooting on the wing or at running game, he did not seem to

about the

size of a rabbit or quail, or

be correspondingly adept.

up

in the air

At

so-called turtle shooting, or shooting

and having the arrow

strike the object in descent, he

was

not proficient. In rapid shooting he could just discharge his third

arrow while two were in the air; unlike the alleged performance of

Hiawatha, he could not keep ten shafts aloft at once. Catlin reports
that the Mandans could keep eight arrows in the air at one time.

Pope: Yahi Archery

1918J

125

Ishi s greatest flight shot was 185 yards. No doubt had he prepared
himself for distance shooting he could have surpassed this but using
;

40-pound hunting bow and the lightest arrow in his quiver, this was
his extreme length. After Ishi s death, I shot his bow, with an espe
cially light arrow with a closely cropped feather, a distance of 200

his

The greatest modern shot was that done by Ingo Simon,

yards.

Toquet, France, in 3914, of 459 yards, with a very old Turkish

La
com

at

The greatest recorded flight shot with the English long

posite bow.
bow was made by John Rawlins in 1794, a distance of 360 yards.
The best American flight shot is 290 yards, done by L.
Maxson, in
3891. Shooting a six-foot yew bow weighing 75 pounds with a flight
arrow, my own best shot is 275 yards.
To ascertain the casting power of what Ishi considered an ideal bow,
had him select one that he considered the best, from the entire num
ber in the Museum. This was a Yurok bow of yew heavily backed with
sinew and corresponded closely in proportions to those of his own make.
After warming it carefully and bracing it, Ishi shot a number of light
"W.

flight

His greatest cast was only 175 yards.

arrows.

less than.

Its

weight was

40 pounds.

Besides the fact that Ishi, in

common with

all

savages, failed to

understand the optics and ballistics of archery, his arrows were of

such unequal weight and dissimilar shape and size, that it is not sur
prising that his
in the

markmanship was

erratic.

difference of ten grains

weight of a shaft, or a slight difference in the height of the

feathers, will cause

an arrow shot sixty yards to

fly

several feet higher

or lower than its predecessor.

The length of time required for Ishi s hunting shafts to fly 100
yards was 4 seconds. The angle of trajection was 30 degrees. The
weight of these arrows was 1 ounce their power of penetration was
sufficient to pierce our target, which consisted of a piece of oil cloth, 2
gunny sacks, and 4 inches of straw target, entirely traversing these
;

hunting point, shot from 40 yards, readily penetrated

an inch into pine. On striking a tree, the entire point and an inch of
bodies.

steel

the shaft were often buried in the trunk.

The angle of elevation necessary

yards

is

much

hundred

for his arrow to fly one

greater than that needed for our target arrows.

Shoot

ing a 48-pound bow with a five-shilling, or one-ounce arrow, my eleva

tion is 15 degrees, while under the same conditions with a 65-pound
bow it is as low as 10 degrees. The time required for a 100-yard flight
of this latter

is

2%

seconds.

reckoned at 120 feet a second.

The average

velocity of an

arrow

is

126

University of California Publications in

Am. Arch, and Ethn.

[Vol. 13

HUNTING
At a very
took various

early period in our association with the Yahi,

little

upon extended

we under

hunting excursions, and upon two occasions went

trips into the mountains.

In shooting small game, such as quail, squirrels, and rabbits, Ishi

His method was that of still hunting; walking
proficient.

was very

over the ground very quiet and alert, always paying particular atten
and cover. He was indefatigable in the persistence

tion to wind, noise,

with which he stalked game, and seldom left a clump of brush in/
which he knew or suspected the presence of game, until all means of
getting it had been tried.
the

His vision was particularly well trained, and invariably he sighted

game first. This acumen was manifest also in the finding of arrows.

Ishi nearly always could find a shaft in the grass or brush

overlooked

where we

it.

He shot rabbits as close as five yards. On the other hand I have

seen him shoot a squirrel through the head at forty yards. The usual
was between ten and twenty yards. Game was nearly
still, although an occasional rabbit was shot
Arrows striking these small animals frequently passed com

killing distance

always shot while standing

running.

Death did not always result from the first

and one or more additional arrows were sometimes necessary to

pletely through them.

shot,
kill.

If a rabbit were shot

and caught,

Ishi

would break

with

all its legs

it on the ground to die from the shock.

This seems
have been a hunting custom, and he seemed to dislike having the
animal die in his hands. Later, he adopted, with us, the more humane
method of tapping his game on the head to kill it.

his hands, then lay

to

Animals shot at do not always become alarmed, should the arrow

miss them, but often permit several shots to be made. Quail struck
with an arrow in fleshy parts, sometimes fly, or attempt to fly. with
the missile transfixing them, and are only detained by

its

catching in

the brush or foliage of trees.

In hunting deer, Ishi was particularly careful in the observance of

several essential precautions. He would eat no fish on the day prior
to the hunt, because the odor could be detected by deer, he said nor
would he have the odor of tobacco smoke about him. The morning of
the hunt Ishi bathed himself from head to foot, and washed his mouth.
;

Eating no food, he dressed himself in a

shirt, or

breech clout.

Any

Pope: Yahi Archery

1918]

covering on the legs

made a

127

noise while in the brush,

While

skin rather favored cautious walking.

shoes acquired in civilization, he said they

Ishi

made

and a

sensitive

was proud of

his

a noise like a horse,

and he immediately discarded them when any real work in the field^
was encountered. In climbing cliffs, or crossing streams or trunks o
So in hunting he preferred to
trees, he first removed his shoes.
of
his
and
the
barefoot,
strength
perfectly shaped feet gave him
very definite advantage over his civilized companions.
It

was a custom among

hunting expeditions.

From

his people to practice venesection before

Ishi s description,

it

appeared that this

consisted of simple scarification over the flexor sides of the forearm

and

calf of the leg.

This was supposed to strengthen and increase

Small chips of obsidian were used in thj

the courage of the hunter.

process.

In hunting deer, Ishi used the method of ambush. It was customary

in his tribe to station archers behind certain rocks or bushes near
well

known deer

Then a band

trails.

of Indians beat the brush at a

mile or so distant, driving toward those in hiding. Upon our trip

into Tehama County with Ishi, he showed us old deer trails near which
curious small piles of rock were located at intervals hardly exceeding
ten yards. These he indicated as ancient spots of ambush. They were

enough to shield a man in a crouching position. The moss

and lichen on them spoke of considerable age. One would hardly

just large

notice

them

in a boulder country, but the evidence of crude

was apparent when one

attention

was

masonry

called to them.

In approaching game, Ishi w ould rather skirt an entire mountain

than come up on the wind side. His observance of this rule was almost
r

He tested the wind by wetting his little finger. In travel

over the country, certain places would appeal to him as ground favor
an obsession.

able for rabbits, quail, squirrel, wildcats, or bear.

His hut in Deer Creek canon was built on an old bear

trail,

of these animals having been trapped within a few miles

hermit-like trapper of those parts.

an old Indian in
that this Indian

When

his bear trap,

was

his relative,

Years ago

maiming him

this

for

many

by an

old

same man caught

life.

Ishi admitted

perhaps his uncle or stepfather.

in a part of the country suitable for rabbits, Ishi

would

hide himself behind a bush and give the rabbit call. This consists of a
kissing sound, made by the lips with two fingers pressed against them.
It is a shrill, plaintive

rabbit in distress.

squeak or cry, identical with that made by a

repeated it often, and with heart-rending

He

128

University of California Publications

He

pathos.

come

The

to the call.

came

Am. Arch, and Ethn.

first

Upon one

had

came

to protect its

afternoon

Vol.

K>

and bear would

said that jac-krabbits, wildcats, coyotes,

expecting food.
assertions, I

in

young the others came

;

hunt, to test the truth of his

Ishi repeat this call twelve times.

From

these dozen

and one wildcat emerged from the brush and

approached us. Some rabbits came from a distance of one hundred
and fifty yards, and approached within ten yards. The wildcat came
within fifty yards, and permitted me to discharge five arrows at him
before a glancing hit sent him into the forest.
calls

five rabbits,

As

the game drew near, Ishi kept up a sucking sort of kiss with his
while
he adjusted an arrow on the bow. When the game was
lips
within a dozen yards, he shot.
.

He

tree,

was effective only when

took a new, tender leaf of a madrone

also used a call for deer, which he said

the does were with fawns.

folded

vigorously.

He

it lengthwise, and placing it between his lips, sucked

The sound produced was somewhat similar to that made

when a small boy blows on

It

a blade of grass held between his thumbs.

resembles the plaintive bleat of a fawn.
In decoying deer, Ishi also used a deer s head. He had one in his

original

camp from which

stuffed with leaves

and

the horns had been removed, and

twigs.

This he placed

011

his head,

it

was

and raising

above a bush, attracted the attention of his game, stimulating

curiosity while luring it within bow shot.
it

In none of our trips with Ishi were we able to kill a deer.

we secured shots, but owing to the distance,

several occasions

the ground, or lack of accuracy,

we

was

beyond the Indian range of

at sixty yards,

ness.

That

it

is

we proved upon

We

and

this is well

failed to hit.

possible, however, to kill large

its

Upon
fall of

The nearest shot

effective

game with the bow.

a subsequent hunting expedition with Mr.

W.

J.

two deer with the English long bow.

Compton.
One of these bucks Mr. Compton shot running at 65 yards. The steel
pointed arrow penetrated the chest and protruded a foot the other
side, breaking off as the deer bounded through the brush. This animal
died after running about 200 yards. I shot another buck at 45 yards.
shot

and

killed

The arrow, penetrating just back of the diaphragm, caused an intense

mtra-abdominal hemorrhage, and death resulted after this deer had
run a quarter of a mile. This would indicate that the Indians would

The arrows used by

little difficulty in striking down game.
us were of the type of the old English broad head, 29 inches long,
weighing from one ounce to an ounce and a half, heavily feathered.
have had

191 8

Pope: Yahi Archery

129

and having steel heads one and one-half inches long by one inch wide.
Mr. Compton shot a six-foot yew bow weighing 65 pounds, while mine
was a sinew-backed yew bow 5
In one deer killed with a

feet,
rifle,

10 inches long, weighing 54 pounds.

I tested the penetrating power of

Stationed at thirty yards, he drove one arrow through

the neck, half the shaft entering; the second shot struck the spine and
probably would have caused paralysis; the third arrow entered the
Ishi s arrows.

thorax back of the scapula, its head piercing the opposite chest wall.
This also would have been fatal. 7

In shots at buzzards, hawks, and gulls in

flight, it

often occurred

coming very close was dodged by these birds. To make

possible, Ishi smeared his arrow shaft with black mud, and

that an arrow
this less

selected one with a close-cropped feather, that it might be less con

spicuous and more silent than usual.
Our bad luck in deer hunting Ishi ascribed to the fact that I had
killed a

rattlesnake on the trail.

He

respected these reptiles, and

always preferred to walk around a snake, wishing him well and leaving

him unharmed.
Besides using the ambush, Ishi waited at deer licks to secure his

He had no special care for female deer, but

good meat. He also shot fawns if needed for food.

venison.
all

considered them

Those were the

days of abundance of game, and the Indian killed only for food.
He preserved his deer meat by a process of curing in smoke, just
as all hunters today make jerky. The deer hide he or more likely his
female relatives, prepared by first rubbing in the brains and later by
drying and scraping. Ishi himself did not seem to know how to make

His needlework and moccasin making were

also not of an advanced type. In the University Museum we have a

a fine quality of buckskin.

fur robe, previously the property of Ishi. It is composed of many wild

and raccoon skins sewn together. Here the preparation is of a very
good type. The furs are soft, fairly smooth and seem to have been

cat

smoked.

This process of smoking,

common among

Indians, saturates

the hide with creosote compounds, thus preserving the tissue from

bacteria
proof.

and parasites, while it renders it soft and somewhat water

The absence of wounds in these skins suggests that Ishi used a

trap or snare rather than the bow, to secure the pelts.

Ishi told us many times the methods he and his people used in
It was their ancient custom for a number of men to
killing bear.

surround an animal, building

a circle of fire about him.

They then

dis-

There are interesting facts on the penetrating power of the arrow in Thomas
Wilson s Arrow Wounds,
the American Anthropologist, n. s., in, 513-600, 1901.
"

130

University of California Publications in

Am. Arch, and Ethn.

[Vol. 13

charged arrows at him, attempting to shoot him in the mouth, and

preferring to use rather small obsidian points, thinking that these
made a more severe wound. If the animal charged an Indian, he
defended himself with a fire brand, while the other members of the

The shooting distance seems

partly shot the bear with arrows.

to have

The whole process seems to have been one

less.
and slowly wearing dow n the animal by hemorrhage and

been twenty yards or

of baiting

fatigue.

Among

the specimens obtained by the University

cinnamon

Museum

is

which was shot by Ishi perhaps twenty-five

years ago. It presents two cuts that indicate arrow and knife wounds.
Ishi said that he killed this by shooting it with an arrow in the heart
skin of a

and

bear,

with a short spear or obsidian knife.

Owing to our imperfect language communication, and Ishi s natural
modesty, we were unable to get minute details of this feat, but appar
region,

later dispatching

it

ently the Indian killed the beast single-handed.

He

poisoned

fish

trout pools.

with the bow does not seem to have been one of his

fish

Shooting
occupations.

used a salmon spear most expertly, and he also

by putting the beaten fruit of squirting cucumber in
Fishhooks he made of bone, and wicker weirs were con

but these things, of course, are not a part of archery.

Poisoned arrows he never used, although he knew of a method of
making poison. This was to induce a rattlesnake to discharge its
structed for trout

venom into a piece of deer liver, when, after putrefaction, the arrow
heads were smeared with this combined bacterial poison and venom.
Ishi could imitate the call of

name

many

birds and small animals, and his

had a remarkable phonetic resemblance to

Mountain quail he named tsakaka; the wild goose was

for these creatures

their call.

wami; the gray

squirrel, dadichu.

These lower animals he believed

human parts at times. The lizards,

made bows and arrows. Their bobbing

fellow creatures, and all had acted

because of their hands, once

motion,

when on

sunny

rock,

was work of some

sort.

The yellow

made by them at night to

treetop told him of a near-by

tendrils of the love vine or dodder were

snare deer.

The barking

fox or wildcat.

story

squirrel in the

was built around every animal, and these

must be taken into consideration when

mythical ideas he believed

hunting.

Various places had odors suggestive of certain animals.

that white

men

Ishi said

smelled bad, like a horse.

To have a bow break in the hand while shooting, Ishi considered
a very serious omen and a portent of sickness. Thus he accounted for

1918]

Pope:

Yalii

131

Archery

an attack of paratyphoid fever which one of ns contracted. He him

self had two bows shatter in his grasp, and doubtless this and several
other malign influences incident to our civilization, in his mind, con
tributed as causes of his own last illness. During the declining days
his face
life, the one thing that brought that happy smile to
which characterized him, was the subject of archery. A little work,
feathering arrows or binding points on with sinew, gave him more

of his

pleasure than any diversion

we could

offer.

Even when too weak to

or method in making a

work, he liked to show me some little trick

shaft or backing a bow. To the last his heart was in the game.

When

he died and was cremated according to the custom of his people, we

placed by his side some tobacco, ten pieces of dentalium shell, a little;

acorn meal, a bit of jerky, his

his bow.

fire sticks,

a quiver full of arrows,

and

EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PLATE
Death mask of

Ishi

who

-2

died of pulmonary tuberculosis,

[132]

March

25, 1916.

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH.

&.

ETHN. VOL. 13

DEATH MASK OF ISHI

POPE

PLATE 22

PLATE

23

Hickory bow, backed with glued catgut. Made in 1914. A strongshooting bow, often used by Ishi. University of California Museum of Anthro
pology, specimen number 1-19867.
It is much longer than Ishi
Fig. 2. Unbacked ash bow, broken in use.
Fig.

1.

usually made, 54 inches.

Fig.

tendon.

Museum number

1-19451.

A yew

bow, made on the normal proportions, backed with deer

This specimen was broken in testing, before application of the backing.

3.

Museum number

1-19452.

This
Fig. 4. Oregon yew bow, backed with thin rawhide.
Ishi s best bows, used most at targets. Museum number 1-19590.
inches. The hand grip, on all the above specimens, is woolen tape.
Fig.

5.

Length, 44

Specimen number 1-19566. The contained

Museum. The quiver is an original
his people was discovered in 1908.

Quiver of otter skin.

bow and arrows were made by

piece, taken when the camp of

was one of

Ishi at the

[134]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 13

5.

1.1

2.

3.

YAHI BOWS AND QUIVER

POPE

PLATE 23

PLATE
Figures
the

1 to 3

are old Yahi arrows; 4 to

24
9,

specimens made while Ishi was at

Museum.

Shaft of hazel, foreshaft of some heavier wood, possibly dogwood.

a notch for a head, but this is missing.
Buzzard wing feathers.
Length, 29% inches, weight 320 grains. University of California Museum of
Anthropology, number 1-19577.
1.

Fig.

There

is

The same type as above, feathers a trifle longer. Both are painted
Fig. 2.
with alternate red and blue rings and intervening wavy lines. Museum number
1-19578.

It

The shaft is like the preceding, but the point is here preserved.
Fig. 3.
a small serrated head of window glass.
There is blood on the arrow.

is

Museum number

1-19579.

one-piece hazel shaft, feathered with turkey feathers, pointed

with an obsidian head. Commercial pigments and shellac embellish this arrow.
Number 1-19864.
Fig. 4.

Fig.
It

is

5.

made

This
of a

is
<%

the type of arrow Ishi adopted after living in civilization.

6 birch dowel, gayly painted, feathered with blue heron

feathers and is tipped with a steel head, sinew bound. Number 119863.
This is a dowel turkey tail feathers, blue and red paint rings,
Fig. 6.
obsidian head. An arrow made for show. Number 1-19866.

A longer type of service arrow of Japanese bamboo with short

Fig. 7.
Used in early target practice and hunting.
birch foreshaft and steel head.
Number 1-19862.
Fig.
colors,

Fig.

8.

blunt-pointed arrow of native bamboo, buckeye foreshaft, gay

Made for exhibition or gift. Number 1-19456.
Same as last, only it has an obsidian head. Length 38 inches, weight

turkey
9.

580 grains.

tail feathers.

Number

1-19454.

Lane at a ceremonial occasion

Similar shafts Ishi

in

San Francisco

[136]

made and gave

in 1914.

to Secretary

PLATE

25

for arrow wrapping.

Fig.

1.

Chewing sinew

Fig.

2.

Heating resin to be used on end of a shaft

to affix the

the arrow.
Fig.

3.

Sinew being applied

to the

arrowhead and shaft.

[138]

head on

PLATE

27

This is from
Fig.
Aboriginal bone-pointed
tribe in northwestern California and illustrates the type used by the
iron was known.
Length, 17% inches. University of California
arrowflaker.

1.

Anthropology, specimen uumuer

Fig.

2.

Iron flaker

the

Yurok

Yahi before

Museum

of

2496.

made and used by

Ishi while in captivity.

Number

1-19591.
Fig.

3.

Fig.

4.

Fig. 5.
of obsidian.
Fig.

6.

Fig.

7.-

Fig.

8.

Fig.

9.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 11.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.

Flaker for fine retouching.

Leather pad to cover the ball of the hand in flaking.
Bone struck a glancing blow in order to detach pieces from a lump

Stone used as a mallet to strike bone.

Obsidian struck from a larger mass.
Flake as detached previous to the retouching process.
Obsidian arrow point taking shape.
Obsidian arrow nearing completion.
Completed obsidian arrow point.
Minute flakes and chips detached in the retouching.
A small, broad arrow point of obsidian. Length, 1 inch; width,

n/ig inch; thickness,

inch; weight, 15 grains.

Long, narrow arrowhead made of plate glass. Ishi made many

such show pieces. They are too long and fragile for use.
Obsidian arrowhead. Length, 2 inches; width i-% 6 inch; thickness,
Fig. 15.
Fig. 14.

inch; weight, 60 grains.

Glass arrowhead,
Fig. 16.
Fig. 17.

made from a blue medicine bottle.

made from a brown beer bottle.

glass arrowhead,

inches; width, 1 inch; thickness

%6

inch; weight 90 grains.

[140]

Length, 3

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL.

13

POPE

PLATE 30

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL, AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 13

KXKB:i,IX(i

SHOT

POPE

PLATE 31

PLATE

32

Fig.

1.

Chopping a stick of juniper into rough shape for a bow.

Fig.

2.

3.

Calling game.

shot from a squatting position, a characteristic attitude in Ishi

archery.
Fig.

[142]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL.

L>(>\\

MAKIN<;

13

AM) IITXTING

POPE

PLATE 32

PLATE
Fig.

1.

The bow

33

Watching the flight of the arrow. The bow string is still vibrating.
has turned in Ishi s grasp in a manner that was habitual with him. He

holds an extra arrow in his right armpit.

Fig. 2.
Carrying the
cedar, pulling 45 pounds.

bow and

This

arrow.

The arrows are

is

a 54-inch hunting

steel-pointed.

[144]

bow

of

PLATE

34

An

original specimen taken from the camp which the Yahi were inhabit
ing in 1908. It now forms number 1-19564 in the Anthropological Museum
of the University.

146

PLATE

35

Obtained under the same circumstances as the deer head shown in the pre
ceding plate. The number of the specimen in the Museum is 1-19565.

[148]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH.

&.

ETHN. VOL. 13

CAPE OF WILDCAT SKIN S

POPE

PLATE 35

PLATE

36

From a cinematograph

film

Fi g-

1-

Nocking an arrow on the

Fig.

2.

Full drawn, wrist

touching the chin.

string.

[150]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 13

RKPARINCi TO SHOOT

POPE

PLATE 36

PLATE
1.

37

From a cinematograph
After release. The bow has turned

Fig.
tion of the string can be seen.
Fig.

2.

Ishi

watching the

flight of his arrow.

152

film
in lahi s

He

hand and the vibra

holds his positi

UNIV

CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN.

VOL. 13

POPE

PLATE 37

Fi K

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Fig. 2

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