Image Encryption and Decryption Using Aes Algorithm

International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND

6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 23-29 IAEME
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJECET)
ISSN 0976 6464(Print)

ISSN 0976 6472(Online)
Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 23-29
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IJECET
IAEME
IMAGE ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION USING AES

ALGORITHM
Roshni Padate1,
1
Aamna Patel2
Computer Engineering Department, Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues College of Engineering,

Fr. Agnel Ashram, Bandstand, Bandra(West), Mumbai-400050, India
2
Electronics Department, Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues College of Engineering,

Fr. Agnel Ashram, Bandstand, Bandra(West), Mumbai-400050, India,
ABSTRACT
Data Security is primary concern for every communication system. The relentless growth of
Internet and communication technologies has made the extensive use of images unavoidable. There
are many ways to provide security to data that is being communicated. This Paper describes a design
of effective security for communication by AES algorithm for encryption and decryption. It is based
on AES Key Expansion in which the encryption process is a bit wise exclusive or operation of a set
of image pixels along with the a 128 bit key which changes for every set of pixels. The National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has initiated a process to develop a Federal
information Processing Standard (FIPS) for the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), specifying an
Advanced Encryption Algorithm to replace the Data Encryption standard (DES) the Expired in 1998.
The Advanced Encryption Standard can be programmed in software or built with pure hardware.
Keywords: AES, Block Cipher, Cryptography, DES, NIST
1. INTRODUCTION
In the past few years the security and integrity of data is the main concern. In the present
scenario almost all the data is transferred over computer networks due to which it is vulnerable to
various kinds of attacks. To make the data secure from various attacks and for the integrity of data
we must encrypt the data before it is transmitted or stored.
Cryptography is a method of storing and transmitting data in a form that only those it is
intended for can read and process. It is a science of protecting information by encoding it into an
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unreadable format. It is an effective way of protecting sensitive information as it is stored on media

or transmitted through network communication paths.
Purpose of cryptography:
1.1 Authentication
The process of proving one's identity. It is another part of data security that we encounter
with everyday computer usage. Just think when you log into your email, or blog account. The simple
sign-in process is a form of authentication that allows you to log into applications, files, folders and
even an entire computer system. Once logged in, you have various given privileges until logging out.
Some system will cancel a session if your machine has been idle for a certain amount of time,
requiring that you prove authentication once again to re-enter.
The simple sign-on scheme is also implemented into strong user authentication systems.
However, it requires individuals to login using multiple factors of authentication. Non-repudiation:
In this, the receiver should know whether the sender is not faking.
For example, if suppose when one purchases something online, one should be sure that the person
whom one pays is not faking.
1.2 Integrity
Many a times data needs to be updated but this can only be done by authenticated people.
1.3 Privacy/confidentiality
Ensuring that no one can read the message except the intended receiver. Encryption is the
process of obscuring information to make it unreadable without special knowledge. Encryption has
been used to protect communications for centuries, but only organizations and individuals with an
extraordinary need for secrecy had made use of it. In the mid-1970s, strong encryption emerged from
the sole preserve of secretive government agencies into the public domain, and is now used in
protecting widely-used systems, such as Internet e-commerce, mobile telephone networks and bank
automatic teller machines.
2. AES ALGORITHM
In January, 1997 NIST began its effort to develop the AES, a symmetric key encryption
algorithm, and made a worldwide public call for the algorithm to succeed DES. Initially 15
algorithms were selected, which was then reduced down to 4 algorithms, RC6, Rijndael, Serpent and
Two-fish, all of which were iterated block ciphers. The four finalists were all determined to be
qualified as the AES. The algorithm had to be suitable across a wide range of hardware and software
systems. The algorithm had to be relatively simple as well. After extensive review the Rijndael
algorithm was chosen to be the AES algorithm.
Factors
Key Length
Block Size
Cipher Text
Developed
Security
Possible Keys
Difference between AES and DES

DES
AES
56 bits
128, 192, 256 bits
64 bits
128, 192, 256 bits
Symmetric block cipher
Symmetric block cipher
1977
2000
Proven inadequate
Considered secure
256
2128, 2192, 2256
24
2.1 The Rijndael Algorithm

For Rijndael, the length of both the block to be encrypted and the encryption key are not
fixed. They can be independently specified to 128, 192 or 256 bits. The number of rounds, however,
varies according to the key length. It can be equal to 10, 12 and 14 when the key length is 128bits,
192 bits and 256 bits, respectively. The basic components of Rijndael are simple mathematical,
logical, and table lookup operations. The latter is actually a composite function of an inversion over
Galois Field (GF) with an affine mapping. Such structure makes Rijndael suitable for hardware
implementation.
3. IMPLEMENTATION
The algorithm is based on AES Key Expansion technique.
AES Key Expansion technique in detail.
3.1 AES Key Expansion
Pseudo code for AES Key Expansion: The key-expansion routine creates round keys word by
word, where a word is an array of four bytes. The routine creates 4x(Nr+1) words. Where Nr is the
number of rounds.
The process is as follows

The first four words are made from the cipher key (initial key). The key is considered as an
array of 16 bytes (k0 to k15). The first four bytes (k0 to k3) become w0, the four bytes (k4 to k7)
become w1, and so on.

The rest of the words (wi for i=4 to 43) are made as follows
If (i mod 4) != 0, wi=wi-1 xor wi-4.
If (i mod 4) = 0, wi=t xor wi-4. Here t is a temporary word result of applying SubByte
transformation and rotate word on wi-1 and XORing the result with a round constant.
3.2 Modifications in AES Key Expansion
Certain changes made in the above key expansion process improves the encryption quality,
and also increases the avalanche effect. The changes are
a) The Rcon value is not constant instead it is being formed from the initial key itself, this
improves the avalanche effect.
b) Both the s-box and Inverse s-box are used for the Key Expansion process which improves nonlinearity in the expanded key and also improves the encryption quality.
c) We do not use the S-box and Inverse S-box as such for this algorithm; instead we perform
some circular shift on the boxes based on the initial key this improves the key sensitivity.
The above changes in the algorithm can be represented as
1) Formation of Rcon values
Rcon [0]=key[12:15]; Rcon [1]=key[4:7];
Rcon [2]=key[0:3]; Rcon [3]=key[8:11];
2) Using Inverse S-Box for key expansion
The temp value used in the algorithm is formed as
temp = SubWord(RotWord(temp)) XOR InvSubWord(Rcon[i/4]);
Where InvSubWord: InverseSubByte transformation table value
25
3) Shifting of S-box and Inverse S-box

Sbox_offset = sum(key[0:15])mod256;
Inv_Sbox_offset = (sum(key[0:15])*mean(key[0:15]))mod256;
The initial key is represented as blocks key[0],key[1],..,key[15]. Where each block is 8bits long
(8*16=128 bits).
3.3 Steps Involved
3.3.1 Key Selection
The sender and receiver agree upon a 128 bit key. This key is used for encryption and
decryption of images. It is a symmetric key encryption technique, so they must share this key in a
secure manner. The key is represented as blocks k[0],k[1]...k[15]. Where each block is 8bits long
(8*16=128 bits).
3.3.2 Generation of Multiple keys
The sender and receiver can now independently generate the keys required for the process
using the above explained Modified AES Key Expansion technique. This is a one time process; these
expanded keys can be used for future communications any number of times till they change their
initial key value.
3.3.3 Encryption
Encryption is done in spans, where we process 16 pixels in each span. For both its Cipher and
Inverse Cipher, the AES algorithm uses a round function that is composed of four different byteoriented transformations: SubBytes, ShiftRows, MixColumns and AddRoundKey.
3.3.4 Decryption
The decryption process is similar as encryption, but we use Inverse SubByte Transformation.
The whole AES structure is sketched in Fig 1.
Fig 1: Structure of AES Algorithm

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4. RESULTS
4.1 Encryption and Decryption
Fig 2: Encryption and Decryption Output

4.2 If key for encryption and decryption is different than the original image is not retrieved.
Fig 3: Encryption and Decryption with different keys
27
4.3 Time required for encryption
Fig 4: Encryption time
5. CONCLUSION
Image is encrypted and decrypted using AES Algorithm. The proposed algorithm offers high
encryption quality. Even AES-128
128 offers a sufficiently large number of possible keys, making an
exhaustive search impractical for many decades
Encryption and decryption
decryption of image is possible using AES Algorithm. Time required for
encryption by AES Algorithm is less than the time required by DES Algorithm. Due to these features
the algorithm is suitable for image encryption in real time applications.
6. REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
P.Karthigaikumar,
higaikumar, Soumiya Rasheed, Simulation of Image Encryption using AES Algorithm,
Algorithm
IJCA Special Issue on Computational Science - New Dimensions & Perspectives NCCSE,
2011, 166-172.
Shraddha Soni, Himani Agrawal,
Agrawa Dr. (Mrs.) Monisha Sharma, Analysis and Comparison
between AES and DES Cryptographic Algorithm,
Algorithm International Journal of Engineering and
Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume
Volum 2, Issue 6, December 2012, 362-365
362
The First 10 Years of Advanced Encryption,
Encryption Copublished by the IEEE Computer and
Reliability
ility Societies, 2010 IEEE, 72-74.
Irfan AbdulGani Landge, Implementation of AES Encryption
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VHDL
International J. of Engg. Research & Indu. Appls. (IJERIA). ISSN 0974-1518,
0974
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What is the purpose of cryptography?

What is the purpose of cryptography?

What are the main goals of cryptography?

What are the main goals of cryptography?

International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJECET)

ISSN 0976 6464(Print)

IMAGE ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION USING AES

Computer Engineering Department, Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues College of Engineering,

Electronics Department, Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues College of Engineering,

unreadable format. It is an effective way of protecting sensitive information as it is stored on media

Difference between AES and DES

2.1 The Rijndael Algorithm

3) Shifting of S-box and Inverse S-box

Fig 1: Structure of AES Algorithm

Fig 2: Encryption and Decryption Output

Fig 3: Encryption and Decryption with different keys

4.3 Time required for encryption

Fig 4: Encryption time

B.Subramanyan, Vivek.M.Chhabria, T.G.Sankar babu, Image Encryption Based on AES Key

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