www. ijraset.

com
SJ Impact Factor-3.995

Special Issue-2, October 2014

ISSN: 2321-9653

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering

Technology(IJRASET)

Performance Analysis of Multicarrier DS-CDMA

System Using BPSK Modulation
Prof. P. Subbarao1, Veeravalli Balaji2
1

MSc (Engg), FIETE, MISTE, Department of ECE, S.R.K.R Engineering College, A.P, India
B.Tech (M.Tech), Department of ECE, S.R.K.R Engineering College, Bhimavarm, A.P, India

Abstract: In this paper we apply a multicarrier signalling technique to a direct-sequence CDMA system, where a data
sequence multiplied by a spreading sequence modulates multiple carriers, rather than a single carrier. The receiver provides
a correlator for each carrier, and the outputs of the correlators are combined with a maximal-ratio combiner. This type of
signalling has the desirable properties of exhibiting a narrowband interference suppression effect, along with robustness to
fading, without requiring the use of either an explicit RAKE structure or an interference suppression filter. We use band
limited spreading waveforms to prevent self-interference, and we evaluate system performance over a frequency selective
Rayleigh channel in the presence of partial band interference. There is no interference from the CDMA signals to the
existing microwave systems. Thus, there is no need for either a narrowband suppression filter at the receiver or a notch filter
at the transmitter. This paper specially analyses the BER performance under Rayleigh fading channel conditions of
multicarrier DS-CDMA in presence of AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) using BPSK modulation for different
number of subcarrier, different number of users using MATLAB program
Keywords: CDMA, multicarrier-CDMA, AWGN, BER, Rayleigh fading channel
I. INTRODUCTION
Direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) techniques to multiple access communications [1]. This is partly due to its multiple
access capability, robustness against fading, and anti-interference capability.
In direct sequence spread spectrum, the stream of information to be transmitted is divided into small pieces, each of which is
allocated across to a frequency channel across the spectrum. A data signal at the point of transmission is combined with a higher
data-rate bit sequence (also known as a chipping code) that divides the data according to a spreading ratio. The redundant
chipping code helps the signal resist interference and also enables the original data to be recovered if data bits are damaged
during transmission.
A. Multicarrier DS-CDMA
In this paper, we propose a multicarrier DS SS system [2] [3] in which a data sequence multiplied by a spreading sequence
modulates M carriers, rather than a single carrier. The receiver provides a correlator for each carrier, and the outputs of the
correlators are combined with a maximal-ratio combiner. This type of system has the following advantages: First, a multicarrier
DS SS system is robust to multipath fading, second, a multicarrier system has a narrowband interference suppression effect and
finally, a lower chip rate is required, since, in a multicarrier DS system with M carriers, the entire bandwidth of the system is
divided into M (not necessarily contiguous) equi-width frequency bands, and thus each carrier frequency is modulated by a
spreading sequence with a chip duration which is M times as long as that of a single-carrier system. In other words, a
multicarrier system requires a lower speed, parallel-type of signal processing, in contrast to a fast, serial-type of signal
processing in a single carrier RAKE receiver [6]. This, in turn, might be helpful for use with a low power consumption device.
In fact, multicarrier DS systems have already been proposed, and these proposed techniques can be categorized into two types, a
combination of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and CDMA or a parallel transmission scheme[8] of
narrowband DS waveforms in the frequency domain. In the former system, a spreading sequence is serial-to-parallel converted,
and each chip modulates a different carrier frequency. This implies that the number of carriers should be equal to the processing
gain, and each carrier conveys a narrowband waveform, rather than a DS waveform. In other words, the resulting signal has a
PN coded structure in the frequency domain. In the latter system, the available frequency spectrum is divided into M equi-width
frequency bands, where M is the number of carriers, typically much less than the processing gain, and each frequency band is
used to transmit a narrowband DS waveform. In fact, both systems show a similar fading mitigation effect over a frequency
selective channel. However, the latter system requires only M adaptive gain amplifiers in the maximal ratio combiner, which
may simplify the receiver. The system described in this paper belongs to the second group.
In a multicarrier system [9], carrier frequencies are usually chosen to be orthogonal to each other, i.e., carrier frequencies satisfy
the following condition:

Page 23

www. ijraset.com
SJ Impact Factor-3.995

Special Issue-2, October 2014

ISSN: 2321-9653

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering

Technology(IJRASET)
Tc

cos( t ) cos( t )dt 0, for i j.(1)

i

Where

Tc is the chip duration, i

and j are, respectively, the

arbitrary carrier phases, respectively. This is done so that a signal in the

i thand j th carrier frequencies, and i and j are

j th frequency band does not cause interference in the

correlation receiver for the i th frequency band. However, in an asynchronous CDMA system [5], signals from other users are
no longer orthogonal to the desired signal, even if (1) is satisfied. In addition, orthogonality might be lost because of multipath
propagation or Doppler frequency shift even for a synchronous system. This implies that co-channel interference [4] in one
frequency band causes interference not only at the output of the correlator for that frequency band, but also in the signals out of
all the other correlators. In this paper, we use band limited multicarrier DS waveforms to minimize such unnecessary selfinterference, and so orthogonality among carriers is not required. Also, this signaling scheme prevents narrowband waveforms
from causing interference to all frequency bands
II. SYSTEM MODEL
In recent years, several wideband CDMA systems have been proposed either to realize an overlay system [5], where DS CDMA
waveforms are overlaid onto existing narrowband signals to enhance the overall capacity, or to combat multipath. A multicarrier
system can be considered as one realization of such a wideband DS system.

Fig 1. (a) PSD of Single Carrier (b) PSD of Multicarrier DS waveform

Fig 1. (a) Shows a band limited single-carrier wideband DS waveform in the frequency domain, where the bandwidth, BW1, is
given by

BW1 (1 )
In (2),

1
..(2)
Tc

0 1, and T, is the chip duration of the single carrier system. In a multicarrier system, we divide BW1 into M equi-

width frequency bands as shown in Fig. l(b), where all bands are disjoint.
Then the bandwidth of each frequency band, BWM, is given by

BWM

BW1
M

1
=(1+ )
MTC

.(3)

A. Transmitter
The transmitter has input a random binary sequence representing data, and pseudo-random spreading signature sequences are
given to multiplier. We assume that there are N chips per symbol, and that each user has a different signature sequence. The
sequence modulates an impulse train, where the energy per chip is E,. After passing through a chip wave-shaping filter, the

Page 24

www. ijraset.com
SJ Impact Factor-3.995
3.995

Special Issue-2,
Issue October 2014
ISSN: 2321-9653
2321

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering

Technology(IJRASET)
signal out of the filter modulates the multiple carrier signals and is transmitted. Note that the transmitter and receiver bl
block
diagrams for
or the proposed multicarrier system can be effectively implemented by using a DFT technique

Fig 2. Block Diagram of transmitter

B. Pseudo-Noise Sequences
PN sequences are periodic sequences that have a noise like behaviour. They are generated using shift registers, modulo-2 adders
(XOR gates) and feedback loops.
So far we haven't discussed what properties we would want the spreading signal to have. This depends on the type of system we
want to implement. Let's first consider a system where we want to use spread spectrum to avoid jamming or narrow band
interference.
If we want the signal to overcome narrow band interference, the spreading function needs to behave like noise. Random binary
sequences are such functions. They have the following important prope
properties:

Balanced:: they have an equal number of 1's and 0's

Single Peak auto-correlation function

In fact, the auto-correlation

correlation function of a random binary sequence is a triangular waveform as in the following figure, where TC
is the period of one chip:

Fig 3. Auto Correlation function

Hence the spectral density of such a waveform is a sinc
since function squared, with first zeros at 1/TC
PN sequences are periodic sequences that have a noise like behavior. They are generated using shift registers, modulo
modulo-2 adders
(XOR gates) and feedback loops. The following diagram illustrates this:

Fig 4. Generation of PN sequence

The maximum length of a PN sequence is determined by the length of the register and the configuration of the feedback
network. An N bits register can take up to 2N different combinations of zeros and ones. Since the feedback network performs

Page 25

www. ijraset.com
SJ Impact Factor-3.995

Special Issue-2, October 2014

ISSN: 2321-9653

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering

Technology(IJRASET)
linear operations, if all the inputs (i.e. the content of the flip-flops) are zero, the output of the feedback network will also be
zero. Therefore, the all zero combination will always give zero output for all subsequent clock cycles, so we do not include it in
the sequence. Thus, the maximum length of any PN sequence is 2N-1 and sequences of that length are called Maximum-Length
Sequences or m-sequences.
Impulse Modulator: It is used to modulate the impulse train coming from the multiplier, where the energy per chip is E.
Wave shaping filter: This filter is used to modify the shape of the waveform i.e., it is used to adjust the energy levels of the
waveform before the sequence modulates the multiple carriers.
III. CHANNEL MODEL
A. Rayleigh Channel Model
Rayleigh fading is a statistical model [9] for the effect of a propagation environment on a radio signal, such as that used by
wireless devices. Rayleigh fading models assume that the magnitude of a signal that has passed through such a transmission
medium will vary randomly, or fade, according to a Rayleigh distribution the radial component of the sum of two uncorrelated
Gaussian random variables. Rayleigh fading is viewed as a reasonable model for tropospheric and ionospheric signal
propagation as well as the effect of heavily built-up urban environments on radio signals. Rayleigh fading is most applicable
when there is no dominant propagation along a line of sight between the transmitter and receiver Rayleigh fading is a reasonable
model when there are many objects in the environment that scatter the radio signal before it arrives at the receiver, if there is
sufficiently much scatter, the channel impulse response will be well modeled as a Gaussian process irrespective of the
distribution of the individual components. If there is no dominant component to the scatter, then such a process will have zero
mean and phase evenly distributed between 0 and 2 radians. The envelope of the channel response will therefore be Rayleigh
distributed.
B. AWGN Channel Model
Additive White Gaussian Noise channel model [9] as the name indicate Gaussian noise get directly added with the signal and
information signal get converted into the noise in this model scattering and fading of the information is not considered. Additive
white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is a channel model in which the only impairment to communication is a linear addition of
wideband or white noise with a constant spectral density (expressed as watts per hertz of bandwidth) and a Gaussian distribution
of amplitude. The model does not account for fading, frequency selectivity, interference etc. However, it produces simple and
tractable mathematical models which are useful for gaining insight into the underlying behaviour of a system before these other
phenomena are considered.
C. Receiver

Fig 5. Block Diagram of Receiver

1) Serial to parallel converter: At the transmitter end N bits are sent simultaneously over N sub-carriers. Each sub-carrier
transmit different symbol with spreading code in time-domain. In order toseparate different symbol of each subscriber we use
this converter.

Page 26

www. ijraset.com
SJ Impact Factor-3.995

Special Issue-2, October 2014

ISSN: 2321-9653

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering

Technology(IJRASET)
2) Maximal ratio combiner: Maximal Ratio Combining is defined as all paths co-phased and summed with optimal weighting to
maximize combiner output SNR MRC is the optimum linear combining technique for coherent reception with independent
fading. Its main advantage is the reduction of the probability of deep fades

Fig 6. Maximum ratio combiner

f 1 H ( f ) x(t )
2

H ( f ) df 1

.. (4)

Also, we assume that H ( f ) is band limited to W, where W is

W ' BWM / 2 ( f i 1 f i ) / 2 ..(6)

and

fi

is the i th carrier frequency. This implies that the DS waveforms do not overlap.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS

Bit error rate (BER) of a communication system is defined as the ratio of number of error bits and total number of bits
transmitted during a specific period. It is the likelihood that a single error bit will occur within received bits, independent of rate
of transmission. There are many ways of reducing BER. In our case, we have considered the most commonly used channel: the
Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel where the noise gets spread over the whole spectrum of frequencies.
BER has been measured by comparing the transmitted signal with the received signal and computing the error count over the
total number of bits. For any given BPSK modulation, the BER is normally expressed in terms of signal to noise ratio (SNR).
The figure shows simulated graph between BER and SNR for 2 user system under Rayleigh fading channel conditions of
multicarrier DS-CDMA in presence of AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) using BPSK modulation

Fig 7. BER for 2 users system and single user system

Page 27

www. ijraset.com
SJ Impact Factor-3.995

Special Issue-2, October 2014

ISSN: 2321-9653

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering

Technology(IJRASET)

Fig 8. BER for 4 user system and user 2 system

Fig 9. BER for 8 user system and 6 user system

Fig 10. BER for 12 user system and 10 user System

Page 28

www. ijraset.com
SJ Impact Factor-3.995

Special Issue-2, October 2014

ISSN: 2321-9653

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering

Technology(IJRASET)

Fig 11. BER for 14 user system and 3 user system

Computer simulations are done to simulate SNR vs. BER performance of Multicarrier DS-CDMA for different channel noise
conditions
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper the performance of Multicarrier DS-CDMA in AWGN channel and Rayleigh channel Using BPSK modulation
technique is considered. As from graph it is evident that as Eb/N0 increases the BER decreases. BER vs. SNR graphs for
different number of users under Rayleigh Fading channel in presence AWGN is plotted and analysed successfully by using
MATLAB programming.
VI. FUTURE SCOPE
Multicarrier DS-CDMA technology is more useful for 3G and 4G mobile generations. There is a very wide scope for future
scholars to explore this area of research in the field of Multicarrier DS-CDMA.
Further works can be carried out
1. To evaluate the effect of timing jitter in a MC DS CDMA system in the presence of fading.
2. To evaluate the performance of MC DS CDMA system with Rake receiver to overcome the effect of fading.
3. To find the performance limitations due to non-orthogonality among the subcarriers (due to imperfect carrier
synchronization).
4. To evaluate the performance improvement with forward error correction coding like convolution coding and Turbo coding
etc.
REFERENCES
[1] G. L. Turin, Introduction to spread-spectrum antkultipath techniques and their application to urban digital radio, Proc. IEEE, vol. 68.
[2] R. E. Ziemer and R. L. Peterson, Digital Communications and Spread Spectrum Systems. New York Macmillan.
[3] R. L. Pickholtz, D. L. Schilling, and L. B. Milstein, Theory of spreadspectrum communications-A tutorial, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-30, no. 5,.
[4]S. Kondo and L. B. Milstein, Multicarrier CDMA system with cochanne1 interference cancellation, in Proc. VTC 94, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 164C1644.
[5] Multicarrier DS CDMA systems in the presence of partial band interference, in Proc. MILCOM , Fort Monmouth, NJ.
[6] J.Proakis, Digital Communications, McGraw-Hill
[7]R. E. Ziemer and R. L. Peterson, Digital Communications and Spread Spectrum Systems, Macmillan
[8] M. Schwartz, W. R. Bennet, and S. Stein, Communication Systems and Techniques, McGraw-Hill
[9] G. Brindha, Performance Analysis Of Mc-Cdma System Using Bpsk Modulation, International Journal Of Research In Engineering & Technology (Ijret)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, 45-52

Page 29