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Science Intro

Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. It refers to both a body of knowledge that can be rationally explained and reliably applied, as well as a way of pursuing knowledge. During the Islamic Golden Age, the scientific method was developed to emphasize experimental data and reproducibility. In modern times, science most often refers to the pursuit of knowledge about the phenomena of the material universe through observation and experimentation using the scientific method.

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29 views

Science Intro

Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. It refers to both a body of knowledge that can be rationally explained and reliably applied, as well as a way of pursuing knowledge. During the Islamic Golden Age, the scientific method was developed to emphasize experimental data and reproducibility. In modern times, science most often refers to the pursuit of knowledge about the phenomena of the material universe through observation and experimentation using the scientific method.

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This article is about the general term. For other uses, see Science (disambiguation).

Science (from Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge"[1]) is a systematic enterprise that builds and
organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.[2][3][4] In
an older and closely related meaning, "science" also refers to a body of knowledge itself, of the type
that can be rationally explained and reliably applied. A practitioner of science is known as a scientist.
In classical antiquity, science as a type of knowledge was closely linked to philosophy. During
the Islamic Golden Age, the foundation for the scientific method was laid, which emphasized
experimental data and reproducibility of its results.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] In the West during the early modern
period the words "science" and "philosophy of nature" were sometimes used interchangeably,[13] and
until the 17th century natural philosophy (which is today called "natural science") was considered a
separate branch of philosophy in the West.[14]
In modern usage, "science" most often refers to a way of pursuing knowledge, not only the
knowledge itself. It is also often restricted to those branches of study that seek to explain the
phenomena of the material universe.[15] In the 17th and 18th centuries scientists increasingly sought
to formulate knowledge in terms of laws of nature such as Newton's laws of motion. And over the
course of the 19th century, the word "science" became increasingly associated with the scientific
methoditself, as a disciplined way to study the natural world,
including physics, chemistry, geology and biology. It is in the 19th century also that the
term scientist was created by the naturalist-theologian William Whewell to distinguish those who
sought knowledge on nature from those who sought other types of knowledge.[16]
However, "science" has also continued to be used in a broad sense to denote reliable and teachable
knowledge about a topic, as reflected in modern terms likelibrary science or computer science. This
is also reflected in the names of some areas of academic study such as "social science" or "political
science".

The scale of the universe mapped to the branches of science and the hierarchy of science. [17]
Further information: Outline of science

Contents
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1 History
o 1.1 Pre-philosophical
o 1.2 Philosophical study of nature
o 1.3 Philosophical turn to human things
o 1.4 Medieval science, and foundations for scientific method
o 1.5 Renaissance, and early modern science
o 1.6 Age of Enlightenment
o 1.7 19th century
o 1.8 20th century and beyond
2 Philosophy of science
o 2.1 Certainty and science
o 2.2 Pseudoscience, fringe science, and junk science
3 Scientific practice
o 3.1 The scientific method
o 3.2 Mathematics and formal sciences
o 3.3 Basic and applied research
o 3.4 Research in practice
o 3.5 Practical impacts of scientific research
4 Scientific community
o 4.1 Branches and fields
o 4.2 Institutions

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