INTERNSHIP REPORT

ON
PAKISTAN TELECOMMUNICATION
COMPANY LIMITED

SUBMITTED TO:
The HR Department, Business South,
PTCL, Clifton Exchange

Internship Report at PTCL

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to acknowledge the Internship organizing staff
that helped me attain the internship in the first place.
Furthermore, the team as well as all the Field Engineers
that I had the opportunity of working with; all played a
huge part in helping me grab a grip on the core concepts of
the drive testing of sites..

Internship Report at PTCL

INTRODUCTION TO PTCL
Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) is the largest
telecommunication company in Pakistan. This company provides telephony services to
the nation and still holds the status of backbone for country's telecommunication
infrastructure despite arrival of a dozen other telecoms including telecom giants like
Telenor and China Mobile . The company consists of around 2000 telephone exchanges
across country providing largest fixed line network. GSM, CDMA and Internet are other
resources of PTCL,making it a gigantic organization. The Government of Pakistan sold
26%shares and control of the company to Etisalat in 2006. The Government of Pakistan
retained 62% of the shares while the remaining 12% are held by the general public.
PTCL is also part of the consortium of three major Submarine communication cable
networks: SEA-ME-WE 3, SEA-ME-WE 4 and I-ME-WE. In addition to wireless line
operations, PTCL also provides fixed line service through its country wide CDMA based
WLL (Wireless Local Loop) network, under the Vfone brand name. In the cellular
segment, the second largest cellular provider in Pakistan, Ufone , is also a wholly owned
subsidiary of PTCL.
It hopes to be the leading Information and Communication Technology Service Provider
in the region by achieving customer satisfaction and maximizing shareholders' value.
The company has over 15.5 million mobile subscribers under the name Ufone and more
than 4.8 million fixed line customers. PTCL also continues to be the largest CDMA
operator in the country P with approximately 1.25million V-fone customers. PTCL also
offers mobile services under the Ufone brand to millions of customers across Pakistan.
PTCL has the potential to bean instrumental agent in Pakistans economic growth, having
laid Optical Fibre Access Network technologies in major metropolitan centers of Pakistan
PTCL is also modernizing
local loop services from copper to an optical network. PTCL is expanding its
international capacity to meet the increasing demand of international traffic by acquiring
supplementary capacity on the two SEA-ME-WE intercontinental cabling routes.
Huawei is a leading telecom solutions provider. Through continuous customer-centric
innovation, we have established end-to-end advantages in Telecom Network
Infrastructure, Application & Software, Professional Services and Devices. With
comprehensive strengths in wire line, wireless and IP technologies, Huawei has gained a
leading position in the All-IP convergence age. Their products and solutions have been
deployed in over100 countries and have served 45 of the world's top 50 telecom
operators, as well as one third of the world's population.
Also, they have established 17 R&D centers around the world such as in the Silicon
Valley and Dallas of the United States, Stockholm in Sweden, Moscow in Russia and
Bangalore in India to ensure global R&D with outstanding people.
In addition, we have 36 training centers worldwide to help out customers and local
people to study advanced management, technologies and so on.
Internship Report at PTCL

SWITCHING REGION
In early ages of telecommunication. When two users wants to talk with each other use
point to point communication. In point to point communication one end of the copper
wire is connected to the called user and other end of the wire is directly connected to the
calling user. Point to point communication only gives the benefit of no time delay.

The advantages of this technique are less as compare to the disadvantages. Following are
the demerits of point-to-point communication.

This method is so costly.

More complex to maintenance.

As the no of user increase no of link will also increase 700 times.

As the no of user increase the complication will also increase so the engineers give an
idea to replace the point to point communication in to switching technique to
accommodate more user in low cost.
As the no of user increase the complication will also increase so the engineers give an
idea to replace the point to point communication in to switching technique to
accommodate more user in low cost.
SWITCHING:
is temporary path give to the calling user to communicate with called person. After
introducing the switching system they doing only addition of switching office or
exchange at starting and ending of point to point communication. In exchange using
automatic cross bar switching system. Cross bar doing work by electrical pulses. Its give
the advantage of accommodate large no of users easily. But the problem of
troubleshooting will also increase. This system required a lot of space. In cross bar
system call first come to the user A exchange then transfer to the exchange B and
exchange B further transfer to the desired person (user B).

Internship Report at PTCL

But the problem again facing by the engineers the limited users. And problem of
troubleshooting and also noise and poor quality speech. So the whole network is divided
in to multiple sections. Introducing the new sections (MDF, CABINET, D.P) from
switching room to home user.

The section from MDF to CABINET is called primary section and the section from
CABINET output to D.P output is known as secondary. In this system using copper
wiring from switching room to home user. Now a days using fiber optics in primary
section and replace MDF by ONU.

Optical network unit (ONU):

An ONU closure is a mechanical compartment that houses the ONU equipment. The
outer closure faces the outside environment and provides physical, mechanical, and
environmental protection for cable (fiber and copper) components or equipment housed
within it.
An ONU system consists of a closure that is a metallic or non-metallic enclosure that
provides physical and environmental protection for the active electronic, optoelectronics,
and passive optical components it houses. It terminates optical fibers from the ODN and
processes the signals to and from the Customer Premises Equipment (CPE). It is the NE
that provides the tariff telecommunications as well as video service interfaces for
multiple residential and small business customers.
Services on the customer side of the ONU are communicated over metallic twisted pairs
and coaxial cable drops (in the future, possibly fiber cable or wireless) to a Network
Interface (NI) where they are handed off to the customers network (usually, inside
wiring).
Internship Report at PTCL

Depending on the deployment strategy, the ONU closure may provide one or more of the
following additional features:
Access to the fiber distribution cable
Management of slack fiber and fiber splices
Access to the Telephone Support Cable (TSC) for the purpose of powering the ONU
Prevention of unauthorized entry.
Primary power for ONUs is derived from either an external DC or an external AC power
source. Back-up power for ONUs can either be derived from an external power source or
be internal to the ONU closure and be provided by the FITL system supplier. Primary
power and external back-up power can be delivered to ONUs over either copper twisted
pairs or coaxial cable facilities. These cable facilities are commonly referred to as the
TSC.
Deployment of an ONU system requires access to the fiber distribution cable, TSC, and
metallic customer drop wires. When access to these cables is provided internal to the
ONU closure (i.e., by looping each cable through the closure), it is necessary that the
ONU closure also provide splicing and storage facilities for each of these cables.

Switching Technology:
There are 4 different kinds of switching technologies currently operational in PTCL
network.

Alcatel
Siemens

Hawaii

ZTE

TRANSMISSION REGION:
I was supposed to get training in six divisions named as:

International transmission and maintenance (ITMC)

Internship Report at PTCL

SMW-3 (South East Asia Middle East West Europe)

SMW-4 (South East Asia Middle East West Europe)

New cable and network support (NC & NS)

Multimedia and Broad Band (MM & BB)

Optical Fiber System

ITMC
(International transmission and maintenance)
The main task of ITMC is to provide cooperation between local media and international
media. It establishes connectivity between the local haul or back haul and the forward
haul or international media. This connectivity consists of voice and data. The
transmission of voice and data is accomplished by using different techniques. The signals
to be transmitted need to be undergone techniques like sampling, quantization, encoding
and transmission. To increase the capacity of the transmission media techniques like
multiplexing, modulation are also used.

SMW-3

SWM-3 connects 35 countries to Pakistan by means of optical fiber.

STM-64 is 1 i.e. 55 nanometer.

IPLC (LEASE CUSTOMER): Uses their own bus a single telephone line
dedicated to themselves.

PFE (Power Feeding Equipment): Power cable travels along the optical fiber
cable to provide power to regenerators and repeaters in the sea.

DCN (DATA Communications Network): consists of routers, which define the

wavelength (). Mumbai is connected to fiber pair1 ( 4= )and Fujairah is
connected to (6=). Router recognizes which cable is of Mumbai and which is of
Fujairah. Cable from DCN connects to SLTE (Submarine Line Terminating
Equipment). Each country has its own SLTE.

Internship Report at PTCL

ROUTERS
Amplifier)

TRIBUTRY

COMMON

TWMA (Trans Wavelength Multiplex

TWMA (Trans Wavelength Multiplex Amplifier) is used to amplify the signals

while transmitting
RWDA (Receive Wavelength Differential Amplifier) amplify the signals while
receiving.

Data rate in tributaries is STM-64.

FEC encoder (Forward Error Correction): Encodes the data in tributary to enable
error correction.

Western side is connected by Djibouti at (4= )and (6=).

1 =STM-64 = 10gbps.

De multiplexing occurs while receiving. STM-64 STM-16 STM-4 E1

STM-4 to STM-64 = Higher Order.

E1 to STM-1 = Lower Order.

SMW 4

2 Power Feeding Equipments installed.

o 1 for SMW-3.
o 1 for SMW-4.

Connects Pakistan to 17 different countries.

Process same as SMW-3.

Marine cables come and connect to DCN (Data Communication Network).

From DCN cables are connected to SLTE.

SLTE transfers the cables to ADM.

o STM-64 gets de multiplexed to STM-16, STM-4, and STM-1.
Internship Report at PTCL

Then the cables are fed to ODF.

o This distributes the connection locally.

We have rectifiers to prevent damage.

SMW-4 connects Pakistan to 17 countries. Few examples are:
East

West

Malaysia

SA

Singapore

UAE

India

Alexandria

WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing):

Different SDH come and connect to WDM.

Based on the frequency WDM allots channels to different signals.

Segment
grouping of signals (countries are divided into segments) so that a
problem occurs it can be rectified easily.

Last station Marseille (France)

Installing new project IMWE (Indian Middle East Western Europe)

Multimedia and Broad Band (MM&BB)

Broadband:
The word broadband is used for the minimum bandwidth which can support the
transmission of multimedia services.
Broadband access:
Broadband access is the high speed connection between the end user and internet through
certain kind of network.

Broadband Access Technologies

XDSL
Internship Report at PTCL

HSDLHigh speed digital subscriber

SDSLsymmetric DSL
ADSL.Asymmetric DSL
VDSLVery high bit rate DSL
EDSLEthernet DSL
ISDL..ISDN DSL
UDSL.Ultra high DSL
HFCHybrid fiber coaxial
Home PNA..Home phone line
Ethernet
Wireless Broadband
LMDSlocal multipoint Distribution
DBSDirect Broad service
Microwave Radio Access GPRS..General packet Radio service
Optical access network
PLC.Power line cable
SDHsynchronous digital hierarchy
Frame relay.
These are some broadband access technologies, which are used to access internet and
other broadband services.
DSL Principles:
SHDSL
It is Single pair high bit rate DSL, one pair, symmetric transmission, Variable data rates
Generally the variable data rate is 192 Kbps..2.312Kbps
Internship Report at PTCL

The range is valid up to a range of 5 Km.

VDSL
VDSL is very high data rate DSl, one wire pair, variable Data rates, Valid up to 5 Km.
The data rate is up to 13mbps to 52Mbps.
ADSL
One wire pair, Asymmetric transmission, data rates from 64 Kbps to 1.5 Mbps, covering
a distance of 5 Km.

Optical fiber system (OFS):

Optical fiber system consist a network of optical fibers which are used for the
transmission of optical signals.
Initially all the signals are analog signal, which cant be transmitted to long distance
because they undergo transmission impairments and path losses. To minimize such
problems optical fibers have been
designed because in which signals are although analog but they undergo a very low line
problems.
Usually in transmission of signal at a certain distance repeaters are used which regenerate
the signal again; in case of optical fibers these repeaters are installed at a large distance
usually 25 km.
Because of there light weight optical fibers are very easy to install even under water. Use
of Optical fibers has increased the capacity of data transmission through a media. It is
said that the bandwidth of a single optical fiber can be increased to infinity by using
modern multiplexing techniques.
A single optical fiber can support a data of 10 GB. This is used commonly in long
distance transmission.
STRUCTURE OF OPTICAL FIBER
Optical fiber generally consists of three parts
Internship Report at PTCL

Core
Cladding

Jacket

CORE: Core is the inner most section and consists of one or more strands, made up of
glass or plastic, the core has a diameter of 50 micrometer.
CLADDING:A glass or plastic coating having optical properties different from those of
the core, and has diameter of 125 micrometer. The interface between core and cladding
act as a reflector to confine light that would otherwise escape the fiber.
JACKET: The jacket is composed of plastic and other materials layered to protect
against moisture, abrasion, crushing and other environmental dangers.

MODES OF TRANSMISSION:
The transmission of light signals through an optical fiber is accomplished by using
different transmission modes like Single mode, graded index Multimode, step index
mode.
SINGLE MODE
In single mode, the light rays travel in a straight line. Some Spacing is kept between the
rays to avoid interference. This mode is used for large distance communication
GRADED INDEX MULTIMODE
This mode of transmission is done by varying the index of refraction of the core.
Refractive index is higher at centre whereas it decreases towards the corners.This
transmission mode is used for shorter distances.
STEP INDEX MULTIMODE:
Rays at shallow angle are reflected and propagated through along the fiber other rays are
absorbed by the surrounding material. With this mode multi paths exist due to which
signals undergo dispersion and data cant be accurately achieved.

Internship Report at PTCL

WLL REGION
The WLL department deals with the installation of the CDMA2000 system .The
engineers here are asked to make feasibility reports of various sites. The installation of
the hardware then ensues when the feasibility of the system is suitable in the region. The
engineers in this department have the job of contacting the contractors who then survey
the area and try to make a minimum financial estimate for the installation of the
hardware. This is primarily why this department is chosen for fresh internees, so that they
can grasp a good idea about the workings and ins & outs of the CDMA2000system.

Internship Report at PTCL

Some terms that I had to acquaint to during my internship with PTCL are listed below:

WLL:
Is an abbreviation for a Wireless Local Loop. It is a term for the use of a wireless
communications link as the "last mile / first mile" connection for delivering plain old
telephone service (POTS) and/or broadband Internet to telecommunications customers.
Various types of WLL systems and technologies exist. During my internship at PTCL, I
had to work with Broadband Wireless Access (BWA). Other terms for this type of access
include Radio In The Loop (RITL), Fixed-Radio Access (FRA) and Fixed Wireless
Access (FWA).

Internship Report at PTCL

CDMA2000:
It is also known as IMT Multi-Carrier (IMT-MC)) is a family of 3Gmobile technology
standards, which use CDMA channel access, to send voice, data, and signaling data
between mobile phones and cell sites. The set of standards includes: CDMA2000 1X,
CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. 0, CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. A, and CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev.
B. All are approved radio interfaces for the ITU's IMT-2000. CDMA2000 has a relatively
long technical history and is backward compatible with its previous 2G iteration IS-95
(CDMA One). In the United States, CDMA2000 is a registered trademark of the
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA-USA). The successor toCDMA2000 is
LTE, part of the competing 3GPP family.

Base transceiver station

A base transceiver station (BTS) or cell site is a piece of equipment that facilitates
wireless communication between user equipment (UE) and a network. UEs are devices
like mobile phones (handsets), WLL phones, computers with wireless Internet
connectivity, WiFi and WiMAX gadgets etc. The network can be that of any of the
wireless communication technologies like GSM, CDMA, WLL, WAN, WiFi, WiMAX
etc. BTS is also referred to as the radio base station (RBS), node B (in 3G Networks) or,
simply, the base station (BS). For discussion of the LTE standard the abbreviation eNB
for evolved node B is widely used.

Internship Report at PTCL

Though the term BTS can be applicable to any of the wireless communication standards,
it is generally and commonly associated with mobile communication technologies like
GSM and CDMA, In this regard, a BTS forms part of the base station subsystem (BSS)
developments for system management. It may also have equipment for encrypting and
decrypting communications, spectrum filtering tools (band pass filters) etc. antennas may
also be considered as
Components of BTS in general sense as they facilitate the functioning of BTS. Typically
a BTS will have several transceivers (TRXs), which allow it to serve several different
frequencies and different sectors of the cell (in the case of sectorised base stations). A
BTS is controlled by a parent base station controller via the base station control function
(BCF). The BCF is implemented as a discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX in
compact base stations. The BCF provides an operations and maintenance (O&M)
connection to the network management system (NMS), and manages operational states of
each TRX, as well as software handling and alarm collection. The basic structure and
functions of the BTS remains the same regardless of the wireless technologies.
A BTS in general has the following parts:

Transceiver (TRX):
Quite widely referred to as the driver receiver (DRX). DRX are either in the form of
single (sTRU), double (dTRU) or a composite Double Radio Unit (DRU). It basically
does transmission and reception of signals. Also does sending and reception of signals
to/from higher network entities (like the base station controller in mobile telephony).

Power amplifier (PA):

Amplifies the signal from DRX for transmission through antenna; may be integrated with
DRX.
Internship Report at PTCL

Combiner:
Combines feeds from several DRXs so that they could be sent out through a single
antenna. Allows for a reduction in the number of antenna used.

Duplexer
For separating sending and receiving signals to/from antenna. Does sending and receiving
signals through the same antenna ports (cables to antenna).

Antenna:
This is the structure that lays underneath the BTS; it can be installed as it is or disguised
in some way (Concealed cell sites).

Alarm extension system:

Collects working status alarms of various units in the BTS and extends them to
operations and maintenance (O&M) monitoring stations.

Control function:
Control and manages the various units of BTS including any software. On-the-spot
configurations, status changes, software upgrades, etc. are done through the control
function.
Internship Report at PTCL

Baseband receiver unit (BBxx):

Frequency hopping, signal DSP, etc.

Open BTS:
OpenBTS (Open Base Transceiver Station) is a software-based GSM access point,
allowing standard GSM-compatible mobile phones to make telephone calls without using
existing telecommunication providers' networks. OpenBTS is notable for being the first
free software implementation of the industry-standard GSM protocol stack. It is written
in C++ and released as free software under the terms of version 3 of the GNU Affero
General Public License (AGPL)

Base station subsystem:

The base station subsystem (BSS) is the section of a traditional cellular telephone
network, which is responsible for handling traffic and signaling between a mobile phone
and the network switching subsystem. The BSS carries out transcoding of speech
channels, allocation of radio channels to mobile phones, paging, transmission and
reception over the air interface and many other tasks related to the radio network.

LTE: LTE Advanced

It is a preliminary mobile communication standard, formally submitted as candidate 4G
systems to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and expected to be finalized in 2011. It is standardized
by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as a major enhancement of the pre-4G
3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard.

Internship Report at PTCL

BASE STATION CONTROLLER:

The base station controller (BSC) provides, classically, the intelligence behind the BTSs.
Typically a BSC has tens or even hundreds of BTSs under its control. The BSC handles
allocation of radio channels, receives measurements from the mobile phones, and
controls handovers from BTS to BTS (except in the case of an inter-BSC handover in
which case control is in part the responsibility of the ancho MSC). A key function of the
BSC is to act as a concentrator where many different low capacity connections to BTSs
(with relatively low utilization) become reduced to a smaller number of connections
towards the mobile switching center (MSC) (with a high level of utilizations). Overall,
this means that networks are often structured to have many BSCs distributed into regions
near their BTSs which are then connected to large centralized MSC sites. The BSC is
undoubtedly the most robust element in the BSS as it is not only a BTS controller but, for
some vendors, a full switching center, as well as an SS7 node with connections to the
MSC and serving GPRS support node (SGSN) (when using GPRS). It also provides all
the required data to the operation support subsystem (OSS) as well as to the performance
measuring centers.

A BSC is often based on a distributed computing architecture, with redundancy applied to

critical functional units to ensure availability in the event of fault conditions. Redundancy
often extends beyond the BSC equipment itself and is commonly used in the power
supplies and in the transmission equipment providing the A-ter interface to PCU.

Internship Report at PTCL

The databases for all the sites, including information such as carrier frequencies,
frequency hopping lists, power reduction levels, receiving levels for cell border
calculation, are stored in the BSC. This data is obtained directly from radio planning
engineering which involves modelling of the signal propagation as well as traffic
projections.

Internship Report at PTCL

A Summary of what I learnt at my Internship

The main purpose of the Internship was to acquaint myself with the
Technical aspects of various CDMA modulation techniques and to gain
familiarization with its related machinery. The initial weeks at the
internship were full of curriculum studying ..During the last few weeks of
my Internship, I got the chance to visit various sites where I helped them
install and perform different tests on BTS units .Apart from just going to
the fields to gain hands on experience of unit installation, the engineers
explained the architecture of the BTS units and how the various hardware
devices are connected together. Add to that, the descriptions of how the
system employs itself in case of power failure and emergencies which were
very useful for learning.

Internship Report at PTCL