LAB REPORT

COURSE

MEL-II

GROUP NO

06

LAB SUPERVISOR

SIR ABDUL BASIT

EXPERIMENT TITLE

IC ENGINE

GROUP MEMBERS

SHAHID WAQAS KHAN

SHAH FAHAD KHAN
SHAHID NAWAZ

EXPERIMENT
TO STUDY THE WORKING PRINCIPLES OF IC ENGINES

ABSTRACT:
We are going to discuss 3 types of Gasoline Engines namely, the 4 Stroke Petrol
Engine, the 4 Stroke Diesel Engine and the 2 Stroke Petrol Engine.

INTRODUCTION:
A petrol engine, also known as gasoline engine, is an internal combustion
engine with ignition spark Fuel used to operate the Petrol engine is petrol mixed with some other
volatile compounds. Diesel engine, also I.C Engine, differ from the petrol engine as it has the
method of mixing the fuel and air, and in fact it uses no spark plugs to initiate the combustion
process. Air is compressed to high temperature and then air fuel mixture is injected.\

4 STROKE PETROL ENGINE:

A four-stroke engine is a four-cycle internal
combustion engine in which the piston completes four separate strokesintake, compression,
power, and exhaustduring two separate revolutions of the engine's crankshaft, and one single
thermodynamic cycle.
A model of the 4 Stroke Petrol Engine is shown in Figure below.
The main components of a 4 Stroke Petrol Engine are:

PISTON: It has linear motion. It transmits combustion

power. It is also used for compression and expansion
purposes.
CONNECTING ROD: It converts the linear
motion of the piston into rotational motion.

GUDGEON PIN: It connects the piston and the

connecting rod.

CRANK SHAFT: It provides rotational motion.

CYLINDER: It is actually the main body of the engine in which the piston moves linearly.
It also contains or holds the gases or fuels which are to be burned.

 PISTON CUTS: These are the thread-like cuts on the outer surface of piston in

which rings are present to prevent the leakage of fuel or gases from upper to lower
surface of piston.
COMPRESSION RINGS: These are the rings which are present on the upper cuts
of the piston. They prevent the air-fuel mixture from leaking.
LUBRICATING RINGS: These are present on the lower cuts of the piston. They
bring engine oil from the crank case and lubricate the sides of the cylinder.
CRANK CASE: It is the part in which oil is present which acts as lubricant for the
smooth motion of piston.
FLY WHEEL: It is the dead weight which absorbs energy during the power stroke
and utilizes it in the remaining three strokes.
CARBUREATOR: It makes the air-fuel mixture.

INLET VALVE: It is the valve through which the air-fuel mixture enters into the
cylinder.

EXHAUST VALVE: It is the valve through which exhaust or burned gases go out
from the cylinder.

TIMING GEARS: These are the gears which control the timing of opening and
closing of valves. The larger gear is attached to the CAM shaft which rotates only once
during the 4 strokes of the piston. The smaller gear is attached to the crank shaft which
rotates twice during the 4 strokes.
CAM SHAFT: On the shaft are mounted CAMs which control the opening and
closing of the Inlet and Outlet valves.
TAPPETS: These are present at the lower end of the rod that connects the cam shaft
with the rocker arm.
ROCKER ARM: It connects the rods to the springs attached to inlet and outlet
valves.
SPARK PLUG: It is the plug which gets power from the supply and produces spark
during the ignition stroke.
WATER JACKETS: They surround the cylinder and water in them rotates and
keeps the engine cool to avoid the damage due to overheating.

With the main parts discussed, we now move on to the mode of operation.
A Stroke is defined as the distance between Upper and Lower Dead Center. The Upper Dead
Centre is the highest position that the piston can reach in the cylinder while the Lower Dead
Centre is the lowest position that the piston can reach in the cylinder. The ratio between Upper
Dead Center and Lower Dead Center is called Compression Ratio.
In the 4 Stroke Petrol Engine there are 4 strokes which are given below:

The Stroke starts with the Piston at the Upper Dead Centre.

WORKING OF 4 STROKE PEROL ENGINE:

INTAKE STROKE: The inlet valve is opened and the fuel/air mixture is drawn in as
the piston travels down.

COMPRESSION STROKE: The inlet valve is closed and the piston travels back
up the cylinder compressing the fuel/air mixture. Just before piston reaches the top of its
compression stroke a spark plug emits a spark to combust the fuel/air mixture.
COMBUSTION STROKE: The piston is now forced down by the power produced
by the combustion of the fuel air mixture. The engines power is derived from this stroke.
EXHAUST STROKE: The exhaust valve is opened and the piston travels back up
expelling the exhaust gases through the exhaust valve. At the top of this stroke the
exhaust valve is closed. This process is then repeated.

The above is the cycle of operation of one cylinder of a 4-stroke engine. Generally engines have
2 or more cylinders acting in concert with each other to produce the engine power.
It is interesting to note that one complete engine cycle takes two revolutions but that individual
valves and spark plugs only operate once in this time. Hence their timing needs to be taken from
a half engine speed signal, which is the camshafts speed.

4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE:

A diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition engine) is an internal combustion
engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected
into the combustion chamber. This is in contrast to spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine
(gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to gasoline), which uses a spark
plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture.
The main components explained in the 4 Stroke Diesel Engines are:

FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM: It has a fuel injection

system instead of spark plug.

CONNECTING ROD: It converts the linear motion of

the piston into rotational motion.

GUDGEON PIN: It connects the piston and the connecting
rod.

CRANK SHAFT: It provides rotational motion.

CYLINDER: It is actually the main body of the engine in
which the piston moves linearly. It also contains or holds the gases or fuels which are to
be burned.

PISTON CUTS: These are the thread-like cuts on the outer surface of piston in which
rings are present to prevent the leakage of fuel or gases from upper to lower surface of
piston.

COMPRESSION RINGS: These are the rings which are present on the upper cuts
of the piston. They prevent the air-fuel mixture from leaking.
LUBRICATING RINGS: These are present on the lower cuts of the piston. They
bring engine oil from the crank case and lubricate the sides of the cylinder.
CRANK CASE: It is the part in which oil is present which acts as lubricant for the
smooth motion of piston.
FLY WHEEL: It is the dead weight which absorbs energy during the power stroke
and utilizes it in the remaining three strokes.
PISTON: It has linear motion. It transmits combustion power. It is also used for
compression and expansion purposes.
INLET VALVE: It is the valve through which the air-fuel mixture enters into the
cylinder.
EXHAUST VALVE: It is the valve through which exhaust or burned gases go out
from the cylinder.
TIMING GEARS: These are the gears which control the timing of opening and
closing of valves. The larger gear is attached to the CAM shaft which rotates only once
during the 4 strokes of the piston. The smaller gear is attached to the crank shaft which
rotates twice during the 4 strokes.
CAM SHAFT: On the shaft are mounted CAMs which control the opening and
closing of the Inlet and Outlet valves.
TAPPETS: These are present at the lower end of the rod that connects the cam shaft
with the rocker arm.
ROCKER ARM: It connects the rods to the springs attached to inlet and outlet
valves.
WATER JACKETS: They surround the cylinder and water in them rotates and
keeps the engine cool to avoid the damage due to overheating.

WORKING:
A 4 Stroke Diesel Engine is very similar in analogy to a 4 Stroke Petrol Engine
but with a few exceptions i.e.in a 4 Stroke Diesel Engine Instead of the Carburetor and the Spark
Plugs, there is a Fuel Injection System and a Fuel Injector. Air enters through the inlet valve. The
Fuel is injected into the cylinder by the Fuel Injector. The mode of operation of a 4 Stroke Diesel
Engine is as follows. The names of the 4 strokes of a Diesel Engine are the same as that of a
Petrol Engine but what happens in them is slightly different.

INTAKE STROKE: Only pure air gets sucked in by the piston sliding downward.
COMPRESSION STROKE: The piston compresses the air above and uses
thereby work, performed by the crankshaft.
POWER STROKE: At the Upper Dead Center, the air is compressed to a maximum;
Pressure and Temperature are very high. Now the Injection valve injects heavy fuel in the
hot air. By the high temperature the fuel gets ignited immediately (auto-ignition).The
resulting massive pressure from the combustion of the compressed fuel-air mixture drives
the piston back down towards bottom dead center with tremendous force. The piston then
performs work to the crankshaft.
EXHAUST STROKE: The burned exhaust gases are ejected out of the cylinder
through a second valve by the piston sliding upward again.

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE STROKES OF DIESEL AND PETROL

ENGINES:
In theory, there is no difference between the working of diesel and petrol engines.
Both are four stroke engines and both use combustion to convert the chemical energy stored
inside the fuels to mechanical energy. In reality, the only difference between these two engines is
of air and fuel mixing method.
A petrol engine mixes the fuel with air and compresses it inside the piston tube for combustion
while a diesel engine compresses the air inside the piston tube and then adds fuel to it for
combustion. In petrol engines, the chemical reaction occurs when the mixture of air and fuel is
compressed while in case of a diesel engine, the air is compressed first which heats it up and
when fuel is added to it, the combustion initiates due to the heated and compressed air.

2 STROKE PETROL ENGINE:

A 2 Stroke Petrol Engine is
very different from the 4 Stroke Diesel and Petrol Engines. A model
of the 2 Stroke Engine is given below:
The major components of a 2 Stroke Spark Ignition Engine are:

CYLINDER: It is a cylindrical vessel in which a piston

makes an up and down motion. It also holds the air-fuel
mixture.
PISTON: It is a cylindrical component making an up and
down movement in the cylinder.
CRANK CHAMBER: It is the portion of the cylinder
below the piston in which the air-fuel mixture enters through the inlet valve.

COMBUSTION CHAMBER: It is the portion of the cylinder above the piston in

which the combustion of the fuel-air mixture takes place.

INLET AND EXHAUST VALVES: The inlet valve allows the fresh air-fuel
mixture to enter the combustion chamber and the exhaust valve discharges the products
of combustion.
TRANSPORT PORT: Provides a path for the air-fuel mixture to move from the
lower part of the piston/cylinder to the upper part.
CRANK SHAFT: A shaft which converts the reciprocating/linear motion of piston
into the rotary motion.
CONNECTING ROD: Connects the piston with the crankshaft.

CAM SHAFT: The cam shaft (mounted with CAMs) controls the opening and closing

of inlet and Exhaust valves.

SPARK PLUG: Located at the cylinder head. It is used to initiate the combustion
process.

WORKING:
In a 2 Stroke Petrol Engine, the 2 Strokes are as follows:
The Stroke starts with the piston at the Lower Dead Centre.

1ST STROKE: The piston is at the bottom of the cylinder. A pipe at the left side is
opened and lets the fuel mixture, which is already compressed a bit, flow from the lower
to the upper part of the cylinder. The fresh gases expulse now the exhaust through an
ejection pipe, which is not closed by the piston at this moment.
2ND STROKE: After being hurried upward, the piston now covers the pipe on the left
side and the ejection pipe. Because there is no way out any more, the upper, fresh gas
mixture gets compressed now. At the same time in the part below fresh gas is taken in by
the piston driving upward through the open suction pipe. At the upper dead-center, the
compressed fuel mixture is ignited by the sparking plug, the piston is pressed downward
while it compresses at the same time the fresh gas below. The process begins again as
soon as the piston arrives at its lowest point.