Basic Concepts

Chapter 1
Intensive and Extensive properties
Intensive property: Whose value is independent of the size or extent i.e. mass of
the system. These are, e.g., pressure p and temperature T.
Extensive property: Whose value depends on the size or extent i.e. mass of the
system (upper case letters as the symbols). e.g., Volume, Mass (V, M). If mass is
increased, the value of extensive property also increases. e.g., volume V, internal
energy U, enthalpy H, entropy S, etc.
Specific property: It is a special case of an intensive property. It is the value of an
extensive property per unit mass of system. (Lower case letters as symbols) eg:
specific volume, density (v, ).
Thermodynamic System and Control Volume
In our study of thermodynamics, we will choose a small part of the universe to
which we will apply the laws of thermodynamics.
We call this subset a SYSTEM.
The thermodynamic system is analogous to the free body diagram to which we
apply the laws of mechanics, (i.e. Newtons Laws of Motion).
The system is a macroscopically identifiable collection of matter on which
we focus our attention (e.g., the water kettle or the aircraft engine).
System
Definition
System: A quantity of matter in space which is analyzed during a problem.
Surroundings: Everything external to the system.

System Boundary: A separation present between system and surrounding.

Classification of the system boundary: Real solid boundary
Imaginary boundary

The system boundary may be further classified as

Control mass system
Control volume system
The choice of boundary depends on the problem being analyzed.
Types of systems

Closed system (Control Mass system)

1.
2.
3.
4.

Its a system of sixed mass with fixed identity.

This type of system is usually referred to as closed system.
There is no mass transfer across the system boundary.
Energy transfer may take place into or out of the system.

Fig. A control mass system or closed system

Open system (Control Volume system)
1. Its a system of fixed volume.
2. This type of system is usually referred to as open system or a control volume
3. Mass transfer can take place across a control volume.
4. Energy transfer may also occur into or out of the system.
5. A control volume can be seen as a fixed region across which mass and energy transfer are
studied.

6. Control surface Its the boundary of a control volume across which the transfer of both
mass and energy takes place.
7. The mass of the control volume (open system ) may or may not be fixed.
8. When the net influx of mass across the control surface equals zero then the
mass of the system is fixed and vice-versa.
9. The identity of mass in a control volume always changes unlike the case for a
control mass system (closed system).
10. Most of the engineering devices, in general, represent an open system or
control volume.

Fig. A control volume system or open system

Examples:
Heat exchanger Fluid enters and leaves the system continuously with the transfer of heat
across the system boundary.
Pump A continuous flow of fluid takes place through the system with a transfer of mechanical
energy from the surrounding to the system.
Isolated System
1. It is a system of fixed mass with same identity and fixed energy.
2. No interaction of mass or energy takes place between the system and the surroundings.
3. In more informal words an isolated system is like a closed shop amidst a busy market.

Fig. An Isolated system

Quasi-Static Process
The processes can be restrained or unrestrained
We need restrained processes in practice.
A quasi-static process is one in which
Fig. A quasi static process

The deviation from thermodynamic equilibrium is infinitesimal.

All states of the system passes through are equilibrium states.
If we remover the weights slowly one by one the pressure of the gas will displace the
piston gradually. It is quasi-static.
On the other hand if we remove all the weights at once the piston will be kicked up by the
gas pressure. (This is unrestrained expansion) but we dont consider that the work is done
because it is not in a sustained manner.
In both cases the systems have undergone a change of state.
Another e.g., if a person climbs down a ladder from roof to ground, it is a quasi-static
process. On the other hand if he jumps then it is not a quasi-static process.

Laws of Thermodynamics

The Zeroth Law deals with thermal equilibrium and provides a means for measuring
temperatures.

The First Law deals with the conservation of energy and introduces the concept of
internal energy.

The Second Law of thermodynamics provides with the guidelines on the conversion of
internal energy of matter into work. It also introduces the concept of entropy.

The Third Law of thermodynamics defines the absolute zero of entropy. The entropy of
a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is zero.

Summation of 3 Laws

Firstly, there isnt a m meaningful temperature of the source from which we

can get the full conversion of heat to work. Only at infinite temperature one
can dream of getting the full 1 kW work output.

Secondly, more interestingly, there isnt enough work available to produce 0K.
In other words, 0K is unattainable. This is precisely the Third law.

Because, we dont know what 0K looks like, we havent got a starting point for
the temperature scale! That is why all temperature scales are at best
empirical.

You cant get something for nothing:

To get work output you must give some thermal energy.
You cant get something for very little:
To get some work output there is a minimum amount of thermal
energy that needs to be given.
You cant get everything:
However much work you are willing to give 0K cant be reached.
Violation of all 3 laws:
Try to get everything for nothing.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
If two systems (say A and B) are in thermal equilibrium with a third system (say C)
separately (that is A and C are in thermal equilibrium: B and C are in thermal
equilibrium) then they are in thermal equilibrium themselves (that is A and B will be in
thermal equilibrium)

All temperature measurements are based on Zeroth law of thermodynamics

International Temperature Scale

To provide a standard for temperature measurement taking into account both theoretical
and practical considerations, the International Temperature Scale (ITS) was adopted in 1927.
This scale has been refined and extended in several revisions, most recently in 1990. The
International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) is defined in such a way that the temperature
measured on it conforms with the thermodynamic temperature, the unit of which is the kelvin, to
within the limits of accuracy of measurement obtainable in 1990. The ITS90 is based on the
assigned values of temperature of a number of reproducible fixed points (Table). Interpolation
between the fixed-point temperatures is accomplished by formulas that give the relation between
readings of standard instruments and values of the ITS. In the range from 0.65 to 5.0 K, ITS-90
is defined by equations giving the temperature as functions of the vapor pressures of particular
helium isotopes. The range from 3.0 to 24.5561 K is based on measurements using a helium
constant-volume gas thermometer. In the range from 13.8033 to 1234.93 K, ITS-90 is defined by

means of certain platinum resistance thermometers. Above 1234.9 K the temperature is defined
using Plancks equation for blackbody radiation and measurements of the intensity of visiblespectrum radiation the absolute temperature scale. The absolute temperature scale is also known
as Kelvin temperature scale. In defining the Kelvin temperature scale also, the triple point of
water is taken as the standard reference point. For a Carnot engine operating between reservoirs
at temperature and tp, tp being the triple point of water arbitrarily assigned the value of 273.16
K.

Work a path function

Work is one of the basic modes of energy transfer. The work done by a system is a path function,
and not a point function. Therefore, work is not a property of the system, and it cannot be said
that the work is possessed by the system. It is an interaction across the boundary. What is stored
in the system is energy, but not work. A decrease in energy of the system appears as work done.
Therefore, work is energy in transit and it can be identified only when the system undergoes a
process.
Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer
Free Expansion: Let us consider an insulated container (Figure) which is divided into two
compartments A and B by a thin diaphragm. Compartment A contains a mass of gas, while
compartment B is completely evacuated. If the diaphragm is punctured, the gas in A will
expand into B until the pressures in A and B become equal. This is known as free or unrestrained
expansion. The process of free expansion is irreversible. Also work done is zero during free
expansion.

Free expansion
pdV-work or Displacement Work
Let the gas in the cylinder (Figure shown in below) be a system having initially the pressure p 1
and volume V1. The system is in thermodynamic equilibrium, the state of which is described by
the co-ordinates p1, V1. The piston is the only boundary which moves due to gas pressure. Let the
piston move out to a new final position 2, which is also a thermodynamic equilibrium state
specified by pressure p2 and volume V2. At any intermediate point in the travel of the piston, let
the pressure be p and the volume V. This must also be an equilibrium state, since macroscopic
properties p and V significant only.

For equilibrium states, when the piston moves an infinitesimal distance dl, and if a' be the area
of the piston, the force F acting on the piston F = p.a. and the infinitesimal amount of work done
by the gas on the piston.

dW = F.dl = padl = pdV

where dV = a dl = infinitesimal displacement volume. The differential sign in dW with the line
drawn at the top of it will be explained later.
When the piston moves out from position 1 to position 2 with the volume changing from V1 to
V2, the amount of work W done by the system will be
V2

W 12= pdV
V1

The magnitude of the work done is given by the area under the path
1-2, as shown in Fig. Since p is at all times a thermodynamic
coordinate, all the states passed through by the system as the volume
changes from V1 to V2 must be equilibrium states, and the path 12must be quasi-static. The piston moves infinitely slowly so
that every state passed through is an equilibrium state.
The integration pdV can be performed only on a quasi-static
path.
Heat Transfer-A Path Function
Heat transfer is a path function, that is, the amount of heat transferred when a system changes
from state 1 to state 2 depends on the intermediate states through which the system passes, i.e. its
path. Therefore dQ is an inexact differential, and we write
2

dQ=Q12
1

or 1Q2 Q2 Q1

The displacement work is given by

2

W 12= dW = pdV
1

W2 W1

ASSIGNMENT
PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS
Example 1
In a closed system, volume changes from 1.5m 3 to 4.5 m3 and heat addition is 2000 kJ. Calculate
10
p= V 2 +
the change in internal energy given the pressure volume relation as
Where p is
V

in kPa and V is in m3.

Example 2.
A fluid is contained in a cylinder piston arrangement that has a paddle that imparts work to the
fluid. The atmospheric pressure is 760 mm of Hg. The paddle makes 10,000 revolutions during
which the piston moves out 0.8m. The fluid exerts a torque of 1.275 N-m one the paddle. What is
net work transfer, if the diameter of the piston is 0.6m?

First Law of Thermodynamics

Chapter 2
First Law of Thermodynamics
Statement:
When a closed system executes a complete cycle the sum of
interactions is equal to the sum of work interactions.

heat

( Q ) cycle=( W )cycle

The summations being over the entire cycle.

Alternate statement:
When a closed system undergoes a cycle the cyclic integral of heat is equal to the cyclic integral
of work.
Mathematically
Q= W
In other words for a two process cycle
Q A 12 +QB 21=W A 12+ W B 21
Internal Energy A Property of system
2

Q A 12= QAlong path A

1

Along path A
Which can be written as
2

( QW ) + ( QW )=0
1

Along path A
2

Along path B
2

( QW ) ( QW )=0
1

Along path A
2

Along path B
2

( QW ) = ( QW )
1

Along path A

Along path B

Since A and B are arbitrarily chosen, the conclusion is, as far as a process is concerned (A
or B) the difference Q W remains a constant as long as the initial and the final states
are the same. The difference depends only on the end points of the process. Note that Q
and W themselves depend on the path followed. But their difference does not.
This implies that the difference between the heat and work interactions during a process
is a property of the system.
This property is called the energy of the system. It is designated as E and is equal to some
of all the energies at a given state.
We enunciate the FIRST LAW for a process as

Q W = dE
E consists of
U internal energy
KE the kinetic energy
PE the potential energy
For the whole process A
Similarly for the process B

E = U = KE + PE

Q-W=E2-E1
Q-W=E1-E2

An isolated system which does not interact with the surroundings Q = 0 and W = 0.
Therefore, E remains constant for such a system.
Let us reconsider the cycle 1-2 along path A and 2-1 along path B as shown in fig.
Work done during the path A = Area under 1-A-2-3-4
Work done during the path B = Area under 1-B-2-3-4
Since these two areas are not equal, the net work interaction is that shown by the shaded
area.
The net area is 1A2B1.
Therefore some work is derived by the cycle.
First law compels that this is possible only when there is also
heat interaction between the system and the surroundings.
In other words, if you have to get work out, you must give heat in.
Thus, the first law can be construed to be a statement of conservation of energy - in a
broad sense.
In the example shown the area under curve A < that under B
The cycle shown has negative work output or it will receive work from the surroundings.
Obviously, the net heat interaction is also negative. This implies that this cycle will heat
the environment. (as per the sign convention).
For a process we can have Q = 0 or W = 0
We can extract work without supplying heat (during a process) but sacrificing the energy
of the system.
We can add heat to the system without doing work (in process) which will go to
increasing the energy of the system.

Energy of a system is an extensive property

The internal energy depends only upon the initial and final states of the system. Internal energy
of a substance does not include any energy that it may possess as a result of its macroscopic
position or movement. That so why in SFEE (Steady flow energy equation) C2/2 and gz is there.
Recognize that h = u + pv from which u2 + p2 v2 = h2
and similarly u1 + p1v1 = h1
QW = [(h2 + C22/2 + gZ2) - (h1+C12/2 + gZ1)]
or = [(h2 - h1) + (C22/2 - C12/2) + g(Z2 - Z1)]
[Where C = Velocity (m/s), h = Specific enthalpy (J/kg), z = elevation (m)]
But Remember:
Microscopic view of a gas is a collection of particles in random motion. Energy of a particle
consists of translational energy, rotational energy, vibrational energy and specific electronic
energy. All these energies summed over all the particles of the gas, form the specific internal
energy, e, of the gas.
Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind-PMM1

The first law states the general principle of the conservation of energy. Energy is neither
created nor destroyed, but only gets transformed from one form to another.
There can be no machine which would continuously supply mechanical work
without some other form of energy disappearing simultaneously (Fig. shown in below).
Such a fictitious machine is called a perpetual motion machine of the first kind, or in
brief, PMM1. A PMM1 is thus impossible.
The converse of the above statement is also true, i.e. there can be no machine which
would continuously consume work without some other form of energy appearing
simultaneously (Fig.).

A PMM1

The Converse of PMM1

Enthalpy
The enthalpy of a substance H is defined as

H = U + PV
It is an extensive property of a system and its unit is kJ.
Specific Enthalpy
h = u + pv
It is an intensive property of a system and its unit is kJ/kg.

Internal energy change is equal to the heat transferred in a constant volume process involving no
work other than pdv work. It is possible to derive an expression for the heat transfer in a constant
pressure process involving no work other than pdv work. In such a process in a closed stationary
system of unit mass of a pure substance.
d Q = du + pdv
At constant pressure
pdv = d(pv)
Therefore (dQ)p = du + d(pv)
or (dQ)p = d(u + pv)
(dQ)p = d(h)
Where H = U + PV is the enthalpy, a property of system.
Specific enthalpy h = H/m, kJ/kg and also h = u + pdv
Where h = specific enthalpy, kJ/kg
u= specific internal energy, kJ/kg
dv = change in specific volume, m3/kg
Specific heat at constant volume
The specific heat of a substance at constant volume C v is defined as the rate of change
of specific internal energy with respect to temperature when the volume is held constant, i.e.,
u
C v=
T v

( )

For a constant volume process

T2

( u ) v = C v dT
T1

The first law may be written for a closed stationary system composed of a unit mass of a pure
substance.
Q = u + W
or
dQ = du + dW
For a process in the absence of work other than pdv work
dW = pdv
Therefore, when the volume is held constant
(Q)v = (u)v
T2

(Q)v =

C v dT
T1

Since u, T and v are properties, C v is a property of the system. The product m C v is called
the heat capacity at constant volume (J/K).
Specific heat at constant pressure

The specific heat at constant pressure Cp is defined as the rate of change of specific
enthalpy with respect to temperature when the pressure is held constant.
h
Cp=
T p

( )

For a constant pressure process

T2

( h )p = C p dT
T1

The first law may be written for a closed stationary system composed of a unit mass of a pure
substance.
dQ = du + dW
Again, h = u + pv
Therefore
dh= du + pdv + vdp
= dQ + vdp
Therefore
dQ = dh vdp
Therefore
(dQ)p = dh
or
(Q)p = (h)p
above equation
T2

(Q)p =

C p dT
T1

Cp is a property of the system, just like Cv. The heat capacity at constant pressure is equal to m
Cp (J/K).
Application of First Law to Steady Flow Process SFEE
SFEE per unit mass basis
(i)

C 12
C 22
dQ
dW
h1 +
+ g z 1+
=h2+
+ g z 2+
2
dm
2
dm

[h,W,Q should be in J/kg and C in m/s and g in m/s2]

C 12
g z 1 dQ
C22
g z2 dW
(ii) h1 + 2000 + 1000 + dm =h2+ 2000 + 1000 + dm
[h,W,Q should be in J/kg and C in m/s and g in m/s2]
SFEE per unit time basis

w 1 h1 +

) (

C1
C
dWx
dQ
+ g z 1+
=w 2 h2 + 2 + g z 2+
2
d
2
d

Where, w = mass flow rate (kg/s)

Some examples of steady flow processes:
The following examples illustrate the applications of the steady flow energy equation in some of
the engineering systems.
Nozzle and Diffuser:
A nozzle is a device which increases the velocity or K.E. of a fluid at the expense of its pressure
drop, whereas a diffuser increases the pressure of a fluid at the expense of its K.E. Figure show
in below a nozzle which is insulated. The steady flow energy equation of the control surface
gives
C 12
C 22
dQ
dW
h1 +
+ g z 1+
=h2+
+ g z 2+
2
dm
2
dm

Here

dQ
dW
=0 ;
=0,
and the change in potential energy is zero. The equation reduces to
dm
dm

C 12
C22
h1 +
=h2 +
2
2
The continuity equation gives
A C
A C
w= 1 1 = 2 2
v1
v2
When the inlet velocity or the velocity of approach V1 is small compared to the exit velocity V2.
Equation (a) becomes
C 22
h1=h2+
2
or

c 2= 2(h1h2)m/s

where (h1h2) is in J/kg.

Equations (a) and (b) hold good for a diffuser as well.
Throttling Device:

When a fluid flows through a constricted passage, like a partially opened value, an orifice,
or a porous plug, there is an appreciable drop in pressure, and the flow is said to be throttled.
figure shown in below. The process of throttling by a prettily opened valve on a fluid flowing in
an insulated pipe. In the steady flow energy equation
dQ
dW
=0 ;
=0
dm
dm
And the changes in PE are very small and ignored. Thus, the SFEE reduces to
C 12
C22
h1 +
=h2 +
2
2

Often the pipe velocities in throttling are so low that the K. E. terms are also negligible. So
h1 = h2
or the enthalpy of the fluid before throttling is equal to the enthalpy of the fluid after throttling.
Turbine and Compressor:
Turbines and engines give positive power output, whereas compressors and pumps require power
input.
For a turbine (Fig. below) which is well insulated, the flow velocities are often small, and the
K.E. terms can be neglected. The S.F.E.E. then becomes

(Fig: Flow through a Turbine)

h1=h2+

dW
dm

dW
=h1h2
dm
The enthalpy of the fluid increase by the amount of work input.

Heat Exchanger:
A heat exchanger is a device in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another, Figure shown
in below a steam condenser where steam condense outside the tubes and cooling water flows
through the tubes. The S.F.E.E for the C.S. gives
w c h1 +w s h2=wc h3 +w s h4
w s (h2h1)=wc (h 3h1 )
Here the K.E. and P.E. terms are considered small, there is no external work done, and
energy exchange in the form of heat is confined only between the two fluids, i.e. there is no
external heat interaction or heat loss.

Figure (shows in below) a steam desuperheater where the temperature of the superheated steam
is reduced by spraying water. If w1, w2, and w3 are the mass flow rates of the injected water, of
the steam entering, and of the steam leaving, respectively, and h 1, h2, and h3 are the
corresponding enthalpies, and if K.E. and P.E. terms are neglected as before, the S.F.E.E.
becomes
w 1 h1 +w 2 h 2=w 3 h 3
and the mass balance gives

w 1+ w2=w3

The above law is also called as steady flow energy equation. This can be applied to various
practical situations as work developing system and work absorption system. Let the mass flow
rate unity.
(1) Work developing systems
(a) Water turbines
In this case Q=0 and U=0 and equation becomes
p1 v 1 +

C 12
+ g z1= p 2 v 2+ g z 2+ W
2

(b)Steam or gas turbines

In this case generally Z can be assumed to be zero and equation becomes
C12C 22
W = ( h1h 2 )+
+ Q
2

(2) Work absorbing systems

(a) Centrifugal water pump
The system is shown in the figure below

In this case Q=0 and U=0; and the energy equation now becomes,
C
p1 v 1+ g z 1 +W = p 2 v 2 + g z 2+ 2
2

(b) Centrifugal compressor- In this system z = 0 and the equation becomes,

C 12
C 12
+h 1+W Q=
+h2
2
2
(c)Blowers In this case we have z = 0,
simplifies to
C 22
u1 +W =u2+
2

C1
as C2

p1 v 1= p2 v 2

and Q=0; now the energy

(d) Fans In the fans the temperature rise is very small and heat loss is neglected (i.e)
h = 0,q=0 and hence the energy equation for fans becomes,
C 12
W=
2
(e) Reciprocating compressor In a reciprocating compressor KE and PE are negligibly
energy equation applied to a reciprocating compressor is
h1Q=h2 +W
or
W =Q+(h2 h1)
(3)Non-work developing and absorbing systems
(a) Steam boiler In this system we neglect Z, KE and W (i.e) Z = KE=W=0;the
energy equation for a boiler becomes Q= (h2h1)
(b) Steam condenser In this system the work done is zero and we can also assume Z and
KE are very small. Under steady conditions the change in enthalpy is equal to heat lost
by steam, Q= (h1h2) and this heat is also equal to the change in enthalpy of cooling
water circulated (i.e.) the heat lost by steam will be equal to heat gained by the cooling
water.
(c) Steam nozzle:
In this system we can assume Z and W to be zero and heat transfer which is nothing but
any possible heat loss also zero.
The energy equation for this case becomes.

C 12
C22
h1 +
=h2 +
2
2

c 2= C12 +2(h 1h2 )m/s

ASSIGNMENT
Example1
The work and heat transfer per degree of temperature change for a closed system is given by
dW 1 kJ dQ 1 kJ
=
;
=
dT 30 dT 10
Calculate the change in internal energy as its temperature increases from 1250C to 2450C.
Example 2
Air expands from 3 bar to 1 bar in a nozzle. The initial velocity is 90 m/s. the initial temperature
is 1500C. Calculate the velocity of air at the exit of the nozzle.

Scond Law of Thermodynamics

Chapter 3
The first law of thermodynamics states that a certain energy balance will hold when a
system undergoes a change of state or a thermodynamic process. But it does not give any
information on whether that change of state or the process is at all feasible or not. The first law
cannot indicate whether a metallic bar of uniform temperature can spontaneously become
warmer at one end and cooler at the other. All that the law can state is that if this process did
occur, the energy gained by one end would be exactly equal to that lost by the other. It is the
second law of thermodynamics which provides the criterion as to the probability of various
processes.
Regarding Heat Transfer and Work Transfer
(a)
Heat transfer and work transfer are the energy interactions. A closed system and
its surroundings can interact in two ways: by heat transfer and by work

transfer. Thermodynamics studies how these interactions bring about property changes in a
system.
(b)
The same effect in a closed system can be brought about either by heat transfer or by work
transfer. Whether heat transfer or work transfer has taken place depends on what constitutes the
system.
(c)
Both heat transfer and work transfer are boundary phenomena. Both are observed at the
boundaries of the system, and both represent energy crossing the boundaries of the system.
(d)
It is wrong to say 'total heat' or 'heat content' of a closed system, because heat or work is
not a property of the system. Heat, like work, cannot be stored by the system. Both heat and
work are the energy is transit.
(e)
Heat transfer is the energy interaction due to temperature difference only. All other energy
interactions may be termed as work transfer.
(f)
Both heat and work are path functions and inexact differentials. The magnitude of heat
transfer or work transfer depends upon the path the system follows during the change of state.
(g)
Heat transfer takes place according to second law of thermodynamics as it tells about the
direction and amount of heat flow that is possible between two reservoirs.
Qualitative Difference between Heat and Work
Thermodynamic definition of work:
Positive work is done by a system when the sole effect external to the system could be
reduced to the rise of a weight.
Thermodynamic definition of heat:
It is the energy in transition between the system and the surroundings by virtue of the
difference in temperature.

Sign Conventions

Work done BY the system is +ve

Obviously work done ON the system is ve
Heat given TO the system is +ve
Obviously Heat rejected by the system is ve

Heat and work are not completely interchangeable forms of energy. When work is converted into
heat, we always have
W Q
but when heat is converted into work in a complete closed cycle process

Q W
The arrow indicates the direction of energy transformation.
Work is said to be high grade energy and heat is low grade energy. The complete conversion of
low grade energy into high grade energy in a cycle is impossible.

HEAT and WORK are NOT properties because they depend on

the path and end states.

HEAT and WORK are not properties because their net change in a cycle is not zero.
Heat and work are inexact differentials. Their change cannot be written as differences between
their end states.
2

Thus

dQ Q2 Q1
1

and is shown as 1Q2 or Q1-2

Similarly

W
1

W2 W1 and is shown as 1W2 or W1-2

Note: The operator is used to denote in-exact differentials and operator d is used to
denote exact differentials.

Kelvin-Planck Statement of Second Law

There are two statements of the second law of thermodynamics, the Kelvin-Planck statement,
and the Clausius statement. The Kelvin-Planck statement pertains to heat engines.
The Clausius statement pertains to refrigerators/heat pumps.
Kelvin-Planck statement of second law
It is impossible to construct a device (engine) operating in a cycle that will produce no effect
other than extraction of heat from a single reservoir and convert all of it into work.
Mathematically, Kelvin-Planck statement can be written as:
Wcycle 0 (for a single reservoir)
Clausius statement of second law

It is impossible to transfer heat in a cyclic process from low temperature to high

temperature without work from external source.
Reversible and Irreversible Processes
A process is reversible with respect to the system and surroundings if the system and
the surroundings can be restored to their respective initial states by reversing the direction
of the process, that is, by reversing the heat transfer and work transfer. The process is
irreversible if it cannot fulfill this criterion.
Clausius' Theorem
Let a system be taken from an equilibrium state i to another equilibrium state f by following the
reversible path i-f (Figure). Let a reversible adiabatic i-a be drawn through i and another
reversible adiabatic b-f be drawn through f. Then a reversible isothermal a-b is drawn in such a
way that the area under i-a-b-f is equal to the area under i-f. Applying the first law for
Process i f
Qif =U f U i +W if
Process i a b f
Qiabf =U f U i +W iabf
Since

W if =W iabf

Qif =Qiabf
Qia +Q ab+Qbf

Since

Fig. Reversible Path

substituted by Two
reversible adiabatic and a
reversible isothermal

Qia =0Q bf =0
Qif =Qab

Heat transferred in the process i-f is equal to the heat transferred in the isothermal process a-b.
Thus any reversible path may be substituted by a reversible zigzag path, between the same
end states, consisting of a reversible adiabatic followed by a reversible isothermal and
then by a reversible adiabatic, such that the heat transferred during the isothermal process is
the same as If similar equations are written for all the elemental Carnot cycles, then for the whole
original cycle that transferred during the original process.
Let a smooth closed curve representing a reversible cycle (Fig below.) be considered. Let the
closed cycle be divided into a large number of strips by means of reversible adiabatics. Each strip

may be closed at the top and bottom by reversible isothermals. The original closed cycle is thus
replaced by a zigzag closed path consisting of alternate adiabatic and isothermal processes,
such that the heat transferred during all the isothermal processes is equal to the heat transferred
in the original cycle. Thus the original cycle is replaced by a large number of Carnot cycles. If
the adiabatics are close to one another and the number of Carnot cycles is large, the saw-toothed
zig-zag line will coincide with the original cycle.

Fig. A Reversible cycle split into a Large Number of Carnot cycles

For the elemental cycle abcd dQ1 heat is absorbed reversibly at T1, and dQ2 heat is
rejected reversibly at T2
dQ 1 dQ2
=
T1
T2
If heat supplied is taken as positive and heat rejected as negative
dQ 1 dQ 2
+
=0
T1 T2
Similarly, for the elemental cycle efgh
dQ 3 dQ 3
+
=0
T3 T4
If similar equations are written for all the elemental Carnot cycles, then for the whole original
cycle
dQ 1 dQ 2 dQ 3 dQ 3
+
+
+
=0
T1 T2
T3
T4

dQ
j R T 0

Or
The cyclic integral of dQ/T for a reversible cycle is equal to zero. This is known as Clausius
theorem. The letter R emphasizes the fact that the equation is valid only for a reversible cycle.

Thus the original cycle is replaced by a large number of Carnot cycle. If the adiabatics are close
to one another and the number of Carnot cycles is large, the saw toothed zig-zag line will
coincide with the original cycle.

Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements

II Law basically a negative statement (like most laws in society). The two statements look
distinct. We shall prove that violation of one makes the other statement violation too.
Let us suspect the Clausius statement-it may be possible to transfer heat from a body at colder to
a body at hotter temperature without supply of work
Let us have a heat engine operating between T 1 as source and T2 as a sink. Let this heat
engine reject exactly the same Q2 (as the pseudo-Clausius device) to the reservoir at T 2. To do
this an amount of Q1 needs to be drawn from the reservoir at T 1. There will also be a W = Q 1
Q2.
Combine the two. The reservoir at T 2 has not
undergone any change (Q2 was taken out and by
pseudo-Clausius device and put back by the engine).
Reservoir 1 has given out a net Q1-Q2. We got work output
of W. Q1-Q2 is converted to W with no net heat rejection.
This is violation of Kelvin- Planck statement.

Let us assume that Clausius statement is true and suspect Kelvin plank statement

Pseudo Kelvin Planck engine requires only Q1Q2 as the

heat interaction to give out W (because it does not reject
any heat) which drives the Clausius heat pump
Combining the two yields:
The reservoir at T1 receives Q1 but gives out Q1Q2
implying a net delivery of Q2 to it.
Q2 has been transferred from T2 to T1 without
the supply of any work!!
A violation of Clausius statement

Moral: If an engine/refrigerator violates one version of II Law, it violates the other one too.
All reversible engine operating between the same two fixed temperatures will have the same
and COP.
If there exists a reversible engine/ or a refrigerator which can do better than that, it will violate
the Clausius statement.
Let us presume that the HP is super efficient!! For the same
work given out by the engine E, it can pick up an extra Q from
the low temperature source and deliver over to reservoir at T1 .
The net effect is this extra has Q been transferred from T2 to
T1 with no external work expenditure. Clearly, a violation of
Clausius statement!!

SUM UP
Heat supplied = Q1; Source temperature = T1 ; Sink temperature = T2
Maximum possible efficiency = W/Q1= (T1 T2)/T1
Work done = W = Q1(T1 T2)/T1
Carnot Engine with same efficiency or same work output
Since

T 1 Q1
=
T 2 Q2

T 1T 2 Q1Q 2
=
T2
Q2

T 1 T 2=

T 2 T 3=

( Q1Q 2 ) T 2
Q2

( Q2 Q3 ) T 3 ( Q2Q3 ) T 2
Q3

Q2

For same work output

W 1=W 2
Q1Q2=Q2 Q3
T 1 T 2=T 2T 3

For same efficiency

1

Or

T2
T
=1 3
T1
T2

or T 2 = T 1T 3

Which is the more effective way to increase the efficiency of a Carnot engine: to
increase T1 keeping T2 constant; or to decrease T2 keeping T1 constant?
T2
=1
The efficiency of a Carnot engine is given by
T1
If T2 is constant
T

= 2
T 1 T T 1

( )

As T1 increases, increases, and the slope

constant,

T 2

( )

T1

1
T1

( T )

1 T2

decreases (Figure). If T1

is

As T2 decreases, increases, but the slope

Also

Since

T 1

( )

T2

T 1 >T 2 ,

T2
T 12

T 2

and

T 2

( )

T 1

( T )

2 T1

remains constant (Figure).

T 1

T1

T 12

( ) ( )
>

T1

T2

So, the more effective way to increase the efficiency is to decrease T2. Alternatively, let T2 be
decreased by T with T1 remaining the same
1=1

T 2T
T1

T2

=1
2
If T1 is increased by the same T, T2 remaining the same
T 1+ T
Then
12=

T2
T T
2
T 1 + T
T1

( T 1T 2 ) T + ( T )

T 1 ( T 1+ T )
Since

T 1 >T 2 , ( 12 ) >0

The more effective way to increase the cycle efficiency is to decrease T2

ASSIGNMENT
1. An inventor claims that his petrol engine operating between temperatures of 2000C and
600C will produce 1 KWhr consuming 150g of petrol having 45000 kJ/kg calorific
value. Check the validity of the claim.
2. Two reversible engines takes 2400 kJ per minute from a reservoir at 750 K and develops
400 kJ of work per minute when executing complete cycles. The engines reject heat two
reservoirs at 650 K and 550 K. Find the heat rejected to each sink.

Entropy
Chapter 4

Two Reversible Adiabatic Paths cannot Intersect Each Other Let it be assumed that two
reversible adiabatics AC and BC intersect each other at point C (Fig.). Let a reversible isotherm
AB be drawn in such a way that it intersects the reversible adiabatics at A and B. The three
reversible processes AB, BC, and CA together constitute a reversible cycle, and the area included
represents the net work output in a cycle. But such a cycle is impossible, since net work is being
produced in a cycle by a heat engine by exchanging heat with a single reservoir in the process
AB, which violates the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law. Therefore, the
assumption of the intersection of the reversible adiabatics is Fig. wrong. Through one point,
there can pass only one reversible adiabatic.
Since two constant property lines can never intersect each other, it is inferred that a
reversible adiabatic path must represent some property, which is yet to be identified.

The Property of Entropy

( dQT )

ds=

Reversible

dS is an exact differential because S is a point function and a property. The subscript R in

dQ indicates that heat dQ is transferred reversibly.

s=

S J
m kg K

It is an extensive property, and has the unit J/K. The specific entropy is an intensive
property and has unit J/kgK
The change of entropy may be regarded as a measure of the rate of availability of heat for
transformation into work.

If the system is taken from an initial equilibrium state i to a final equilibrium state f by
an irreversible path, since entropy is a point or state function, and the entropy change is
independent of the path followed, the non-reversible path is to be replaced by a reversible path to
integrate for the evaluation of entropy change in the irreversible process.
f

S f S i=
i

dQ rev
=( S )irrev path
T

Integration can be performed only on a reversible path.

Temperature - Entropy Plot

The Inequality of Clausius

Then for any cycle

dQ
ds
T

Since entropy is a property and the cyclic integral of any property is zero
dQ
T 0
This equation is known as the inequality of Clausius. It provides the criterion of the reversibility
of a cycle.
If

dQ
=0
T

the cycle is reversible,

If

dQ
<0
T

the cycle is irreversible and possible,

If

dQ
>0
T

the cycle is impossible, since it violates the second law.

Entropy Change in an Irreversible Process

Flow of current through a resistance when a battery discharges through a resistance

heat is dissipated. You cant recharge the battery by supplying heat back to the resistance
element!!
Pickpocket
!!!Marriage!!!!.............................................are irreversible Process.

Applications of Entropy Principle

(S1-S2)irreversible > (S1-S2)reversible
An irreversible process generates more entropy than a reversible process.
An irreversible engine cant produce more work than a reversible one.

An irreversible heat pump will always need more work than a reversible heat pump.
An irreversible expansion will produce less work than a reversible expansion
An irreversible compression will need more work than a reversible compression.

Maximum Work Obtainable from two Finite Bodies at temperatures T1 and T2

Let us consider two identical finite bodies of constant heat capacity at temperature T 1
and T2 respectively, T1 being higher than T2. If the two bodies are merely brought together into
thermal contact, delivering no work, the final temperature Tf reached would be the maximum
T f=

T 1+T 2
2

If a heat engine is operated between the two bodies acting as thermal energy reservoirs (shown in
Fig. below), part of the heat withdrawn from body 1 is converted to work W by the heat engine,
and the remainder is rejected to body 2. The lowest attainable final temperature T f corresponds
to the delivery of the largest possible amount of work, and is associated with a reversible
process.
As work is delivered by the heat engine, the temperature of body 1 will be decreasing and that of
body 2 will be increasing. When both the bodies attain the final temperature T f, the heat engine
will stop operating. Let the bodies remain at constant pressure and undergo no change of phase.

Total heat withdrawn from body 1 is

Q 1=C p (T 1T f )

Where Cp is the heat capacity of the two bodies at constant pressure.

Total heat rejected to body 2
Q2 = Cp (Tf T2)
Amount of total work delivered by the heat engine
W = Q1 Q2
= Cp (T1 + T2 - 2Tf)
For given values of Cp, T1 and T2, the magnitude of work W depends on Tf. Work obtainable will
be maximum when Tf is minimum.
Now, for body 1, entropy change S1 is given by
Tf

( S )1= C p
T1

T
dT
=C p ln f
T
T1

For body 2, entropy change S2 would be

Tf

( S )2= C p
T2

Tf
dT
=C p ln
T
T2

Since the working fluid operating in the heat engine cycle does not undergo any entropy change,
S of the working fluid in heat engine = dS=0 . Applying the entropy principle

Suniverse 0
C p ln

Tf
T
+ C ln f 0
T1
T2
p

T f2
C p ln
0
T1 T2
For above equation for Tf to be minimum
T2
C p ln f =0
T1 T2
T f2
Or ln T T =0=ln 1
1 2
T f = T 1 T 2
For W to be maximum, T f = T 1 T 2 . From above equation
Wmax = Cp (T1 +T2 - 2 T 1 T 2 ) = Cp

( T 1 T 2 )

The final temperatures of the two bodies, initially at T1 and T2, can range from (T1 + T2)/2 with
no delivery of work to T 1 T 2
with maximum delivery of work.

Maximum Work Obtainable from a Finite Body and a TER :-

Let one of the bodies considered in the previous section be a thermal energy reservoir. The finite
body has a thermal capacity Cp and is at temperature T and the TER is at temperature T 0, such
that T > T0. Let (Q - W). Then

Maximum Work Obtainable When One of the Bodies is a TER.

T0

( S ) Body= C p
T

( S ) HE=

T
dT
=C p ln 0
T
T

dQ
=0
T

( S ) T E R=

QW
T0

T 0 QW
(

S
)
=C
ln
+
Univ
p

T
T0
By the entropy principle,.

( S )Univ 0

C p ln

T 0 QW
+
0
T
T0

C p ln

T 0 QW

T
T0

T
QW
C ln 0
T0
T
p

W Q+T 0 C p ln

T0
T

W max=Q+ T 0 C p ln

T0
T

W max =C p ( TT 0 ) T 0 ln

T0
T

Processes Exhibiting External Mechanical Irreversibility :[i] Isothermal Dissipation of Work :- Let us consider the isothermal dissipation of work
through a system into the internal energy of a reservoir, as in the flow of an electric current
through a resistor in contact with a reservoir (Fig.in below.) At steady state, the internal energy
of the resistor and hence its temperature is constant. So, by first law:

W=Q
The flow of current represents work transfer. At steady state the work is dissipated isothermally
into heat transfer to the surroundings. Since the surroundings absorb Q unit of heat at
temperature T,

Q W
( S )surr = =
T T
At steady state, ( S )surr =0

 ( S )univ=( S )sys+ ( S )surr =

W
T

The irreversible process is thus accompanied by an entropy increase of the universe.

[ii] Adiabatic Dissipation of Work :- Let W be the stirring work supplied to a viscous thermally
insulated liquid, which is dissipated adiabatically into internal energy increase of the liquid, the
temperature of which increases from Ti to Tf ( shown in fig below). Since there is no flow of heat
to or from the surroundings.

To calculate the entropy change of the system, the original irreversible path (dotted line) must be
replaced by a reversible one between the same end states, i and f. Let us replace the irreversible
performance of work by a reversible isobaric flow of heat from a series of reservoirs ranging
from Ti to Tf to cause the same change in the state of the system. The entropy change of the
system will be
f

( ) (

( S )sys =
i

C dT
T
dQ
= p
=C p ln f
T R
T R
T1
i

Where Cp is the heat capacity of the liquid.

( S )univ = ( S )sys + ( S )surr =C p ln

Tf
T1

Entropy Generation

Irreversible Processes increase the entropy of the universe.

Reversible Processes do not effect the entropy of the universe.
Impossible Processes decrease the entropy of the universe.

( S )universe =0
Entropy Generation in the universe is a measure of lost of work.

( S )univ erse =( S ) system + ( S )surr oundings

The losses will keep increasing.
The sin keeps accumulating.
Damage to environment keeps increasing.
When the entropy of the universe goes so high, then someone has to come and set it right. HE
SAYS HE WILL COME. Every religion confirms this.
Let us all wait.
Cheer up, things are not that bad yet!!

Entropy and Direction: The Second Law a Directional law of Nature

The second law indicates the direction in which a process takes place. A process always

occurs in such a direction as to cause an increase in the entropy of the universe.

Summary
1. Clausius theorem
f

2.

S f S i=
i

( dQT )

=0

rev

dQ rev
=( S )irrev path
T

Integration cam be performed only on a reversible path.

3. Clausius Inequality:

dQ
0
T

4. At the equilibrium state, the system is at the peak of the entropy hill (isolated).
5. Tds = du + Pdv
6. Tds = dh Vdp

7. Famous relation S = K ln(W)

Where K = Boltzmann constant
W = thermodynamic probability
8. General case of change of entropy of a gas
P2
V2
S f S i=m C v ln +C p ln
P1
V1

Initial conditions of gas P1,V1,T1,S1 and

Final conditions of gas P2,V2,T2,S2
9. Process and property change Table:

Isothermal expansion
Isothermal compression
Isentropic compression
Isentropic expansion
Isochoric heating
Isochoric cooling
Isobaric heating /expansion
Isobaric cooling/compression

ASSIGNMENT
1. 5 kg of air is compressed in a reversible polytrophic process from 1 bar and 40C to
10 bar with an index of compression 1.25. Calculate the entropy change during the
process.
2. Two compartments of an insulated vessel each of 3 m3 contain air at 0.7 MPa, 95C
and 0.35 MPa, 205C. If the removed, find the change in entropy, if the two
portions mix completely and adiabatically.

CHAPTER 1

Open and closed system

1. An isolated thermodynamic system executes a process, choose the correct statement(s) form
the following
[GATE-1999]
(a) No heat is transferred
(b) No work is done
(c) No mass flows across the boundary of the system
(d) No chemical reaction takes place within the system
2. Heat and work are
(a) intensive properties
(c) point functions

[GATE-2011]
(b) extensive properties
(d) path functions

Quasi-Static Process
3. A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains a gas initially at 0.8 MPa and 0.015 m 3. It
expands quasi-statically at constant temperature to a final volume of 0.030 m3. The work output
(in kJ/kg) during this process will be:
[GATE-2009]
(a) 8.32
(b) 12.00
(c) 554.67
(d) 8320.00
Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer
4.A balloon containing an ideal gas is initially kept in an evacuated and insulated room.
The balloon ruptures and the gas fills up the entire room. Which one of the following
statements is TRUE at the end of above process?
(a) The internal energy of the gas decreases from its initial value, but the enthalpy
remains constant
[GATE-2008]
(b) The internal energy of the gas increases from its initial value, but the enthalpy
remains constant
(c) Both internal energy and enthalpy of the gas remain constant
(d) Both internal energy and enthalpy of the gas increase
5.Air is compressed adiabatically in a steady flow process with negligible change in potential
and kinetic energy. The Work done in the process is given by:
[GATE-1996, IAS-2000]
(a) Pdv
(b) +Pdv
(c) vdp
(d) +vdp
pdV-work or Displacement Work
6. In a steady state steady flow process taking place in a device with a single inlet and a single
outlet, the work done per unit mass flow rate is given by outlet 3. Thermal conductivity
4. Pressure
Which of these are intensive properties?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

IES-3.
Which one of the following is the extensive property of a thermodynamic
system?
[IES1999] (a) Volume
(b) Pressure
(c) Temperature
(d) Density
IES-4.
Consider the following properties:
[IES2009]
Z

inlet
vdp , where v is the specific volume and p is the pressure. The
1. Entropy
2. Viscosity
3. Temperature
4. Specific heat at constant volume
expression for w given above:
[GATE-2008]
(a) Is valid only if the process is both reversible and adiabatic (b) Is valid only if the process is
both reversible and isothermal (c) Is valid for any reversible process
outlet
(d) Is incorrect; it must be Z
vdp
inlet
GATE-7.
A gas expands in a frictionless piston-cylinder arrangement. The expansion
process is very slow, and is resisted by an ambient pressure of 100 kPa. During the expansion
process, the pressure of the system (gas) remains constant at 300 kPa. The change in volume of
the gas is 0.01 m3. The maximum amount of work that could be utilized from the above process
is:
[GATE-2008] (a) 0kJ
(b) 1kJ
(c) 2kJ
(d) 3kJ
GATE-8. For reversible adiabatic compression in a steady flow process, the work
transfer per unit mass is:
[GATE-1996]
Which of the above properties of a system is/are extensive?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2 and 4
IES-4a
Consider
[IES-2010]
1. Temperature
2. Viscosity
3. Internal energy
4. Entropy
Which of these are extensive properties?
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 3 and 4 only.

the

following:

Thermodynamic System and Control Volume

IES-5.
Assertion (A): A thermodynamic system may be considered as a quantity of
working substance with which interactions of heat and work are studied. Reason (R): Energy in
the form of work and heat are mutually convertible.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(a) pdv

(b) vdp
(c) Tds
(d ) sdT
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

[IES-2000]

Previous 20-Years IES Questions

IES-1.
Which of the following are intensive properties?
2005]
1. Kinetic Energy
2. Specific Enthalpy
3. Pressure
4. Entropy
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1, 3 and 4

[IES-

(d) 2 and 4

IES-2.
Consider the following properties:
2009]
1. Temperature
2. Viscosity
3. Specific entropy
4. Thermal conductivity
Which of the above properties of a system is/are intensive?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only (c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
IES-2a.
Consider the following:
2007, 2010]
1. Kinetic energy
13

[IES-

[IES2. Entropy

IES-5a
A
control
volume
[IES-2010]
(a) An isolated system
(b) A closed system but heat and work can cross the boundary
(c) A specific amount of mass in space
(d) A fixed region in space where mass, heat and work can cross the boundary of that region

is

Open and Closed systems

IES-6.
A closed thermodynamic system is one in which
[IES-1999, 2010, 2011]
(a) There is no energy or mass transfer across the boundary
(b) There is no mass transfer, but energy transfer exists
(c) There is no energy transfer, but mass transfer exists
(d) Both energy and mass transfer take place across the boundary, but the mass transfer is
controlled by valves
IES-7
14

Isothermal compression of air in a Stirling engine is an example of

Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals

Chapter 1
Chapter 1

(a) Open system

2010]
(b) Steady flow diabatic system
(c) Closed system with a movable boundary
D. The quantity of matter under consideration in thermodynamics is called
3. Closed system
4. Cycle
(d) Closed system with fixed boundary

[IES-

IES-8.
Which of the following is/are reversible process(es)?
2005]
1. Isentropic expansion
2. Slow heating of water from a hot source
3. Constant pressure heating of an ideal gas from a constant temperature source
4. Evaporation of a liquid at constant temperature
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 4

[IES-

IES-9.
Assertion (A): In thermodynamic analysis, the concept of reversibility is that, a
reversible process is the most efficient process.
[IES-2001] Reason
(R): The energy transfer as heat and work during the forward process as always identically equal
to the energy transfer is heat and work during the reversal or the process.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A (c) A is true
but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-9a Which one of the following represents open thermodynamic system?
(a) Manual ice cream freezer (b) Centrifugal pump
[IES-2011]
(c) Pressure cooker
(d) Bomb calorimeter
IES-10.
Ice kept in a well insulated thermo flask is an example of which system?
(a) Closed system
(b) Isolated systems
[IES-2009]
(c) Open system
(d) Non-flow adiabatic system
IES-10a
Hot coffee stored in a well insulated thermos flask is an example of
(a) Isolated system
(b) Closed system
(c) Open system
(d) Non-flow diabatic system
IES10b

A thermodynamic system is considered to be an isolated one if

[IES-2010]
[IES-2011]

(a) Mass transfer and entropy change are zero (b) Entropy change and energy transfer are zero
(c) Energy transfer and mass transfer are zero (d) Mass transfer and volume change are zero
IES-10c.
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given
below the lists:
[IES-2011]
Code: A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D (a)
2
1
4
3
(b)
3
1
4
2 (c)
2
4
1
3
(d)
3
4
1
2
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
IES-11.
Measurement of temperature is based on which law of thermodynamics?
[IES-2009]
(a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics
(b) First law of thermodynamics
(c) Second law of thermodynamics
(d) Third law of thermodynamics
IES-12.
Consider the following statements:
2003]
1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics is related to temperature
2. Entropy is related to first law of thermodynamics
3. Internal energy of an ideal gas is a function of temperature and pressure
4. Van der Waals' equation is related to an ideal gas
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 2 and 4

[IES-

IES-13.
Zeroth Law of thermodynamics states that
[IES-1996,
2010]
(a) Two thermodynamic systems are always in thermal equilibrium with each other.
(b) If two systems are in thermal equilibrium, then the third system will also be in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
(c) Two systems not in thermal equilibrium with a third system are also not in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
(d) When two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
International Temperature Scale
IES-14.
Which one of the following correctly defines 1 K, as per the internationally
accepted definition of temperature scale?
[IES-2004] (a)
1/100th of the difference between normal boiling point and normal freezing point of
water
(b) 1/273.15th of the normal freezing point of water
(c) 100 times the difference between the triple point of water and the normal freezing point of
water
(d) 1/273.15th of the triple point of water
IES-15.
List I

In a new temperature scale say , the boiling and freezing points of water at

A. Interchange of matter is not possible in a

B. Any processes in which the system returns to its original condition or state is called
C. Interchange of matter is possible in a
15
List II
1. Open system
2. System
one atmosphere are 100 and 300 respectively. Correlate this scale with the
Centigrade scale. The reading of 0 on the Centigrade scale is:
[IES-2001]
(a) 0C
(b) 50C
(c) 100C
(d) 150C
16

Basic Concepts
S K Mondals

Chapter 1

IES-16.
Assertion (a): If an alcohol and a mercury thermometer read exactly 0C at the ice
point and 100C at the steam point and the distance between the two points is divided into 100
equal parts in both thermometers, the two thermometers will give exactly the same reading at
50C.
[IES-1995] Reason (R): Temperature scales are
arbitrary.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A (c) A is true
but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-17.
Match List-I (Type of Thermometer) with List-II (Thermometric Property) and select
the correct answer using the code given below the
[IES 2007]
List-I
List-II A. Mercury-in-glass
1. Pressure
B. Thermocouple
2. Electrical resistant
C. Thermistor
3. Volume
D. Constant volume gas
4. Induced electric voltage
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D (a)
1
4
2
3
(b)
3
2
4
1 (c)
1
2
4
3
(d)
3
4
2
1
IES-18.
Pressure reaches a value of absolute zero
2002]
(a) At a temperature of 273 K (b) Under vacuum condition
(c) At the earth's centre
(d) When molecular momentum of system becomes zero

[IES-

IES-19.
The time constant of a thermocouple is the time taken to attain:
(a) The final value to he measured
[IES-1997, 2010]
(b) 50% of the value of the initial temperature difference (c) 63.2% of the value of the initial
temperature difference (d) 98.8% of the value of the initial temperature difference
Work a Path Function
IES-20.
Assertion (A): Thermodynamic work is path-dependent except for an adiabatic
process.
[IES2005] Reason(R): It is always possible to take a system from a given initial state to any final
state by performing adiabatic work only.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A (c) A is true
but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-20a Work transfer between the system and the surroundings
[IES-2011]
(a) Is a point function
(b) Is always given by pdv
(c) Is a function of pressure only (d) Depends on the path followed by the system
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer
IES-21.
Match items in List-I (Process) with those in List-II (Characteristic) and select the
correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List-I
List-II
[IES-2001] A.
Throttling process
1. No work done
B. Isentropic process
2. No change in entropy
C. Free expansion
3. Constant internal energy
D. Isothermal process
4. Constant enthalpy
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D (a)
4
2
1
3
(b)
1
2
4
3 (c)
4
3
1
2
(d)
1
3
4
2
IES-22.
The heat transfer, Q, the work done W and the change in internal energy U are all
zero in the case of
[IES-1996] (a)
A rigid vessel containing steam at 150C left in the atmosphere which is at 25C.
(b) 1 kg of gas contained in an insulated cylinder expanding as the piston moves slowly
outwards.
(c) A rigid vessel containing ammonia gas connected through a valve to an evacuated rigid
vessel, the vessel, the valve and the connecting pipes being well insulated and the valve being
opened and after a time, conditions through the two vessels becoming uniform.
(d) 1 kg of air flowing adiabatically from the atmosphere into a previously evacuated
bottle.
pdV-work or Displacement Work
IES-23.
One kg of ice at 0C is completely melted into water at 0C at 1 bar pressure.

The latent heat of fusion of water is 333 kJ/kg and the densities of water and ice at 0C are
999.0 kg/m3 and 916.0 kg/m3, respectively. What are the approximate values of the
work done and energy transferred as heat for the process, respectively?
[IES-2007] (a) 9.4 J and 333.0 kJ
(b) 9.4 J and 333.0 kJ
(c) 333.0 kJ and 9.4 J
(d) None of the above
IES-24.
Which one of the following is the correct sequence of the three processes A, B and C
in the increasing order of the amount of work done by a gas following ideal- gas expansions by
these processes?
17
18

Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals

Chapter 1
Chapter 1

[IES-2006]
(a) A B C
(b) B A C
(c) A C B
(d) C A B
IES-25. An ideal gas undergoes an isothermal expansion from state R to state S in a
turbine as shown in the diagram given below:
The area of shaded region is
1000 Nm. What is the amount is turbine work done during the process?
(a) 14,000 Nm
(b) 12,000 Nm
(c) 11,000 Nm
(d) 10,000 Nm
[IES2004] IES-26.
Assertion (A): The area 'under' curve on pv plane, pdv represents the work
of reversible non-flow process.
[IES-1992]
Reason (R): The area 'under' the curve Ts plane Tds represents heat of any
reversible process.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A (c) A is true
but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-27.
If pdv and vdp for a thermodynamic system of an Ideal gas on valuation give
same quantity (positive/negative) during a process, then the process undergone by the system is:
[IES-2003]
(a) Isomeric

(b) Isentropic

(c) Isobaric

(d) Isothermal

IES-28.
Which one of the following expresses the reversible work done by the system
(steady flow) between states 1 and 2?
[IES-2008]

2
2
Previous 20-Years IAS Questions

Thermodynamic System and Control Volume

IAS-1.
The following are examples of some intensive and extensive properties:
1. Pressure
2. Temperature
[IAS-1995]
3. Volume
4. Velocity
5. Electric charge
6. Magnetisation
7. Viscosity
8. Potential energy
Which one of the following sets gives the correct combination of intensive and extensive
properties?
Intensive
Extensive
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4
5, 6, 7, 8 (b) 1, 3, 5, 7
2, 4, 6, 8 (c) 1, 2, 4, 7
3, 5, 6, 8 (d) 2, 3, 6, 8
1, 4, 5, 7
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
IAS-2.
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below the lists:
[IAS2004]
List-I
List-II
A. Reversible cycle
1. Measurement of temperature
B. Mechanical work
2. Clapeyron equation C. Zeroth Law
3. Clausius Theorem D. Heat
4. High grade energy
5. 3rd law of thermodynamics
6. Inexact differential
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D (a)
3
4
1
6
(b)
2
6
1
3 (c)
3
1
5
6
(d)
1
4
5
2
(a) pdv
(b) vdp
(c) pdv
(d)
vdp
1
1
1
1
Heat Transfer-A Path Function
IES-29.
Assertion (A): The change in heat and work cannot be expressed as difference
between the end states.
[IES-1999]
Reason (R): Heat and work are both exact differentials.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A (c) A is true
but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

19
IAS-3.
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer:
[IAS-2000]
List-I
List-II
A. The entropy of a pure crystalline
1. First law of thermodynamics substance is zero at
absolute zero
temperature
B. Spontaneous processes occur
2. Second law of thermodynamics in a certain
direction
C. If two bodies are in thermal
3. Third law of thermodynamics equilibrium with a
third body,
then they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other
D. The law of conservation of energy
4. Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
2
3
4
1
(b)
3
2
1
4
20

Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
(c)

Chapter 1
Chapter 1
2

(d)

International Temperature Scale

IAS-4.
A new temperature scale in degrees N is to be defined. The boiling and freezing on
this scale are 400N and 100N respectively. What will be the reading on new scale
corresponding to 60C?
[IAS-1995] (a) 120N
(b) 180N
(c) 220N
(d) 280N
Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer
IAS-5.
In free expansion of a gas between two equilibrium states, the work transfer
involved
[IAS2001] (a) Can be calculated by joining the two states on p-v coordinates by any path
and
estimating the area below
(b) Can be calculated by joining the two states by a quasi-static path and then finding the area
below
(c) Is zero
(d) Is equal to heat generated by friction during expansion.
IAS-6.
2002]

Work done in a free expansion process is:

[IAS-

(a) Positive

(b) Negative

(c) Zero

(d) Maximum

IAS-7.
In the temperature-entropy diagram of a vapour shown in the given figure, the
thermodynamic process shown by the dotted line AB represents
(a) Hyperbolic expansion
(b) Free expansion
(c) Constant volume expansion
(d) Polytropic expansion
IAS-10.
Air is compressed adiabatically in a steady flow process with negligible change in
potential and kinetic energy. The Work done in the process is given by:
[IAS-2000, GATE-1996]
(a) pdv
(b) +pdv
(c) vdp
(d) +vdp
IAS-11.
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below
the lists:
[IAS-2004]
List-I
List-II
A. Bottle filling of gas
1. Absolute Zero Temperature
B. Nernst simon Statement
2. Variable flow
C. Joule Thomson Effect
3. Quasi-Static Path
D. pdv
4. Isentropic Process
5. Dissipative Effect
6. Low grade energy
7. Process and temperature during phase change.
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D (a)
6
5
4
3
(b)
2
1
4
3 (c)
2
5
7
4
(d)
6
1
7
4
pdV-work or Displacement Work
IAS-13.
Thermodynamic work is the product of
[IAS1998]
(a) Two intensive properties
(b) Two extensive properties
(c) An intensive property and change in an extensive property
(d) An extensive property and change in an intensive property
[IAS-1995] IAS-8.
If pdv and vdp for a thermodynamic system of an Ideal gas on
valuation give same quantity (positive/negative) during a process, then the process
undergone by the system is:
[IAS-1997, IES-2003]
(a) Isomeric
(b) Isentropic
(c) Isobaric
(d) Isothermal
IAS-9.
For the expression pdv to represent the work, which of the following conditions
should apply?
[IAS-2002] (a) The
system is closed one and process takes place in non-flow system
(b) The process is non-quasi static
(c) The boundary of the system should not move in order that work may be transferred
(d) If the system is open one, it should be non-reversible
Heat Transfer-A Path Function

IAS-14.
Match List-I (Parameter) with List-II (Property) and select the correct answer using
the codes given below the lists:
List-I
List-II
[IAS-1999]
A. Volume
1. Path function
B. Density
2. Intensive property
C. Pressure
3. Extensive property
D. Work
4. Point function
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D (a)
3
2
4
1
(b)
3
2
1
4 (c)
2
3
4
1
(d)
2
3
1
4
21
22

ENTROPY
CHAPTER 4
1. An ideal gas of mass m and temperature
from an initial pressure

P1

T1

to final pressure

undergoes a reversible isothermal process

P2

. The heat loss during the process is Q.

The entropy change S of the gas is

a)

mRln

P2
P1

( )

P2
b) mRln P1

( )

P2 Q
c) mRln P1 T 1

( )

d) zero

[GATE-2012]
2. One kilogram of water at room temperature is brought into contact with a high temperature
thermal reservoir. The entropy change of the universe is:
(a) Equal to entropy change of the reservoir
(b) Equal to entropy change of water
(c) Equal to zero
(d) Always positive
[GATE-2010]

3. The relation

dS=

dQ
T , where S represents entropy, Q represents heat and T represents

temperature (absolute), holds good in which one of the following processes? IES-2009]
(a) Reversible processes only
(b) Irreversible processes only
(c) Both reversible and irreversible processes
(d) All real processes
4. Which of the following statement is correct?
[IES-2008]
(a) The increase in entropy is obtained from a given quantity of heat transfer at a low
temperature.
(b) The change in entropy may be regarded as a measure of the rate of the availability
of heat for transformation into work.
(c) The entropy represents the maximum amount of work obtainable per degree drop in
temperature
(d) All of the above
5. A heat engine receives 1000 kW of heat at a constant temperature of 285C and rejects 492
kW of heat at 5C. Consider the following thermodynamic cycles in this regard: [IES-2000]
1. Carnot cycle 2. Reversible cycle 3. Irreversible cycle
Which of these cycles could possible to be executed by the engine?
(a) 1 alone
(b) 3 alone
(c) 1 and 2
(d) None of 1,2 and 3
6. Assigning the basic dimensions to mass, length, time and temperature respectively as M,
L, T and (Temperature), what are the dimensions of entropy?
[IES-2007]
2
2 1 1
2 2 1
3 2 1
(a) ML T (b) M L T
(c) M L T
(d) M L T
7. A Carnot engine operates between 327C and 27C. If the engine produces 300 kJ of work,
what is the entropy change during heat addition?
[IES-2008]
(a) 0.5 kJ/K
(b) 1.0 kJ/K
(c) 1.5 kJ/K
(d) 2.0 kJ/K
8. Isentropic flow is
(a) Irreversible adiabatic flow
(c) Ideal fluid flow
9. For real thermodynamic cycle:
dQ
> 0 but<
(a) T
(c)

dQ
=0
T

[IES-2011]
(b) Reversible adiabatic flow
(d) Frictionless reversible flow
dQ
<0
(b) T
(d)

[IES-2005]

dQ
=
T

10.For a thermodynamic cycle to be irreversible, it is necessary that [IES-1998]

dQ
dQ
dQ
dQ
=0
<0
>0
0

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
T
T
T
T

11. For an irreversible cycle:

(a)

dQ
0
T

(b)

dQ
>0
T

[IES-1994, 2011]
(c)

dQ
<0
T

(d)

dQ
0
T

12. If a system undergoes an irreversible adiabatic process, then (symbols have

usual meanings)
[IES-1997]
dQ
dQ
=0 S>0
> 0 S=0
(a) T
(b) T
(c)

dQ
> 0 S=0
T

(d)

dQ
>0 S <0
T

13. Consider the following statements:

[IES-1997]
When a perfect gas enclosed in a cylinder piston device executes a reversible adiabatic
expansion process,
1. Its entropy will increase
2. Its entropy change will be zero
3. The entropy change of the surroundings will be zero
Of these statements
(a) 1 and 3 are correct
(b) 2 alone is correct
(c) 2 and 3 are correct
(d) 1 alone is correct
14. A system of 100 kg mass undergoes a process in which its specific entropy increases from
0.3 kJ/kg-K to 0.4 kJ/kg-K. At the same time, the entropy of the surroundings decreases from
80 kJ/K to 75 kJ/K. The process is:
[IES-1997]
(a) Reversible and isothermal
(b) Irreversible
(c) Reversible
(d) Impossible
15. One kg of air is subjected to the following processes:
[IES-2004]
1. Air expands isothermally from 6 bar to 3 bar.
2. Air is compressed to half the volume at constant pressure
3. Heat is supplied to air at constant volume till the pressure becomes three fold
In which of the above processes, the change in entropy will be positive?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3

16. A reversible heat engine receives 6 kJ of heat from thermal reservoir at temperature 800
K, and 8 kJ of heat from another thermal reservoir at temperature 600 K. If it rejects heat to a
third thermal reservoir at temperature 100 K, then the thermal efficiency of the engine is
approximately equal to:
[IES-2002]
(a) 65% (b) 75%
(c) 80%
(d) 85%

17. A reversible engine exceeding 630 cycles per minute drawn heat from two constant
temperature reservoirs at 1200 K and 800 K rejects heat to constant temperature at 400 K.
The engine develops work 100kW and rejects 3200 KJ heat per minute. The ratio of heat
Q 1200
drawn from two reservoirs Q800 is nearly.
[IES-1992]
(a) 1

(b) 1.5

(c) 3

(d) 10.5

18. In which one of the following situations the entropy change will be negative
(a) Air expands isothermally from 6 bars to 3 bars
[IES-2000]
(b) Air is compressed to half the volume at constant pressure
(c) Heat is supplied to air at constant volume till the pressure becomes three folds
(d) Air expands isentropically from 6 bars to 3 bars
19. Increase in entropy of a system represents
(a) Increase in availability of energy
(b) Increase in temperature
(c) Decrease in pressure
(d) Degradation of energy
20. Clausius inequality is stated as
dQ
=0
(a) dQ 0
(b) T

dQ
>0
(c) T

dQ
0
(d) T

[IAS 2001]

21. A cyclic heat engine receives 600 kJ of heat from a 1000K source and rejects 450 kJ to a
dQ

300 K sink. The quantity

and efficiency of the engine are respectively
[IAS
T
2001]
(a) 2.1 kJ/K and 70%
(c) +0.9 kJ/K and 70%

(b) -0.9 kJ/K and 25%

(d) -2.1 kJ/K and 25%

AVAILABILITY, IRREVERSIBILITY
CHAPTER 5
1. Availability of a system at any given state is:
(a) A property of the system
(b) The maximum work obtainable as the system goes to dead state
(c) The total energy of the system
(d) The maximum useful work obtainable as the system goes to dead state

[GATE-2000]

2. A heat reservoir at 900 K is brought into contact with the ambient at 300 K for a short time.
During this period 9000 kJ of heat is lost by the heat reservoir. The total loss in availability due
to this process is:
[GATE-1995]
(a) 18000 kJ (b) 9000 kJ (c) 6000 kJ
(d) None of the above
3. Availability function for a closed system is expressed as:
=u+ p 0 vT 0 S
=du+p 0 dvT 0 dS
(a)
(b)
(c)

=du+ p 0 dv+T 0 dS

(d)

[IES-2002]

=u+ p 0 v+ T 0 S

4. Consider the following statements:

1. Availability is generally conserved
2. Availability can either be negative or positive
3. Availability is the maximum theoretical work obtainable
4. Availability can be destroyed in irreversibility
Of these correct statements are:
(a) 3 and 4
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 2 and 4

[IES-1996]

5. Increase in entropy of a system represents

(a) Increase in availability of energy
(b) Increase in temperature
(c) Decrease in pressure
(d) Degradation of energy

[IAS-1994]

THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS
CHAPTER 6
1. Which of the following relationships is valid only for reversible processes undergone by a
closed system of simple compressible substance (neglect changes in kinetic and potential
energy?
[GATE-2007]
(a) Q = dU + W
(b) TdS = dU + pdV (c) TdS = dU + W (d) Q = dU + pdV
2. The specific heats of an ideal gas depend on its
(a) Temperature
(b) Pressure
(c) Volume
(d) Molecular weight and structure

[GATE-1996]

3. Which one of the following statements applicable to a perfect gas will also be true for an
irreversible process? (Symbols have the usual meanings).
[IES-1996]
(a) dQ = du + pdV
(b) dQ = Tds (c) Tds = du + pdV (d) None of the above
4. Consider the following thermodynamic relations:
1. Tds= du+ pdv
2. Tds= du- pdv
3. Tds= dh+ vdp
4. Tds= dh- vdp
Which of these thermodynamic relations are correct?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 1 and 4
(c) 2 and 3
5. The number of degrees of freedom for a diatomic molecule
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Cp
Cv

6. The ratio
1992]
(a) n + 1

for a gas with n degrees of freedom is equal to:

(b) n 1

(c) 2/n -1

( )
( dTdP )

sat

(d) 2 and 4
[IES-1992]

[IES-

(d) 1+2/n

7. The Clapeyron equation with usual notations is given by:

h fg
h fg
dT
dP
=
=
(a) dP sat Tv fg
(b) dT sat Tv fg
(c)

[IES-2000]

[IES-2000]

( )

Thfg
v fg

(d)

( dPdT )

sat

Thfg
v fg

8. Clausius-Clapeyron equation gives the 'slope' of a curve in

(a) pv diagram
(b) ph diagram
(c) pT diagram

[IES-1999]
(d) TS diagram

9. Number of components (C), phase (P) and degrees of freedom (F) are related by Gibbs-phase
rule as:
[IES-2001]
(a) C P F = 2 (b) F C P = 2 (c) C + F P = 2 (d) P + F C = 2
10. As per Gibb's phase rule, if number of components is equal to 2 then the number of phases
will be:
[IES-2002]
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
11. Gibb's phase rule is given by:
[IES-1999]
(F = number of degrees of freedom; C = number of components; P = number of phases)
(a) F = C + P (b) F = C + P 2
(c) F = C P 2
(d) F = C P + 2
12. Gibb's free energy 'c' is defined as:
(a) G = H TS
(b) G = U TS

(c) G = U + pV

[IES-1999]
(d) G = H + TS

13. Which one of the following relationships defines the Helmholtz function F? [IES-2007]

(a) F = H + TS

(b) F = H TS

(c) F = U TS

(d) F = U +TS

14. Which one of the following expressions for Tds is true for a simple compressible substance?
(Notations have the usual meaning)
[IAS-1998]
(a) dh vdp
(b) dh + vdp
(c) dh pdv
(d) dh + pdv
15. Which one of the following relationships defines Gibb's free energy G?
[IAS-2007]
(a) G = H + TS
(b) G = H TS
(c) G = U + TS
(d) G = U TS
PURE SUBSTANCES
CHAPTER 7
1. If the specific heat of the working fluid are constant and the value of specific heat ratio
is 1.4, the thermal efficiency (%) of the cycle is:
[GATE-2007]
(a) 21
(b) 40.9
(c) 42.6
(d) 59.7
2. The slopes of constant volume and constant pressure lines in the T-s diagram are
.and . respectively.
[GATE-1994]
(a) Higher,lower
(b) lower,lower
(c) higher,higher
(d) lower, higher
3. Constant pressure lines in the superheated region of the Mollier diagram have what type
of slope?
[GATE-1995]
(a) A positive slope
(b) A negative slope
(c) Zero slope
(d) May have either positive or negative slopes
4. When an ideal gas with constant specific heats is throttled adiabatically, with negligible
changes in kinetic and potential energies
[GATE-2000]

( a)
h= 0,
T= 0 (b)
h > 0,
T= 0 (c)
h >0,
S > 0 (d ) h= 0,
S> 0
Where h, T and S represent respectively, enthalpy, temperature and entropy, temperature and
entropy
5. One kilomole of an ideal gas is throttled from an initial pressure of 0.5 MPa to 0.1 MPa.
The initial temperature is 300 K. The entropy change of the universe is:
[GATE-1995]
(a) 13.38 kJ/K (b) 401.3 kJ/K
(c) 0.0446 kJ/K
(d) 0.00446 kJ/K
5. Consider the following:
[IES-2009]
1. Air
2. Gaseous combustion products
3. Steam
Which of these are pure substances, assuming there is no phase change?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1,2 and 3
6. Consider the following properties of vapor:
[IES-2009]
1. Pressure
2. Temperature
3.Dryness fraction
4.Specific volume
Which of these two properties alone are not sufficient to specify the condition of a vapor?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 1 and 3
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 3 and 4
7. Which one of the following is correct?
[IES 2008]
The specific volume of water when heated from 00C
(a) First increases and then decreases
(b) First decreases and then increases

(c) Increases steadily

(d) Decreases steadily

8. Which one of the following statement is correct when saturation pressure of a vapor
increases?
[IES 2007]
(a) Saturation temperature decreases
(b) Enthalpy of evaporation decreases
(c) Enthalpy of evaporation increases
(d) Specific volume change of phase increase
9. With increase of pressure, the latent heat of steam
(a) Remain same (b) Increases (c) Decreases (d) Behaves unpredictably

[IES 2002]

10. Consider the following statements regarding the throttling process of wet steam:
1. The steam pressure and temperature decrease but enthalpy remains constant.
2. The steam pressure decreases, the temperature increases but enthalpy remains constant.
3. The entropy, specific volume, and dryness fraction increase.
4. The entropy increases but the volume and dryness fraction decrease.
Which of the above statements are correct?
[IES-2002]
(a) 1 and 4 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 and 4
11. In a throttling process, which one of the following parameters remains constant?
(a) Tempeature
(b)Pressure (c)Enthalpy (d) Entropy
[IES-2009]
12. In the figure shown, throttling process is represented by

(a) a e
(c) a c

[IES 1992]

(b) a d
(d) a b

13. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the
lists:
List I
List II
A. Isolated system
1. Energy is always constant
B. Nozzle
2. Increase in velocity at the expense of its pressure drop
C. Throttling device
3.Appreciable drop in pressure without any change in energy
D. Centrifugal compressor 4. Enthalpy of the fluid increases by the amount of work input
Codes:

(a)
(b)

4
4

3
2

2
3

1
1

(b)
(d)

1
1

3
2

2
3

4
4

14. If a pure substance contained in a rigid vessel passes through the critical state on heating, its
initial state should be
[IAS-998]
(a) Sub-cooled water (b) Saturated water (c) Wet steam (d) Saturated steam
15. Triple point temperature of water is
(a) 273 K
(b) 273.14K (c) 273.15K

[IAS 2000]
(d) 273.16K

16. Dryness fraction of steam means the mass ratio of

(a) Wet steam, to dry steam (b) Dry steam to water particles in steam
(c) Water particles to total steam (d) Dry steam to total steam

[IAS 2001]