EDITING TOOLS

The editing tools do not apply paint to an image, but rather affect the colors already in an
image.
Adobe
Photoshop editing
are: Blur, Sharpen, Smudge, Dodge, Burn and Sponge.

tools

To use any of these tools, follow these steps:

Step 1. Choose a tool from the Toolbar.

Step 2. Set the parameters for the chosen tool in the Options Panel.

Step 3. Bring the cursor into the image window.

Step 4. Press the left mouse button and, while keeping it pressed, move the cursor
over the image.

The Blur, Sharpen and Smudge occupy one cell in the Toolbar, represented by the icon of
the last tool used. To choose another instrument, press the triangle next to the icon and
choose the desired icon from the menu that appears. This menu can also be accessed from
the screen, if the icon is pressed and held for a few moments.

Blur. The Blur tool reduces the sharpness (focus) of an image. It does this by reducing the
color contrast of neighboring pixels.
Sharpen. The Sharpen tool increases the sharpness (focus) of an image, by increasing the
contrast of neighboring pixels. This results in increased clearness and contrast of borders,
and heightened detail in the image.
Smudge. The Smudge tool spreads color in an image, displacing pixels of corresponding
colors. It is similar to the effect created by smearing your fingers through wet paint.
Smudge works by "grasping" a color at the beginning of a stroke and then mixing it with
other colors as it is dragged across the image.
The following parameters can be changed for these tools
Panel: Brush, Mode,Strength, Use All Users, Finger Painting.

in

the

Options

Brush. The Brush parameter displays the current shape and size of a brush. To
change the shape and size of the brush:
o

left-click on the triangular button to open the drop-down palette;

change the tool's size and hardness in the Options panel or choose its shape
from a selection of presets.

The palette can also be accessed by right-clicking anywhere in the image window.
In addition the shape and size of the brush can be set in the Brushes palette, which
can by opened by pressing or with the command Window - Brushes.
Mode. The Mode parameter affects how a tool is applied.

Strength. When using the Blur or Sharpen tools the Strength parameter affects the
extent to which the tool changes the focus (sharpness) of an image. When using the
Smudge tool this parameter defines the distance which the tool smears color in the
image.
Use All Users. If All New Users is checked when using the Blur or Sharpen tools, it
is possible to increase or decrease the sharpness of colors on all visible layers of an
image.
Finger Painting. This parameter is only available for the Smudge tool. If Finger
Painting is checked, it will appear as if before smearing, the "finger" has been dipped
into the main color. The result is that not only are colors smeared but an additional
hue is added.
Dodge, Burn and Sponge are tools that affect tone. They are used for lightening or
darkening parts of an image.
These tools occupy one cell in the Toolbar, and are represented by the icon of the last tool
used. To choose another tool, right-click on the triangle next to the tool and choose the
desired tool from the menu that appears. This menu can also be accessed from the screen,
if you click on the icon and hold the button down for a few moments.

Dodge. This tool lightens a part of an image, if the cursor is dragged across it.
Burn. This tool darkens a part of an image.
Sponge. The Sponge tool affects the saturation and contrast of an image.
In the options panel, the following parameters can be adjusted for Dodge and
Burn: Brush, Range,Exposure and Airbrush.
Brush. The Brush parameter affects the shape and size of the tool. To change the
tools' shape and size:
o

press the triangular button with the left moust button, to open the drop-down
palette;

Set the size and hardnesss of the tool in the palette or choose its shape from
the selection of presets.

Range. This parameter affects the mode in which the tool is applied. In Midtones
mode dark and light areas are affected equally. In Shadows mode, pixels in darker
areas (shadows) are affected more. In Highlights mode pixels in lighter areas are
affected more.
Exposure. This parameter affects the degree of darkening for Burn and the degree
of lightening for Dodge. A value of 100% leads to the maximum degree of darkening
or lightening.
Airbrush. When the

button is pressed the tool works in dispersion mode.

The Sponge tool can be set in the

Options

panel

with

the

following

Brush. The Brush parameter sets the shape and size of the tool. To change the tool's
shape and size:
o

left-click on the triangular button to open the drop-down palette;

set the tool's size and hardness in the palette or choose a shape for the tool
from the selection of presets.

Mode. This parameter switches between the modes in which the tool works. When
Sponge is in Desaturation mode the saturation of the primary color decreases, while
in Saturation mode it increases.
Flow. Flow affects every point of color applied with the tool. With each application of
the tool, the color applied becomes more opaque.
Airbrush. When the button
mode.

is pressed the tool begins to work in dispersion

RETOUCHING TOOLS
The retouching tools in Adobe Photoshop are: Clone Stamp, Pattern Stamp, Healing
Brush,Patch and Color Replacement.
These tools repair damaged images, apply repeated patterns, or replace colors in an image.
The following illustration shows the arrangement of these tools in the toolbar.

If two or more tools occupy the same cell (the icon for the tool last used is always shown),
in order to choose another tool, right-click the mouse on the arrow next to the icon and and
choose another tool from the menu that appears. This menu will also appear if you click on
the icon and press it for some time.
The Clone Stamp tool and Healing Brush clone (copy) pixels from one part of an image to
another, to another layer or even to another image. The difference between the Healing
Brush and the Clone Stamp tool is, the Healing Brush in Photoshop takes into account
the texture, illumination and shadows of the processed image. As a result, the fragment
processed by the Healing Brush blends more easily into the rest of the image.
To clone an area with the Clone Stamp or Healing Brush, follow these steps:

Step 1. Choose the tool from the Toolbar.

Step 2. Set the parameters for the tool in the Options panel: size, blending mode,
the amount of opacity and others.

Step 3. Check Use All Layers, if you need to work with several layers at once.

Step 4. Check Aligned to create one clone selected from the area around a starting
point. The mouse button can be released and new fragments selected. Also, the
mode and size of the tool can be changed. If Align is unchecked, then each
application of the tool will create a clone from the same starting point.

Step 5. Set a starting point. Do this by holding ALT, and then left-clicking on the
point from which the clone will be taken.

Step 6. Move the cursor to the location where you want to copy the fragment.

Step 7. Press the left mouse button and the clone will be applied. If the Healing
Brush is used, then the cloned fragments, texture, luminance, and shadows, will be
processed in relation to the pixels of the background image.

The Patch tool repairs an area with pixels copied from another area or image. Like
the Healing Brush, the Patch takes into account the texture, luminance, and shadows of
the background image.
This tool can be used in one of two ways:
Define the place where the clone will be applied, then drag the tool to the source
point.
Follow these steps:

Step 1. Choose the Patch tool from the Toolbar.

Step 2. Choose the shape and size of the tool in the Options panel, and select
Source in Patch's options.

Step 3. Draw a line with the Patch tool around the part of the image that needs to
be restored.

Step 4. Drag the selected area to a new spot, from which the clone will be created.

Define the source, then drag the tool to the damaged area.
Follow these steps:

Step 1. Choose the Patch tool from the Toolbar.

Step 2. Choose the tool's size and shape in the Options panel, and in Patch's options
select Destination.

Step 3. Draw a line with the Patch tool around the part of the image that will be
cloned.

Step 4. Drag this area over the part of the image that needs repair.

The Pattern Stamp tool works by drawing with a repeating pattern. This tool can be used
to created a frame or design for wallpaper or for retouching the texture of part of an image.
A pattern is selected from the Pattern Palette in the Options Panel.
To use this tool, follow these steps:

Step 1. Choose the tool from the Toolbar.

Step 2. Set a pattern, by choosing it from the Pattern Palette in the Options Panel.

Step 3. Choose the size and shape, blending mode, amount of pattern opacity and
other parameters for the tool in the Options Panel.

Step 4. Press the left mouse button and drag the tool into the image.

A repeating pattern can also be used with the Healing Brush and Patch tool. To do this
with theHealing Brush, in the tool's options select Pattern for the Source and choose a
pattern from the Pattern Palette. To do this with the Patch tool - begin by using the tool to
draw a line around an area (or use a previously selected area), then choose a pattern from
the Pattern Palette and press the Use Pattern button.
The Color Replacement tool replaces one color in an image with another. This tool can be
used, for example, to repair the "red eye" effect.
Follow these steps to use the tool:

Step 1. Choose the tool from the Toolbar.

Step 2. Set the color which will be used to replace the intended color in the image.

Step 3. Set the parameters for the tool in the Options Panel, such as: size and shape
of the brush, the color's blend mode, color choice mode, opacity, etc.

Step 4. Click on the color in the image to be replaced.

PAINTING TOOLS
The main painting tools in Adobe Photoshop are the Pencil and the Brush.
The Pencil draws free form lines with a hard edge, and the Brush - draws lines with a
softer edge. It is possibe to draw distinct or fuzzy lines with the Brush, but they will always
be a little soft, because its edges are indistinguishable from the background. Lines drawn
with the Pencil always have a sharp edge, because there is no interaction with the
background.
Both of these tools occupy one cell in the Toolbar, and are always portrayed with a
pictogram of the last tool used. To choose another tool, press the right mouse button on the
arrow next to the tool and choose the required tool from the menu that appears. The menu
will also appear if you press and hold the tool's button.

To draw free lines with the Pencil or Brush, follow these steps:

Step 1. Choose a tool from the Toolbar.

Step 2. Set the color with which colors will be drawn.

Step 3. Choose the parameters for the chosen tool in the Options Panel.

Step 4. Bring the cursor over the image in the photo editor.

Step 5. Press the left mouse button and, while keeping the button pressed, move
the cursor across the image.

Most of the parameters used to define the Pencil and Brush tools in the Options panel are
the same, but there are some small differences.
Brush. The Brush parameter shows the current shape and size of the brush. To
change the shape and size of the brush:
o

left-click on the triangle to open the drop-down palette;

in this palette set the size and hardness of the brush or choose the shape of
the brush from the list of presets.

This menu can also be brought up by right-clicking anywhere in the image window.
In addition the shape and size of the brushes can be changed through the Brushes
palette, which can be opened by pressing or by using the command Window Brushes.
Mode. The Mode parameter sets the mode used by the brush. These modes affect
how the colors applied by the brush interact with the colors of the background.
Opacity. The Opacity parameter affects the level of opacity in which a line is drawn.
To change this parameter enter a value from 1 to 100 in the parameter's field, or
press the triangle button and move the slider. At lower values of Opacity, the color of
the lines drawn by the tool blend more intensely with the backgrounds' colors.
Auto Eraser. The Auto Eraser parameter is only available for the Pencil tool. When
Auto Eraser is checked, the Pencil tool draws over areas of the backgrounds' colors
with the primary color and in areas occupied by the primary color in the
backgrounds' colors, but if strokes begin where the primary color is not present, then
the tool will use the primary color, which is shown at the bottom of the toolbar.
Flow. The Flow parameter affects every point of color applied by the tool. Each new
application of color is more opaque than the one before. This parameter is only
available for the Brush tool.
Airbrush. The Airbrush option can also only be set for the Brush tool. When the
Airbrush
airbrush.

is pressed the Brush tool paints a line with a border like that of a

The Pencil and Brush tools not only can be used to draw free form lines, but also for
drawing straight lines. To draw a straight line with either tool (vertically or horizontally)
press Shift and, while holding it down, start to move the cursor in either a vertical or
horizontal direction.

SELECTION TOOLS
Adobe Photoshop also offers a number of selection tools: Quick Mask, Rectangular
marquee, Elliptical marquee, Lasso, Polygonal Lasso, Magnetic Lasso, Magic Wand.
The most efficient way to make a selection in Adobe Photoshop is to use Quick Mask mode.

Quick Mask mode

in the

Paint over the areas to be selected with a hard edge Brush (in Quick Mask mode the
selected area is highlighted in semi-transparent red)
Then switch back to Standard mode by pressing the button
in the lower part of
the Toolbox and invert the selection using the command Select -> Inverse. It is
critical to invert the selection as in Quick Mask mode it is the unpainted area that
falls into the selection.

Note that if you set Selected Areas in the Quick Mask Options (opened by double
clicking on the Quick Mask button), you do not need to invert the selection. Also, you
can change the highlight color and its opacity here.
Hints on the Quick Mask Options::
Open the Options by double clicking on the Quick Mask button.
o

if the "Masked Areas" option is active the areas non marked with red will
be selected

if the "Selected Areas" option is active the areas marked with red will
be selected

The Rectangular marquee and Elliptical marquee tools are hidden in the Toolbox under
one and the same icon. The icon on the Toolbox displays the last tool used. To open the
floating menu right-click on the arrow in the lower right corner of the displayed icon.

Rectangular marquee
This tool selects rectangular and square areas.
To select a rectangular area you should:
Step 1. Activate the Rectangular marquee tool by clicking on the icon
, or
(if the Rectangular marquee was not the last tool applied) select it from the
floating window.
Step 2. Bring the mouse cursor to the point of the image where the corner of
an imaginary rectangle should be, and press the left mouse button.
Step 3. Keeping the left button pressed, move the cursor diagonally to the
opposite corner and release the button.
To select a square area of the image make a selection keeping the Shift key
pressed. Take into account that if you already have a selected area the new selection
will be added to the previous one. To avoid it you should press the Shift key only
when you start selecting a new area.

Elliptical marquee
This tool selects ellipses and circles.
To select an elliptical area you should:
Step 1. Select the Elliptical marquee tool from the Toolbox by clicking on the
icon
, or (if the Elliptical marquee was not the last tool applied) select it
from the floating window.

Step 2. Bring the mouse cursor to the point of the image where the corner of
an imaginary rectangle with an inscribed ellipse should be, and press the left
button.
Step 3. Keeping the left button pressed, move the cursor diagonally to the
opposite corner and release the button.
To select a circular area of the image make a selection keeping the Shift key
pressed. Take into account that if you already have a selected area the new selection
will be added to the previous one. To avoid it you should press the Shift key only
when you start selecting a new area.
If you keep the Alt (Option in Macintosh) key pressed when selecting an elliptical
or a rectangular area, the selection is generated from the center to borders, not from
one corner to another.
The Lasso, Polygonal Lasso, Magnetic Lasso tools are hidden in the Toolbox under one
and the same icon. The icon on the Toolbox displays the last tool selected. To open the
floating menu right-click on the arrow in the lower right corner of the displayed icon.

Lasso
The tool allows creating freehand selections.
To make a freehand selection you should:
Step 1. Select the Lasso tool from the Toolbox by left-clicking on the icon
or (if Lasso was not the last tool applied) select it from the floating window.

Step 2. Bring the mouse cursor to the object that must be selected and
outline it keeping the left button pressed.

Polygonal Lasso
The tool makes freehand selections, but its contour is made up of straight segments.
To make a selection you should:
Step 1. Select the Polygonal Lasso tool from the Toolbox by clicking on the
icon
, or (if Polygonal Lasso was not the last tool applied) select it from the
floating window.
Step 2. Bring the cursor to any point near the object to be outlined and press
the left mouse button - it'll be the first point of the contour.
Step 3. Move the cursor to the next point of the contour not far from the first
one and left-click it again. The program will automatically draw a straight line
between the two points.
Step 4. Keep putting points in this way until the whole object is outlined and
close the contour.

Magnetic Lasso
This tool makes a freehand selection.
When you use Magnetic Lasso you do not need to follow the contour of the object
precisely. If the object stands out against the background the border of the selected
area will be traced automatically as you move the cursor along the object.
To select an area using Magnetic lasso you should:
Step 1. Select the Magnetic Lasso tool from the Toolbox by clicking on the
icon
, or (if Magnetic Lasso was not the last tool applied) select it from the
floating window.
Step 2. Bring the mouse cursor to the border of the object that should be
selected.
Step 3. Press the left button and start dragging the cursor along the object.
Pay attention to fastening points that appear as you outline the object and
when you male a click. If a fastening point is irrelevant you can remove it by
pressing the Delete key and return to the previous fastening point to
continue outlining the object.
Step 4. Close the contour, that is join the first fastening point with the last
one by bringing the cursor to the first point or by making a double-click.

Magic Wand
This tool selects a consistently colored area. You can set Tolerance in the Options
palette of the Magic Wand tool. The higher is the value, the more colors will fall into
the selected area. The Tolerance value ranges from 0 to 255. At Tolerance equal to 0
the selected area will be represented only by one color, at Tolerance equal to 255 all colors of the image will be selected, that is the whole image.
To select a consistently colored area, you should:
Step 1. Select the Magic Wand tool in the Toolbox by clicking the icon

Step 2. Bring the cursor to the pixel of the image that must be included into the
selection and left-click it. As a result an outline appears around the pixel. It includes
colors of the image similar to the color of the selected pixel according to the specified
Tolerance value.
These selection tools are efficient due to the flexibility of their usage: you can add to,
subtract from or intersect a selection.
To add an area to the previous selection you should press the Shift key before you use a
selection tool and, keeping it pressed, make a new selection.
To subtract an area from the previous selection you should press the Alt (Option in
Macintosh) key before you use a selection tool and, keeping it pressed, make a new
selection.

If you press Shift and Alt (Shift and Option in Macintosh) keys simultaneously you
obtain an intersection of the old and new selections.