Designation: D4052 11

Standard Test Method for

Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by

Digital Density Meter1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4052; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1.4 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the

standard, unless stated otherwise, such as the torr units of
pressure in Eq 1. The accepted units of measure for density are
grams per millilitre (g/mL) or kilograms per cubic metre
(kg/m3).
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
warning statements, see 7.4, 7.5, and 10.3.

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1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density,
relative density, and API Gravity of petroleum distillates and
viscous oils that can be handled in a normal fashion as liquids
at the temperature of test, utilizing either manual or automated
sample injection equipment. Its application is restricted to
liquids with total vapor pressures (see Test Method D5191)
typically below 100 kPa and viscosities (see Test Method D445
or D7042) typically below about 15 000 mm2/s at the temperature of test. The total vapor pressure limitation however can be
extended to >100 kPa provided that it is first ascertained that no
bubbles form in the U-shaped, oscillating tube, which can
affect the density determination. Some examples of products
that may be tested by this procedure include: gasoline and
gasoline-oxygenate blends, diesel, jet, basestocks, waxes, and
lubricating oils.
1.1.1 Waxes and highly viscous samples were not included
in the 1999 interlaboratory study (ILS) sample set that was
used to determine the current precision statements of the
method, since all samples evaluated at the time were analyzed
at a test temperature of 15C. Wax and highly viscous samples
require a temperature cell operated at elevated temperatures
necessary to ensure a liquid test specimen is introduced for
analysis. Consult instrument manufacturer instructions for
appropriate guidance and precautions when attempting to
analyze wax or highly viscous samples. Refer to the Precision
and Bias section of the method and Note 8 for more detailed
information about the 1999 ILS that was conducted.
1.2 In cases of dispute, the referee method is the one where
samples are introduced manually as in 6.3 or 6.4, as appropriate for sample type.
1.3 This test method should not be applied to samples so
dark in color that the absence of air bubbles in the sample cell
cannot be established with certainty. For the determination of
density in crude oil samples use Test Method D5002.

2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and
Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement Tables
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products
D4377 Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by Potentiometric Karl Fischer Titration
D5002 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of
Crude Oils by Digital Density Analyzer
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
Kinematic Viscosity)

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1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.04.0D on Physical and Chemical Methods.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2011. Published December 2011. Originally
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D405209. DOI:
10.1520/D4052-11.

2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

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D4052 11
6.4 Flow-Through or Pressure Adapter, for use as an
alternative means of introducing the sample into the density
analyzer either by a pump, by pressure, or by vacuum.

3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 density, nmass per unit volume at a specified
temperature.
3.1.2 relative density, nthe ratio of the density of a
material at a stated temperature to the density of water at a
stated temperature.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 adjustment, vthe operation of bringing the instrument to a state of performance suitable for its use, by setting or
adjusting the density meter constants.
3.2.1.1 DiscussionOn some digital density analyzer instruments, an adjustment may be made rather than calibrating
the instrument. The adjustment procedure uses air and redistilled, freshly boiled water (WarningHandling water at
boiling or near boiling temperature can present a safety hazard.
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment.) as standards
to establish the linearity of measurements over a range of
operating temperatures.
3.2.2 calibration, vset of operations that establishes the
relationship between the reference density of standards and the
corresponding density reading of the instrument.

NOTE 1It is highly recommended that a vacuum not be applied to

samples prone to light-end loss, as it can easily lead to the formation of
bubbles. It is recommended to fabricate a special cap or stopper for sample
containers so that air, such as from a squeeze pump, is used to displace a
test specimen to the U-tube measuring cell by the flow-through method.

6.5 Autosampler, required for use in automated injection

analyses. The autosampler shall be designed to ensure the
integrity of the test specimen prior to and during the analysis
and be equipped to transfer a representative portion of test
specimen to the digital density analyzer.
6.6 Temperature Sensing Device (TSD), capable of monitoring the observed test temperature to within an accuracy of
6 0.05C. If a liquid-in-glass thermometer is used as the TSD,
it shall be calibrated and graduated to 0.1C, and have a holder
that can be attached to the instrument for setting and observing
the test temperature. In calibrating the thermometer, the ice
point and bore connections should be estimated to the nearest
0.05C. For non-mercurial thermometers, the TSD device shall
be calibrated at least annually against a certified and traceable
standard.
6.7 Ultrasonic Bath, Unheated, (optional), of suitable dimensions to hold container(s) placed inside of bath, for use in
effectively dissipating and removing air or gas bubbles that
may be entrained in viscous sample types prior to analysis.

4. Summary of Test Method

4.1 A small volume (approximately 1 to 2 mL) of liquid
sample is introduced into an oscillating sample tube and the
change in oscillating frequency caused by the change in the
mass of the tube is used in conjunction with calibration data to
determine the density, relative density, or API Gravity of the
sample. Both manual and automated injection techniques are
described.

7. Reagents and Materials

7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall be
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,
where such specifications are available.3 Other grades may be
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
accuracy of the determination.
7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, references
to water shall be understood to mean reagent water as defined
by Type II of Specification D1193 or higher.
7.3 Water, redistilled, freshly boiled (WarningHandling
water at boiling or near boiling temperature can present a
safety hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment.) reagent water for use as a primary calibration standard.
7.4 Cleaning Solvent, such as petroleum naphtha 4
(WarningPetroleum naphtha is extremely flammable), or
other materials that are capable of flushing and removing
samples entirely from the sample tube.
7.5 Acetone, for flushing and drying the sample tube.
(WarningExtremely flammable.)

5. Significance and Use

5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be
used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both
the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and petroleum
products.
5.2 Determination of the density or relative density of
petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of
measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperature of
15C.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Digital Density AnalyzerA digital analyzer consisting
of a U-shaped, oscillating sample tube and a system for
electronic excitation, frequency counting, and display. The
analyzer shall accommodate the accurate measurement of the
sample temperature during measurement or shall control the
sample temperature as described in 6.2. The instrument shall be
capable of meeting the precision requirements described in this
test method.
6.2 Circulating Constant-Temperature Bath, (optional), capable of maintaining the temperature of the circulating liquid
constant to 60.05C in the desired range. Temperature control
can be maintained as part of the density analyzer instrument
package.
6.3 Syringes, for use primarily in manual injections, at least
2 mL in volume with a tip or an adapter tip that will fit the
opening of the oscillating tube.

3
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
MD.
4
Suitable solvent naphthas are marketed under various designations such as
Petroleum Ether, Ligroine, or Precipitation Naphtha.

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D4052 11
and control of the test temperature in the sample tube is
extremely important. An error of 0.1C can result in a change
in density of one in the fourth decimal when measuring in units
of g/mL.)

7.6 Dry Air, for drying the oscillator tube.

10. Calibration of Apparatus

10.1 As a minimum requirement, calibration of the instrument is required when first set up, whenever the test temperature is changed (unless the instrument is capable of performing
an adjustment; see 3.1.1.1 Discussion), or as dictated by quality
control (QC) sample results (see 11.1).
10.2 When calibration of the instrument is required, it is
necessary to calculate the values of the constants A and B from
the periods of oscillation (T) observed when the sample cell
contains air and redistilled, freshly boiled (Warning
Handling water at boiling or near boiling temperature can
present a safety hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective
equipment.) reagent water. Other calibrating materials such as
n-nonane, n-tridecane, cyclohexane, and n-hexadecane (for
high temperature applications) can also be used as appropriate,
provided the reference materials have density values that are
certified and traceable to national standards.
NOTE 4On certain newer, commercially available instruments, a
viscosity correction feature may be available and utilized in density
determinations to minimize potential biases. Refer to information in the
Section 15 for more specifics.

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8. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units

8.1 Sampling is defined as all the steps required to obtain an
aliquot of the contents of any pipe, tank, or other system, and
to place the sample into the laboratory test container. The
laboratory test container and sample volume shall be of
sufficient capacity to mix the sample and obtain a homogeneous sample for analysis.
8.2 Laboratory SampleUse only representative samples
obtained as specified in Practices D4057 or D4177 for this test
method.
8.3 Test SpecimenA portion or volume of sample obtained
from the laboratory sample and delivered to the density
analyzer sample tube. The test specimen is obtained as follows:
8.3.1 Mix the sample if required to homogenize taking care
to avoid the introduction of air bubbles. The mixing may be
accomplished as described in Practice D4177 or Test Method
D4377. Mixing at room temperature in an open container can
result in the loss of volatile material from certain sample types
(for example, gasoline samples), so mixing in closed, pressurized containers or at least 10C below ambient temperature is
required for such sample types where loss of volatile material
is a potential concern. For some sample types, such as viscous
lube oils that are prone to having entrained air or gas bubbles
present in the sample, the use of an ultrasonic bath (see 6.7)
without the heater turned on (if so equipped), has been found
effective in dissipating bubbles typically within 10 min.

10.2.1 While monitoring the oscillator period, T, flush the

sample tube with cleaning solvent, followed with an acetone
flush and dry with dry air. Contaminated or humid air can affect
the calibration. When these conditions exist in the laboratory,
pass the air used for calibration through a suitable purification
and drying train. In addition, the inlet and outlet ports for the
U-tube must be plugged during measurement of the calibration
air to prevent ingress of moist air.
10.2.2 Allow the dry air in the U-tube to come to thermal
equilibrium with the test temperature and record the T-value
for air.
10.2.3 Introduce a small volume (about 1 to 2 mL) of
redistilled, freshly boiled (WarningHandling water at boiling or near boiling temperature can present a safety hazard.
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment.) reagent water into the sample tube using a suitable syringe or alternate, as
described in 6.4 and 6.5. The test portion must be homogeneous and free of even the smallest air or gas bubbles. Allow
the display to reach a steady reading and record the T-value for
water.
10.2.4 Calculate the density of air at the temperature of test
using the following equation:

NOTE 2When mixing samples with volatile components, consider the

sample properties in relation to both ambient temperature and pressure.

8.3.2 For manual injections, draw the test specimen from a

properly mixed laboratory sample using an appropriate syringe. If the proper density analyzer attachments and connecting tubes are used, as described in 6.4, then the test specimen
can be delivered directly to the analyzers sample tube from the
mixing container. For automated injections, it is necessary to
first transfer a portion of sample by appropriate means from a
properly mixed laboratory sample to the autosampler vials, and
take the necessary steps to ensure the integrity of the test
specimen prior to and during the analysis. Sample vials for the
autosampler shall be sealed immediately after filling up to 80
6 5% and shall be kept closed until the auto sampler transfers
the test specimen into the measuring cell. For highly volatile
samples, cool the sample prior to measurement. Follow the
manufacturers instructions.
NOTE 3Overfilled sample vials can result in cross-contamination
between sample vials.

9. Preparation of Apparatus
9.1 Set up the density analyzer (including the constant
temperature bath and related attachments, if necessary) following the manufacturers instructions. Adjust the bath or internal
temperature control so that the desired test temperature is
established and maintained in the sample compartment of the
analyzer. Calibrate the instrument at the same temperature at
which the density or relative density of the sample is to be
measured or perform an adjustment (see 3.2.1Discussion) in
preparation of analyzing samples. (WarningPrecise setting
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da, g/mL 5 0.001293[273.15/T#@P/760]

(1)

where:
T = temperature, K, and
P = barometric pressure, torr.
10.2.5 Determine the density of water at the temperature of
test by reference to Table 1.
10.2.6 Using the observed T-values and the reference values
for water and air, calculate the values of the Constants A and B
using the following equations:
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D4052 11
TABLE 1 Density of WaterA
Density,
g/mL

Temperature,
C

Density,
g/mL

Temperature,
C

Density,
g/mL

0.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
15.56
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0

0.999840
0.999964
0.999972
0.999964
0.999699
0.999099
0.999012
0.998943
0.998774
0.998595
0.998404
0.998203

21.0
22.0
23.0
24.0
25.0
26.0
27.0
28.0
29.0
30.0
35.0
37.78

0.997991
0.997769
0.997537
0.997295
0.997043
0.996782
0.996511
0.996231
0.995943
0.995645
0.994029
0.993042

40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
90.0
100

0.992212
0.990208
0.988030
0.985688
0.983191
0.980546
0.977759
0.974837
0.971785
0.968606
0.965305
0.958345

constant B commencing with the last decimal place until the

correct density is displayed.
10.3.2 If adjustment to constant B was necessary in 10.3.1
then continue the recalibration by introducing redistilled,
freshly boiled (WarningHandling water at boiling or near
boiling temperature can present a safety hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment.) reagent water into the
sample tube as described in 10.2.3 and allow the display to
reach a steady reading. If the instrument has been calibrated to
display the density, adjust the reading to the correct value for
water at the test temperature (Table 1) by changing the value of
constant A, commencing with the last decimal place. If the
instrument has been calibrated to display the relative density,
adjust the reading to the value 1.0000.

A
Densities conforming to the International Temperature Scale 1990 (ITS 90)
were extracted from Appendix G, Standard Methods for Analysis of Petroleum and
Related Products 1991, Institute of Petroleum, London.

A 5 [Tw Ta #/[dw da#

(2)

B 5 Ta2 ~A 3 da!

(3)

NOTE 5If performing a weekly calibration adjustment, it can be found

that more than one value each for A and B, differing in the fourth decimal
place, will yield the correct density reading for the density of air and
water. The setting chosen would then be dependent upon whether it was
approached from a higher or lower value. The setting selected by this
method could have the effect of altering the fourth place of the reading
obtained for a sample.

Tw = observed period of oscillation for cell containing

water,
Ta = observed period of oscillation for cell containing air,
dw = density of water at test temperature, and
da = density of air at test temperature.
10.2.6.1 Alternatively, use the T and d values for the other
reference liquid if one is used.
10.2.7 If the instrument is equipped to calculate density
from the constants A and B and the observed T-value from the
sample, then enter the constants in the instrument memory in
accordance with the manufacturers instructions. Alternatively,
if the instrument is equipped to do so, let it make the
appropriate corrections in the calibration or adjustment constants as part of the built in calibration or adjustment procedure.
10.2.8 Check the calibration and adjust if needed by performing the routine calibration check described in 10.3.
10.2.9 To calibrate the instrument to display relative density, that is, the density of the sample at a given temperature
referred to the density of water at the same temperature, follow
10.2.1-10.2.7, but substitute 1.000 for dw in performing the
calculations described in 10.2.6.
10.3 On some density meter analyzers, weekly calibration
adjustments to constants A and B can be made if required,
without repeating the calculation procedure. The need for a
change in calibration is generally attributable to deposits in the
sample tube that are not removed by the routine flushing
procedure. Although this condition can be compensated for by
adjusting A and B, it is good practice to clean the tube with a
strong oxidizing acid (WarningCauses severe burns) or
surfactant cleaning fluids whenever a major adjustment is
required.
10.3.1 Flush and dry the sample tube as described in 10.2.1
and allow the display to reach a steady reading. If the display
does not exhibit the correct density for air at the temperature of
test, repeat the cleaning procedure or adjust the value of

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10.4 Some analyzer models are designed to display the

measured period of oscillation only (T-values) and their
calibration requires the determination of an instrument constant
K, which must be used to calculate the density or relative
density from the observed data.
10.4.1 Flush and dry the sample tube as described in 10.2.1
and allow the display to reach a steady reading. Record the
T-value for air.
10.4.2 Introduce redistilled, freshly boiled (Warning
Handling water at boiling or near boiling temperature can
present a safety hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective
equipment.) reagent water into the sample tube as described in
10.2.3, allow the display to reach a steady reading and record
the T-value for water.
10.4.3 Using the observed T-values and the reference values
for water and air (10.2.4 and 10.2.5), calculate the instrument
constant K using the following equations:
For density:
K1 5 [dw da#/[Tw2 Ta2#

(4)

For relative density:

K2 5 [1.0000 da#/[Tw2 Ta2#

(5)

where:
Tw = observed period of oscillation for cell containing
water,
Ta = observed period of oscillation for cell containing air,
dw = density of water at test temperature, and
da = density of air at test temperature.
11. Quality Control Checks
11.1 Confirm the instrument is in statistical control at least
once a week when it is in use, by analyzing a quality control
(QC) sample that is representative of samples typically analyzed. Analysis of a single QC sample can be sufficient.
Analysis of QC sample results can be carried out using control

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Temperature,
C

chart techniques.5 If the QC sample result determined causes

the lab to be in an out-of-control situation, such as exceeding
the labs control limits, instrument recalibration or adjustment
is required. An ample supply of QC sample material should be
available for the intended period of use, and must be homogeneous and stable under the anticipated storage conditions. Prior
to monitoring the measurement process, the user of the method
needs to determine the average and control limits of the QC
sample. The QC sample precision should be checked against
the method precision to ensure data quality.
11.2 Although not mandatory, it is recommended that periodic analyses of certified density standards (i.e., traceable to
national standards) that are separate from those that may be
used in calibrating the instrument, be used to confirm testing
accuracy.

tion, as well as taking the average of two manual injections,

was evaluated. See the Precision and Bias section for more
details. If the lab performs a single manual determination, the
density, relative density, or API Gravity values recorded in
12.1.5, or a combination thereof, is to be used for reporting
purposes. In most cases, a single manual injection determination is sufficient for sample analysis.
12.1.6.1 If the lab decides to perform a second manual
injection determination for a given sample, repeat 12.1.112.1.5. If the two determinations do not differ by more than
0.0002 g/mL for density or 0.0002 for relative density, average
the two determinations, otherwise, discard both determinations
and repeat the analysis using two new test specimens until the
acceptance criteria identified above is satisfied. With respect to
API Gravity determinations of gasoline or RFG samples, if the
two determinations do not differ by more than 0.05 API
Gravity units, average the two determinations, otherwise,
discard both determinations and repeat the analysis using two
new test specimens until the acceptance criteria is satisfied.
With respect to API Gravity determinations of distillates,
basestocks, and lubricating oils, follow the protocol in the prior
sentence except use 0.03 API Gravity units as the acceptance
criteria. Averaged results meeting the criteria identified in this
section is to be used for reporting purposes.
12.2 Automated Injection:
12.2.1 The use of an autosampler (see 6.5) is required when
analyzing samples by automated injection. Follow manufacturers instructions for ensuring the integrity of the test specimen
prior to analysis, as well as transferring a representative test
specimen into the instrument for analysis.
12.2.2 When using an autosampler, it is required, based on
the results obtained in the 1999 ILS6 to analyze gasoline or
RFG samples using two separate test specimens per sample, in
order that errors due to potential sample handling of volatile
materials and potential bubble formation may be detected and
the system performance monitored. For all other sample types,
a single determination using an autosampler is sufficient.
12.2.2.1 If the lab decides to perform a second automated
injection determination for a given distillate, basestock, or
lubricating oil (see Note 8 and the Precision and Bias section),
use the same acceptance criteria in 12.1.6.1 for allowed
differences between each determination for density (0.0002 g/
mL), relative density (0.0002) and API Gravity units (0.03) as
for manually injected samples. Averaged results meeting the
necessary acceptance criteria are to be used for reporting
purposes.
12.2.3 For determining the density or relative density of
gasoline or RFG samples analyzed by automated injection,
average the results of the two separate test specimens analyzed
in 12.2.2 if the two determinations are within 0.0002 mg/L of
one another for density (or 0.0002 for relative density). If the
two determinations fall outside this acceptance criteria, both
determinations are to be discarded and 12.2.2 shall be repeated
until the acceptance criteria identified in the previous sentence
is satisfied. In cases where the acceptance criteria is not
initially satisfied, the lab may need to investigate and take
corrective actions before proceeding with subsequent analyses.

12. Procedure
12.1 Manual Injection:
12.1.1 Introduce a small amount (about 1 to 2 mL) of
sample into the clean, dry sample tube of the instrument using
a suitable syringe or alternative, as described in 6.4.
12.1.2 The sample can also be introduced by siphoning.
Plug the external TFE-fluorocarbon capillary tube into the
entry port of the sample tube. Immerse the other end of the
capillary in the sample and apply suction to the other port using
a syringe or vacuum line until the sample tube is properly filled
(see Note 1).
12.1.3 Ensure that the sample tube is properly filled and that
no gas bubbles are present. The sample must be homogeneous
and free of even the smallest gas bubbles. Check the integrity
of the filled sample by using optical or physical methods to
verify absence of gas bubbles. If gas bubbles are detected,
empty and refill the sample tube, and recheck for gas bubbles.
NOTE 6If the sample is too dark in color to determine the absence of
bubbles with certainty, the density cannot be measured within the stated
precision limits of Section 15.

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12.1.4 For most instrument models, it is recommended to

turn the illumination light off with minimal delay after sample
introduction and checking for bubbles because the heat generated can affect the measurement temperature. For some models
however, the cell light may be left on without affecting results.
Refer to the manufacturers recommendations concerning
whether to leave the illumination light off or on.
12.1.5 After the instrument displays a steady reading to four
significant figures for density, relative density, or API Gravity,
and five for T-values, indicating that temperature equilibrium
has been reached, record the density, relative density, API
Gravity or T-values, or both, as appropriate. For instruments
that can print out results from the display, the print out can be
used to meet the recording requirements.
12.1.6 Based on the 1999 ILS6 testing protocols (see Note
8), precision determinations involving a single manual injec-

5
ASTM MNL 7, Manual on Presentation of Data Control Chart Analysis,
Section 3: Control Charts for Individuals, 6th ed., ASTM International, W.
Conshohocken, PA.
6
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1734.

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D4052 11

D4052 11
TABLE 2 Density (g/mL) and Relative Density (Repeatability)
Sample Types

0.800.88

Gasoline and RFG

Distillates, Basestocks, and

Lubricating Oils

12.2.4 For determining the API Gravity of gasoline or RFG

samples analyzed by automated injection, follow the same
protocol defined in 12.2.3, except that the acceptance criteria
for the results of the two determinations for API Gravity are to
be within 0.05 API Gravity units before averaging and
reporting the results.
12.2.5 Record the density, relative density, or API Gravity
results, or a combination thereof, determined by the analyses as
appropriate, such as by using the instrument print out of results
to meet the recording requirements.

0.00031
0.00016
0.00011

15. Precision and Bias 6

15.1 The precision of the method as obtained by statistical
examination of interlaboratory test results at a test temperature
of 15C is as follows for the following sample types and
ranges:
15.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successive
test results obtained by the same operator with the same
apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test
material, would in the long run, in the normal and correct
operation of the test method, exceed the following value only
in one case in twenty:
15.1.1.1 Density (g/mL) and Relative DensitySee Table 2.
15.1.1.2 API GravitySee Table 3.
15.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two single
and independent results, obtained by different operators working in different laboratories on identical test material, would in
the long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test
method, exceed the following values only in one case in
twenty:
15.1.2.1 Density (g/mL) and Relative DensitySee Table 4.
15.1.2.2 API GravitySee Table 5.

(6)

(7)

where:
Tw = observed period of oscillation for cell containing
water,
Ts = observed period of oscillation for cell containing
sample,
dw = density of water at test temperature,
K1 = instrument constant for density,
K2 = instrument constant for relative density, and
T = temperature of test, C.
13.3 If it is necessary to convert a result obtained using the
density meter to API Gravity, or a density or relative density at
another temperature, Guide D1250 can be used only if the glass
expansion factor has been excluded.
NOTE 7Some digital density analyzers are equipped to automatically
calculate and report sample results in API gravity units (see Test Method
D287 or D1298), based on the density or relative density results, or a
combination thereof, determined by this test method and using the
appropriate conversion equation derived from Guide D1250 (which
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0.00045

14. Report
14.1 In reporting density, state the test temperature and the
units (for example: density at 20C = 0.8765 g/mL or 876.5 kg/
m3).
14.2 In reporting relative density, state both the test temperature and the reference temperature, but no units (for
example: relative density, 20/20C = 0.xxxx).
14.3 Report the final result for density or relative density to
four significant figures.
14.4 If reporting sample results in API gravity units (see
Note 7), report the final results to the nearest 0.1 API.
14.5 In some cases, it may be necessary to report if results
were based on a single determination or an average of two
determinations, as well as if results were determined by manual
injection or automated injection to meet specific requirements,
such as data recipients wanting to know such information in
order to understand how to interpret results relative to the
published method precision values. In such cases, it is permissible to report this information along with the test results.

For relative density:

relative density, t/t 5 1 1 K2~Ts2 Tw2!

Repeatability

excludes the glass expansion factor), for the specific sample type being
analyzed.

13. Calculation
13.1 Calculating Density AnalyzersThe recorded or
printed value is the final result when a single determination is
conducted (or taking the average of two determinations as the
final result as identified in Section 12), expressed either as
density in g/mL, kg/m3 or as relative density. Note that kg/m3 =
1000 3 g/mL.
13.2 Noncalculating Density AnalyzersUsing the observed T-value for the sample and the T-value for water and
appropriate instrument constants determined in 10.4.3, calculate the density or relative density using Eq 6 and 7. Carry out
all calculations to six significant figures and round the final
results to four.
For density:
density, g/mL ~kg/m3! at t 5 dw 1 K1~Ts2 Tw2!

Testing Condition
Single Determination
(Manual injection)
Average of 2 Determinations
(Manual or automated injections)
Single Determination
(Manual or automated injection)
Average of 2 Determinations
(Manual or automated injections)

NOTE 8The ASTM Interlaboratory Study (ILS) conducted in Fall

19996 involved 11 labs and 23 samples. The samples included 5 motor
gasolines, 1 motor gasoline + ethanol, 4 reformulated gasolines (RFG), 2
lube oils, 1 basestock oil, 4 Jet-A fuels, 1 JP8 fuel, and 5 diesel fuels. The

6
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Range
0.710.78

D4052 11
TABLE 3 API Gravity (Repeatability)
Range
5166

2945

Sample Types
Gasoline and RFG

Distillates, Basestocks, and

Lubricating Oils

Testing Condition

Repeatability

Single Determination
(Manual injection)
Average of 2 Determinations
(Manual or automated injections)
Single Determination
(Manual or automated injection)
Average of 2 Determinations
(Manual or automated injections)

0.090
0.063
0.032
0.022

TABLE 4 Density (g/mL) and Relative Density (Reproducibility)

0.710.78

0.800.88

Sample Types
Gasoline and RFG

Distillates, Basestocks, and

Lubricating Oils

Testing Condition

Reproducibility

Single Determination
(Manual injection)
Average of 2 Determinations
(Manual or automated injections)
Single Determination
(Manual or automated injection)
Average of 2 Determinations
(Manual or automated injections)

0.001900.0344 (D0.75)
0.001950.0315 (D0.75)
0.00052
0.00050

where: D = density or relative density value obtained

TABLE 5 API Gravity (Reproducibility)

Range
5166

2945

Sample Types
Gasoline and RFG

Distillates, Basestocks and

Lubricating Oils

Testing Condition

Reproducibility

Single Determination
(Manual injection)
Average of 2 Determinations
(Manual or automated injections)
Single Determination
(Manual or automated injection)
Average of 2 Determinations
(Manual or automated injections)

0.60 + 0.040 (G60)

0.60 + 0.037 (G60)
0.133
0.128

where: G = API Gravity value obtained

ILS protocol required labs to perform a total of four measurements per

sample, which included both manual and automated injections, with the
first two determinations representing the first analysis set and the second
two determinations representing the second analysis set. This protocol was
used to evaluate if a precision effect existed between taking the first
determination from each analysis set (i.e., single determination) versus
taking the average of the two determinations from each analysis set, as
well as determining if there was a precision effect between manual and
automated injections. The repeatability and reproducibility statements
determined by the statistician reflect the corresponding precision values
associated with testing conditions identified. It should be noted that the
precision statements determined for the gasoline and RFG sample types in
the 1999 ILS were poorer than expected relative to the precision
statements determined for the distillates, basestocks, and lubricating oils
as well as relative to the previously published method version precision
statements (which were based on the analysis of just three pure compounds (benzene, toluene, and xylene) analyzed by 3 labs in duplicate).
The poorer than expected precision statements for the gasoline and RFG
sample types are likely due to the volatile nature of these materials, even
though the ILS participants were provided instructions for how to properly
handle these materials to minimize or prevent sample losses. The
subcommittee responsible for the method is planning to conduct a
subsequent ILS for gasoline and RFG sample types with additional
scrutiny paid to sample handling issues as a means to try and improve the
precision statements for these materials.
NOTE 9Four (4) of the samples analyzed in the ILS indicated in Note
8 were ASTM Interlaboratory Crosscheck samples (that is, GasolineMG9808 and MG9812, RFGRFG9807, and RFG9809). The robust
mean of the total vapor pressures reported by Test Method D5191 for
these samples ranged from a low of 7.77 psi (MG9808) to a high of 13.40
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psi (RFG9809). This corresponds to an approximate total vapor pressure

range of 54 to 92 kPa.

15.2 BiasAfter suggestions of its existence from literature,7 a study has been performed which has confirmed the
presence of a bias between known density values for reference
materials and from values determined according to this test
method on the same reference materials. The matrix for this
bias study comprised 15 participants, each analyzing four
reference oils with certified density values, established by the
Netherlands Meet Instituut (NMI), by pyknometry, covering
densities in the range of 747 to 927 kg/m3 at 20C, with
viscosities between 1 and 5000 mPa.s (also at 20C). This
study is documented in ASTM Research Report RR:D021387.8 Method users should, therefore, be aware that results
obtained by this test method can be biased by as much as 0.6
kg/m3 (0.0006 g/mL).
NOTE 10Newer instrumentation exists which purports to correct
density results due to the influence of viscosity. However, the responsible
ASTM Technical Committee has not yet performed a new interlaboratory
study to confirm the elimination of the bias described in ASTM Research
Report RR:D02-1387.8

7
Fitzgerald, H. and D., An Assessment of Laboratory Density Meters,
Petroleum Review, November 1992, pp. 544549.
8
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1387.

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Range

D4052 11
16. Keywords
16.1 API Gravity; density; digital density analyzer; petroleum distillates; petroleum products; relative density

SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Subcommittee D02.04 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D405209) that may impact the use of this standard.
(1) Revised 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 12.1.3, and 12.1.4.

(2) Revised 1.1.1, 3.2.1 Discussion, 7.3, 10.2, 10.2.3, 10.3.2,

and 10.4.2.

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