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RuyLopez
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheRuyLopez(Spanishpronunciation:[rwilope/
lopes]),alsocalledtheSpanishOpeningorSpanish
Game,isachessopeningcharacterisedbythemoves:

RuyLopez
a

1.e4e5

2.Nf3Nc6

3.Bb5

TheRuyLopezisnamedafter16thcenturySpanish
priestRuyLpezdeSegura.Itisoneofthemostpopular
openings,withsuchavastnumberofvariationsthatin
theEncyclopaediaofChessOpenings(ECO)allcodes
fromC60toC99areassignedtothem.

Moves

1.e4e52.Nf3Nc63.Bb5

ECO

C60C99

Origin

Gttingenmanuscript,1490

Named
after

RuyLpezdeSegura,Librodel
Ajedrez,1561

Parent

OpenGame

Synonym(s) SpanishOpening
SpanishGame
SpanishTorture[colloquial]

Contents
1History
2Basics
3MorphyDefence:3...a6
3.1MorphyDefence:alternativestoClosedDefence
3.1.1ExchangeVariation:4.Bxc6
3.1.2NorwegianDefence:4.Ba4b55.Bb3Na5
3.1.3Variationscombining3...a6and...Bc5
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3.1.4SteinitzDefenceDeferred:4.Ba4d6
3.1.5SchliemannDefenceDeferred:4.Ba4f5
3.1.6ArkhangelskDefence:4.Ba4Nf65.00b56.Bb3Bb7
3.1.7RussianDefence:4.Ba4Nf65.00d6
3.1.8OpenDefence:4.Ba4Nf65.00Nxe4
3.2ClosedDefence4.Ba4Nf65.00Be7:alternativestoMainline
3.2.1DelayedExchangeVariationDeferred:6.Bxc6
3.2.2CentreAttack:6.d4
3.2.3WorrallAttack:6.Qe2
3.2.4AverbakhVariation:6.Re1d6
3.2.5TrajkoviVariation:6.Re1b57.Bb3Bb7
3.2.67...00
3.2.6.1MarshallAttack:7...008.c3d5
3.3Mainline:4.Ba4Nf65.00Be76.Re1b57.Bb3d68.c300
3.3.1PilnikVariation:9.d3
3.3.2YatesVariationandBogoljubowVariation:9.d4
3.3.3ChigorinVariation:9.h3Na5
3.3.4BreyerVariation:9.h3Nb8
3.3.5ZaitsevVariation:9.h3Bb7
3.3.6KarpovVariation:9.h3Nd7
3.3.7KholmovVariation:9.h3Be6
3.3.8SmyslovVariation:9.h3h6
3.3.9SmyslovVariation:9.h3Qd7
4Blackdefencesotherthan3...a6
4.1CozioDefence:3...Nge7
4.2SmyslovDefence:3...g6
4.3Bird'sDefence:3...Nd4
4.4SteinitzDefence:3...d6
4.5SchliemannDefence:3...f5
4.6ClassicalDefence:3...Bc5
4.7BerlinDefence:3...Nf6
4.8Other
5Seealso
6References
7Furtherreading
8Externallinks
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History
Theopeningisnamedafterthe16thcenturySpanishpriestRuyLpezdeSegura,whomadeasystematic
studyofthisandotheropeningsinthe150pagebookonchessLibrodelAjedrezwrittenin1561.Although
itbearshisname,thisparticularopeningwasincludedintheGttingenmanuscript,whichdatesfromc.
1490.PopularuseoftheRuyLopezopeningdidnotdevelop,however,untilthemid19thcenturywhen
CarlJaenisch,aRussiantheoretician,"rediscovered"itspotential.Theopeningremainsthemostcommonly
usedamongsttheopengamesinmasterplayithasbeenadoptedbyalmostallplayersduringtheircareers,
manyofwhomhaveplayeditwithbothcolours.DuetothedifficultyforBlacktoachieveequality,[1]and
thefactthatLopezwasapriestduringtheInquisition,acommonnicknamefortheopeningis"TheSpanish
Torture".
InaChessNotesfeaturearticle,EdwardWinterprovidedacollectionofhistoricalanalyticalarticles
(1840s1930s)focusedontheBerlinDefence.[2]

Basics
Atthemostbasiclevel,White'sthirdmoveattackstheknightwhichdefendsthee5pawnfromtheattack
bythef3knight.White'sapparentthreattowinBlack'sepawnwith4.Bxc6dxc65.Nxe5isillusoryBlack
canrespondwith5...Qd4,forkingtheknightande4pawn,or5...Qg5,forkingtheknightandg2pawn,both
ofwhichwinbackthematerialwithagoodposition.White's3.Bb5isstillagoodmoveitdevelopsapiece,
preparescastling,andsetsupapotentialpinagainstBlack'sking.However,sinceWhite'sthirdmove
carriesnoimmediatethreat,Blackcanrespondinawidevarietyofways.
Traditionally,White'sobjectiveinplayingtheRuyLopezistospoilBlack'spawnstructureeitherway
Blackrecapturesfollowingtheexchangeonc6willhavenegativefeaturesforhim,thoughhetherebygains
thebishoppair.[3]Whitedoesnotalwaysexchangebishopforknightonc6,however,butusuallyinthe
variousformsoftheExchangeVariation(ECOC68C69).
ThetheoryoftheRuyLopezisthemostextensivelydevelopedofallopengames,withsomelineshaving
beenanalysedwellbeyondmovethirty.Atnearlyeverymovetherearemanyreasonablealternatives,and
mosthavebeendeeplyexplored.Itisconvenienttodividethepossibilitiesintotwogroupsbasedon
whetherornotBlackrespondswith(3...a6),whichisnamedtheMorphyDefenceafterPaulMorphy,
althoughhewasnottheoriginatoroftheline.[4]ThevariationswithBlackmovesotherthan3...a6areolder
andgenerallysimpler,buttheMorphyDefencelinesaremorecommonlyplayed.

MorphyDefence:3...a6
ByfarthemostcommonlyplayedBlackthirdmoveistheMorphyDefence,3...a6,which"putsthe
question"tothewhitebishop.Themainpointto3...a6isthatafterthecommonretreat4.Ba4,Blackwill
havethepossibilityofbreakingtheeventualpinonhisqueen'sknightbyplaying...b5.Whitemusttake
somecarenottofallintotheNoah'sArkTrap,inwhichBlacktrapsWhite'skingbishopontheb3square
witha...a6,...b5,and...c4pawnadvanceonthequeenside.ErcoledelRio,inhis1750treatiseSoprail
giuocodegliScacchi,Osservazionipratichedell'anonimoModenese(OnthegameofChess,practical
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ObservationsbyananonymousModenese),wasthefirstauthorto
mention3...a6.[5]However,themovebecamepopularafteritwas
playedbyPaulMorphy,anditisnamedforhim.Steinitzdidnot
approveofthemovein1889,hewrote,"onprinciplethisoughttobe
disadvantageousasitdrivesthebishopwhereitwantstogo".
Steinitz'opiniondidnotprevail,howevertoday,3...a6isplayedin
over75percentofallgamesbeginningwiththeRuyLopez.

MorphyDefence:alternativestoClosedDefence
After3...a6,themostcommonlyplayedlineistheClosedDefence,
whichgoes4.Ba4Nf65.00Be7,discussedinthetwofollowing
sections.AlternativestotheClosedDefencedescribedinthissection
are:
4.Bxc6(ExchangeVariation)
4.Ba4
4...b55.Bb3Na5(NorwegianVariation)
4...b55.Bb3Bc5(GrazDefence)
4...b55.Bb3Bb7
4...Bc5(ClassicalDefenceDeferred)

MorphyDefence3...a6

4...d6(SteinitzDefenceDeferred)
4...f5(SchliemannDefenceDeferred)
4...Nge7(CozioDefenceDeferred)
4...Nf65.00b56.Bb3Bb7(ArkhangelskDefence)
4...Nf65.00b56.Bb3Bc5(ModernArchangelDefence)
4...Nf65.00Bc5(MllerDefence)
4...Nf65.00d6(RussianDefence)
4...Nf65.00Nxe4(OpenDefence)
4...Nf65.d4
4...Nf65.Qe2(WormaldAttack)
4...Nf65.d3(AnderssenVariation)
ExchangeVariation:4.Bxc6
IntheExchangeVariation,4.Bxc6,(ECOC68C69)WhitedamagesBlack'spawnstructure,givinghima
readymadelongtermplanofplayingd4...exd4Qxd4,followedbyexchangingallthepiecesandwinning
thepurepawnending.Blackgainsgoodcompensation,however,intheformofthebishoppair,andthe
variationisnotconsideredWhite'smostambitious,thoughformerworldchampionsEmanuelLaskerand
BobbyFischeremployeditwithsuccess.

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After4.Bxc6,Blackalmostalwaysresponds4...dxc6,although
4...bxc6isplayable.Itisnotusuallyplayedduetothereply5.d4
exd46.Qxd4andWhiteisincontrolofthecentre.After4...dxc6,the
obvious5.Nxe5?isweak,since5...Qd4!6.Nf3Qxe4+7.Qe2Qxe2+
leavesWhitewithnocompensationforBlack'sbishoppair.Thereare
twoprincipallinesafter4.Bxc6dxc6.Inthelate19thandearly20th
centuries,Laskerhadgreatsuccesswith5.d4exd46.Qxd4Qxd4
7.Nxd4.Sincethen,betterdefencesforBlackhavebeendeveloped,
andthislineisconsideredtoslightlyfavourBlack.JonJacobswrote
intheJuly2005ChessLife(p.21):"Adatabasesearch(limitedto
gameslongerthan20moves,bothplayersFIDE2300+)revealsthe
positionafter7.Nxd4wasreached20timesfrom19852002.White's
resultswereabysmal:+07=13."MaxEuwegivesthepurepawn
endinginthispositionasawinforWhite.[6]
Theflexible5.00issometimescalledtheBarendregtVariation,but
itwasFischerwhodevelopeditintoaseriousweaponinthe1960s.
Unlike5.d4,itforcesBlacktodefendhisepawn,whichheusually
doeswith5...f6,5...Bg4,5...Qd6(thesharpestline,preparing
queensidecastling),5...Qe7,5...Qf6or5...Bd6.Ararebutplayable
moveis5...Be6(or5...Be7),theideabeingthatifWhiteplays
6.Nxe5,Blackplays6...Qd4,forkingtheknightandthee4pawn.
Themove...Qd4,regainingthepawnate4,isusuallyimpossiblein
thesevariationsonceWhitehascastled,duetotheopenefile.

1
a

ExchangeVariationafter4...dxc6

Whitemayalsodelaytheexchangeforamoveortwo:4.Ba4Nf65.Bxc6or5.00Be76.Bxc6(theDelayed
ExchangeDeferred),forexampleatfirstglancethisseemsawasteoftime,butBlackhavingplayed
...Nf6rulesoutdefendingthepawnwith...f6,andthebishopalreadybeingone7meansthat...Bd6would
bealossoftempo.
NorwegianDefence:4.Ba4b55.Bb3Na5
TheNorwegianVariation(alsocalledtheWingVariation)(ECOC70),3...a64.Ba4b55.Bb3Na5aims
toeliminatethewhitebishopbutisgenerallyconsideredtootimeconsumingforBlack.Theusual
continuationis6.00d67.d4Nxb3,butthespeculativesacrifice6.Bxf7+?!Kxf77.Nxe5+,whichdrivesthe
blackkingout,hasbeenplayed.However,withaccurateplay,Blackissupposedtobeabletoconsolidate
hisextrapiece.
Thisdefencehasbeenknownsincethe1880sandwasreintroducedin1901byCarlSchlechter.Inthe
1950s,MarkTaimanovplayeditwithsomesuccess,thoughitremainedasideline,asithastothisday.The
NorwegianconnectionwasfirstintroducedbySveinJohannessenwhoplayedthelinefrom1957andlater
strengthenedwhenSimenAgdesteinandsomeotherNorwegianplayersadoptedthevariation.In1995
JonathanTisdallpublishedthearticle"RuyLopez.TheNorwegianVariation"inNewinChessYearbook
37.
Variationscombining3...a6and...Bc5

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TheGrazDefence,ClassicalDefenceDeferred,andMller
Defencecombine3...a6withtheactivemove...Bc5.Foracenturyit
wasbelievedthatitwassaferforBlacktoplacethebishopone7,but
itismuchmoreactiveonc5.Whitecangaintimeafterplayingd4as
theblackbishopwillhavetomove,butthisdoesnotalwaysseemto
beasimportantaswasoncethought.[7]
TheMllerDefence,3...a64.Ba4Nf65.00Bc5wasalreadyanold
linein1903whenDaneJrgenMller(18731944)analyseditin
TidsskriftfrSchack.AlexanderAlekhineplayedthisforBlackinthe
earlyportionofhiscareerdespitehisadvocacy,itneverachieved
greatpopularity,andevenheeventuallycametoconsideritdubious.

1
a

MllerDefence5...Bc5

TheGrazDefence,3...a64.Ba4b55.Bb3Bc5,wasanalysedbyAlois
Fink(b.1910)insterreichischeSchachzeitungin1956andin
WienerSchachNachrichtenin1979,althoughitdidnotbecomepopularuntilthe1990s.
SteinitzDefenceDeferred:4.Ba4d6

IntheSteinitzDefenceDeferred(alsocalledtheModernSteinitz
a b c d e f g h
DefenceortheNeoSteinitzDefence)(ECOC71C76),Black
8
8
interpolates3...a64.Ba4beforeplaying4...d6,whichwasfrequently
7
7
playedbyAlexanderAlekhine,JosRalCapablancaandPaul
6
6
Keres.Thepossibilityofbreakingthepinwithatimely...b5gives
BlackmorelatitudethanintheOldSteinitzDefenceinparticular,in
5
5
theOldSteinitz,WhitecanpracticallyforceBlacktogiveuphis
4
4
strongpointate5,butintheSteinitzDeferred,Blackisableto
3
3
maintainhiscentre.MostplausibleWhitemovesareplayablehere,
2
2
including5.c3,5.c4,5.Bxc6,5.d4,and5.00.ThesharpSiesta
1
1
Variationarisesafter5.c3f5,whileamanoeuvringgameresults
a b c d e f g h
fromthecalmer5.c3Bd76.d4.Thegameisalsosharpafter5.Bxc6+
bxc66.d4(ECOC73)or5.00Bg46.h3h5(ECOC72).Theolder
SteinitzDefenceDeferred4...d6
linesstartingwith5.c4and5.d4arenotregardedastestingforBlack,
thoughthelatteroffersatrickygambit.TherearesixECO
classificationsfortheModernSteinitz.White'sresponses5.d4,5.Nc3,and5.c4areincludedinC71,while
5.00isC72.Thedelayedexchange5.Bxc6+bxc66.d4isC73.C74C76allbeginwith5.c3.C74covers
5...Nf6,butprimarilyfocuseson5...f56.exf5Bxf5with7.d4or7.00.C75'smaincontinuationis5...Bd7
6.d4Nge7,theRubinsteinVariation.C76ischaracterisedbytheBlackkingsidefianchetto5...Bd76.d4
g6.
SchliemannDefenceDeferred:4.Ba4f5
TheSchliemannDefenceDeferred,3...a64.Ba4f5,israrelyseen,withpracticallyitsonlytoplevel
appearancebeinginthe1974CandidatesFinal,whenViktorKorchnoiadopteditversusAnatolyKarpov.It
isconsideredinferiortotheregularSchliemann,sinceWhitecananswereffectivelywith5.d4!exd46.e5.
ArkhangelskDefence:4.Ba4Nf65.00b56.Bb3Bb7
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TheArkhangelskDefence(orArchangelDefence)(ECOC78)was
inventedbySoviettheoreticiansinthecityofArkhangelsk.The
variationbegins3...a64.Ba4Nf65.00b56.Bb3Bb7.Thislineoften
leadstosharppositionsinwhichBlackwagersthatthefianchettoed
bishop'sinfluenceonthecentreandkingsidewilloffsetBlack'sdelay
incastling.Whitehasseveraloptions,includingattemptingtobuild
anidealpawncentrewithc3andd4,defendingtheepawnwithRe1
orsimplydeveloping.TheArkhangelskDefenceistacticallyjustified
byBlack'sabilitytomeet7.Ng5with7...d58.exd5Nd4!(not
8...Nxd5,whenWhitegetstheadvantagewith9.Qh5g610.Qf3).

RussianDefence:4.Ba4Nf65.00d6

ArkhangelskDefence6...Bb7

TheRussianDefence(ECOC79)canbeconsideredadelayed
SteinitzDefenceDeferred.Withthemoveorder3...a64.Ba4Nf65.0
0d6,BlackwaitsuntilWhitecastlesbeforeplaying...d6.Thiscan
enableBlacktoavoidsomelinesintheSteinitzDefenceDeferredin
whichWhitecastlesqueensidealthoughthepositionoftheknighton
f6alsoprecludesBlackfromsupportingthecentrewithf7f6.These
nuancesseemtohavelittleimportancetoday,asneithertheSteinitz
DefenceDeferrednortheRussianDefencehavebeenpopularfor
manyyears.
ChigorinplayedtheRussianDefenceinthe1890s,andlateritwas
adoptedbyRubinsteinandAlekhine.Thelastsignificantuseofthe
RussianDefencewasinthe1950swhenitwasplayedbysome
Russianmasters.

1
a

RussianDefence5...d6

OpenDefence:4.Ba4Nf65.00Nxe4
IntheOpenDefence,3...a64.Ba4Nf65.00Nxe4,Blacktriesto
makeuseofthetimeWhitewilltaketoregainthepawntogaina
footholdinthecentre,withplayusuallycontinuing6.d4b57.Bb3d5
8.dxe5Be6.Here8.Nxe5,onceadoptedbyFischer,ismuchless
oftenseen,andBlackshouldequaliseaftertheaccurate8...Nxe5
9.dxe5c6,whichavoidsprematurelycommittingthelightsquared
bishopandsolidlydefendsd5,oftenaproblemintheOpen.TheRiga
Variation,6...exd4,isconsideredinferiorthemainlineruns7.Re1
d58.Nxd4Bd6!9.Nxc6Bxh2+!10.Kh1!(10.Kxh2Qh4+11.Kg1
Qxf2+drawsbyperpetualcheck.)Qh411.Rxe4+!dxe412.Qd8+!
Qxd813.Nxd8+Kxd814.Kxh2Be6(14...f5??15.Bg5#!)andnow
theendgameisconsideredtofavourWhiteafter15.Be3orNd2(but
not15.Nc3c5!,playingtotrapthebishop).

1
a

OpenDefenceafter8...Be6

Whitehasavarietyofoptionsatmovenine,including9.c3,9.Be3,
9.Qe2and9.Nbd2.
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Theclassicallinestartswith9.c3whenBlackmaychoosefrom9...Na5,9...Be7(themainline),andthe
aggressive9...Bc5.
After9.c3Bc510.Nbd20011.Bc2,Blackmustmeettheattackone4,withthefollowingpossibilitiesfrom
whichtochoose:11...f5,11...Bf5,bothofwhichaimtomaintainthestrongpointone4,ortheforcingline
11...Nxf2,introducedbytheEnglishamateurVernonDilworth.
Today,9.Be3Be710.c3isoftenusedtotransposeintothemainline,9.c3,whileobviatingtheoptionofthe
Dilworth.
Anoldcontinuationis11...f5,whenafter12.Nb3Ba713.Nfd4Nxd414.Nxd4Bxd4Whitecangainsome
advantagewithBogoljubov's15.Qxd4.Instead,theverysharpLaGrandeVariantecontinues15.cxd4f4
16.f3Ng317.hxg3fxg318.Qd3Bf519.Qxf5Rxf520.Bxf5Qh421.Bh3Qxd4+22.Kh1Qxe5,withunclear
consequences.PerhapsthemostfamousgameinthisvariationisSmyslovReshevsky,1945USSRUSA
RadioMatch.AnanalysisofthelinehadjustbeenpublishedinaRussianchessmagazine,andSmyslov
wasabletofollowittoquicklyobtainawinningposition.Reshevskyhadnotseentheanalysisandhe
struggledinvaintosolvethepositionovertheboardwithhischessclockrunning.TheDilworthVariation
(orAttack),11...Nxf212.Rxf2f613.exf6Bxf2+14.Kxf2Qxf6hasscoredwellforBlack,withmanytraps
fortheillpreparedWhiteplayer.Themainlineleadstounbalancedendgameswhicharedifficulttoplay
forbothsides,thoughwithastrongdrawingtendency.Yusupovisoneofthefewgrandmasterstooften
adopttheDilworth.
IntheHowellAttack(ECOC81),9.Qe2,Whiteaimsforplayagainstd5afterRd1.Thegameusually
continues9...Be710.Rd1followedby10...Nc5or10...00.Keresplayedthislineseveraltimesinthelate
1940s,anditissometimesnamedafterhim.
Karpov'smove,9.Nbd2,limitsBlack'soptions.Inthe1978KarpovKorchnoiWorldChessChampionship
match,following9.Nbd2Nc510.c3d4(10...Be7isanoldmovethatremainspopular)Karpovintroduced
thesurprising11.Ng5!?,amovesuggestedbyhistrainer,IgorZaitsev.IfBlacktakestheknightwith
11...Qxg5Whiteregainsthematerialwith12.Qf3.ThisvariationplayedadecisiveroleinalaterWorld
Championshipmatch,KasparovAnand1995,whenAnandwasunabletosuccessfullydefendasBlack.

ClosedDefence4.Ba4Nf65.00Be7:alternativestoMainline
Inthemainline,Whitenormallyretreatshisbishopwith4.Ba4,when
theusualcontinuationis4...Nf65.00Be7.Blacknowthreatensto
winapawnwith6...b5followedby7...Nxe4,soWhitemustrespond.
UsuallyWhitedefendstheepawnwith6.Re1which,inturn,
threatensBlackwiththelossofapawnafter7.Bxc6and8.Nxe5.
Blackmostcommonlyavertsthisthreatbydrivingawaythewhite
bishopwith6...b57.Bb3,althoughitisalsopossibletodefendthe
pawnwith6...d6.
After4...Nf65.00Be7,themostfrequentlyseencontinuationis
6.Re1b57.Bb3d68.c300,discussedinthenextsection.Examined
inthissectionarethealternativestothemainline:
6.Bxc6(DelayedExchangeVariationDeferred)
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ClosedDefenceafter5...Be7

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6.d4(CentreAttack)
6.Qe2(WorrallAttack)
6.Re1d6(AverbakhVariation)
6.Re1b57.Bb3
7...Bb7(TrajkoviVariation)
7...008.c3d5(MarshallAttack)
DelayedExchangeVariationDeferred:6.Bxc6
TheDelayedExchangeVariationDeferred(orExchangeVariationDoublyDeferred)(ECOC85),
6.Bxc6,losesatempocomparedtotheExchangeVariation,thoughincompensation,theblackknightonf6
andbishopone7areawkwardlyplaced.Theknightonf6preventsBlackfromsupportingtheepawnwith
f7f6,andthebishopissomewhatpassivelypostedone7.
CentreAttack:6.d4
TheCentreAttack(orCentreVariation)(ECOC84),6.d4,leadstosharpplay.Blackcanholdthe
balance,butitiseasytomakeamisstep.
WorrallAttack:6.Qe2
IntheWorrallAttack(ECOC86),Whitesubstitutes6.Qe2for
6.Re1.Theideaisthatthequeenwillsupporttheepawnleavingthe
rookfreetomovetod1tosupporttheadvanceofthedpawn,
althoughthereisn'talwaystimeforthis.Playnormallycontinues
6...b57.Bb3followedby7...008.c3and8...d5or8...d6.
PaulKeresplayedthelineseveraltimes.Morerecently,Sergei
Tiviakovhasplayedit,ashasNigelShort,whoplayedittwiceinhis
1992matchagainstAnatolyKarpovandwonbothgames.

1
a

WorrallAttack6.Qe2

AverbakhVariation:6.Re1d6
IntheAverbakhVariation(C87),namedforYuriAverbakh,Blackdefendsthethreatenedepawnwith
6...d6insteadofdrivingawaythewhitebishopwiththemorecommon6...b5.Thisdefencesharessome
similaritieswiththeModernSteinitzandRussianDefencesasBlackavoidsthe...b5advancethatweakens
thequeenside.Whitecanreplywitheither7.Bxc6bxc68.d4or7.c3Bg4(itistoolateforBlackto
transposeintothemoreusuallinesoftheClosedDefence,because7...b5wouldallow8.Bc2,savingWhite
atempooverthetwomovesequenceBb3c2foundinothervariations).Thepintemporarilyprevents
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Whitefromplayingd2d4.Inresponse,Whitecaneitherforced4
with8.h3Bh59.Bxc6bxc610.d4,orpostponed4forthetimebeing
andplay8.d3followedbymanoeuveringthequeenknighttothe
kingsidewithNbd2f1g3.

7...00

After6.Re1b57.Bb3,Blackoftenplays7...00.HereWhitecanplay
8.c3,buthehasothermoves.Alternativesare8.a4,8.h3,8.d4,and
8.d3,whichareoftencalled"antiMarshall"moves.Whitecanalso
play8.Nc3withtheideaofplaying9.Nd5later.

TrajkoviVariation:6.Re1b57.Bb3Bb7
Analternativeto7...d6is7...Bb7.ThisisknownastheTrajkovi
Variation.Blackmaysacrificeapawnwith8.c3d59.exd5Nxd5
10.Nxe5Nxe511.Rxe5Nf4.

InthecaseWhitedoesplay8.c3,Blackcanandoftendoesplay
8...d6,whichisjustthemainlineinanotherorder.Buthecanalso
play8...d5fortheMarshallAttack.

AverbakhVariation6...d6

MarshallAttack:7...008.c3d5

OneofBlack'smoreaggressivealternativesistheMarshallAttack:
a b c d e f g h
after3...a64.Ba4Nf65.00Be76.Re1b57.Bb3008.c3Blackplays
8
thegambit8...d5,sacrificingapawn.Themainlinebeginswith
7
9.exd5Nxd5(9...e4?!,theHermanSteinervariation,isconsidered
6
weaker)10.Nxe5Nxe511.Rxe5c6(Marshall'soriginalmoves,
11...Nf6,and11...Bb7areconsideredinferior,buthavealsoyielded
5
goodresultsattoplevelsofplayforBlack.GMJoelBenjamin
4
suggeststhat11...Bb7isinferiordueto12.Qf3).Blackwillattack
3
andforceweaknessesinWhite'skingsidewhichhasbeenstrippedof
2
defenders.White'sfirstdecisioniswhethertoplay12.d3or12.d4.In
1
eithercaseitisapparentthatthemove8.c3isnolongerhelpfulto
a b c d e f g h
White.TheBlackattackcanbequitetreacherousforWhite.Since
Black'scompensationisbasedonpositionalratherthantactical
MarshallAttackafter11...c6,the
considerations,itisdifficultorperhapsimpossibletofinda
mostcommonmoveinmodern
refutation,andvariationshavebeenanalyzedverydeeply(sometimes
play. [8]In1918Marshallplayed
beyondmove30)withoutcomingtoadefinitedeterminationoverthe
11...Nf6. [9]
soundnessofBlack'sgambit.TheMarshallAttackisaverysharp
openingsysteminwhichagreatamountoftheoreticalknowledgeis
vital,andmanyWhiteplayers,includingGarryKasparov,avoiditbyplayingoneoftheantiMarshall
systems,8.d4,8.a4or8.h3insteadof8.c3.[8]

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ThisgambitbecamefamouswhenFrankJamesMarshalluseditasapreparedvariationagainstJosRal
Capablancain1918neverthelessCapablancafoundawaythroughthecomplicationsandwon.[9]Itisoften
saidthatMarshallhadkeptthisgambitasecretforuseagainstCapablancasincehisdefeatintheir1909
match.[10]ThemostcommoncounterclaimisthatMarshallhadusedasimilarapproachin1917against
WalterFrere,[11]HoweverEdwardWinterfound:noclearevidenceofthedateforFrerevsMarshall
severalgamesbetween1910and1918whereMarshallpassedupopportunitiestousetheMarshallAttack
againstCapablancaandan1893gamethatusedthesamelineasinFrerevsMarshall.[12]
ImprovementstoBlack'splaywerefound(Marshallplayed11...Nf6!?originally,butlaterdiscovered
11...c6!)andtheMarshallAttackwasadoptedbytopplayersincludingBorisSpassky,JohnNunnandmore
recentlyMichaelAdams.IntheClassicalWorldChessChampionship2004,challengerPeterLekousedthe
MarshalltowinanimportantgameagainstWorldChampionVladimirKramnik.Currently,Armenian
GrandmasterLevonAronianisoneofthemainadvocatesfortheMarshallAttack.[13]

Mainline:4.Ba4Nf65.00Be76.Re1b57.Bb3d68.c300
ThemainlinesoftheClosedRuyLopezcontinue6.Re1b57.Bb3d6
8.c300.Whitecannowplay9.d3or9.d4,butbyfarthemost
commonmoveis9.h3whichpreparesd4whilepreventingthe
awkwardpin...Bg4.Thiscanbeconsideredthemainlineofthe
openingasawholeandthousandsoftoplevelgameshavereached
thisposition.Whiteaimstoplayd4followedbyNbd2f1g3,which
wouldfirmlysupporte4withthebishopsonopendiagonalsandboth
knightsthreateningBlack'skingside.Blackwilltrytopreventthis
knightmanoeuverbyexpandingonthequeenside,takingactionin
thecentre,orputtingpressureone4.
After6.Re1b57.Bb3d68.c300,wehave:
9.d3(PilnikVariation)

1
a

Mainlineafter8...00

9.d4Bg4(BogoljubowVariation)
9.h3
9...Na5(ChigorinVariation)
9...Nb8(BreyerVariation)
9...Bb7(ZaitsevVariation)
9...Nd7(KarpovVariation)
9...Be6(KholmovVariation)
9...h6(SmyslovVariation)
9...Qd7(SmyslovVariation)
PilnikVariation:9.d3

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ThePilnikVariation,namedforHermanPilnik,isalsoknownastheTeichmannVariationfromthe
gameTeichmannSchlechter,Carlsbad1911.Whiteplays9.d3intendingtolateradvancetod4under
favourablecircumstances.Althoughd2d3d4appearstoloseatempocomparedtod2d4,Whitemaybe
abletoomith3regainingthetempo,especiallyifBlackplays...Bb7.
YatesVariationandBogoljubowVariation:9.d4
Whiteusuallyplays9.h3insteadof9.d4(theYatesVariation)becauseafter9.d4Bg4(theBogoljobow
Variation),thepinofthewhitekingknightistroublesome.Thevariationtakesitsnamefromthegame
CapablancaBogoljubow,London1922.
ChigorinVariation:9.h3Na5
TheChigorinVariationwasrefinedbyMikhailChigorinaroundthe
turnofthe20thcenturyandbecametheprimaryBlackdefencetothe
RuyLopezformorethanfiftyyears.With9...Na5Blackchasesthe
whitebishopfromthea2g8diagonalandfreesthecpawnfor
queensideexpansion.After10.Bc2c511.d4theclassicalBlack
followupis11...Qc7,reinforcinge5andplacingthequeenonthec
filewhichmaylaterbecomeopenafter...cxd4.OtherBlackmovesin
thispositionare11...Bb7and11...Nd7thelatterwasadoptedby
Keresafewtimesinthe1960s.TheChigorinVariationhasdeclined
inpopularitybecauseBlackmustspendsometimebringinghis
offsideknightona5backintothegame.

1
a

TheChigorinisdividedintofourECOclassifications.InC96,Black
ChigorinVariationafter11.d4Qc7
orWhitedeviateafter10.Bc2,anddonotreachtheclassicalmain
lineposition10...c511.d4Qc7.InC97,Whiteproceedsfromthe
diagramwith12.a4,12.d5,12.b4,orthemainline12.Nbd2whenBlackrespondswith...Be6,...Rd8,...Re8,
...Bb7or...Bd7.TheC98classificationcovers12.Nbd2Nc6,whileC99covers12.Nbd2cxd413.cxd4.
BreyerVariation:9.h3Nb8
TheBreyerVariationwasrecommendedbyGyulaBreyerasearly
as1911,[14]buttherearenoknowngamerecordsinwhichBreyer
employedthisline.TheBreyerVariationdidnotbecomepopular
untilthe1960swhenitwasadoptedbyBorisSpasskyandothers.In
particular,Spassky'sbacktobackwinsoverMikhailTalatTbilisiin
1965didmuchtoenhanceitsreputation,andSpasskyhasacareer
plusscorewiththeBreyer.Thevariationisthechoiceofmanytop
levelplayerstodayasWhitehashadtroubleprovinganadvantage
againstit.
With9...Nb8Blackfreesthecpawnandintendstoroutetheknight
tod7whereitsupportse5.IfWhitefortifiesthecentrewith10.d3the
openingisclassifiedECOcodeC94.Themorecommon
continuation,10.d4,isECOC95.Themainlinecontinues10.d4
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Nbd711.Nbd2Bb712.Bc2Re813.Nf1Bf8.Blackisthreateningtowinthee4pawnvia...exd4uncovering
anattackonthepawn,soWhiteplays14.Ng3.Blackgenerallyplays14...g6tostopWhite'sknightfrom
goingtof5.WhitethenusuallytriestoattacktheBlackqueensidevia16.a4.Blackseekscounterplayinthe
centrevia16...c5.Whitecanattackeitherthekingsideorthequeenside.Thisforcesresolutionofthecentre
via17.d5.Blackcanexploittheweaksquaresonthequeensidevia17...c4.Whitewilltrytoattackonthe
kingsidevia18.Bg5,movinghisforcestothekingside.Blackwillkickthebishopwith18...h6.Thelogical
retreatis19.Be3,whichismetby19...Nc5.Whiteplays20.Qd2,forcing20...h5.Thepointofthis
manoeuverwastoweakenBlack'skingside.
ZaitsevVariation:9.h3Bb7
TheZaitsevVariation(alsocalledtheFlohrZaitsevVariation)
wasadvocatedbyIgorZaitsev,whowasoneofKarpov'strainersfor
manyyears.AKarpovfavourite,theZaitsevremainsoneofthemost
importantvariationsoftheRuyLopez.With9...Bb7Blackprepares
toputmorepressureone4after10.d4Re811.Nbd2Bf8whenplay
canbecomeverysharpandtactical.Onedrawbackofthislineisthat
WhitecanforceBlacktochooseadifferentdefenceorallowadraw
byrepetitionofpositionwith11.Ng5Rf812.Nf3.

1
a

ZaitsevVariation9...Bb7

KarpovVariation:9.h3Nd7
Karpovtried9...Nd7severaltimesinthe1990WorldChampionshipmatch,butKasparovachieveda
significantadvantageagainstitinthe18thgame.Itissolidbutslightlypassive.Confusingly9...Nd7isalso
calledtheChigorinVariationsotherearetwovariationsoftheRuyLopezwiththatname,but9...Na5isthe
movemorecommonlyassociatedwithChigorin.ThisdefenseisalsoknownastheKeresVariation,after
theformerWorldChampionPaulKeres.
KholmovVariation:9.h3Be6
TheKholmovVariation,9...Be6,waspopularinthe1980sbutisnowrarelyplayed.Themainlineruns
10.d4Bxb311.axb3(11.Qxb3isanotheroption)exd412.cxd4d513.e5Ne414.Nc3f515.exf6Bxf6
16.Nxe4dxe417.Rxe4Qd518.Rg4,whenithasbeenshownthatWhite'sextrapawnismorevaluablethan
Black'smoreactiveandharmonisedpieces.
SmyslovVariation:9.h3h6
TheSmyslovVariation(ECOC93)isaplansimilartothatoftheZaitsevVariation.With9...h6Black
preparestoplay10...Re8and11...Bf8withoutfearof10.Ng5.Thelossofatempowith9...h6givesWhite
enoughtimetocompletetheNbd2f1g3manoeuver,andthepawnmovecanalsoweakenBlack's
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kingside.TheZaitsevcanbeconsideredtobeanimprovedSmyslovinwhichBlacktriestosaveatempo
byomitting...h6.
KasparovplayedtheSmyslovVariationinalosstotheDeepBluechesscomputerinGame2oftheir1997
match.SvetozarGligorihasbeenthemostprolificC93player.[15]
SmyslovVariation:9.h3Qd7
9...Qd7isanothervariationbySmyslov.

Blackdefencesotherthan3...a6
Ofthevariationsinthissection,theBerlinandSchliemannDefencesarethemostpopulartoday,followed
bytheClassicalDefence.[16]
3...Nge7(CozioDefence)
3...g6(SmyslovDefence)
3...Nd4(Bird'sDefence)
3...d6(SteinitzDefence)
3...f5!?(SchliemannDefence)
3...Bc5(ClassicalorCordelDefence)
3...Nf6(BerlinDefence)

CozioDefence:3...Nge7
TheCozioDefence(partof
ECOC60),3...Nge7,is
distinctlyoldfashioned,and
theleastpopularofthe
defencesatBlack'sthird
move.AlthoughBentLarsen
useditoccasionallywith
success,itremainsoneofthe
leastexploredvariationsofthe
RuyLopez.

SmyslovDefence:3...g6

CozioDefence3...Nge7

SmyslovDefence3...g6

TheSmyslovDefence,
FianchettoDefence,Barnes
Defence,orPillsburyDefence(partofECOC60),3...g6,isaquietpositionalsystemplayedoccasionally
byVasilySmyslovandBorisSpassky,becomingpopularinthe1980swhenitwasshownthat4.c3a6!
givesBlackagoodgame.

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Itwaslaterdiscoveredthat4.d4exd45.Bg5givesWhitetheadvantage,andassuchthevariationisrarely
playedtoday.Aninterestinggambitline4.d4exd45.c3hasalsobeenrecommendedbyAlexander
Khalifman,althoughsomeoftheresultingpositionshaveyettobeextensivelytested.

Bird'sDefence:3...Nd4
Bird'sDefence(ECOC61),
3...Nd4,isanuncommon
variationinmodernpraxis.
WithcarefulplayWhiteis
heldtogainanadvantage.

Thisdefencewaspublishedin
4
4
4
4
1843inPaulRudolfvon
3
3
3
3
Bilguer'sHandbuchdes
2
2
2
2
Schachspielsandexploredby
1
1
1
1
HenryBirdinthelate19th
century.Birdplayeditas
a b c d e f g h
a b c d e f g h
Blackatleast25times,
Bird'sDefence3...Nd4
SteinitzDefence3...d6
scoring+9=313(ninewins,
threedraws,thirteen
losses).[17]Bird'sDefencewaslaterusedafewtimesintournamentplaybySiegbertTarrasch,Boris
Spassky,andAlexanderKhalifman.Althoughitisstillsometimesseenasasurpriseweapon,nostrong
mastersinceBirdhasadopteditregularly.[18]TheWorldChampionMagnusCarlsenplayeditasblackin
the2014ChessOlympiadagainstIvanariandlost.[19]

SteinitzDefence:3...d6
TheSteinitzDefence(alsocalledtheOldSteinitzDefence)(ECOC62),3...d6,issolidbutpassiveand
cramped.AlthoughthefavouriteofthefirstworldchampionWilhelmSteinitz,andoftenplayedbyworld
championsandexpertdefensiveplayersEmanuelLasker,JosCapablanca,andoccasionallybyVasily
Smyslov,itlargelyfellintodisuseafterWorldWarI,asitsinherentpassivityspurredasearchformore
activemeansofdefendingtheSpanish.WhitecanforceBlacktoconcedethestrongpointate5(see
TarraschTrap),asignificantbutnotfatalconcession.
Thedeferredvariantofthisdefence(3...a64.Ba4d6)offersBlackafreerpositionandismorepopular.

SchliemannDefence:3...f5
TheSchliemann'sDefence
orSchliemannJaenisch
Gambit(ECOC63),3...f5!?,
isasharplineinwhichBlack
playsforakingsideattack,
frequentlysacrificingoneor
twopawns.Consideredby
manytobesomewhatdubious,
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itisoccasionallyusedintop
levelplayasasurprise
weapon.Thisvariationwas
originatedbyCarlJaenischin
1847andissometimesnamed
afterhim.Althoughlater
namedforGermanlawyer
AdolfKarlWilhelm
Schliemann(181772),the
lineSchliemannactually
playedinthe1860swasa
gambitvariationoftheCordel
Defence(3...Bc54.c3f5).The
mostcommonresponsesfor
Whiteto3...f5!?are4.d3or
4.Nc3,withplayafter4.Nc3
fxe45.Nxe4going5...d5,with
greatcomplicationstofollow,
or5...Nf6,whichgenerally
leadstoquieterplay.

ClassicalDefence:
3...Bc5

RuyLopezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

SchliemannDefence3...f5!?

ClassicalDefence3...Bc5

TheClassicalDefenceor
CordelDefence(ECOC64),3...Bc5,ispossiblytheoldestdefencetotheRuyLopez,andhasbeenplayed
occasionallybyformerworldchampionBorisSpasskyandBorisGulko.White'smostcommonreplyis
4.c3,whenBlackmaychoosetoplay4...f5,theCordelGambit,leadingtosharpplay,afterwhich5.d4is
consideredthestrongestreply.MoresolidforBlackisinstead,4...Nf6,when5.00006.d4Bb6leadsto
theBeneluxVariation.White'sprincipalalternativeto4.c3is4.00,whenBlackcantransposetothe
ClassicalBerlinwith4...Nf6orplay4...Nd4whichisn'tsobadforBlack.
AnalternativeforWhiteistheforktrick4.Nxe5.Fewgameshavebeenplayedwiththisline,butthereis
noclearrefutationforBlack.ThenamederivesfromWhite'splayifBlackcapturestheknight:4...Nxe55.
d4.

BerlinDefence:3...Nf6
TheBerlinDefence,3...Nf6,haslonghadareputationforsolidityanddrawishnessandissometimescalled
"theBerlinWall".[20]TheBerlinDefencewasplayedinthelate19thcenturyandearly20thcenturyby
EmanuelLaskerandothers,whotypicallyanswered4.00with4...d6inthestyleoftheSteinitzVariation.
Thisapproachultimatelyfelloutoffavour,ashadtheoldformoftheSteinitz,duetoitspassivity,andthe
entirevariationbecamerare.ArthurBisguierplayedtheBerlinfordecades,butalwayschosethevariation
4.00Nxe4.Thenin2000,VladimirKramnikusedthelineasadrawingweaponagainstGarryKasparovin
ClassicalWorldChessChampionship2000,followingwhichtheBerlinhasexperiencedaremarkable
renaissance:evenplayerswithadynamicstylesuchasAlexeiShirov,VeselinTopalov,andKasparov
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himselfhavetriedit,andMagnusCarlsenandViswanathanAnand
bothusedit(Carlsenextensivelyso)duringthe2013WorldChess
Championshipand2014WorldChessChampionship.
SinceBlack'sthirdmovedoesnotthreatentowintheepawnif
Blackcapturesit,Whitewillwinbackthepawnone5(Seirawan
2003:52)Whiteusuallycastles.After4.00,Blackcanplayeither
thesolid4...Nxe4(theOpenVariation)orthemorecombative
4...Bc5(theBerlinClassicalVariation).After4...Nxe45.d4(5.Re1
Nd66.Nxe5isalsoreasonable)Nd6(5...Be7istheRiodeJaneiro
Variation)6.Bxc6dxc67.dxe5Nf58.Qxd8+Kxd8Whiteis
consideredtohaveasmalladvantageinlightofhissomewhatbetter
pawnstructureandBlack'sawkwardlyplacedking.Black,bywayof
compensation,possessesthebishoppairandhispositionhasno
weaknesses,soitisdifficultforWhitetoexploithisstructural
superioritywithoutopeningthegameforBlack'sbishopsallfourof
thegamesintheKasparovKramnikmatchinwhichthislinewas
employedendedindraws.AnalternativeforBlack,thoughseldom
seensincethe1890s,is6...bxc67.dxe5Nb7,althoughWhitekeeps
anadvantagedespiteBlack'stwobishops,asitisdifficultforhimto
gainactivecounterplay.
White'smove4.Nc3transposestotheFourKnightsGame,Spanish
Variation.

1
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BerlinDefence3...Nf6

AnotherpossibletryforWhiteis4.d3.Thisis"Steinitz'smove,with
whichhescoredmanyspectacularsuccessesduringhislongreignasWorldChampion".[21]Themain
repliesforBlackare4...d6and4...Bc5.Inbothcases,Whitecommonlyplays5.c3.Anuncommonand
dubiousreplyis4...Ne7,whichtriestosetuptheMortimerTrap.
TheBerlinisassignedECOcodesC6567.CodeC65coversalternativesto4.00aswellas4.00Bc5.
CodeC66covers4.00d6,whileC67is4.00Nxe4.

Other
LesscommonthirdmovesforBlack:
3...Bb4(AlapinDefence)
3...Qf6
3...f6(NurembergDefence)
3...Qe7(VinogradovVariation)
3...Na5(Pollock'sDefence)
3...g5(BrentanoDefence)
3...Bd6
3...b6?(RotaryDefenceorAlbanyDefence)
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3...d5?(Sawyer'sGambit)
3...Be7(LucenaDefence)
3...a5(BulgarianVariation)

Seealso
Listofchessopenings
Listofchessopeningsnamedafterpeople

References
1. Taulbut,Shaun(1996).UnderstandingtheSpanishGame.Batsford.ISBN0713476338.
2. EdwardWinter,"TheBerlinDefence(RuyLpez)(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/berlin.html)",
ChessNotes
3. Lane,Gary(2006).TheRuyLopezExplained.Batsford.ISBN0713489782.
4. Morphyplayed3...a6inthesecond(adraw)andfourth(awinforMorphy)gamesofhis1858matchwithAdolf
Anderssen.PhilipW.Sergeant,Morphy'sGamesofChess,Dover,1957,pp.10608,11012.ISBN0486
203867.Themovehadbeenplayedmuchearlier,however.CharlesHenryStanleyplayed3...a6twiceinhis
1845match,heldinMorphy'shometownofNewOrleans,againstEugneRousseaufortheUnitedStatesChess
Championship.Stanleylostbothgames,althoughhewonthematch.AndySoltisandGeneMcCormick,"The
MorphyDefense",ChessLife,August1984,pp.2627.HowardStauntonalsomentioned3...a6inhisChess
Player'sHandbook,firstpublishedin1847.HowardStaunton,TheChessPlayer'sHandbook(2nded.1848),
HenryC.Bohn,pp.147,149.
5. HarryGolombek,Chess:AHistory,G.P.Putnam'sSons,1976,pp.11718.
6. Mller&Lamprecht,pp.14748
7. MCO14,p.54
8. Silman,J.(2004)."MarshallAttack"(http://www.jeremysilman.com/book_reviews_js/js_marshall_attack.html).
Retrieved20090601.
9. Fine,R.(1952)."Capablanca".TheWorld'sGreatChessGames.AndrDeutsch(nowaspaperbackfrom
Dover).pp.109121.ISBN0679130462.
10. "TheTotalMarshall"(http://www.scottishcca.co.uk/books/marshall.html).15April2002.Retrieved20090601.
11. "FrerevsMarshall,NewYork,1917"(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1095017).
chessgames.com.Retrieved20090601.
12. Winter,E.G."TheMarshallGambit"(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/marshallgambit.html).Retrieved
20090601.
13. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/moresports/chess/CarlsenstopsIvanchukAnand
held/articleshow/10205728.cms
14. Barden(1963),pp.1516
15. OnlineChessDatabaseandCommunity(http://www.chessgames.com/)
16. NewinChessBase(http://www.newinchess.com/NICBase/Default.aspx?PageID=400)
17. BirdDefencegamesplayedbyBird(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?
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yearcomp=exactly&year=&playercomp=black&pid=&player=Bird&pid2=&player2=&movescomp=exactly&move
s=&opening=&eco=C61&result=).ChessGames.com.Retrievedon20090129.
18. Shaw,John,StartingOut:TheRuyLopez,p.36
19. IvanSaricvsMagnusCarlsen,ChessOlympiad2014(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?
gid=1770820)
20. Emmett,Ryan(20080809)."TheBerlinWallGrowsHigherInSochi"(http://www.chess.com/news/theberlin
wallgrowshigherinsochi).Chess,com.Retrieved20090322.
21. HorowitzandReinfeld1954,p.59

Bibliography
Mller,KarstenLamprecht,Frank(2007).SecretsofPawnEndings.GambitPublications.ISBN9781904600
886.
Barden,Leonard(1963).TheRuyLopezWinningChesswith1PK4.PergamonPress.ISBN0080099971.

Furtherreading
Burgess,Graham(2000).TheMammothBookofChess.Carroll&Graf.ISBN0786707259.
DeFirmian,Nick(1999).ModernChessOpenings:MCO14.RandomHousePuzzles&Games.ISBN08129
30843.
Hooper,DavidWhyld,Kenneth(1996).TheOxfordCompaniontoChess.OxfordUniversity.ISBN019
2800493.
Kasparov,GarryKeene,Raymond(1994)[1989].BatsfordChessOpenings2.HenryHolt.ISBN080503409
9.
Nunn,John(1999).Nunn'sChessOpenings.EverymanChess.ISBN1857442210.
Seirawan,Yasser(2003).WinningChessOpenings.EverymanChess.ISBN1857443497.
Shaw,John(2003).StartingOut:TheRuyLopez.EverymanChess.ISBN1857443217.
Tseitlin,Mikhail(1991).WinningwiththeSchliemann.MaxwellMacmillanChess.ISBN185744017X.
Lalic,Bogdan(2003).TheMarshallAttack.EverymanChess.ISBN9781857442441.
Lane,Gary(2006).TheRuyLopezExplained.Batsford.ISBN0713489782.
Marin,Mihail(2007).ASpanishOpeningRepertoireforBlack.QualityChess.ISBN9197600504.
Wall,Bill(1986).500RuyLopezMiniatures.Chessco.ISBN9780931462566.
Flear,Glen(2000).OpenRuyLopez.EverymanChess.ISBN9781857442618.
Pavlovic,Milos(2009).FightingTheRuyLopez.GlobePequot.ISBN1857445902.
Cox,John(2008).TheBerlinWall.QualityChess.ISBN9789185779024.
deFirmian,Nick(2000).Batsford'sModernChessOpenings.Batsford.ISBN9780713486568.

Externallinks
OpeningReport.MarshallCounterattack:1.e4e52.Nf3Nc6
3.Bb5a64.Ba4Nf65.00Be76.Re1b57.Bb3008.c3d5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Lopez

TheWikibookChess
OpeningTheoryhasapage
onthetopicof:RuyLopez
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(6074games)(http://studimonetari.org/edg/marshall3.html)
RuyLopezanalysisvideo(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41rPFNY_CAY)
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruy_Lopez&oldid=651831976"
Categories: Chessopenings
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Lopez

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