Chapter 13

Paul Jones
American Pageant Chapter 13
1. Martin Van Buren

Martin Van Buren was the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841.
Before his presidency, he served as the eighth Vice President (1833–1837) and the 10th
Secretary of State under Andrew Jackson. He was a key organizer of the Democratic
Party, a dominant figure in the Second Party System, and the first president who was not
of British descent—his ancestry was Dutch. He was the first president to be born an
American citizen (his predecessors were born British subjects before the American
Revolution), and is also the only president not to have spoken English as a first language,
having grown up speaking Dutch. Moreover, he was the first president from New York.
2. Stephen Austin
Stephen Fuller Austin, known as the Father of Texas, led the second and ultimately
successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States.
The capital of Texas, Austin in Travis County, Austin County, Stephen F. Austin State
University in Nacogdoches, Austin College in Sherman, as well as a number of K-12
schools are named in his honor.
3. Sam Houston
Samuel Houston was a 19th century American statesman, politician, and soldier. Born
on Timber Ridge, just north of Lexington in Rockbridge County, Virginia, in the
Shenandoah Valley, Houston was a key figure in the history of Texas, including periods
as President of the Republic of Texas, Senator for Texas after it joined the United States,
and finally as governor. Although a slave-owner and opponent of abolitionism, he
refused, because of his unionist convictions, to swear loyalty to the Confederacy when
Texas seceded from the Union, bringing his governorship to an end. To avoid bloodshed,
he refused an offer of an army to put down the rebellion, and instead retired to Huntsville,
Texas, where he died before the end of the Civil War.
4. Santa Anna
Santa Anna (c. late 1790s – 1849) was a Native American War Chief of the Penateka
band of the Comanche Indians.
5. Nullification
Nullification is a legal theory that a U.S. State has the right to nullify, or invalidate,
any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional. The theory is based on a
view that the sovereign States formed the Union, and as creators of the compact hold
final authority regarding the limits of the power of the central government. Under this,
the compact theory, the States and not the Federal Bench are the ultimate interpreters of
the extent of the national Government's power. A more extreme assertion of state
sovereignty than nullification is the related action of secession, by which a state
terminates its political affiliation with the Union.
6. Spoils system
In the politics of the United States, a spoil system (also known as a patronage system)
is an informal practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives
government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive
to keep working for the party—as opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis of
some measure of merit independent of political activity.
7. “Corrupt bargain”
Three deals cut in connection with the presidency of the United States—two in
contested United States presidential elections and a presidential appointment of a vice
president—have been described as Corrupt Bargains.
8. “Trail of Tears”
The Trail of Tears was the relocation and movement of Native Americans, including
many members of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole,and Choctaw nations among others in
the United States, from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in
the Western United States. The phrase originated from a description of the removal of the
Choctaw Nation in 1831.[1] Many Native Americans suffered from exposure, disease,
and starvation while en route to their destinations, and many died, including 4,000 of the
15,000 relocated Cherokee.
9. Democratic party
The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the
United States, along with the Republican Party. It is the oldest political party in
continuous operation in the United States and it is one of the oldest parties in the world.
In the U.S. political spectrum, the party's platform is considered center-left.
10. Whig Party
The Whig Party was a political party of the United States during the era of Jacksonian
democracy. Considered integral to the Second Party System and operating from 1833 to
1856, the party was formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and
the Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over
the executive branch and favored a program of modernization and economic
protectionism. This name was chosen to echo the American Whigs of 1776, who fought
for independence, and because "Whig" was then a widely recognized label of choice for
people who saw themselves as opposing autocratic rule. The Whig Party counted among
its members such national political luminaries as Daniel Webster, William Henry
Harrison, and their preeminent leader, Henry Clay of Kentucky. In addition to Harrison,
the Whig Party also counted four war heroes among its ranks, including Generals
Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott. Abraham Lincoln was a Whig leader in frontier
Illinois.

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Paul Jones

American Pageant Chapter 13

1. Martin Van Buren

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