Foreword

The Farnsworth House has this in common with Cannery Row

silhouette of the leaves in sharp relief upon the curtain. It is a

Lord Peter Palumbo

in Monterey, California: it is a poem, a quality of light, atone, a

scene no Japanese print could capture to greater effect.

habit, a nostalgia, a dream. It has about it, also, an aura of high

romance. The die for the romance was cast from the moment

People ask me how practical Farnsworth is to live in. As a

home for a single person, it performs extremely well. It was

Mies van der Rohe decided to site the house next to the great

never intended for anything else. The size of its single room,

black sugar maple - one of the most venerable in the county -

55 ft by 28 ft, is a guarantee of its limitations. On the other hand,

that stands immediately to the south, within a few yards of the

for short periods of time it is possible to sleep three people in

bank of the Fox River. The rhythms created by the juxtaposition

comfort and privacy. This is a measure of the flexibility of the

of the natural elements and the man-made object can be seen

space, and indeed it would be odd if this were not so, for

at a glance - tree bending over house in a gesture of caress, a

flexibility is a hallmark of Mies's work.

never-ending love affair - and felt - when the leaves of the tree

I believe that houses and structures are not simply inanimate

brush the panes of glass on the southern elevation. In summer,

objects, but have a 'soul' of their own, and the Farnsworth

the dense foliage of the sugar maple shields the house from the
torrid heat and ensures its privacy from the river.

House is no exception. Before owning the house I had always

With its glass walls suspended on steel pilot! almost two

metres above the flood plain of the meadow, life inside the

imagined that steel and glass could not possess this quality unlike brick, for example, which is a softer, more porous
material that seems to absorb as well as emanate a particular

house is very much a balance with nature, and an extension of

nature. A change in the season or an alteration of the landscape

atmosphere. But steel and glass are equally responsive to the

creates a marked change in the mood inside the house. With

inclination and nature. It never frowns. It is sometimes sad, but

an electric storm of Wagnerian proportions illuminating the

night sky and shaking the foundations of the house to their very

rarely forlorn. Most often it smiles and chuckles, especially

when it is host to children's laughter and shouts of delight. It

core, it is possible to remain quite dry! When, with the melting

seems to eschew pretension and to welcome informality.

of the snows in spring, the Fox River becomes a roaring torrent

that bursts its banks, the house assumes the character of a
house-boat, the water level sometimes rising perilously close to

mood of the moment. The Farnsworth House is equable by

Living in the house I have gradually become aware of a very

special phenomenon: the man-made environment and the
natural environment are here permitted to respond to, and to

the front door. On such occasions, the approach to the house

interact with, each other. While this may deviate from the

is by canoe, which is tied up to the steps of the upper terrace.

dogma of Rousseau or the writings of Thoreau, the effect is

The overriding quality of the Farnsworth House is one of

serenity. It is a very quiet house. I think this derives from the

essentially the same: that of being at one with Nature, in its

ordered logic and clarity of the whole, from the way in which

broadest sense, and with oneself.

If the start of the day is important, so is the finish. That tone

the house has been lovingly crafted, and from the sensitive
juxtaposition of fine materials. Anxiety, stress or sheer fatigue

and quality of light shared with Cannery Row is seldom more

drop away almost overnight, and problems that had seemed

and purple. At such times, one can see forever and with

insoluble assume minor proportions after the 'therapy' exerted

by the house has washed over them for a few hours.

astonishing clarity. Sitting outside on the upper deck one feels

The start of the day is very important to me. At Farnsworth,

the dawn can be seen or sensed from the only bed in the

evident than at dusk, with its graduations of yellow, green, pink

like the lotus flower that floats in the water and never gets wet.
In November, a harvest moon rises slowly behind the tree-line,
as if giving a seal of approval to the day that has just gone by.

house, which is placed in the northeast corner. The east

Later on, in January, when the winter snows have begun to fall

elevation of the house tends to be a bit poker-faced - the dawn

greets the house more than the house welcomes the dawn.

and the landscape is transformed, cars sweep silently past the

Shortly after sunrise the early morning light, filtering through the
branches of the linden tree, first dapples and then etches the

property along frozen roads, and the magical stillness of the

countryside is broken only by the plangent barking of a dog,
perhaps three miles distant.

In a low-lying meadow beside the Fox River at Piano, Illinois,

stands a serene pavilion of glass, steel and travertine.
When built it was unlike any known house, and a description
written by the American critic Arthur Drexler soon after its
completion in 1951 captures its essence: The Farnsworth
House consists of three horizontal planes: a terrace, a floor,
and a roof. Welded to the leading edge of each plane are steel
columns which keep them all suspended in mid-air. Because
they do not rest on the columns, but merely touch them in
passing, these horizontal elements seem to be held to their
supports by magnetism. Floor and roof appear as opaque
planes defining the top and bottom of a volume whose sides are
simply large panels of glass. The Farnsworth House is, indeed,
a quantity of air caught between a floor and a roof."
In spring the pavilion stands on a carpet of daffodils, in
summer upon a green meadow, in autumn amid the glow of
golden foliage; and when the adjacent river overflows the house
resembles a boat floating on the great expanse of water. It is in
effect a raised stage from which an entranced viewer may not
merely observe ever-changing nature, but almost experience
the sensation of being within it.
It is Mies van der Rohe's last realized house, built to provide a
cultivated and well-to-do urbanite with a quiet retreat where she
could enjoy nature and recover from the cares of work.
The rural escape for busy city-dwellers has a long history,
either as country villa2 or, more modestly, as the simple shooting
or fishing lodge.3 But while its function was fairly well established in architectural tradition, the form and appearance of

The Farnsworth House: a pavilion in

a meadow
Gropius and Breuer's Chamberlain
House (1940) and
Rudolph and Twitchell's Healy Guest
House (1948-50), both cabins -onstilts designed at roughly the same
time as the Farnsworth House
Mies's first built house, the Riehl
House of 1907
Two contrasting examples of Miesian
design in the 1920s:
The Hermann Lange House of 192730, which is solid and block-like
The Barcelona Pavilion of 1928-9,
which is transparent and pavilion-like

Farnsworth House went to the extremes of modernism, neatly

A consummation of Miesian design

inverting (as we shall see) most of the architectural devices

At first sight Mies's first and last built houses, the Riehl House of

developed over the past 2,500 years.

In view of its status as an architectural landmark we should
try to locate this luculent design in two contexts - one personal

1907 and the Farnsworth House of 40 years later, could hardly

be more different. Beneath the contrasting appearances,
though, there is a recognizable continuity of design approach.

(the Farnsworth House as the culmination of the architect's 40-

From first to last there shines through Mies's work a dignified

year sequence of continually-evolving house designs) and the

serenity, a concern for regularity and orderliness, and a

other much wider (the Farnsworth House as an ultimate icon of

precision of detailing that are just as important as the obvious

that strand of European modernism that became known as the

differences seen in successive stages of his work.

International Style) - before going on to more practical matters

These differences were not capricious but reflect a continuous

such as why the house was built, how it was built, and how it

and sustained effort - particularly after about 1920 - to

has performed.

eliminate what the earnest Mies saw as inessentials and to distil

his buildings to some kind of irreducible architectonic essence
of the age."
While it is always a mistake to impose an unduly neat 'line of

second covered the years 1919-38, when he began to

development' on the complex, uncertain and partly accidental

experiment (though only in some of his designs) with such

career of any designer, as though each successive work repre-

entrancing novelties as irregular plans, interiors designed as

sented a calculated step towards a clearly foreseen goal,

continuous flowing fields rather than separate rooms, extreme

hindsight does allow us to divide Mies's development into three

horizontal transparency, and floating floor and roof planes. The

recognizable phases. The first was pre-1919, when his designs

third was post-1938, when he returned to the classicism and

were invariably solid, regular and soberly traditional. The

sobriety of his earlier years, but expressed now in steel-framed

buildings rather than solid masonry, and incorporating the

transparency and (in some of the pavilions) emphatic horizontality developed in his avant-garde projects of the 1920s.
The first of these formative periods had its roots in Mies's
youth in Aachen where, the son of a master mason, he came to

Stock Exchange walls are of unplastered brickwork inside and

out, and the roof trusses completely exposed, so that there is
no distinction between what is structure and what is finish,
or between what is structure and what is architecture.7 Mies
later recollected that it was at that point 'that the idea of a clear

love the town's historic buildings. He later recalled that 'few of

construction came to me as one of the fundamentals we should

them were important buildings. They were mostly very simple,

accept.'8 What especially appealed to him was Berlage's 'careful

but very clear. I was impressed by the strength of these buildings

construction that was honest down to the bone', forming the

because they did not belong to any epoch. They had been there

basis, as Mies saw it, of 'a spiritual attitude [that] had nothing to

for over a thousand years and were still impressive, and nothing
could change that. All the great styles passed, but they were

do with classicism, nothing to do with historic styles.'8

Between these mutually reinforcing experiences in Aachen,

still there ... as good as on the day they were built.'5

This early affinity with sober clarity was confirmed in 1907

- that of the German neo-classicist Karl Friedrich Schinkel,

Italy and Amsterdam there was a somewhat different influence

when he visited Italy and was deeply impressed by his first

sight of Roman aqueducts, the heroic ruins of the Basilica of

whose works Mies came to know while working in the Berlin

Constantine, and in particular the bold stonework facade of the

not particularly admire Schinkel's early work, which to him

Palazzo Pitti with its cleanly-cut window openings, of which he

represented the end of a past era, but he considered that the

studio of Peter Behrens between 1908 and 1912.10 Mies did

said: 'You see with how few means you can make architecture-

Bauakademie of 1831-5 'introduced a new epoch'. The lessons

and what architecture!'6

he absorbed from Schinkel were concerned less with honest

And it crystallized into coherent principle when in 1912, on

construction (though the facades of the Kaufhaus project of

a visit to the Netherlands, Mies encountered the work of

1827 and the later Bauakademie did reflect their underlying

Hendrik Petrus Berlage. He was particularly struck by Berlage's

structures with notable clarity) than with architectonic

Amsterdam Stock Exchange (1903), an outstanding example of

composition. His compositional borrowings from Schinkel

the 'monolothic' way of building - that is to say one in which the

included a tendency to place buildings on raised platforms to

materials of construction are nakedly displayed (like the marble

create a sense of noble repose; a stern sobriety of architectural

components of Greek temples), in contradiction to the layered'

form; highly regular spacing and careful proportioning of facade

approach where basic materials are covered by more sophis-

elements; and an exceptional clarity of articulation, with the

ticated claddings (like the walls of Roman architecture). The

separate elements of the building clearly differentiated.'1

Seminal influences on Mies:

The bold, sharply-incised stone
facade of the Palazzo Pitti in
Florence, 1435
The rude honesty of Berlage:
Amsterdam Stock Exchange, 1903

Here, then, were two complementary influences that would

(1923-4), and of the cubic forms and immaculately-detailed

The compositional discipline of

Schinkel: the Altes Museum in Berlin
1822-8

of house design, his spatial ideas may be summarized as

preoccupy Mies for the rest of his life - a Berlage-like affinity

brickwork of the Wolf (1925-7), Esters (1927-30) and Lange

follows. First he started to dissolve the interior subdivisions of

with 'honesty' that led him to theorize that building form should

(1927-30) houses. These designs are especially notable for

the dwelling, moving away from the box-like rooms of traditional

be determined by the structural problem being solved, and the

their Berlage-like use of weighty, unplastered brickwork walls

western architecture towards more open interiors - the latter

materials employed, and not by abstract rules of composition;12

at a time when European modernism strove mostly for a

probably showing the intertwined influences of Frank Lloyd

counter-balanced by a Schinkelesque love of classical form

smooth, white, lightweight appearance.

Wright, the Japanese house" and the De Stijl movement.2'

that led him in the converse direction, yearning to develop

After returning from military service in January 1919, Mies

The first hints of this progressive opening-up and thinning-out

architectural forms of abstracted perfection. He was aware of

underwent an astonishing transformation, and began a distinct

the conflict, saying in 1966: 'After Berlage I had to fight with

second developmental phase. Berlin was then in a ferment of

project. Its Berlage-like brick walls, while as solidly-built and

myself to get away from the classicism of Schinkel"3 - a battle

avant-garde activity, both political and artistic; Mies was

densely-packed as those of the past, are loosely arranged to

he seems largely to have lost, with the compositional

willingly caught up in these movements," and in 1921 he began

suggest rather than enclose a series of doorless spaces that

sophistication of Schinkel generally prevailing over the rude

to produce a sequence of projects that bore little resemblance

substituted for rooms.21 The idea is partly realized in the

to anything he (or indeed anyone else) had done before. These

1928-30 Tugendhat House, whose main floor is opened up to

14

honesty of Berlage.

Had his development stopped at that point, Mies might have

of the interior appear in the unrealized Brick Country House

designs, manifesto-like in their vivid clarity, helped to change

become a single space within which dining, living and study

spent the rest of his career as a consummate designer of

the face of twentieth-century architecture, and their influence

areas are lightly suggested by screens of maccassar ebony,

somewhat blocky buildings characterized by clarity, regularity

would be unmistakably visible in the later Farnsworth House.

onyx and translucent glass. The final step, via a series of unbuilt

and discipline (derived from Schinkel); making increasing use of

His experiments from 1919-38 involved progressive trans-

projects,2Z is the Farnsworth House which has no full-height

exposed brickwork (inspired by Berlage); and showing also the

formations of the kind of space that is shaped by architecture,

internal subdivisions except for a service core enclosing

powerful forms and glassiness of Peter Behrens"5 and the open

and of the kind of structure that helps do the shaping.

separate bathrooms and a utility room.

interiors, powerful outward thrust and emphatic horizontality of

Frank Lloyd Wright.16
It took years of digestion before 'inputs' became 'outputs'
with the gradually-developing Mies; and while some of the

The Glass Skyscraper project of 1922 (figure 10), with its

Parallel to the above process Mies also started to dissolve

open interiors and transparent envelope and its clear distinction

the boundary between inside and outside. The plan of the

between structure (slim columns and hovering slabs) and

unbuilt Brick Country House, while clearly influenced by Frank

claddings (a diaphonous skin), presents a vivid illustration of

Lloyd Wright,23 opens out into the site in a way unprecedented

18

above characteristics are indeed visible in the severe

Mies's spatial and structural ideas. But this project is an office

in western architecture. The Glass Room at the Werkbund

monumentality of the Bismarck Memorial (1910) and Kroller

building, and the specific antecedents of the Farnsworth House

Exhibition of 1927 uses glass walls to reduce the distinction

House (1912) projects, others were only to appear much later.

are more appropriately traced in his house designs, so it is to

between inside and outside. And finally came the 1928-9

One thinks for instance of the fluid interior and outward-

those that we must turn.

thrusting composition of the Brick Country House project

Looking then at Mies's development in the specific context

Barcelona Pavilion, an assembly of free-standing partitions

under a floating roof in which it is quite impossible to say at

ment with the Chicago steel frame, seen to perfection in the

Farnsworth House, was what he himself referred to as 'skin
and bones' design - a thin external skin (preferably glass) fitted
to a skeletal frame (preferably steel) of the utmost clarity and
elegance, with maximum differentiation between load-bearing
frame and non-load-bearing skin.26
In this last period his work underwent a marked change of
temper. Seemingly sated with the irregular plans and freefloating planes of the avant-garde experiments of the 1920s,
Mies rather surprisingly reverted after about 1938 to the sober
classicism of his early architecture, shown now in buildings with
steel frames rather than stone. All that survives from the 1920s
what point 'inside' becomes 'outside'. Though in many ways

projects is a very modern transparency and (in some of his

hauntingly house-like (hence its inclusion in this genealogy)

pavilions) a use of floating planes.

this was a non-inhabited pavilion with no need for enclosing

Two points must be added to the above analysis. While the

walls, thus allowing the architect to take liberties that would be

essentially aesthetic experiments with space and structure

impossible in a true dwelling.2" But once conceived, the idea

outlined above are the central story of Mies's second and third

kept re-emerging in subsequent house designs (see figures

phases of evolution as a designer, it would bean over-

19-22) and again reaches a climax in the glass-walled

simplification to see the form and appearance of the Farnsworth

Farnsworth House.
The spatial opening-up of the house described above was

House as the outcome only of aesthetic concerns.

interconnected with the parallel development of Mies's

European cities were haunted by disease, particularly

structural ideas from the early 1920s to the early 1940s.

tuberculosis; and Mies shared a widespread early-twentieth-

Mies's long-standing love of clearly-displayed structure

found a natural means of expression in the steel-framed

There were also social issues at work. Nineteenth-century

century yearning for a new way of living that would be simpler,

cleaner and healthier than before. The theme of wholesome

apartment and office buildings of Chicago, where he settled in

living in airy, sunny rooms (in contrast with the stuffy, dusty and

1938,25 and where his third period of development as suggested

over-furnished buildings of nineteenth-century architecture) is

on p.7 may be said to have begun. The outcome of his engage-

seen in countless early twentieth-century writings, architectural

}1

10 Mies's Glass Skyscraper project of

1922: a stack of horizontal planes
sheathed in glass
11 Plan of a traditional twentiethcentury German house (anonymous).
For easy comparison, figures 12-15,
17-25 and 28-9 are all reproduced
to a common scale of approximately
1:500 (in some instances the exact
scale is not known)
12 Plan of Mies's Riehl House, 1907
13 Plan of Mies's Perls house, 1910-11
14 In contrast with the above, Frank
Lloyd Wright's relatively open,
outward-thrusting Ward W Willits
Residence plan, designed in 1901
and first published in Germany (along
with figure 10 and many others) in
1910-11

15 Theo van Doesburg's painting

Rhythm of a Russian Dance, 1918
16 Mies's Brick Country House, 1923
(unbuilt)

and other, and led naturally to the clinically white, glassy and
sparsely furnished buildings of Mies and his contemporaries.
And there was, secondly, a spiritual aspect. Throughout his
life the apparently technology-driven Mies van der Rohe was
actually an earnest searcher after the deeper meanings behind
everyday existence.27 Some time between 1924 and 1927
he moved to the view that 'building art is always the spatial
expression of spiritual decisions' and began to gravitate away
from the rather mechanistic functionalists of the Neue
Sachlichkeit ('new objectivity') movement.28 He had for many
years been pondering the writings of Catholic philosophers
such as St Thomas Aquinas, and now discovered a new book
by Siegfried Ebeling titled DerRaum als Membran. This was
a mystical tract which treated the building as an enclosing
membrane forming a space for concentration and mystic
celebration.29 It is clear from the underlinings in Mies's personal
copy that he took Ebeling's arguments seriously.
Though this period of spirituality seems to have faded somewhat after his Barcelona Pavilion, and he gradually returned to
drier and more objective design attitudes as noted above, the
dignified serenity of pavilions such as the Farnsworth House
and the New National Gallery in Berlin (1962-8) bear witness to
Mies's abiding preoccupation with the creation of orderly, noble
and indeed quasi-spiritual spaces in our turbulent world.
The outcome at Fox River of all the themes traced above aesthetic, social and spiritual - is a tranquil weekend house
of unsurpassed clarity, simplicity and elegance. Every physical
element has been distilled to its irreducible essence. The

products-even if the effect had to be faked, as it usually was.

Where traditional buildings were ornamented, modern buildings

with Edith Farnsworth he was given the commission.

It was, for Mies, an ideal challenge. A cabin for weekend use

must be bare. Where traditional houses had rooms, modern

ones must be open-plan. Where traditional rooms were thickly

by a single person was the kind of programme to which he best

carpeted and curtained, and densely filled with furniture and

bric-a-brac, modern ones must have hard, clean surfaces and

Farnsworth House was a project in which the tiresome realities

be virtually devoid of furniture and possessions.

possessions, the daily litter and clutter) could be disregarded

And so on. Though there were important continuities

between classicism and modernism,37 stylistic inversions such

in a single-minded quest for transcendental elegance.

as those above (and others which interested readers may trace

woodland beside the Fox River. Its southern boundary was

for themselves) dominated the mostly white, glassy, flatsurfaced, sparsely-furnished buildings selected for publication

formed by the river-bank and a thin line of trees; the northern

in 1932 in The International Style, five of them by Mies van der

along which ran a minor public road giving access to the site.

responded. Rather like the Barcelona Pavilion of 1928-941 the

of everyday life (the need for privacy, the accumulation of

The site was a narrow seven-acre strip of deciduous

boundary by a gentle grassy rise and a thicker grove of trees,

Rohe.38 In the Farnsworth House these characteristics are taken

The eastern boundary was also formed by a grove of trees;

so far, and distilled into a composition of such elegance and

and the western boundary by Fox River Drive, the main road to

single-minded clarity, that it can stand as a late icon of what the

Piano. Between these features lay a grassy meadow, idyllically

International Style of the late 1920s and early 1930s had been

isolated except for the (then) lightly-used road to the west.

'trying to be'.

Initial progress was rapid. Mies started designing within a

year, and a model closely resembling the final design was

Client, site and brief

exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1947.

In late 1945 Mies van der Rohe, then aged 59 and still relatively

He was ready to proceed but Dr Farnsworth had to wait for an

unknown in America,33 met (probably at a dinner party) an

inheritance before authorizing a start on site. Construction

intelligent and art-conscious 42-year-old Chicago medical

specialist called Edith Farnsworth.40 She mentioned in conver-

finally began in September 1949, and the house was completed

in 1951.

sation that she owned a riverside site on the Fox River, about 60
miles west of Chicago, and was thinking of building there a
weekend retreat. She wondered aloud whether his office might

The lawsuit
By then, unfortunately, the initially sympathetic relationship

be interested. He was, and after several excursions to the site

between architect and client had turned sour. Everyone who

27,28 Preliminary and final plans of

the Farnsworth House
29 An early twentieth-cenfury villa in
Aachen (anonymous)

30 Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye, 1928-9

knew them agrees that this was at least partly due to a failed

and critics had been overwhelmed by the clarity, polish and

would conduct exalted discussions about life and art;50 and

romance between Mies van der Rohe and Edith Farnsworth. At

precision of the design but the April 1953 issue of the more

were her subsequent attacks an expression of rage at the man

the start of the project they worked closely together, had picnics

populist (and in many respects more realistic) House Beautiful

who had let her down, rather than a comment on the house?

on the river bank, and Dr Farnsworth was breathlessly excited

attacked the house itself, the International Style of which it is an

It seems likely. Despite her criticisms Edith Farnsworth

by both the man and the emerging design. Recalling the evening

exemplar, and the Bauhaus which was the seedbed of this kind

continued to use the house until 1971, though treating it with

she first discussed the house with Mies she later said that 'the

of design. The author, Elizabeth Gordon, accused the

scant respect. Adrian Gale saw it in 1958 and found 'a

effect was tremendous, like a storm, a flood, or an Act of God.'42

architecture of being 'cold' and 'barren'; the furniture 'sterile',

sophisticated camp site rather than a weekend dreamhouse'.

And in June 1946, a few months after that revelatory evening,

'thin' and 'uncomfortable'; Mies's design as an attack on

When its subsequent purchaser Peter Palumbo visited Dr

she sent Mies a handwritten letter:

traditional American values.45

'Dear Mies

Frank Lloyd Wright, who in the 1930s and early 1940s had

Farnsworth in 1971 he was depressed to see an approach path

of crazy paving; the western terrace enclosed by mosquito

It is impossible to pay in money for what is made by heart and soul!

admired Mies's work and regarded him as a friend,48 joined in:

screens so that one entered the glass pavilion via a wire mesh

Such work one can only recognize and cherish - with love and

The International Style ... is totalitarianism. These Bauhaus

door; the once-beautiful primavera panels veneered to a

respect. But the concrete world affects us both and I must

architects ran from political totalitarianism in Germany to what

blackish, reddish colour; the floor space unpleasantly blocked

recognize that also and see that it is dealt with in some decent

is now made by specious promotion to seem their own

by mostly nondescript furniture; and the sink piled high with

fashion.

totalitarianism in art here in America ...""

dishes which had not been washed for several days.

So, dear Mies, I am enclosing a cheque for one thousand [dollars]

Edith Farnsworth added her own angry comments, then and

A year later the Farnsworth House was sold, and entered

on account, with full awareness of its inadequacy.

later, about the general impossibility of living in her exquisite

upon a happier phase of existence, as will be related in the

Faithfully yours

glass pavilion. She complained that 'Mies talks about his "free

Postscript on p.24.

Edith'

space", but the space is very fixed. I can't even put a clothes

The romance went wrong, unkind remarks began to be made

hanger in my house without considering how it affects

on both sides,43 and in 1953 Mies sued Dr Farnsworth for unpaid

everything from the outside'; and that 'I thought you could

Before turning to the planning of the Farnsworth House itself,

fees of $28,173. She countersued for $33,872, alleging a large

animate a pre-determined, classic form like this with your own

that of its immediate predecessors must be considered. The

cost over-run on the original budget, a leaking roof and excessive

presence. I wanted to do something meaningful and all I got

emphatic horizontal planes, glass-walled transparency and

condensation on the glass walls.44

was this glib, false sophistication.'48 It may of course be that her

open interiors which Mies had been perfecting since 1921

views were coloured by the extremity of her bitterness towards

had come together in a sublime synthesis in the Barcelona

painful for both sides, Mies van der Rohe and Edith Farnsworth

Mies.49 As Professor Dieter Holm suggested to me in con-

Pavilion.51 Having crystallized his ideas in that essentially

in mid-1953 agreed a $14,000 settlement in Mies's favour.

versation, had she envisaged her exquisite pavilion as a kind of

ceremonial and functionless building, where such experiments

Japanese tea house in which she and her friend and mentor

in abstraction could be carried out relatively freely, Mies began

After a court hearing that must have been excruciatingly

The battle continued outside the courtroom. Many architects

Planning

also to incorporate them in a sequence of house designs.

colours were predominantly neutral and unassertive. The floor

surrounded by a brick wall. Within the privacy of these enclosures

The first of these was a grand residence for Fritz and Grete
Tugendhat, which Mies was actually in the process of designing

was covered in creamy, off-white linoleum. There was a black

silk curtain before the glass wall by the winter garden; a silvery-

each individual house faced its courtyard via a thin-framed,

when he was commissioned to undertake the Barcelona

grey silk curtain before the main glass wall; the library could be

Pavilion. The Tugendhats were enlightened newly-weds who

wanted a modern house with generous spaces and clear,

closed off by a white velvet curtain; and a black velvet curtain

Brick Country House project; and roofs were lightly supported

ran between the onyx wall and the winter garden. This neutral

on the external walls plus four to eight slender columns, leaving

simple forms; and who were aware of Mies's work. They

backdrop heightened the dramatic effect of a few carefully-

the internal partitions free of all load-bearing function. Space

arranged a meeting in 1928 - and like many previous clients

(and his future client Dr Edith Farnsworth) were bowled over by

devised focal points - the rich black-and-brown ebony curved

partition; the tawny-gold onyx flat partition; the emerald-green

flowed freely through the interiors and out into the courtyards.
Each walled enclosure was effectively one large 'room', part of
which was indoors and part outdoors - an intermediate stage to
the Farnsworth House where the entire surrounding meadow

his massive presence and air of calm self-assurance. As Mrs

leather, ruby-red velvet, and white vellum furniture claddings;

Tugendhat said later: 'From the first moment it was certain that

and the lush green jungle of plants filling the winter garden.

he was our man ... We knew we were in the same room with an
artist.' That was a common reaction among Mies's clients.52

beginning to realize in built form that 'puritanical vision of

would become an extension of the glass-walled interior.

In 1937-8, as Mies was in the process of emigrating to

simplified, transcendental existence' referred toon p. 13.

Chicago, came the immediate forerunner of the Farnsworth

Architect-client relations were not quite as smooth as here

implied, but the project went ahead. The Tugendhat House was

After many experimental drawing-board projects Mies was

This vision had its negative side, and along with the plaudits

House. This was a design (alas, unbuilt) for a summer residence

for Mr and Mrs Stanley Resor bridging a small river in Wyoming.54
Very appropriately for-his first American building, the central

completed in 1930 and represented a decisive step away from

the Tugendhat House began to attract comments of a kind

the solid 'block' houses Mies had been building only two years
earlier (the Esters and Lange houses of 1927-30), and towards

that would recur with the Farnsworth House. Gropius called

it a 'Sunday house', questioning its suitability for everyday

'bridge' section of the house was a long steel-framed box.

the transparent 'pavilion' houses he would be designing in the

living, and a critic asked unkindly, 'Can one live in House

This was raised slightly clear of the site, formed a glass-walled

future. The living room was extensive and tranquil, enclosed by

Tugendhat?' -a question the Tugendhats answered with an

living area, and had no internal divisions except for furniture and

glass walls so transparent that the outer landscape and sky

impassioned 'yes'.53

a fireplace.

seemed almost to form the room boundaries. The room was

16

ceiling-height glass wall. Interiors consisted of few rooms and

large areas of continuous, fluid space very reminiscent of the

There followed the House for a Childless Couple at the Berlin

Interestingly, Mies's previous intimate incorporation of

subtly zoned into conversation, dining, study and library areas

Fair (1931), which distinctly recalls the Barcelona Pavilion; and

by only two or three free-standing partitions and a few

then a series of unbuilt Courtyard House designs (1931-8) in

precisely-placed pieces of furniture. It was virtually empty

which Mies tested on confined urban sites the concept of open-

In the past, the interior spaces (the wings of the house) and

except for these artwork-like items of furniture, and there was

plan interiors, sheltering beneath horizontal roof planes and

no allowance for pictures on the walls.

In another pre-figuration of the Farnsworth House the

looking out on to gardens via glass walls. One-, two- or three-

exterior spaces (the gardens and courtyards) were intimately

interlocked in projects as late as the Esters and Lange houses.

court houses were planned, the entire site in each case being

Here, while the ends of the Resor House - whose foundations

houses into their landscapes begins here to give way to a

distinct separation between the man-made object and nature.55

31 Dr Edith Farnsworth in early and

later life
32 Mies van der Rohe in 1912 (left)
and mid-1950s

33 Draft elevation of Mies's unbuilt

Ulrich Lange House, 1935
34 Street elevation of his unbuilt House
with Three Courtyards, 1930s

were inherited by Mies from an earlier design for that site - are

drawings were produced, and these show Mies trying out

south. The long northern side of the core consists of a single run

firmly rooted to the site, the bridge-like central section parts

several alternative positions for the access stairs, the central

of cabinets above a kitchen worktop, and the long southern

company with the landscape, hovering aloofly above an

core and other minor elements before achieving finality.56 Note,

side incorporates a low, open hearth facing the living area. The

untouched site. By a quirk of fate the site problem which

for instance, on figure 27, the two glass screens separating the

two short sides contain the entrance doors to the bathrooms.

generated this elevated geometry - regular floodwaters -

kitchen space from the rest of the house - Mies's last halfhearted attempt at traditional boxed-in rooms before going for

(thus conforming with the excellent precept, going back to

a completely undivided living area.57

Vitruvius's Sixth Book of Architecture, that bedrooms should

would recur with his next house.

In 1946, on Dr Farnsworth's plot beside the Fox River, Mies
could finally bring all these gradually-evolved ideas to their

Another abandoned idea was the enclosure of the western

The living area is zoned into a sleeping area on the east

face east so that the sleeper wakes to the glory of the morning
sun), a dining area to the west, and a general sitting area

ultimate conclusion.
His most fundamental decision involved the relationship

terrace by insect-proof screening. The screens were shown

on the model exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art in 1947,

between the two. The sleeping zone is served by a free-

between the building and the landscape - a relationship that

but Mies never liked these transparency-destroying elements

standing teak-faced cupboard.

aimed at bringing nature, the house and human beings together

and the house was built without them. (In fact practicality would

into 'a higher unity', as he put it.

The house stands about 1.6 metres (just over 5 ft) above the

soon triumph over aesthetics, and the idea had to be resurrected

surrounding meadow, leaving the site completely undisturbed

tormenting clouds of mosquitoes rising from the riverside

meadow every summer. Stainless steel screens were therefore

and giving its occupants a magnificent belvedere from which to

contemplate the surrounding woodland. The practical reason

after Dr Farnsworth moved into the house, owing to the

Outside, the raised terrace to the west is a splendid place for

sitting at the end of the day, watching the sunset.
Turning from internal to external planning, it seems to have
been decided that allowing motor vehicles to drive right up to
the pavilion (a formative design factor in another twentieth-

designed and installed at her request in 1951. The work was

century country villa, Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye of 1929-31)

for the raised floor is that the meadow is a floodplain, but Mies

done under Mies's supervision by his design assistant William

would impair the Farnsworth House's idyllic sense of seclusion.

has characteristically managed to transmute a technical solution

Dunlap, client/architect relations by then being frosty.58 The

to an aesthetic masterstroke. Being elevated, the house is

screens were removed two decades later by the new owner

Therefore Mies's design made no provision for car access.

Dr Farnsworth did subsequently build a conventional two-

detached from disorderly reality and becomes an exalted place

Peter Palumbo, and the mosquito-breeding meadow mown

car garage beside the gate on the northern boundary of the site,

for contemplation -safe, serene and perfect in all its smooth,

machine-made details.

down to a more lawn-like surface as will be related later.)

where she presumably parked her car and walked across the

The basic arrangement of the Farnsworth House was quickly

settled, but the precise layout went through the usual painstak-

The interior as finally realized is a single glass-enclosed

space, unpartitioned except for a central service core. The
latter conceals two bathrooms (one for Dr Farnsworth, one for

field to the house. Her visitors more commonly drove all the way
to the house and parked there. The disturbing presence of
garage, track and automobiles inevitably diminished the dream-

ing process of Miesian fine-tuning (his most characteristic

injunction to students and design assistants was, it is said, to

visitors) and a utility room, and is set closer to the northern wall

like image of a small pavilion in remote woodland and, as

than to the southern. This off-centre location creates a narrow

outlined on p.25, its next owner radically replanned the site to

'work on it some more'). Literally hundreds of preliminary

kitchen space to the north and a much larger living area to the

overcome this defect.

best be described as a quest for ideal Platonic form.67

The structure

refined statement of glass-and-steel architecture Mies ever

The basic structure of Farnsworth House consists of eight

produced - the ultimate crystallization of an idea, as Peter

Thus, while the American avant-garde constructed their

wide-flange steel stanchions A, to which are welded two sets of

Blake has put it- it is worth examining this aspect in detail.

steel houses on the practical and economical balloon-frame

fascia channels to form a perimeter frame B at roof level, and a

similar perimeter frame C at floor level - see figure 40.
Sets of steel cross-girders D and E are welded to the longi-

Mies's admiration for the structural clarity of the steel frame

principle, with slender steel members spaced fairly closely

long predates his arrival in Chicago, and was no doubt motivated

together (see for instance Richard Neutra's Lovell 'Health'

by reasons both aesthetic and practical.61 Aesthetically the steel

House of 1927-9 and Charles Eames' Case Study House of

tudinal channels, and pre-cast concrete planks I and N placed

frame lent itself to clear structural display, and was 'honest' and

1949), Mies used heavy steel sections, spaced widely apart

upon these to form the roof and floor slabs respectively. The

free of rhetoric or historical associations - highly-prized

and with no visible cross-bracing to give an unprecedentedly

open appearance (see especially his Farnsworth House and

loading imposed upon C by the floor construction is obviously

characteristics to the future-worshipping avant-garde of the

greater than that imposed on B by the roof, but for the sake of

1920s. From a practical standpoint the steel frame allowed

New National Gallery). For added character he chose for his

visual consistency Mies has made them of equal depth - an

open-plan interiors in which walls could be freely disposed,62

stanchions not the commonly-used steel profiles of the time

example of the primacy of 'form' over 'function' to which he

and even more importantly it seemed to hold the answer to

but a wide-flanged profile notable for its handsome proportions

was in principle opposed,59 but which stubbornly emerges in

Mies's dream of traditional construction methods being

and precision of form.

almost all his mature work.

replaced by industrial systems in which all the building parts

The steel stanchions stop short of the channel cappings,

could be factory-made and then rapidly assembled on-site.63

Mies also departed from standard Chicago practice in his

steel-jointing techniques. Flanged steel sections are popular
in the construction industry partly for the ease with which they

making it clear that the roof plane does not rest on the columns

His move to Chicago in 1938 brought him to a city with

but merely touches them in passing, thus helping to create the

unparalleled expertise in steel construction. Until then he had

may be bolted or riveted together. The flanges are easily drilled,

impression alluded to at the start of this essay - that the

been able to use the steel frame only in a semi-concealed way;64

holes can take the form of elongated slots to accommodate

horizontal elements appear to be held to their vertical supports

but after 1937-8 the nakedly exposed rolled steel beam,

slight inaccuracies, and all the basic operations are speedy

by magnetism.

uncamouflaged by covering layers of 'architecture' (except

and straightforward.

Above the roof slab is a low service module containing water

tank, boiler, extract fans from the two bathrooms and a flue

where required by fire-safety codes), would begin to form the

basis of his most characteristic designs.

Mies used conventional bolted connections in the less visible

parts of his structures, but in exposed positions he wished his
elegant steel members to be displayed cleanly, uncluttered by

from the fireplace. Beneath the floor slab is a cylindrical drum

But whereas American builders used the steel frame with

housing all drainage pipes and incoming water and electrical

no-nonsense practicality,65 the European Mies had different

bolts, rivets or plates; and here he defied normal practice by

services.

priorities. Ignoring his own arguments of fifteen years earlier

using more expensive welded joints, preferably concealed and

that 'form is not an end in itself',66 and that the use of materials

invisible. If the weld could not be totally hidden he would have

Steelwork

should be determined by constructive requirements, he set

the steel sections temporarily joined by means of Nelson stud

As the Farnsworth House is probably the most complete and

about refining and intellectualizing the steel frame in what may

bolts and cleats, apply permanent welding, and then burn off

35, 36 'In autumn the green turns to a

golden glow...

37 'In summerthe great room floats

above a green meadow, its visual
boundaries extending to the leafy
screen of deciduous trees encircling
the house, and the high sun
bouncing off the travertine surface
of the covered terrace...'
38,39 'On sunny days the white steel
profiles receive bright articulation
and precise modelling from the sun's
rays; on dull days the diffuse light wil
still pick out the profiles of these
architectural elements,..'

the holding bolts and plug the holes. The steel surfaces would
then be ground smooth to give the appearance of being formed
of a single continuous material without breaks or joints. Finally,
to ensure a smooth and elegant appearance he had the steel
sections grit-blasted to a smooth matt surface, and the entire
assembly primed and given three coats of paint.
The effect of this sequence of operations in the Farnsworth
House was, as Franz Schulze has commented, almost to deindustrialize the steel frame, taming the mighty product of blast
furnace, rolling mill and electric arc into a silky-surfaced,
seemingly jointless white substance of Platonic perfection.
Other materials
Passing on from the steel-and-glass envelope, the other materials used in the Farnsworth House are rigorously restricted to
travertine (floors), wood (primavera for the core walls, teak for
the wardrobe) and plaster (ceilings).
The range of colours is equally limited, the better to set off
the few artworks and carefully-chosen items of furniture inside,
and the framed views of nature outside - white columns and
ceiling, off-white floors and curtains, and pale brown wood.
Such sobriety was a long-standing Miesian characteristic. In
1958 he told the architect and critic Christian Norberg-Schulz:
'I hope to make my buildings neutral frames in which man and
artworks can carry on their own lives ... Nature, too, shall have
its own life. We must beware not to disrupt it with the colour of
our houses and interior fittings. Yet we should attempt to bring
nature, houses and human beings together into a higher unity.

Steel frame

Roof construction

A Steel stanchion
B Steel channels forming perimeter
frame at roof level
C Steel channels forming perimeter
frame at floor level
D Steel cross-girders at roof level
E Steel cross-girders at floor level
F Intermediate mullion built up from flat
steel bars

G Waterproof membrane on
H Foam glass insulation on
I Precast concrete planks
Floor construction
J Travertine slabs on
K Mortar bed on
L Crushed stone on
M Metal tray on
N Lightweight concrete fill on
precast concrete slabs

If you view nature through the glass walls of the Farnsworth

seamless casting. This approach is first seen in the X-crossing

House, it gains a more profound significance than if viewed

of his Barcelona Chair, whose appearance Adrian Gale has

compared with those curviform eighteenth-century chairs

from outside ... it becomes a part of a larger whole.'68

are clean and sheer, the junctions between them unconcealed.

But cover strips over the joints in a building have a function
and cannot simply be abolished. Where separate components

whose legs and rails are fluidly shaped, and invisibly jointed, to

or different materials meet, the fit is inevitably imperfect, leading

Detailing

convey an impression of the whole frame having been carved

to an unsightly crack. The crack worsens as repeated differential

As one would expect of Mies, the use of materials in the

Farnsworth House is immaculate.69 The American journal

from a single block of wood.

movement causes the gap to widen and become ragged - a

Architectural Forum commented that the Italian travertine slabs

without being structurally fused, as in the case of stone slabs,

be devised. The traditional cover strip disguises the joint by

that form the floors of house and terrace were fitted to the steel

timber panels or screwed (not welded) steel members, Mies

concealment; the open groove does so by making the crack

frames 'with a precision equal to that of the finest incastro

stonework', and that the plaster ceiling had 'the smoothness of

takes the converse approach and emphasizes their separate

identities by inserting between them a neat open groove. In the

less obtrusive, an observer's eye tending to 'read' the straightedged groove rather than the irregular crack-line meandering

a high-grade factory finish' 7

Farnsworth House such an indentation separates the plaster of

within it. After about 1940 this was Mies's preferred method for

Looking at the details more closely, one discerns a typically

Miesian grammar that places his classically-inspired detailing

the ceiling from the steel frames that hold the glass walls.

detailing all building joints. It is also of course an instance of the

at the opposite pole to that represented by arts and crafts-

not invented by him (it occurs in the work of both Schinkel and

influenced designers such as Greene and Greene." Whereas

Behrens, the latter using it for instance to separate window or

But wherever two adjoining components are connected

While the use of a groove between adjoining elements was

process called 'fretting' - and some form of camouflage must

phenomenon of 'inversion' noted on p.13, the open groove

being the counterform of the cover strip.

the Greene brothers exuberantly celebrate the act of joining

doorframes from adjoining wall surfaces), Mies came gradually

Internal environment

materials, with an abundance of highly visible fasteners

to replace most of the traditional cover strips with 'reveals' or

'flash gaps' - the respective American and British terms for the

As regards thermal comfort, the Farnsworth House performed

poorly before the implementation in the 1970s of corrective

separating groove. The process may be traced as follows.

measures. In hot weather the interior could become oven-like

In his pre-1920 houses, from the Riehl House to the Urbig

House of 1914, Mies generally used conventional interior trim to

owing to inadequate cross-ventilation and no sun-screening

istically Miesian grammar. Wherever two adjoining components

are structurally unified, as in the case of steel members welded

cover building joints. In his Lange House he was still using

ventilation occupants could open the entrance doors on the

cornices, architraves, skirtings and other cover mouldings, but

west and two small hopper windows on the east, and activate

together, Mies expresses unification by making the meeting-

reduced now to simple flat strips.72 In the Barcelona Pavilion he

an electric exhaust fan in the kitchen floor, but these measures

point invisible - hence the process already described of

took the last step: there are no longer any skirtings or cornices,

were often inadequate. In cold weather the underfloor hot-

grinding, polishing, priming and painting aimed at making an

no column bases or capitals, and no applied trim of any kind

water coils produced the pleasant heat output characteristic of

assembly of separate steel members look like a single,

except for glazing beads around the glass screens. Surfaces

such systems (partly radiant, and with temperatures at head-

intimating what goes on behind the surface, Mies hides his

fixings deep within the structure so as to leave his surfaces
smooth and unbroken.
The joints between components also display a character-

except for the foliage of adjacent trees. To create some cross-

level not much higher than at floor-level), but insufficient in mid-

roof surface to conceal the sloping roof from all surrounding

residents may tranquilly observe the surrounding meadow and

winter. Underfloor systems also have a long warming-up period

sight-lines, and to prevent water spilling over the edge and

trees change character as one season gives way to the next,

that is ill-suited to an intermittently occupied house. To increase

staining the white paint.

the woodland colours heightened by the white framing, and the

the supply of heat, and give quicker warming, hot air could be

The travertine-paved terrace has a perfectly level upper

hourly fluctuations of light subtly reflecting off the white ceiling.

blown into the living area from a small furnace in the utility room.

surface and yet remains dry. This has been achieved by laying

There was also a somewhat ineffective fireplace set into the

the slabs on gravel beds contained in sheet-metal troughs with

south face of the central core, facing the living area, which it is

water outlets at their lowest points (see figure 40). Rainwater

said to have covered with a layer of ash.

therefore drains down between the slabs, through the gravel

visual boundaries extending to the leafy screen of deciduous

beds and out via the base outlets.

trees encircling the house, and the high sun bouncing off the

The worst cold-weather failing was the amount of condensation streaming down the chilled glass panes and collecting

As Peter Carter (who has stayed in the Farnsworth House in

all seasons) has observed:
'In summer the great room floats above a green meadow, its

travertine surface of the covered terrace to wash the ceiling

on the floor - one of Dr Edith Farnsworth's complaints in the

Assessment

1953 court case as described on p.15. This was an elementary

The Farnsworth House expresses to near perfection Mies van

with a glowing luminosity. On sunny days the white steel

profiles receive bright articulation and precise modelling from

design fault whose consequences Mies must have foreseen

der Rohe's belief in an architecture of austere beauty, free of

the sun's rays; on dull days the diffuse light will still pick out the

and could have avoided, but presumably chose to ignore so as

historical allusion or rhetoric, relying on clean forms and noble

profiles of these architectural elements even when viewed from

not to destroy the beautiful simplicity of his glass-and-steel

materials to epitomize an impersonal 'will of the age' that

far away in the meadow. Summer is also the season of truly

facades.73

stands aloof from such ephemeralities as fashion or the

operatic storms: when witnessed from the glass-walled interior

personal likes and dislikes of individual clients.74 In its very

high winds, torrential rain and chunky hail, accompanied by

illuminatedbyuplightingreflectedofftheceiling,augmented by

perfection, by these exalted criteria, lie the building's great

deafening thunder and spectacularly dramatic lightning, leave

freestanding chrome lamps. The quality of the lighting thus

strengths but also its weaknesses.

an indelible impression of nature's more aggressive aspect.

As regards electric lighting, the living and sleeping areas are

produced is entirely to the present owner's satisfaction.

The first strength is its success as a place, where the house

'In autumn the green turns to a golden glow, to be followed

goes far towards realizing that vision of the dwelling as a

by the enchantment of winter when the prairy becomes white-

Rainwater drainage

spiritual space expressed three decades earlier by Ebeling,75

blanketed for weeks on end, the snow lit by a low sun and the

Efficient rainwater disposal requires sloping surfaces, a charac-

and again in 1951 (the very year of its completion) in a note-

bare trees affording long views across the frozen Fox river. By

teristic that is somewhat at odds with the perfect horizontals of

worthy essay by the German philosopher Heidegger.76

day the slanting sunlight is reflected from the snowy surface on

Mies's design, but the problem is neatly solved in the Farnsworth

The manner in which man, architecture and nature have been

to and into the house, projecting images of nature on to the

House. Behind its level fascia the roof surface slopes down to a

brought together on this riverside meadow creates a magical

folds of the curtains and creating a softly luminous interior

single drainage pipe directly above the utility room stack. The

sense of being within nature, not separated from it as in

ambience; by night the glittering snow reflects bright moonlight

steel fascia and its capping stand sufficiently high above the

traditional buildings. From their glass-enclosed belvedere

into the house, mysteriously diminishing the boundary between

the man-made interior and the natural world outside.

'As winter passes the landscape becomes alive with the

in which components and joints are nakedly displayed as in a

Greek temple. Unlike traditional buildings, whose complex

On the second charge, it is undeniable that the Farnsworth

House suffers from serious and elementary design faults. It was

fresh colours and fragrances of spring foliage, the latter slowly

mouldings and overlapping finishes and coverings may conceal

perfectly predictable that a badly-ventilated glass box, without

closing in once again to define the secluded domain of the

a host of imperfections, the clarity of such design allows few

sun-shading except for some nearby trees, would become

hiding places, and it requires a Miesian drive for perfection to

oven-like in the hot Illinois summers, and that single-thickness

achieve the results seen at Piano.79

glass in steel frames, devoid of precautionary measures such

home meadow.'
The diurnal cycle is as delightful. Of the sleeping area to the
east, a guest who stayed the night wrote that 'the sensation is

Turning to weaknesses, the case against the Farnsworth

as convection heaters to sweep the glass with a warm air

current, would stream with condensation in an Illinois winter.

indescribable-the act of waking and coming to consciousness

House is that it pretends to be what it is not in three respects:

as the light dawns and gradually grows. It illuminates the grass

as an exemplar of industrial materials and construction

Mies's disregard of such elementary truths illustrates his

and trees and the river beyond; it takes over your whole vision.

methods; as an exemplar of rational problem-solving design;

greatest weakness as an architect - namely, an obsession with

You are in nature and not in it, engulfed by it but separate from

and as a reproducible 'type-form' that might be widely adopted

perfect form so single-minded that awkward problems were

it. It is altogether unforgettable.'77 Another frequent visitor adds:

for other dwellings-all of these being self-proclaimed aims of

loftily disregarded.K

The sunrise, of course, is ravishing. But the night as well,

especially during thunderstorms. Snowfalls are magical. And I

80

Miesian design.

On the first point, the Farnsworth House uses rolled steel

That brings us to the third of the points raised above whether the Farnsworth House might serve as a reproducible

recall times when the river water rose almost to the level of the

sections and plate glass to present itself as a model of industrial

'type-form'. It seems clear that Mies intended the concept of

floor, but not quite, so that we had to locomote by canoe... I

-age construction when in fact it is an expensive artwork

the Farnsworth House for wider application. His broadly similar

cannot recall a dull moment here."8

fabricated largely by handcraft. A case for the defence was

50 ft by 50 ft (15m x 15m) House project of 1950-1, which he

In sum: 'For those who have been fortunate enough to live in

suggested in 1960 by the architect and critic Peter Blake: that in

reportedly thought suitable for mass-production for American

it the healing qualities of the Farnsworth House confirm its

an age of throw-away products and, increasingly, throw-away

family housing,83 was open-plan and glass-walled, and shared

status as the nonpareil of country retreats.' (Peter Carter)

architecture, Mies was legitimately creating prototypes that the

with the 55 ft by 29 ft (16.8m x 8.8m) Farnsworth House a lack

construction industry of the future might strive to emulate; that

of privacy, lack of storage space, and very little adaptability

perfection as an artefact. Steel, glass and travertine have been

he saw his role as that of directing the course of industry, not

apart from the occupants' freedom to move the furniture. For

integrated into a classical composition in which everything

slavishly following it.81 Forty years on it looks as though Mies

normal living these are crippling defects.

looks right, from overall form down to the tiniest detail. The

may yet be vindicated - industrial technology is producing

result stands as an object lesson for all designers, and the core

objects of increasing perfection, and moving away from

interiors were practical and preferable to conventional rooms,84

of the lesson is that excellence cannot be achieved without an

standardized towards customized production; and twenty-first-

this cannot possibly be true for dwellings unless they are large

insistenceon fine materials, consummate details and unremitting

century industry could conceivably become capable of

enough to ensure privacy by distance - which means very large

design effort. This is especially true of 'honest' modern design,

delivering buildings of Miesian quality at normal cost.

indeed: it is significant that the over 80 ft x 50 ft (24m x 15m)

The second great strength of the Farnsworth House is its

Though Mies insisted to the end of his days that open

things, it undeniably provides a supreme model for a belvedere,

a garden pavilion or even a holiday dwelling, provided the client

after which the ground was compulsorily purchased. In 1967

truly understands what he or she is getting, as the unfortunate

the authorities built a new road that was twice the width of the

Dr Farnsworth probably did not. One of the contractors on her

old, raised on an embankment, 45m (150 ft) closer to the house

house, Karl Freund, later told the writer David Spaeth, 'she

and clearly visible therefrom. The traffic was now faster and

didn't understand the house. Mies should have made it clearer

noisier than before, and audible from the house.

to her what she was getting.'86 Buildings very obviously inspired

by the Farnsworth House include the 1970 Tallon House in
Dublin, Ireland by Ronnie Tallon; the 1992 Villa Maesen at
Zedelgem, Belgium by Stephane Beel; and the 1998 Skywood
House in Middlesex, England by Graham Phillips.87
open-plan living room of the successful Tugendhat House is
three-and-a-half times the size of an entire floor of the Riehl
House or Perls House. As to storage space, it is difficult to

In sum: the crystalline masterpiece on the riverside at Piano

is a rare building for a rare client, to be emulated selectively and
with very great care.

imagine a family inhabiting the 50 ft by 50 ft house - or even the

battle with the County authority, culminating in a court hearing

The once quiet and secluded retreat was no longer quite so

magical, and in 1968 Dr Farnsworth advertised it for sale. Thus,
with tragic symmetry, her twenty-year occupation of a house
she had commissioned with love and enthusiasm ended as it
had begun-with a traumatic court hearing ending in defeat.88
The offer to sell came to the notice of Mr Peter (now Lord)
Palumbo, a London property developer and lover of modern
architecture with a particular respect for the works of Mies van
der Rohe. Knowing of Dr Farnsworth's severe reputation he

60 ft x 60 ft (18m x 18m) version - when the bachelor aesthete

Postscript

risked entering the grounds to look at the house, and decided at

Philip Johnson's 56 ft by 32 ft (17m x 9.8m) single-space 1949

In 1971 Dr Edith Farnsworth vacated the famous pavilion that

once that he must buy. Taking his life in his hands, as he put it,

Glass House at New Canaan depended on the existence of

had become so deeply intertwined with her life and would

several nearby buildings to which possessions, guests and

always bear her name. Her original devotion to the house had

he knocked on the door. 'I essentially bought the house that

afternoon', he later recalled, 'but she was a difficult, ferocious

other intrusions of everyday life could be conveniently

evaporated in the quarrel with Mies: she never furnished it

woman and we didn't really complete the deal until 1972.'

banished. In this connection Peter Blake writes that the

properly and angrily discouraged visits. She had nevertheless

traditional Japanese open plan that so inspired Frank Lloyd

continued to own and use it until finally demoralized by a new

Lord Palumbo's original dream that Mies van der Rohe might
be commissioned to restore to perfection his own twenty-year-

Wright and other twentieth-century architects depended

misfortune.

absolutely, even in that age of sparse possessions, on servants

In the 1960s the Board of Supervisors of Kendall County

old building was cruelly thwarted when the latter died in 1969.
The commission was therefore given in 1972 to Dirk Lohan,

and subservient wives constantly spiriting away the clutter of

decided to widen and re-align the road and bridge along the

Mies's grandson and a partner in Conterato, Fugikawa and

everyday living into special areas outside the open plan.85

western boundary of the site. These works required the

Lohan, the successor-office to Mies's atelier.85

The principal works required were the following.90

Clearly the Farnsworth House fails as a normal dwelling, and

as a prototype for normal dwellings. But turning to happier

purchase of a 60m (200 ft) wide strip of Dr Farnsworth's land, a

proposal she vigorously contested. There followed a painful

With respect to structure, the flat roof (an inherently trouble-

prone form of construction in cold climates'1) had deteriorated

quite badly: condensation had caused staining, bubbling and

and precisely as exhibits in an art gallery. The black glass table

compelling later, when the flowers give way to a meadow wholly

with chrome legs seen near the entrance in some published

of summery green.'92

cracking of the plastered underside, and the paint finish on the

photographs is a rare survivor of the Barcelona Pavilion.

latter had begun to peel away. To improve its performance a

vapour barrier was installed above the plaster, additional
insulation laid above the pre-cast concrete planks, and a new
waterproof membrane laid on the upper surface. On the
underside the damaged plaster and paint were replaced.
The mosquito screens were removed from the terrace, the

Turning from the building to its setting, Lord Palumbo imme-

The new stands of trees to the north, east and west now
provide an enclosure for the house and the scenic backdrop

diately removed the crazy-paving pathway to the front steps

that is seen through the transparent walls.

and put in hand a gradual improvement programme for the

entire site, which had been neglected for twenty years.

gate nearly 200m (650 ft) to the east of the original, out of sight

During her ownership Dr Farnsworth had bought an additional

Roper also replanned the access route, moving the access

of the house, and laying a gravel drive that sweeps gently round

55 acres of land to the east of the original seven-acre site,

from the north to terminate in a new parking area 45m (150 ft)

white finish to all steelwork was stripped back to the primer

creating the potential for a relocated and more discreet car

from the south-eastern corner of the house. When visitors

coat and repainted, and all the glass panels were replaced.

access route. Now Lord Palumbo commissioned the American

arrive at this riverside parking space they leave their cars, cross

garden designer Lanning Roper, a devotee of informal English

a modest timber bridge that arches over a small stream, and

garden design, to replan the landscape substantially.

make their way to towards the house through a landscape

With respect to services, all the existing installations received

a major overhaul. The original space-heating principles (floorembedded coils for main heating, augmented by fan-induced

In its original state the house looked out east, north and west

dotted with trees. There is no pathway across the meadow, so

hot air for quick warming-up) were left unchanged, but the

on terrain with grassland, natural shrub and a scattering of

oil-fired heating system, which was dirty and cumbersome,

was converted to electricity. All the wiring in the house was

trees. At first Lord Palumbo tried to enhance the sense of unspoilt

The new approach, which involves walking the full length

nature by allowing the grass surrounding the Farnsworth House

of the house before turning at right angles towards the flight

replaced. The 'almost nothing' hearth with its propensity for

to grow tall, in effect creating a meadow. But the long grass

of access steps, has therefore become more dramatic than

spreading ash was given atravertine platform. Air-conditioning

(a rare luxury when the Farnsworth House was designed in the

proved difficult to cut and became a fertile breeding-ground for

the simple 'house in a meadow' arrangement created by

mosquitoes. The grass is now regularly mown, with the cutters

set at their highest level.

Mies.93

1940s) was newly installed, and the plant concealed above the
service core.
And finally the interior, which Dr Farnsworth had filled with a

Lanning Roper planted trees to the east and west, leaving

that the house is gradually revealed through the foliage.

The above improvements deserve high praise, but many

visitors have felt that the road realignments by Kendall

miscellany of inappropriate articles (see for instance the photo

the space directly behind and north of the house as a tract of

lawn that slopes lazily upward toward River Road. This open

on p.21 of Schulze, The Farnsworth House), was at last furnished

space he filled with daffodils, literally tens of thousands of them,

in place of the original untended meadow, have combined

as first intended. Her roller blinds were replaced with off-white

which blossom progressively in the spring, leaving the ground

to transform an isolated retreat into what is essentially a

curtains as envisaged by Mies, and the prosaic furniture

decorated with patches of yellow and white. The moment of

suburban house - a depressing fate shared by several

replaced by a few classic pieces placed almost as sparingly

bloom is brief but compelling, and the landscape hardly less

other icons of twentieth-century architecture including

County, the designation of the opposite river bank as a

public park, and the creation of relatively lawn-like grass

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

River Road
Piano Milbrook Road (1951)
Fox River Drive (today)
Trees
Garage built by Dr Farnsworth
Original site boundary
New parking area added by Lord
Palumbo
8 Fox River

Aporoximate heights above river level:

Farnsworth House floor 15 ft (4.6m)
Contour A (high water mark for a few
days every year) 14ft (4.3m)
Contour B (high water mark when the
ice breaks up) 16ft (4.9m)
Contour C (high water mark during the
1996 flood) 20ft (6.Om)

Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye and Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin

West.
A worse development has been a steep rise in the floodlevels of the Fox River. Mies van der Rohe's enquiries in 1946
established a maximum water level over the past century of
about 0.9m (3 ft) above ground-level, and he considered it
safe to locate the floor 1.6m (5 ft 3 in) above the plain. But,
partly as a result of the outward expansion and paving-over
of Chicago's environs, the volume of water run-off increased
and flood levels began to rise dramatically in the 1950s.
In 1954, three years after Dr Farnsworth moved in, the
spring flood rose 1.2m (4ft) above the pavilion floor. Carpets
and furniture were ravaged but the water-marked wooden
core unit was fortunately reparable.
In 1996 came a truly gigantic downpour, with 0.45m (18 in)
of rain falling in 24 hours, most of it in eight hours. The
resulting floodwaters broke two of the glass walls, rose 1.5m
(5 ft) above the pavilion floor, swept away artefacts, and
ruined not only carpets and furniture but also the woodveneer finish to the core. An unpleasant layer of mud and silt
covered the travertine floor and the damage came to over
$500,000.
As Lord Palumbo has put it, the house had to be 'taken
apart and put together again', and DirkLohan, now of the
architectural firm Lohan Associates, was commissioned to
carry out the necessary restoration.84 The timber core unit
was so badly damaged that it had to be discarded and built
anew. As the once-plentiful primavera was now almost

46 The Farnsworth site as in 2002

47 Approach route to the Barcelona
Pavilion - see n.93

extinct Dirk Lohan had to search for months to find wood of

the original colour. The new plywood panels were attached
to their frames by clips rather than screws so that the panels
could be quickly dismantled and stored on top of the core
unit in case of flood.
In February 1997, even before the above restoration had
started, there was yet another flood, rising to only 0.30 m (1
ft) above floor level but confirming that the Farnsworth
House must henceforth survive in conditions very different
from those for which it had been designed. There has been
talk of installing jacks beneath the footings, able to lift the
entire structure in case of flood, but this phenomenally
expensive solution remains conjectural. Since buying the
house Lord Palumbo has spent roughly $1 million on repairs
and improvements, mostly in restoration work after the
floods of 1996 and 1997, and one can understand a pause
for deliberation. These days the water regularly rises two or
three steps above the lower terrace, and occasionally a foot
or so above internal floor level, bringing in a layer of silt but
not (so far) causing ruin.
Despite the double irony that a dwelling designed as a
private retreat is now open to the public, and that its survival
is being threatened by the element it was specifically
designed to surmount, this chronicle can nevertheless end
on an uplifting note. Mies van der Rohe's glass pavilion,
having survived fifty troubled years, has become one of the
most revered buildings of the twentieth century, constantly
visited by admirers from all over the world.

48 Approach route to the Tugendhat

House
49 The Farnsworth House semisubmerged during the exceptional
1996 flood; and
50 poised a foot or so above water
during one of the more normal floods

Photographs

Previous page Approaching the

Farnsworth House. The vertical stacking
of free-floating horizontal planes first
seen in Mies's unbuilt Glass Skyscraper
and Concrete Office projects of 1922
and 1923 is here realized, though at
a much smaller scale. The idea has
since become deeply embedded in
modern design

This page The open terrace at the

western end of the.house
Opposite The dining area, looking west
towards the terrace

The sleeping area at the eastern end,

where the sleeper awakes to the glory of
the rising sun. As in the rest of the house,
privacy can be obtained by drawing offwhite curtains across the glass walls.
The hopper windows below right are the
only opening lights in the entire building

The south-eastern corner of the house

and two close-up views, showing how
white-painted steel, glass and travertine
have been immaculately conjoined. Note
the complete absence of visible bolts or
welds: components appear to be held
together by a kind of magnetism

Core unit
Scale 1:50

North elevation

Key to details
scale 1:200

Plan details
scale 1:5

1
2
3
4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12

13
14

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

23
24
25
26

27
28

line of steel base plate

line of travertine floor
aluminium glazed door
Sin (203mm) steel
column painted white
1/4in (6mm) polished
plate glass
glazing frame made up
of steel bars painted
white
continuous weld
plug weld
screw fixing
steel angle trim
painted white
structural steel fascia
painted white
15in (432mm)
structural steel channel
girder painted white
gravel on 6 layers of
roofing felt
2in (50mm) foam glass
bedded in asphalt on
vapour seal membrane
lead flashing
precast concrete
channel slab
2in (50mm) cork board
structural steel angle at
12in (305mm) centres
creosoted wood
suspended metal lath
and plaster ceiling
curtain track
1 1/4in(32mm)
travertine floor slab
on mortar bed
lightweight concrete fill
12in (305mm)
structural steel beam
5/8in (16mm) copper
heating tube
crushed stone fill
on waterproof
membrane
precast concrete slab
lead flashing and
waterproof
membrane

Section
details
scale 1:5

Detail 10

Detail 12

Detail 11

Detail 13

Section details
scale 1:5

Detail 14

Detail 16

Detail 15

Detail 17

Section details
scale 1:5

1
2
3
4

Detail 18

Detail 19

line of steel base plate

line of travertine floor
aluminium glazed door
Sin (203mm) steel column
painted white
5 1/4in (6mm) polished
plate glass
6 glazing frame made up of
steel bars painted white
7 continuous weld
8 plug weld
9 screw fixing
10 steel angle trim painted
white
11 structural steel fascia
painted white
12 1 Sin (432mm) structural
steel channel girder
painted white
13 gravel on 6 layers of
roofing felt
14 2in (50mm) foam glass
bedded in asphalt on
vapour seal membrane
15 lead flashing
16 precast concrete channel
slab
17 2in (50mm) cork board
18 structural steel angle at
12in (305mm) centres
19 creosoted wood
20 suspended metal lath and
plaster ceiling
21 curtain track
22 1 1/4in (32mm) travertine
floor slab on mortar bed
23 lightweight concrete fill
24 12in (305mm) structural
steel beam
25 5/8in (16mm) copper
heating tube
26 crushed stone fill on
waterproof membrane
27 precast concrete slab
28 lead flashing and
waterproof membrane

NOTES

Mies van der Rohe is quoted in many

books, especially those by Philip
Johnson and Peter Carter (see Select
Bibliography). But in the interests
of consistency I have, wherever
possible, sourced such quotations
to The Artless Word by Fritz
Neumeyer, which reproduces and
dates Mies's key texts and lectures
with particular clarity.
From Henry-Russell Hitchcock
and Arthur Drexler, Built in USA:
Post-war Architecture. New
York: Simon and Schuster, 1952;
pp.20-1
2 The country villa originates in
Roman times, but our knowledge
of these is imperfect. Better
known are Palladio's sixteenthcentury dwellings in and around
the Veneto, and eighteenthcentury derivatives by architects
such as Colen Campbell and
Lord Burlington. For a history
from antiquity to Le Corbusier's
Villa Savoye see James S
Ackerman's The Villa, London:
Thames and Hudson, 1990. The
villa is a peculiarly important
building type because idealized
house designs, both built and
unbuilt, have long been used to
express new architectural
paradigms - see Peter Collins in
Changing Ideals in Modern
Architecture, London: Faber,
1965, pp.42-58
3 Unlike the villa (from Latin'rural
house'), the modest countryside
cabin is not a formal architectural
type. But there are notable
architect-designed examples,
two of which (figs. 2 and 3)
confirm that the framed cabin,
raised on stilts above a watery
site, was a known model that
was classicized and refined
rather than invented by Mies van
der Rohe in 1946-51. The first,
Walter Gropius and Marcel
Breuer's H G Chamberlain House
in Wayland, MA, was built in
1940 and was probably known
to Mies. The second, Paul
Rudolph and Ralph Twitchell's
Healy Guest House in Florida,
was almost contemporary with
the Farnsworth House, being

5
6
7
8
9

10

designed and built in 1948-50. A

more general influence might
have been Le Corbusier's many
stilted 'boxes up in the air',
whose underlying motive is
interestingly discussed in Adolf
Max Vogt's Le Corbusier: the
Noble Savage. Cambridge,
MA/London: MIT Press, 1998
All his working life Mies 'read
widely and pondered the basic
questions of human existence
and their implications for
architecture'. In 1961 hewasstil
insisting that 'only questions into
the essence of things are
meaningful...' (Neumeyer p.30)
Carter p. 174
Ibid. p. 174
Ford p.263
Carter p. 10
From'Mies in Berlin', an interview
recorded on a gramophone disc
in 1966 and issued by Bauwelt
Archiv, Berlin. A translated
extract was published under the
title'Mies Speaks' in the
Architectural Review, London,
Dec 1968, pp.451-2
When in 1908 Mies joined the
studio of Peter Behrens
(1868-1940) it was one of the
most exciting practices in
Germany, attracting such future
stars as the young Gropius (in
1907-10) and Le Corbusier (in
1910-11). Having been a leading
exponent of Art Nouveau,
Behrens began in 1903 to search
for a design approach less
superficial and subjective, and
arguably more suited to the
needs of an industrial society.
This led him to the works of
Schinkel (1781 -1841) whose
noble boulevards, squares and
buildings were prominent
features of early twentiethcentury Berlin. Behrens' work
from about 1905 onwards
became sober, massive and
powerful, and he had a seminal
role in developing the new forms
of modern architecture. A prime
example is the proto-modern
AEG Turbine Factory (1909) with
its innovative and powerfully
expressive shape, and its glassy
side walls and clearly-exhibited

steel frames.
11 'In the Altes Museum [Schinkel]
has separated the windows
very clearly, he separated the
elements, the columns and the
walls and the ceiling, and I think
that is still visible in my later
buildings' - Mies talking to
Graeme Shankland on the BBC
Third Programme, 1959 (Carter
p. 182). In fact this kind of clarity
was already visible in Mies's Riehl
House (see Schulze, Mies van
der Rohe, p.28) and Schinkel's
role may have been to confirm
and enhance a sensibility that
was already present in the
young Mies.
12 Mies's view was that architectural
form should result from the
nature of the problem to be
solved, and not from
preconceived style. He
expressed this often, from the
1920s - ' Form is not the goal but
the result of our work' (Neumeyer
pp.242, 243, 247, 257) - until the
1950s when he still insisted that
'architecture has nothing to do
with the invention of forms' and
that 'the invention of forms is
obviously not the task of the
building art' (Neumeyer
pp.324-5). But he was one of the
great form-givers of the age,
imposing upon project after
project his own twentieth-century
distillations of the forms of
classical architecture, often in
defiance of structural logic.
13 Seen.9
14 For early examples of Mies
allowing appearance to
determine structure, rather than
vice versa, see the Esters and
Lange houses (1927-30): their
very long window lintels, invisibly
supported by hidden steel
beams, are exceptionally neat
but contradict the nature of loadbearing brickwork. Mies's
pavilions in the Bacardi Office
Building project (1957) and New
National Gallery (1962-7) are late
examples: as Peter Blundell
Jones has pointed out their
forms are virtually identical
despite the fact that the first was
meant to be made of concrete

and the second of welded steel.

For examples of buildings in
which structure truly does
determine form one must go
to the very un-Miesian Antoni
Gaudi, whose organic-looking
Colonia Guell Chapel
(1898-1914) has inward-leaning
columns which follow
experimentally-derived stress
lines instead of western classical
verticality.
15 In 1952 Mies told students that it
was thanks to Peter Behrens that
he had developed a feeling for
'grand form' and a 'sense of
the monumental' (Tegethoff
p.26). In 1961 he told Peter
Carter that 'Peter Behrens had
a marvellous feeling for form ...
and it is this feeling for form that
I learned from him ...' (Neumeyer
p.352). In 1966 he said in a
recorded interview (n.9) that
'under Behrens I learned the
grand form.'
16 Mies was self-confessedly
influenced by Frank Lloyd Wright.
He later wrote: Toward the
beginning of the twentieth
century the great revival of
architecture in Europe, instigated
by William Morris, began to ...
lose force. Distinct signs of
exhaustion became manifest.' By
1910, he went on, 'we younger
architects found ourselves in
painful inner conflict'. Then there
came to Berlin an exhibition of
the work of Frank Lloyd Wright.
The work of this great master
revealed an architectural world of
unexpected force and clarity of
language ... The more deeply we
studied Wright's creations, the
greater became our admiration
for his incomparable talent... The
dynamic impulse emanating from
his work invigorated a whole
generation.' (Neumeyer p.321)
17 Avant-garde architectural and
artistic movements in Berlin
during the time Mies worked
there included Expressionism
from Germany, De Stijl from the
Netherlands and Constructivism
and Suprematism from Russia.
There were also vigorously
propagandist organizations such

as the leftist Novembergruppe

(November Group) of which Mies
was a member; Die Glaserne
Kette (Glass Chain) of which he
was not; and publications such
as Gestaltung ('Form-giving')
which he helped to found and to
which he contributed. For a
summary of these influences see
Neumeyer pp. 15-27; and for
brief descriptions of the
movements see The Thames and
Hudson Encyclopaedia of 20th
Century Architecture, London:
Thames and Hudson, 1983
18 It is difficult today to imagine how
wholly unprecedented and
revelatory this project was. The
massiveness of traditional
building had suddenly been
replaced by an alternative whose
sheer glass facades gave full
expression to Bruno Taut's
exultant cry in the first issue of
the Expressionist journal
Fruhlichttn 1920: 'High the
transparent, the clear! High
purity! High the crystal!...'
(Neumeyer p.3). Alas, in addition
to a crystalline glassiness and
structural clarity this design also
introduced the banal flat top
that would come to have such
a catastrophic effect on urban
skylines the world over - see for
comparison the Chicago Tribune
Tower design by Raymond Hood
and John Meade Howells (1924).
19 The traditional Japanese interior
influenced Western design at the
turn of the century, partly as a
result of the 1893 World's
Columbian Exposition in
Chicago. The Exposition
exhibited a Japanese pavilion
whose relatively open interior,
divided by light screens rather
than walls, came as a revelation
to many architects - including
25-year-old Frank Lloyd Wright.
This influence is clearly visible in
Wright's post-1893 house plans
(see Kevin Nute, Frank Lloyd
Wright and Japan, London:
Chapman and Hall, 1993,
pp.48-72). His designs were
published in 1910-11 by the
German publisher Wasmuth
as a portfolio titled Ausgefuhrte

20

21

22

23
24

Bauten und Entwurfe. They had

an immense impact on many
European architects, including
Mies (see n. 16). The original
portfolio has recently been
republished in reduced facsimile
as Studies and Executed
Buildings by Frank Lloyd Wright,
London: Architectural Press,
1986.
In DeStijI design there were'no
more closed volumes ... There
are six planes: the ceiling, four
walls, and the floor. Separate the
joinings, keeping the planes free;
then light will penetrate even the
darkest corners of the room, and
its space will take on a new life ...
Once the planes are separate
and independent they can be
separated beyond the perimeter
of the old box and spread out,
go up or down, and reach out
beyond the limits that used to
cut off the interior from the
exterior... Once the box has
been dismembered, the planes
no longer form closed volumes ...
Instead the rooms become fluid,
and join up, and flow ...' (Bruno
Zevi in The Modern Language of
Architecture, Seattle: University
of Washington Press, 1978, p.31)
The complete absence of doors
in the Brick Country House
project was a literal intention,
and not just a simplification
of draughtsmanship, as Mies
confirmed: 'I have abandoned
the usual concept of closed
rooms and striven for a series
of spatial effects rather than a
row of individual rooms.'
(Neumeyer p.250)
The open-plan, glass-walled
house emerges in Mies's House
for a Childless Couple at the
1931 Berlin Building Exposition,
the Gericke House project of
1932 and the sequence of Court
House projects from 1931-8.
These projects are briefly
described in Schulze, Mies van
derRohe and more extensively in
Tegethoff.
Seen. 19
The pavilion functioned only to
symbolize the openness and
freedom of the 1919-33 Weimar

25

26

27
28

Republic, and to cast a spell of

tranquillity upon its visitors. It was
formally used only once, for an
opening ceremony when the
Commissioner General of the
Republic, Georg von Schnitzler,
is reported to have said: 'Here
you see the spirit of the new
Germany: simplicity and clarity of
means and intentions all open to
the wind as well as to freedom ...
A work made of honesty, without
pride. Here is the peaceful house
of an appeased Germany.' (A
contemporary paraphrase of the
speech, by Rubio Tuduri, quoted
by Robin Evans, Translations
from Drawing to Building and
other Essays, London:
Architectural Association, 1997,
p.236). The pavilion's lack of
specific function is confirmed in
'Mies Speaks' (n.9).
Mies's admiration of the steel
skeleton goes back at least as far
as 1922, when he wrote of
unclad skyscraper structures
that 'the impression of the highreaching steel skeletons is
overpowering'. But, he
continued, once the claddings
were added 'this impression is
completely destroyed; the
constructive thought... is
annihilated and frequently
smothered ...' (Neumeyer p.240)
Mies used the phrase'skin and
bone construction' to describe
the clear separation between
the load-bearing skeleton (bone)
and non-load-bearing claddings
(skin) so evident in his post-1921
designs. For his first use of the
phrase, in 1923, see Neumeyer
p.241.
Seen.4
In his early writings, c. 1923,
Mies appeared to see the core
problem of twentieth-century
architecture in terms of
technology - new materials,
new production methods and
increased efficiency. By 1927 his
language had changed and he
was giving primacy to spiritual
values. Thus in 1927 he viewed
the housing problem as 'a
spiritual problem' (Neumeyer
p.258); a year later he wrote that

'building art is always the spatial

expression of spiritual decisions'
(ibid. p.304); and two years later
he expressed a similar sentiment
(ibid. p.309).
29 Siegfried Ebeling, a Bauhaus
member, published in 1926 a
highly mystical (and somewhat
mystifying) tract entitled Der
Raum als Membran or 'Space
as Membrane'. Ebeling saw
buildings, and the house
in particular, as forming a
membrane between man and
exterior space, creating an
interior that 'could do justice
to one's relationship with one's
body, one's being, and the
eternity of the cosmos'. Many
might find these notions (which
Ebeling propounds at length and
in opaque language) overstated,
but Mies was in search of
transcendental meanings and
the underlinings in his copy of
Der Raum suggest that he took
these ideas seriously. Ebeling's
ideas are discussed, and their
possible influence on Mies's work
traced, in Neumeyer pp.171-9.
See also n.76 below on Martin
Heidegger.
30 All the underlying ideas realized
in the Farnsworth House are
present in a few sentences
written by Mies in 1933. In praise
of the possibilities of steel and
glass construction he says: 'Only
now can we articulate space,
open it up and connect it to the
landscape, thereby satisfying the
spatial needs of modern man.
Simplicity of construction, clarity
of tectonic means, and purity of
material shall be the bearers of a
new beauty.' (Neumeyer p.314)
For his 1958 declaration
to Norberg-Schulz on the
restrained use of colour in
building interiors see Neumeyer
pp.338-9.
31 Architectural Forum, October
1951, pp. 156-62. The review is
highly favourable but balanced:
while praising the Farnsworth
House's fine qualities, and
suggesting that it might be
'the most important house
completed in the US since Frank

Lloyd Wright completed his

desert home in Arizona a dozen
years ago', the Forum also noted
that the house would have 'little
to say to those whose ideal is an
informal setting for family living',
or to those 'who seek first to
express the individual personality
of a client'.
32 The term 'International Style' was
conferred by the American critics
Henry-Russell Hitchcock and
Philip Johnson upon a strand of
European modernism that had
crystallized between 1922 and
1932 in a series of buildings by
Le Corbusier, Oud, Gropius,
Lurcat, Rietveld and Mies (see
Hitchcock and Johnson, The
International Style: Architecture
since 1922, New York: WW
Norton & Co, 1932 and 1966).
These buildings were typically
white, cubically or horizontallycomposed, strip-windowed or
occasionally glass-walled,
devoid of ornament, and formed
of smooth, thin-looking flat
planes rather than massive walls.
Indisputably modern designs of
somewhat different character
were being produced during
those years by architects such as
Hugo Haring, but the clinical style
publicized in Hitchcock and
Johnson's book did seem for a
while to be the emerging image
of modern architecture.
33 Though never becoming popular
in American house design, the
International Style did dominate
American office building design
for four decades, starting with
Raymond Hood's McGraw-Hill
Building (1929-30); Howe and
Lescaze's Philadelphia Saving
Fund Society Building (1929-32);
Pietro Belluschi's Equitable Life
Assurance Building (1944-7);
Wallace Harrison's United
Nations Secretariat Building
(1947-50); and Skidmore
Owings and Merrill's Lever House
(1951-2). In the USA the
International Style also lost its
European connotations of social
improvement and became simply
a clean and modern way of
shaping buildings. This suited

34

35

36

37

38

Mies who, despite protestations

such as those quoted in n.28,
had always shown more
enthusiasm for the pursuit of
architectonic form than for the
radical transformation of society.
The variety, inventiveness and
warmth of American houses of
the late 1930s to early 1950s is
seen in the work of Gregory Ain,
Edward Larrabee Barnes, Marcel
Breuer, Mario Corbett, Charles
Eames, Harwell Hamilton Harris,
John Johansen, Richard Neutra,
Igor Polevitzky, Schweikher and
Elting, Paolo Soleri, Raphael
Soriano, Ralph STwitchell and
Lloyd Wright in Built in USA:
Post-war Architecture (see n.1
above). A good short history
appears in Jordy pp.165-219.
After virtually disappearing from
view during the 1920s, the
septuagenarian Frank Lloyd
Wright swept back to a dominant
position in American architecture
with Fallingwater (1935-9) and
the Johnson Wax administration
building (1936-9).
' Looking closely at the early
Chicago skyscrapers we readily
observe the crudity of most of
them. Frames and windows
are often ill-proportioned.
The masonry and terra-cotta
sheathing is often clumsy in
both its profile and its surface
ornamentation. The juncture of
one member or one material with
another is often awkward. There
are, to be sure, fine buildings
among these early Chicago
skyscrapers. The majority,
however, are boldly, vitally,
courageously gawky
Jordy pp.225-6
Including such manifestations of
Western geometric discipline as
strict adherence to the Cartesian
grid (no hint, yet, of the exploded
forms of Frank Gehry etc.), a
concern for proportion and
regular spacing of vertical
elements. These continuities are
particularly apparent in the work
of Mies.
Buildings by Mies included in The
International Style (n.32) were his
Apartment Building at the

39

40

41
42
43

44

Weissenhof Siedlung, Stuttgart

(1927); German Pavilion at the
Barcelona Exposition (1929);
Lange House, Krefeld (1928);
Tugendhat House, Brno (1930);
and Apartment Study, New York
(1930). The Tugendhat House
was given especial prominence.
Mies'slater fame tends to
obscure the fact that in 1945 he
was almost unknown outside
Germany. In Europe he had built
(besides exhibitions) only six
notable houses, two small
apartment blocks and a
memorial monument; in America
only one building, the I IT Minerals
and Metal Research Building
(1942-3) with Holabird and Root
as co-architects. His international
reputation began to take off only
in 1947, a decade after his arrival
in the USA, with publication of
Philip Johnson's monograph
Mies van derRohe. Johnson's
black-and-white images of
Mies's clean planar compositions
came to many as a revelation of
what a truly modern architecture
could look like. Mies by this time
was over sixty.
See The Farnsworth House,
1997, written by Franz Schulze (a
respected Miesian authority) and
produced by Dirk Lohan, Mies's
grandson and associate in
practice until Mies's death in
1969. This booklet is more recent
than most of the standard
references, and where different
sources give different accounts
of events I have assumed it to be
the most reliable.
Seen.24
Schulze, The Farnsworth House
Extracts from the House
Beautiful article and subsequent
polemic may be found in
Schulze, The Farnsworth House,
p. 19 and Schulze, Mies van der
Ftohe, p.259.
It is interesting and perhaps
significant that Le Corbusier's
Villa Savoye, which vies with the
Farnsworth House for the title of
'second most famous villa of
modern architecture' (Frank
Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater being
first), also generated serious

45
46

47
48
49

50

owner dissatisfaction and threats

of litigation over defects.
Seen.43
Wright, who seldom praised
the work of his contemporaries
(particularly if they were
European) admitted that he
admired Mies's Barcetona
Pavilion and Tugendhat House
(Schulze, Mies van der Rohe,
pp.158 and 210). In 1937he
welcomed Mies to Taliesin East
for an afternoon visit that became
a four-day stay (ibid. p.210-11).
The next year he introduced Mies
at a formal dinner with the words:
'I admire him as an architect,
respect and love him as a man ...
you treat him well and love him as
I do'(ibid, p.219). In 1944 he
began to disagree with Mies,
dismissing the letter's design for
the IIT Library and Administration
building as 'a new classicism'
(Spaeth p. 132), but he was still
writing warm personal letters as
late as October 1947. (Schulze,
Mies van derRohe, pp.237-8)
Seen.43
Schulze, The Farnsworth House
After the breakdown in their
relations, Edith Farnsworth
described Mies as 'simply colder
and more cruel than anyone I
have ever known' - a description
not recognized by those
who remember the genial, if
somewhat taciturn, Mies; while
his own version was that 'the
lady expected the architect
to go along with the house'
- a comment unworthy of this
normally gallant man. The truth
may be that a somewhat lonely
woman was yearning for a friend,
while her architect wanted only
to build a noble building, and that
each preferred not to recognize
the true motives of the other
(see Schulze, Mies van der
Rohe, p.253).
The tea ceremony is a traditional
Japanese way of entertaining
guests, based on the adoration
of the beautiful. A few friends
meet in the host's tea house,
typically a self-contained
structure designed to give a
sense of seclusion and rustic yet

51
52

53

54

55

refined simplicity. The room is

empty except for a few objects
upon which attention will be
focused - the tea utensils (all
carefully chosen) plus a hanging
scroll, a floral arrangement,
and/or some other aesthetic
object. The tea is enjoyed and
the chosen matters discussed
in a manner expressing the four
qualities of harmony, respect,
cleanliness and tranquillity.
Parallels with the secluded,
serene and sparsely-furnished
Farnsworth House are obvious.
Seen.24
Mrs Tugendhat's encomium is
quoted in Schulze, Mies van der
Rohe, p. 161-73. For an account
of the ripples caused by Mies's
insistence on giving clients what
he thought they ought to want,
rather than what they actually
wanted, see Spaeth pp.68-70.
For a full monograph on the
building see Daniela HammerTugendhat and Wolf Tegethoff,
Ludwig Mies van derRohe: The
Tugendhat House, Vienna/New
York: Springer (published after
the present text was written).
Justus Bier's essay 'Kann Man
im Haus Tugendhat wohnen?'
('Can one live in the Tugendhat
House?') was published in Die
Form, 6,1931, pp.392 efseq,
quoted in Neumeyer p.xv; Fritz
and Grete Tugendhat's emphatic
'yes' is fully quoted in Tegethoff
pp.97-8.
The story of the Resor House is
told briefly in Schulze, Mies van
derRohe, pp.209-13 and
Tegethoff pp. 127-9, and in detail
in Lambert, pp. 160-80.
The desire to differentiate
between the man-made building
and the natural landscape has
characterized much modern
design. Atypical quotation is
from the Bauhausian architect
and furniture designer Marcel
Breuer (1902-81): 'A building is
a man-made work, a crystallic,
constructed thing. It should not
imitate nature - it should be in
contrast with nature.' Marcel
Breuer, Sun and Shadow, New
York: Dodd Mead, 1955, p.380.

56 Mies's designs appear to have

been conceived almost at a
stroke, and quickly perfected.
Nothing could be further from the
truth. Mies always evolved his
designs via hundreds of sketches
and numerous models, testing
every conceivable variation of
each idea in a patient search
for perfection. Usually these
sketches have not survived, but
for the Resor project (n.54) Mies
is known to have done several
hundred - or perhaps over a
thousand (Tegethoff p. 19). He
particularly liked sketching and
re-sketching the spiral stair
(borrowed from the Tugendhat
House), and studying the detail
where the cruciform columns
(borrowed from the Barcelona
Pavilion) met floor and ceiling.
57 Schulze, The Farnsworth House
58 Ibid.
59 Seen.12
60 Seen.14
61 Seen.25
62 Neumeyer p.259
63 Ibid, pp.248-9
64 The steel skeleton with masonry
infill was well-known in
nineteenth-century Germany,
ultimately deriving from halftimbering (Tegethoff p. 101);
and Mies first used this form of
concealed construction in the
Weissenhof Apartment Building.
The Tugendhat House and Resor
House are hybrids, with some
steel columns hidden in walls
but others standing clear as first
seen in the temporary Barcelona
Pavilion. In the Farnsworth
House the steel frame finally
reigns supreme and nothing is
hidden.
65 Seen.36
66 Seen. 12
67 Platonic doctrine holds that
while we see around us many
individual men, we must have an
abstract conception of Man to
enable us to describe so many
different objects by the same
name. And the same for all other
sensible objects. Architects of
Platonic disposition might
therefore argue that behind all
walls or columns or windows

68
69

70
71

there is an abstract conception of

Wall or Column or Window which
represents that object in its ideal
form - a form, presumably, of
irreducible clarity and simplicity.
In this spirit one may see the
smooth stone rectangles of
Mies's Barcelona Pavilion as
representing the irreducible
essence of Wall, the clean sheets
of glass as representing the
essence of Window, and so on.
One can understand the appeal
of such a quest for distilled, ideal
form to Mies and his generation,
who grew up with buildings and
furniture whose essential forms
were sometimes distorted or
ornamented almost beyond
recognition.
Seen.30
But not miraculously so, as
implied by Peter Blake when he
writes that the steelwork of the
Farnsworth House is so precisely
welded that it 'sings like a tuning
fork when it is lightly tapped'
(Blake p.84). This pleasing
notion, repeated by Neil Jackson
(The Modem Steel House,
London: Spon Press, 1996,
p.66) and Richard Weston (The
House in the Twentieth Century,
London, Laurence King, 2002,
p.155), is, alas, a romantic fiction.
The welded steel structure may
possibly have possessed the
resonance of a tuning fork before
being loaded with massive floor
and roof slabs, but it certainly has
not sung since.
Architectural Forum, Oct 1951,
pp. 156-62
For a discussion of the
contrasting detailing techniques
of the classically-inspired
Mies (who strove for idealized
perfection), and the arts-andcrafts-influenced Greenes (who
strove for rude honesty) see Ford
pp.123-60 and 261-87. While
the detailing philosophies of
these designers are in the above
sense polar opposites, there is of
course another sense in which
they are akin: unlike industrial
design, in which standard
components are connected by
standard means for speed and

economy, both Mies and the

Greenes expended time and
money to produce one-off
craftworks.
72 For the detailing of the Barcelona
chair and other Miesian furniture
see Spaeth pp.76-83. For the
detailing of the Lange House see
Ford p.269.
73 Mies's pursuit of perfect form
led him on occasion to sacrifice
function to aesthetics,
particularly in his glass-walled
pavilions. Some of his IIT campus
buildings are widely known to
have suffered from solar heat
gain, heat loss, glare, noise
penetration from outside, noise
penetration within the building,
roof damage, and cracking of
window glass and/or ceiling
plaster owing to thermal
movement. A study by Skidmore
Owings and Merrill in 1974 found
that Crown Hall (a large clearspan pavilion completed in 1956
to house the NT's departments of
Architecture, City Planning and
Design) needed a one milliondollar restoration programme,
including $100,000 for a new
roofing system. In 1999
Fujikawa, Johnson and
Associates (see n.89) were
retained to restore Crown Hall.
74 Mies's willingness to subordinate
the likes and dislikes of individual
clients to 'universal' values is
evident from his designs and
writings. The Roman and
medieval buildings he most
admired were described by him
as 'totally impersonal' (Neumeyer
p.245). Of his own work he said
in the 1920s that 'questions of
a general nature are of central
interest. The individual becomes
less and less important; his fate
no longer interests us.' (ibid,
p.246). His later buildings
tend similarly to ignore the
particularities of site, climate or
orientation. In the 1960s he told
Peter Carter, 1 am in fact
completely opposed to the idea
that a specific building should
have an individual character...
it should express a universal
character.' (Carter p.61)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

75 Seen.29
76 In August 1951 the German
philosopher Martin Heidegger
(1889-1976) presented an
important paper titled Bauen,
Wohnen, Denken ('Building,
Dwelling, Thinking') at a
symposium on Man and Space in
Darmstadt. Heidegger suggests
that modern man no longer
knows the full meaning of the
act of 'dwelling', and sets
out to trace the meaning of
this experience to its deepest
existential roots. As with Ebeling
(n.29), his essay is not an easy
read and remains unavailable in
English; but some idea of his
approach to architecture may be
found in the writings of Christian
Norberg-Schulz - eg Existence,
Space and Architecture (London:
Studio Vista, 1971) and Genius
Loci (London: Academy Editions,
1980). I am indebted to Professor
Dieter Holm for a translation of
the essay and for the suggestion
that the 'act of dwelling' (in
Heidegger's sense of humankind
making itself at home in the
world, and at one with the world)
is possibly more powerfully
satisfied by the conjunction of
man, architecture and nature in
the Farnsworth House than by
almost any other twentiethcentury dwelling.
77 Schulze, The Farnsworth House
78 Ibid.
79 Most traditional building
construction is 'layered', each
layer masking imperfections in
the one beneath. Thus a rough
wall may be covered by a layer of
plaster, which in turn is covered
by a layer of paper and/or paint.
Similarly, rough timber framing
is covered by more accurately
machined joinery, and all joints
are then masked by mouldings.
In addition to being visually
expressive, traditional cornices,
skirtings, jambs, architraves and
beads therefore perform the vital
function of masking rough edges,
cracks and structural movement
in the fabric beneath. Mies's
post-1930 buildings almost
completely avoid such layering.

Components and joints are

nakedly displayed as in a Greek
temple - a design approach
that is very unforgiving of
imperfections.
80 For Mies's self-proclaimed
commitment to rational
problem-solving and industrial
materials/methods see
numerous statements from 1922
onwards quoted in Neumeyer
pp.240-63. For his desire to
develop a limited number of
reproducible 'type forms' that
could be adapted to many
situations, thus helping to bring
order to the visual chaos of
twentieth-century cities, see
Carter pp.37-110. On p.7 Carter
quotes Mies as saying 'I have
tried to make an architecture for
a technological society. I have
wanted to keep everything
reasonable and clear - to have
an architecture that anybody can
do.' Mies's aversion to novel and
individualistic building forms
shines forth from many other
statements - see for instance
Neumeyer pp.324, 325, 332,
336, 338.

81 Blake pp.9, 10
82 Seen.73
83 With regard to the 50 ft by 50 ft
House (which could also be
made 40 ft or 60 ft square to suit
the client's needs), Schulze, Mies
van derRohe, p.261 refers to an
undated clipping from the
Chicago Tribune, held in the Mies
van der Rohe Archive at the
Museum of Modern Art in New
York, which quotes Mies as
saying: 'Since there seems to be
a real need for such homes we
have attempted to solve the
problem by developing a steel
skeleton and a core that could be
used for all houses ... The interior
is left open for flexibility.'
84 In an interview on the BBC Third
Programme in 1959 Mies told
Graeme Shankland, 1 would not
like to live in a cubical house
with a lot of small rooms. I would
rather live on a bench in Hyde
Park' (Carterp.181); and the last
sentence in n.83 suggests that
he believed the open plan to be

viable for family houses too. But

he did recognize the critical
importance of size for open-plan
houses. In the same interview he
told Shankland that if he were
designing for himself, 'I would
build a simple but very large
house, so that I can do inside
what I like.' Similarly in 'Mies in
Berlin', an interview recorded on
a gramophone disc in 1966 and
issued by Bauwelt Archiv, Berlin,
Mies recalls telling Hugo Haring:
'Make your rooms large, Hugo,
then you can use them however
you like.'
85 'What Wright and his successors
... failed to realize was that the
"open plan" as developed in
Japan depended for its success
entirely on one or both of two
factors: the availability of cheap
servants and/or the availability of
enslaved wives ... who kept the
pristine spaces in immaculate
order by stashing away all the
messy appurtenances that might
offend the eyes of her husband
or his male visitors.' For further
savage comments on the
impracticalities of the open plan
see pp.31 -6 of Peter Blake's
Form Follows Fiasco: Why
modern architecture hasn 't
worked, Boston/Toronto, Little
Brown and Company, 1977.
86 Karl Freund, a craftsman who
worked on the Farnsworth
House, was subpoenaed to
give evidence in the court
case between Mies and Edith
Farnsworth but refused to testify
against either. He later said,
They are equally guilty of making
a thing without a solid contract...
She didn't understand the house.
Mies should have made much
clearer to her what she was
getting. It is a beautiful museum
piece, but she didn't like to
live in it.' David Spaeth, The
Farnsworth House Revisited',
Fine Homebuilding, Apr/May
1988, p.37. Quoted on p.67 of
The Modern Steel House (n.69
above).
87 For the Tallon House, Villa
Maesen and Skywood House
see pp.23-9 of The House in the

Twentieth Century (n.69 above).

88 During the 1970s Dr Edith
Farnsworth retired from practice
and moved to a villa near
Florence in Italy. She died in 1977
89 Dirk Lohan is the son of
Professor Wolfgang Lohan and
Mies van der Rohe's daughter
Marianne. He joined Mies's
practice in 1962, soon after
graduation, and became his
grandfather's most trusted
assistant. After Mies's death the
practice passed to his associates
Conterato, Fujikawa and Lohan.
This firm was commissioned to
carry out the restoration of the
Farnsworth House in 1972, with
Dirk Lohan personally in charge.
After the 1996 flood Dirk Lohan,
now in practice as Lohan
Associates, was again
commissioned to undertake
the necessary repairs.
90 This account is taken largely from
Schulze, The Farnsworth House,
with additional detail supplied by
Lord Palumbo in letters to the
present author.
91 Flat roofs are risk-prone in coldwinter climates if the building is
heated and insulated, and if the
roof insulation is located beneath
the waterproof membrane (as
was standard practice until
recently). In winter moistureladen warm air may rise through
the ceiling, filter through the
insulation layer and be trapped
against the cold underside of the
waterproof membrane. The latter
will chill the moisture-laden air,
possibly to below dew-point
temperature, in which case
the air/vapour mixture trapped
beneath will condense into
droplets of water. These may
then soak into the insulation
layer, reducing its insulating
properties, encouraging mould
growth and staining the ceiling
below. Fixing a vapour-proof
barrier beneath the insulation
(as was done in the Farnsworth
House in 1972) will avoid the
problem, but only if this barrier
remains totally vapour-proof
which is difficult to guarantee.

The best solution is to place all

insulation above the waterproof
membrane (the so-called
'inverted roof) and not below it.
92 Schulze, The Farnsworth House
93 The new approach route to
Farnsworth House happily recalls
a strategy of 'gradual revelation'
Mies van der Rohe used at both
the Barcelona Pavilion and
Tugendhat House. In both cases
the interior is reached only after
visitors have walked the length of
the building, then made a rightangle turn on to a raised terrace,
followed by another right-angled
turn into the building - see figures
49 and 50. In later life the
increasingly stern Mies
abandoned such theatrical
effects for extreme directness.
The approach routes to both his
Seagram Building (1957-9) and
New National Gallery (1962-8)
are frontal and arrow-straight.
94 Seen.89

This short list is not comprehensive

but identifies a number of core
references. Extensive bibliographies
will be found in Schulze, Spaeth and
Tegethoff below.
Blake, Peter, Mies van derRohe,
London: Penguin Books, 1963
Carter, Peter, Mes van derRohe at
Work, London: Phaidon Press, 1999
De Sola-Morales, Cirici, and
Ramos, Mies van der Rohe - the
Barcelona Pavilion, Barcelona:
Gustavo Gili, 1993
Ford, Edward R, The Details of
Modern Architecture, Cambridge,
MA/London: MIT Press, 1990. See
especially ch.9, 'Ludwig Mies van der
Rohe and the Steel Frame',
pp.261-87
Johnson, Philip, Mies van der
Rohe, 3rd edition, London: Seeker
& Warburg, 1978
Jordy, William H.American
Buildings and their Architects, vol.4,
New York: Anchor Books, 1976. See
especiallych.IV, The Laconic
Splendour of the Metal Frame:
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's 860
Lake Shore Apartments and his
Seagram Building', pp.221-77
Lambert, Phyllis, Mies in America,
New York: Harry N Abrams, 2001
Lohan, Dirk, Farnsworth House,
Piano, Illinois, 1945-50, Global
Architecture Detail, Tokyo: ADA
Edita, 1976
Neumeyer, Fritz, The Artless Word,
Cambridge, MA/London: MIT Press,
1991

Schulze, Franz, Mies van derRohe:

A Critical Biography, Chicago/
London: University of Chicago Press,
1985

Schulze, Franz, The Farnsworth

House, 1997. A 32-page illustrated
booklet available to visitors to the
Farnsworth House
Spaeth, David, Mes van derRohe,
London: The Architectural Press,
1985

Tegethoff, Wolf, Mes van derRohe:

The Villas and Country Houses,
Cambridge, MA/London: MIT Press,
1985

KEY DATES IN THE LIFE OF MIES VAN DER ROHE

DIMENSIONS

MATERIALS
(before renovation)

FARNSWORTH HOUSE
CHRONOLOGY

Imperial
Metric
Overall length
77 ft 3 in
23.546m
Internal width
28 ft 8 in
8.738m
Internal height
9 ft 6 in
2.896m
Internal floor area
2,215 sq ft 205.83 sqm
Deck length
55ft
16.764m
Deck width
22ft
6.706m
Deck area
1,210sqft 112.42sqm
Floor level above ground
5ft
+1.5m
Deck level above ground
2ft
0.6m
Stanchion spacing along length
of house
22ft
6.706m
Floor & roof cantilevers beyond
end stanchions
5 ft 7 in
1.702m
Floor module
Length
2 ft 9 in
838 mm
Width
2ft
610mm
Entrance door offset
1 ft
305 mm
Core unit length
24 ft 6 in
7.468m
Core unit width
12ft
3.658m
Core unit height
7 ft 6 in
2.286m
Storage cabinet length
12ft
3.658m
Storage cabinet depth
2 f t 2 in
0.660m
Storage cabinet height
6ft
1.829m
Kitchen area width
4f
1.20m
Sitting area width
12ft
3.70m
Dining area width
17ft
5.20m
Sleeping area width
12ft
3.70m
Steelwork
Fascia height
15 in
381 mm
Stanchion size
8 in square 203 mm square

Structure Wide-flange rolled steel

joists
Wall framing Flat steel bars welded
together
Wall glazing 1/4 in (6.4mm)
polished plate glass
Door framing Kawneer narrow stile
aluminium
Door glazing 1/4 in (6.4mm)
polished plate glass
Floor and deck 1 1/4 in (31.8mm)
thick travertine slabs laid with +
1/16 in (1.6mm) joints
Roof finish Gravel bedded in pitch
on 6 layers of roof felting on 2in
(51 mm) foam glass slabs bedded
in asphalt on 1 ply vapour seal
membrane with two moppings of
pitch
Ceiling Plaster on metal lath
Core unit Primavera-faced plywood
panels on timber framing
Storage cabinet Teak-faced
plywood panels on timber framing

1945

1971

Mies van der Rohe meets Dr Edith

Farnsworth

Dr Farnsworth sells the house to Mr

Peter (later Lord) Palumbo

1945

1972

Dr Farnsworth commissions Mies

to design a weekend retreat at the
Fox River, near Piano, 60 miles west
of Chicago

Mr Palumbo employs Mr Dirk Lohan

to renovate the house

1946

The basic design of the Farnsworth

House is fixed

1977
Dr Farnsworth dies at the age of
74 in Italy, where she has lived for
some years

3 March 1886
Born in Aachen, Germany

1937-8
Emigrates to the USA

1904

1938-59

Moves to Berlin

Director of Architecture at the Armour

Institute of Technology in Chicago
(later to become the Illinois Institute
of Technology)

1905-7
Holds series of positions in private
architectural practice in Berlin

1908-11
Works in Berlin studio of Peter
Behrens

1996
1949
Dr Farnsworth receives an
inheritance which enables
construction to begin

The Fox River rises 1.5m above

internal floor level, breaking the glass
walls and causing severe internal
damage. Lord Palumbo employs Dirh
Lohan to renovate the house

1951

The house is completed

1997

1951

The Fox river rises 0.3 m above

internal floor level, causing minor
damage

Mies sues Dr Farnsworth for un-

paid fees. Dr Farnsworth counter-sues, alleging a cost over-run and

design faults

1946-51
1911-14
In private architectural practice
in Berlin
1914-18
Military service
1919-37
In private architectural practice
in Berlin

1997

1921

Lord Palumbo opens the restored

house to the public

Co-founder of G (Gestaltung
magazine) in Berlin

1953

The lawsuit is settled in Mies's favour

1953

An article titled The Threat to the

Next America, an attack on the
Farnsworth House and on Mies van
der Rohe, is published in the
American magazine House Beautiful
1954

The Fox River rises 1.2m above

internal floor level, damaging finishes
and furnishings

1921-5
Director of Architectural Exhibits,
November Group, Berlin
1925

Founder, ZehnerRing, Berlin

1926-32
First vice-president, Deutscher
Werkbund, Berlin

1927
Director of the Weissenhofsiedlung,
Stuttgart

1967
Kendall County compulsorily
purchases part of Dr Farnsworth's
property, widens and raises the road
along the western boundary of the
site, and moves the road closer to
the house

1930-2
Director of the Bauhaus at Dessau
1931

Director of the Werkbund section

The Dwelling at the Berlin Building
Exhibition

1968
Dr Farnsworth advertises the house
for sale

1938-69
In private architectural practice
in Chicago

1932-3
Director of the Bauhaus in Berlin

1968

1933

Mies van der Rohe dies

The Bauhaus closes

Designs and oversees construction

of the Farnsworth House
17 August 1969
Dies in Chicago