Module 2: Transmission Lines Lecture 12: Applications of Transmission Lines

Module 2 : Transmission Lines
Lecture 12 : Applications of Transmission Lines
Objectives
In this course you will learn the following
Various applications of transmission lines.
How to measure complex impedance at high frequencies where phase measurement is unreliable.
How and why to use sections of transmission line as reactive elements in the high frequency circuits.
Use of Smith chart and to design transmission line sections for realizing reactive impedances.

Measurement of Unknown Impedance

The unknown impedance which is to be measured is connected at the end of the transmission line as
shown in Figure below. The transmission line is excited with a source of desired frequency
standing wave pattern, three quantities, namely the maximum voltage
. From the
, minimum voltage
and the distance of the voltage minimum from the load is measured. The ratio of
gives the VSWR on the line.
and
We know that at point B on the transmission line where the voltage is minimum, the impedance is real
and its value is
impedance
. The impedance
is nothing but the transformed value of the load
. We can therefore obtain the unknown impedance
by transforming back
from
. Since the
point B to point A. Let the distance of the voltage minimum from the load be
transformation from B to A is away from the generator, the distance BA is negative. The unknown
impedance therefore is
Substituting for
, we get
Separating real and imaginary parts we get

Measurement of Unknown Impedance (Practical Consideration)

While practically implementing the above scheme one would also notice that invariably the location of unknown impedance
is not precisely defined. As a result the measurement of
in the load impedance.
may have some error which in turn will result into an error
To overcome this problem the measurement is carried out in two steps. First, the standing wave pattern is obtained with the
unknown load as explained above. Now replace the unknown impedance by an ideal short-circuit and obtain the standing
wave pattern again. The two standing wave patterns are shown as below
At the short circuit point (which is also the location of the unknown impedance) the voltage
is zero. The voltage is also
away from it. i.e., at point C, E etc. The points C, E etc represent impedance
zero at points which are multiple of
conditions identical to that at A, that is, the impedance at C or E is equal to the unknown impedance. The unknown
impedance therefore can be obtained by transforming impedance
at B or D to point C. If impedance is transformed
from D to C the distance

is negative, whereas if the transformation is made from B to C the distance
The unknown impedance therefore can be evaluated as
is positive.
One can note here that

. In the impedance calculation either of
or
can be used. As long as
the sign of the distance is taken correctly it does not matter which of the minima is taken for impedance transformation.

Transmission Line as a Circuit Element

At frequencies of hundreds and thousands of MHz where lumped elements are hard to realize, the use of sections of
transmission line as reactive elements may be more convenient.
The turns in the wire of the inductor have small distributed capacitors.
As the frequency increases, the capacitance begins to play a role in the response of the circuit and beyond the resonant
frequency, the capacitance predominates the response. That is the inductance coil effectively behaves like a capacitor.
Similarly, for a capacitance, there exist lead inductance. As the frequency increases, the lead inductance starts dominating
over the capacitance and beyond the resonant frequency of the LC combination, the capacitor effectively behaves like an
inductor.
So, it is clear that at high frequencies, realization of reactive element is not that simple.
On the other hand at high frequencies, the wavelength and the length of the transmission line section reduces and becomes
more manageable.

Use of Smith Chart for calculating
and
From the impedance relation we can see that if a line of length is terminated in a short circuit or open circuit (shown in
Figure below) the input impedance of the transmission line is purely reactive.
The input impedance of a loss-less line can be written as
Since the range of 'tan' and 'cot' functions is from

to
, any reactance can be realized by proper choice of .
Moreover, any reactance can be realized by either open or short circuit termination. This is a very useful feature because
depending upon the transmission line structure, terminating one way may be easier than other. For example, for a
microstrip type line ( see in later section), realizing an open circuit is easier as short circuit would require drilling a hole in
the substrate.
Now if a reactance
is to be realized in a high frequency circuit one can use a short circuited line of length
open circuited line of length
Smith chart can be used to find
or an
given by
or
as follows:
Choose suitable characteristics impedance of the line,

Normalize the reactance to be realized (X) by
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
to give normalized reactance
Mark the reactance jx to be realized on the Smith chart to get point 'X' in Figure.
Move in anticlockwise direction from point X to the short circuit (SC) point on the Smith chart to get
below).
Move from X in the anticlockwise direction upto open circuit (OC) to get
(see Figure
as indicated in Figure.
Note here that instead of reactance if we had to realize a normalized susceptance b, the procedure is identical except
that SC and OC points are interchanged.

Line length and their Equivalent Reactants

The following figure shows the range of transmission line lengths and the corresponding reactances which can be realized
at the input terminals of the line.

Recap
In this course you have learnt the following
Various applications of transmission lines.
How to measure complex impedance at high frequencies where phase measurement is unreliable.
How and why to use sections of transmission line as reactive elements in the high frequency circuits.
Use of Smith chart and to design transmission line sections for realizing reactive impedances.

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Module 2 : Transmission Lines

Lecture 12 : Applications of Transmission Lines