Design of Process Equipment Exchangers Design
Design of Process Equipment Exchangers Design
Design of Process Equipment Exchangers Design
DESIGN OF
PROCESS EQUIPMENT
SELECTED TOPICS
SECOND EDITTON
ERRATA
PREFACE
Page 27
t5,
M^".:^sn#-zpt u
Page 125
IMY
V S,;
'fhc design of process equipment such as shell-and-tube heat exrlrlrrgcrs, pressure vessels and storage tanks requires a familiarity with a
virr icty of sources of design data and procedures. The purpose ofthis book
i$ to oonsolidate the scattered literature and present the material in simplilro(l li)rm so that it can be easily applied to design problems. Typical exirrrrplcs have been included to illustrate the application of the relationships
rrrrtl procedures presented in the text. Therefore, the designer should find
tlris book to be a convenient and useful rcference.
This book is based upon the author's several years of design exper-
ic
Kanti K. Mahajan
Printed in the United States of America
PREFACE
to the Second Edition
ln this second edition several new topics have been incorpofatcd. The additions are as follows:
Solved examples have been included for design of major
components in the chaptet of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers'
Chapter on Flange Deslgn has been expanded to cover design of
llanges with full face gaskets.
A new chapter, entitled Air Cooled Heat Exchangers has been
irrcluded in three parts. It covers fully the design method of Air
(
ixrlers.
At the request of users of the first edition sevenAppendices have
bccn added to Dresent the derivation of various formulas.
Chapter on Deslg n of Tall Stacks has been enlarged and rewritfcn under the title: Mechanical Design of Self-Supported Steel Stacks.
lt covers more detailed design methods of wide variety of stacks.
And finally, two chapters: Vessel Codes of Various Countries
antl Equivalent Materials ofVarious Countries havebeen deleted due
to the lack of information necessary for updating the data of those
(
llapters.
The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of those, who
carefully checked the material of the first edition and called hrs
irttcntion to errors and omissions.
Kanti K. Mahajan
CONTENTS
l,
Shell-and-Tube Heat
2, Flange
Exchangers
...
Design
.......
.
4. Stress Analysis of Floating Heads
5, Fixed Tubeslreet DesUn. . .
6. Flanged and Flued Expansion Joints
7. Pipe Segment Expansion foints.
E, Vertical Vessels Supported bylugs..
9, Vertical Vessel l-eg DeslSn .
Division
ll.
VIII, Division
.......
59
...........133
. .......t47
. .... .......161
.... .. ..
. . . . . .159
....
.....185
. . . . . . . . . . . . .195
..... .......207
1..
................
.227
.......259
*,y 12. Vibration Analysis of Tbll Tbwers . . . . . . . . . .
.' > [3. Design of Rectangular 'Ibnks
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . . . . .267
.
14.
.... ..,281
Header Box Design....
,....,...290
Coverplate and Flange Design For Header 3s1 . . . . . .302
Part B
Fdrt C
Appendix
I-
Appendix 2
Appcndix
Appendix 4
heads
Appendix
Appendix 6
Appendix 7
in
bending
......327
Derivation of TEMA equation for pressure due to differential thermal expansion for lixed tubesheets . .. .. .333
Derivation of TEMA equation for flat channel cover
thickness .
...............337
Derivation of formulas for calculating allowable buckling
stress in tall cylindrical towers...
......341
I
SHELL-AND.TUBf, HEAT EXCHANGERS
lntroduction
A heat exchanger
fluid
Chiller
The chiller cools a process stream by evaporating a rel'rigerant. lt ls
tusually employed where required process temperatures are lower than
those attainable with cooling waler.
.s'
I)tist(;N ()tr t,tr,(x:liss li(?tI
,MLiN I'
(irudcnscr
Sterm Generator
Superheatel
Partial Condenser
!hporizer
The vaporizer is a heater which vaporizes part of the liquid led to it'
Final Condenser
generator'
The waste heat boiler produces steam and is similar to a steam
Cooler
except that the heating medium is a hot waste gas or hot liquid byproduct produced within the plant.
To perform these applications, many types of heat exchangers are
available. However, their design and materials of construction must be
suitable for the desired operating conditions. The selection of matrials
of construction is mainly influenced by the operating temPerature, and
the corrosive nature of the fluid being handled. In each case seleclion
must be both economical and practical.
Heatr
The heater heats a process stream by condensing steam.
Reboiler
reboiler ol
distillation column.
t0
tl
w,
IIQLJIPMUN't
STIELL TYPES
ti
SPLIT FLOW
nr--l----n
LfLr_____ilJ
DIVIDED FLOW
X
CHANNEL
AND REMOVABLE COVER
KETTLE TYPE REBOILER
cRoss FLow
CHANNEL INTEGRAL WTTH TUBESHEET AND REMOVABLE COVER
FLOATING HEAD
(Courresy
of Tubular
t2
FIXED TUBESHEET
FIXED TUBESHEET
U_iUBE BUNDLE
EXTERNALLY SEALED
FLOATING TUBESHEET
l. Stationary Head-Channel
2. Stationary Head-Bonnet
3. Stationary Head Flange-Channel
Bonnet
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
or
Channel Cover
Tubes
Shell
Shell Cover
Shell Flange-Stationary Head End
Shell Flange-Rear Head End
Shell Nozzle
Shell Cover Flange
Expansion Joint
Floating Tubesheet
Floating Head Cover
Floating Head Flange
Floating Head Backing Device
26.
AJW
38. Weir
(Courtesy
kntern Ring
of Tubular
(Courtesy
of
t5
Iil,t.-ANl)
t.u$ti
CFU
llanges lbr bolting tubeside headers. This construction requires t hat shcll
and tubesheet materials must be weldable to each other.
are no gasketed joints on the shellside, fixed_
_ Because
-there
exchangers
provide maxrmum protection against leakage of
lgbesheet
fluid
to
the
outside. Since clearance betwe; th; oui..rn.r,
5Sellside
lgbes and the shell is only the minimum required for fabrication, tubes
may completely fill the exchanger shell. However, this type has
lirnitations such as: (a) the shell side cannor be mechanically cleaned or
inspected, and (bl t hereis no provision for dillerential therrnut
ot rne ruDes and the shell. An expansionjoint may be installed in
"iounrron
ihe shell
1e provide lbr difl'erential thermal expansion, but this req;ir;;;;retul
design and high quality fabrication, which for large sizes."rufi.,n o
substantial cost increase. Tubeside headers, channel covers, gaskets erc.,
are accessible lbr maintenance and replacement, and tu-bes can be
replaced.and cleaned internally. The shellside can be cleaned onll oy
6sckwashing or circulating a cleaning fluid.
Fixed-tubesheet exchangers tjnd use primarily in
services where the
_.
56ellside fluids are nonfouling, such as steam, refrigerants, gases, certain
heat transfer nuids, some cooling waters and clean process streams.
AKT
FIG.2. HEAT EXCHANCER CONSTRUCTION TYPES
of Tubular Exchanger Manufactuiers Association,)
(Courtesy
16
l'1
In this type,
Used
these
exchangers are not applicable when leakage of the shellside fluid to the
outside cannot be tolerated.
rinls of
weep
provided
with
ring
packings (or O-rings) separated by a lantrn
Here. the shellside and tubeside fluids are each sealed by separate
iroles, so that leakage through either packing will be to the outside The
width of the tubesheet must be suflicient to allow for the two packings,
the lantern ring and for differential thermal expansion A small skirt is
sometimes attached to the floating tubesheet to provide bearing surface
for packings and lantern ring.
Since there can be no partition at the floating end' the number of
tubeside passes is limited to one or two. Slightly larger than required for
U-tube eichangers, the clearance between the outermost tubes and the
inside of the shell must prevent tub-hole distortion during tube rolling
ncar the outside edge of th tubesheet.
l8
This type ofexchanger has a separate head bolted directly to the floating
tubeshiet. Both lhe assembled tubeshet and head are small enough to
slide through the shell, and the tube bundle can be removed without
breaking anyjoints at the floating nd. Although this feature can reduce
shellside mainlenance, it increases tubeside maintenance. Clearance
requirements (the largest for any typ of shell-and'tube exchanger)
beiween the outermost tubes and the inside ofthe shell must provide for
both the gasket and the bolting at the floating tubeshet.
The number of tubeside passes is limited only by the numbr of
tubes. With an odd number of passes, a nozzle must extend from the
floating-head coYer through the shell cover. Provision for both
dilferential thermal expansion and tube-bundle removal must be made
by such methods as packed joints or internal bellows. Since this type of
exchanger requires an internal gasket between the floating tubesheet and
its head, applications are usually restricted to services where never
visible failures of the internal gasket are not intolerable.
Inside Split Backing-Ring Fig. 3(d)
In this design, the floating cover is secured against the floating tubesheet
by bolting to a strong, well-secured split backing-ring This closure,
located beyond the end of the shell, is enclosed by a shell cover of large
diameter. Shell cover, split backing-ring and floating-head cover must be
removed [or the tube bundle to slide through the shell.
Clearances between the outermost tubes and the inside of the shell
(which are about the same as those lbr outside-packed stulling box
exchangers) approach the inside diameter of the gasket at the lloating
tubesheet. This type of construction has the same limitation on the
number of tubeside passes as the pull-through bundle, but is more
suitable lbr higher shellside temperatures and pressures
19
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)1,
l,l((x:l.ss liQt,lPMIN'l
FABRICATION OF SHELL-AND-TUBE
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Standards
1&
_!. Q
9Z
^x
e
exchangers:
l.
Class
"R" Exchangers
(,
such applications.
z
F
has
published detailed standards for the design and construction of.shelland-tube heat exchangers. The mechanical standard has been divided
into three parts rePresenting the following three diflerent classes of heat
c0>
oo
plates in accordance with the ASME Code Section VIII, Division l, for
Fressure Vessels. Automatic welding is used almost exclusively on the
longitudinal sams and also on most of the circumferential seams.
20
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temperature ratlngs.
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Flanges
Flanges are designed and fabricated in accordance with the ASME code.
Forgings are mostly used to make these flanges. The channel and shell
--.
od-
Ir69lF.!q
l-oo lpo.o
q-d
| !v)N Ilo!olt\O- lxoc,
ldN.,) looo
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ocici I cjcio lood lcicio lodd ldcid
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lqo ,
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It
l6] 3*:88
(4,
(b)
&
trE
X
(d)
(c)
Shell flange
are screwed into the tubesheets placcd secttrcly at thc eorrect spacing lor
the given exchanger. Baffles are then slipped onto the tie rods and Iirmly
located in their proper place by use ol spacers between I hem as shou n in
Fig.5.
There are several types of baffles which are employed in heat
as
exchangers, but by far the most common are the segmnt baffles
generalplates
are
which
are
drilled
baffles
shown in Fig. 6. Segmental
be
ly cut to some percentage of the shell inside diameter' Baffles may
90o
be
rotated
or
may
flow
for
"up-and-down"
arranged, ur rho*rr,
to prJuid" "side-to-side" flow, the later being desirable when a mixture of liquid and gas flows through the shell' The baffle pitch not the
percentage cut detlrmines the effective velocity of the shell fluid'
Other types of bames are the disc or donut, and the orifice baflles as
in Figs.7 and 8 respectively. Although additional types are
sometimes employed, they are not of general importance.
shown
Tubes
not be confused with steel pipes or other types of pipes which are
extruded to iron pipe sizes. The outside diameter of heat exchanger or
condenser tubes is the actual outside diameter in inches within a very
strict tolerance. Heat exchanger tubes are available in a variety ofmetals
which include steel,copper, admiralty, muntz metal, brass, 70-30 copper-
ffi*ss-$
Fs88888?
6gm
*,*ttj
\oooooo/ ./
N9-,/-o'ittihg
24
It
(l,r')rI "l'ft'c{ss l-lcnt Transfer" rv Donald Q. Kern - Copvdghr r9s0
I'v Mfl irnw llill ll.x)k Cornprny)
i"
is not uncommon to find conditions where the fluids both inside and
25
SI
orific\[l
r------l
ir
O. D. of tubes
r--1
nl
(a)
problem'
differrent metals called duplex tubes can be used to meet this
of two
tubes.
bonding
mechanically
by
Duplex tubes are manufactured
way
In
this
contact'
in
intimate
are
they
that
so
different metals or alloys
non-ferrous
or
ferrous
of
combinations
it is possible to choose various
alloys to combat successfully a certain type of corrosion at the^outside
surface and entirely different type of corrosion at the inside surface'
Ferrules
passing
Where contact of the ends of th outer tube with the fluid
replaced
tfriough tlt" toUe isconsidered objectionable, these ends may be
ferrules
with flrrules of the same alloy as that of the inside tube' These
the
place
when
need be only long enough to ensure their bing held in
have
distinct advantage to
tube ends are rollid into the tubesheets' It is a
furnished as an integral part of the tube to facilitate
(b)
Detail
iil."-1".tut".
is
Tube Rolling
fixed in
Tubes are passed through the tubeshets and baffles, and are
preliminary.fashion
in
a
place by an expanding operation. They are set
from
Ly forcing u piog ug"intt the tubes. The plug preYents the tube
Doughnut
'
FERRULE
(Same material
as
inner tube)
rotatrng
turning when the roller expander is inserted' The roller is a
limit of
elastic
the
mandr-il having a slight taper. It is capable ofexceeding
that it
so
the tube metai and transforms it into a semiplastic condition
and
A
simple
seal
flows into the grooves and forms an extremely tight
a
tube
is shown in Fig. 11. Tube rolling is a skill,since
""u.ll.
"ornrnon
by rolling too thin and leaving a seal with little
Ou-og"O
U.
-rvstructural strength.
Turning
Slot \
Tube wall
FIG.
FIG.9
I)UPLEX TUBE
(lr,'rn
'11rxrcss
lltl't Transfer"
TO
Donald Q. Kern
- Copyrisht
1950
FIG. I2 - FERRULE
Donald Q. Kern
27
26
'
Copyright r95O
l)lisl(;N olr
Plt.(
sllDl,l--ANl)-ltJttli
)(il'lss llQtrlPMuN'l
llliAl lix(
l{AN(il:Rs
DESIGN CAI,CULATIONS
Shell Cylinder
Reference: ASME Section
Paragraph UG-27(c)
13'800 psi
Now
50(28.125) _i .125
13s00(.85)
EXAMPLE NO.
=
Usinghand calculation method, mechanically design all the components ofa
carbon steel, 56 inch inside diameter having 16 feet long tubes, TEMA
'AET" type of shell and tube heat exchanger for the following conditions.
SIDE
50
400
Va
l4
SHELL
Design Pressure, Psig
Design Temper'ature,'F
Corrosion Allowance, In.
Number of Passes
.125
.6(50)
'2452
in , use
72" (SA-285-C)
5O(28.t25) + .25
13300(.85)
420
'/a
.1202
TUBE SIDE
250
in'
.1202
-125
.6(s0)
'2452
28
VIII, Division
l'
kragraph UG-32(d)
13'800 psi
Now
8r
in.
Now
.lP
50(28.125\
13800(.85)
i 199
.1(s0)
.125
-F .125
.0625
.u025
.3O'14
in.,
use
1.5(eo)
1.5( 875)
Now
c=B+
420(28.125\
17500(.8s)
.8078
.125
-+
Welding neck flanges are used in design. Both channel flanges will be
independent hub flange in chapter 2 and using SA- 105 flanges and SA-193have
p:
S' :
S" =
Sr"
Sr"
1.5(go)
2(1.75)
62.s in-
B:
8" :
56.25 in.
875 in'
Chapter
7600
Assume
N=
Fig. la.
0.625 in.
Therefore
1.5(1.0)
in
25,000 Psi
= 17,500 psi
= 17,500 psi
and
25'000 Psi
: Vb^
h
-22
-:-
Vc.:t
U.L|YJ
n.
Now
8:56in.
80: t': l0in'
gr
From lhble
A/
6 =::::
22
420 psi
Assume
87 bolts, we
A:
2(1.375)
t) + 2(R'):56.25 +
2(g
and
C.A.
.6(420)
have
R : 1.75 in.
E = 1.25 in.
Channl Cylinder
t =
l '375 in
PR
st
G
1.5in.
Ho
2(0.25)
= 12 (n) 0.279s(60.19r) +
= 230'590 lb.
3t
40.70181 3.7s(420)
2(2195)
It
W^,
= -(60.1910), 42o
|,195,097
'l'hcrclurc,
t,t95,097 tb
230,590
Mo =
1,425,68l. tb
thus
. r,425.687
". =J5poo = 57.0275 in.z
From Table 3 in Chapter 2, the root area of a
per inch is .929 in.2 which gives
Ao
Since
A,
A-,
64(.929)
1 ya
threads
64 = :.00S in.
r,456,044 rb
.25) +
*9
^:
(J. /J + U.)'
2(1.25)
5.0625
'"-t
N>
N-r,
(59.456) 2s.000
=zrr?oooioo.rsl = o5l7l
" ='u#-=
in
tu
HD:-4
55.ite
t.681.003 ( t.0)
29,884
56.25
\56.25)2 42O
1.043.j23 tb
H6 = Ho
= 230,590 lb
Hr= 1,195,097 - |,043,723 = t5t,3j4 tb
hp:1.75 + .5(1.375) = 2.4375 n.
hc= .5 (62.5 - 60.191) : t.1545 in.
hr=.5 (r.75 + 1.375 + 1.1545) : 2.1398
fr\
: _ --:l= l.t))o
^ )b.zi
From Table 4 in Chapter 2, for rK
in.
Mo=
1,043,723 (2.4375)
2,544,07 5 in-tb
Mc = 230,590 (1.154s) = 266,216 in-Ib
Mr:151,374 (2.1398) 323,910 inlb
1.1556
13.487
and
Therefore,
Z:1.8565
z = 6.9647
Now
U:14.8209
Now
3,134,201 in-lb
Hc:
1,456,044lb.
= r.57l4
8o
ho
g.e+l in.
7.5625 in.
..
inlb
tr(62.5\
2(1
and
Since
59.456 tn.2
59.4s6) 25,000
t(O
=-:
1,681,003
Assumet:5.0625in.
0.5 (57.02'15
1,456,044 (1.1545)
:\6r.25.r;, = 7.0156
33
h=2.25:
ho 7.0 t56
.S,, =
^rn
P,
"
8o-
1.51
t4
and
s,.
''
- = .320i
ho
r.84( 55.719)
---(5
| .4467
.0625)2
ss Trorl? aRTl\
=-#-(5.0625)'
Sincc S,
> S^,
6.9647(2,765)
10,064)
o. K.
we have
F=
0.8736
1.20r9{ 29.884)
s- ==
.446'1 ( | .37 5\2
V = 0.3488
l3.l32Psi >26.250
Psi O.K.
Psi O.K.
S-
f = r.20r9
1.84(29.884)
29.884(13 .487
0.8736
p
- =-:
s.,, =::j:=-: ::
'''
(5.0625t2
l)A\
7.0156
14.8209
laRR
228.2333
5.0625 (.1245)
+|:
3/
I .63
^,
' =-=
5.062s
.8782
1.63
t=
l.E4
1.4467
Calculating Stresses
5,398)
flange.
50 psi
Since, the flange and bolt materials are the same as for the independent
flange, the values of Sr, S- S" and St remain unchanged. Noq in the
uncorroded condition
^ -r
60
- ',
s.,
All stresses in both the operating as well as the gasket seating conditions
within
allowables. Thus, the inde_pendent flange design is O.K.
are
Next we will discuss the design of the shell side or the dependent
Operating Condition
1.2019(55.719)
^ :lZOt,r:tsr,
,"
P=
.5685
Refer to Figure and design steps on weld neck dependent flange design
calculation sheet in Chapter 2. Here we have
.5685
R7R,
(5.0625)3
d- =-=
therefore,
0.5(13,132
B =14
\ \s.oozsr.l245)
i:
6.964i (1,483)
s.
(7.0156t (.875)2
c=
Since
and
l)
<i-n
- v.J 'u.
Assume
8r =
0.8125 in'
8r
>
0.6875 in.
Assume
h=
Slope
'
2.0 in.
ro 6R?5 :--:
Nrtw
Mp
n 17sl
2.O
Mc
Mr
Fig. la of Chapter 2.
Since, both the flanges are to be bolted together, the number and size of
bolts, and diameten B, C, G and A will be the same as for the independent
flange. Also, the values ofn and y will remain unchanged since thi gasket
c
+ 2(8 )l
156.25 + 2(0.6875t1
-----;R _ - lB
=A5
=
z
2 4315
'l'hcrcfore,
Mo
345,577
Hc=W:
Mo
in'
556'344 Ib
19,820 lb
*The values of
Wu
l'681'019
inlb
4.8125 in.
Normal bolt spacing will be greater than the actual bolt sPacing , thus
Cr
u:ffff=zz,nr
lnd
r'r
as earlier, thus I7
zr,tss
since the value of is the same as in the independent flange the values of
Y and U will remain unchanged.
Now
l,
(so)
={Se:
will
H" =X66.zs)2
W^r* = l'425
'691lb'
A.
inlb
A$sume
142,273
1,865,854
t.0.
2n (.2795) 60.191(3.75) 50
H = 160.191.t, 50
l'456'045 in-lb
1,456,M5( 1.1545)
38,561
'l'hcrcfore,
The width and the effective width of the gasket will be the same as for
Ho
W^za :
1,481,718
124,zszrb
L=@:
Lo
0.375
r.srrs
ho =\/s6.2s(0.37
s) = 4.s928
h:2'o :
4.5928
ho
0.4355 we have
0.8442
t,,
f = 1'2179
Now
=-=
4.5928
14.8209
0.26j 1@.5928)
(0.375)'z
35.8386
(4.8125)l
1.0151
1.8846
+ I :2.t794
t.ot:t
-; =-:35.8386
I:
+I=
^ =
,s^
|.2t79(33,17t)
=
.1251(.687 5)2
2.1794(33,171)
4 .
t251(4 .8125)2
38
-:
12,655)
s^,
oK'
conditions are within allowables, thus the dependent flange design is O'K'
Additional desired thickness for raised face, counterbore, tongue or
lroove should be added to the calculated thickness / to obtain the final total
thickness of the flange In the above example we added %o in. to the
thickness of each flange Jor counterbore.
VIII, Division l,
Para-
graph UG-34(c)
4.1251
Operating Condition
Calculating Stresses
,S.. =
s.
(lhannel Cover
J.ii
+ 3.11 =
Since
0.5(18,667
)a.8l2s(0.1838)
r' =@:
1.8565
.687
lhcrefore,
4 8125(0.1838)
p :( r
=4H9=
.1251(
5\2
^ 4.125'(4.8t25)2
. 29,885(r3.4871)
.\... = ----------------- - o.vo,+r(682) :
(4.8125\2
'
0.1838
o.K'
and
d=
0.8442
S. > S^'
llrcrclbre.
0.2671
6.s647(7s7)
Sincc
s, -1U{114!D
(4.8125)2
o.+zss
P:
d,:
:
=
A,: Actual total cross-sectional area of bolts, in.z = 59.456 \n'2
i : Required channel cover thickness at the bottom of the pass partition
groove, as determined by the TEMA equation or the appropnate
ASME code equation. whichever is greater, in.
sHttlL-ANt),',t
in.
.1975 in.
C = A factor for method of cover attachment
= .3
S., = Allowable stress for cover materi2l
ar-^.^r.-,;^ ,---^-^...-_
naterial ar
at atmospheric
temperature, psi
: 17,500 psi
^ : Allowable
J"o
stess for cover material at design temperature'
psi
: 17,500 psi
E : Elastic modulus of cover material at design
temperature, psi
: 28.4s(10)6 psi
lV : Design bolt load for sasket
rb
w-,
legu_,r9g
= 1,425,687 tb
r,4s6,044 rb
"0"#l';":"::?fl,i:'
,=l*y".r#y1,,
_lt
10)6
F:
:
:
:iv;*
FG Tp
+ cA
IiAI Ix(]]tAN(]trRs
'lbbesheet
Now
7
TEMA Equation
ulrlt
28.45( t0)6
t/i$
.1744 in.
l06
j,,t +
J
,^
C.A.
1.0(60. 191)
l87s
= 4.6624
0.3125
.3125
4.9749 in.
ASME Equations
Notes:
Operating Condition
r-
to'
60.191
60.191
1.9288 in.
will
(ct,
|
- "'
C.A.
.9fl,456.044) 1.ts45
17,s00 (60.19t)3
P:
/t.9twhl a+aA
s.,
is
Floating Head
Reference: ASME Section
5.5177 in.
t=U.,-
17.s00 (60.191)3
Ihbesheet thickness
cP*.;;*
r.9lw_,) h-
t=G
(l)
41
Materials of Consnuction
SA-193-87
Bolts
Flange
Head
Gasket
SA-105
5^4-516-70
trlange Design
Allolving % in. clearance between the LD. of the shell and the O.D. of the
flange, we get
in. = 56
.375
55.625 in.
Assume (56) I % in. dia. bolts. TEMA recommended minimum wrench and
nut clearances are not used for the flange design since this is an intemal joint
ApI
Il,
660
requirements.
C
:55.625
From Table
2.0
Il
53.625 in.
=loct p
= -.(5r.625)2 420
psi
= 879,143 lb.
W-r = Required bolt load for operating condition, lb
w+N
D
= 537.896 lb
= Total joint-contact surface compression load, lb
= (2ttbG + R)mP
:12(tr) .r2s(51.62s) + 9.nls.s@n)
= 138,060 lb
= Total hydrostatic end load, lb
.125
.375
.125 in,
bo
=H+HP
: 879,143 + 138,060
= 1,017.203 lb
A,, : Total required cross-sectional
W^r
^
: Urearcr
-:-or-;oI^W,a
J"
.125
n.
= Greatr
Also
G = Diameter at location of gasket load reaction, in.
=C
:G_N
= 51.625
.3?5
d_537,896
ztmo -
t,Ot7 203
zsooo
From Table 3 in Chapier 2, the root area ofa I % in. dia. bolt having 8 threads
per inch is .728 in.2 which gives
Aa = Actual total ooss-sectional area of bolts, in2
= 56(.728)
51.25 in.
J,
= 40.6881 in.2
Since
A,
A-,
40.768 in.2
l'
= .5(A^ + A) S"
= .5(40.6881 + 40.768) 25,000
= r,018,201 lb
and
.lf-,
2ryG
.1746 in.
therefore chosen gasket width is adequate.
:!8,
1T
:Ho
= 138,060 lb
1{. = Difference between total hydrostatic end force and hydrostatic
end
force on area inside of flange, lb
:H-Ho
Ilr
874,8m
= 4,253 lb
= Radial component of the membrane load in the spherical segment,
tb
_f v_4L, - B'r=874,8e0L--=;:J
:""La I _ _^^f vai.nf=,7;rv1
:
Ii.
in.
I/r,
in-lb
Mo
:
:
Hn hn
1,089,471(0)
0 in-lb
Total moment acting upon the flange for the operating condition, in-
lb
:WC
= 874,890 lb
= Gasket load in operating condition, lb
:879,143
=MolM6+Mr+MR
=929571 + 138,060 + 4,386 + 0
: |,072,017 in-lb
Mt:Mal moment acting upon the flange for the gasket seating, in-lb
Ilc
Ma = Moment due to
40.768(2s,000)
N) N,,r,
Since
Now
2r(18,000) 51.625
Radial distance ftom the bolt circle to the inside of the flange ring,
m,
=.5(C a) = .5(53.62s 51.5) = 1.0625 in.
ic = Radial distance from gasket load reaction to the bolt circle, in.
51.625) = 1.0 in.
= .5(C G) = .5(53.62s
frr = Radial distance from bolt circle to circle on which
acts, in.
=,s(hD + he) = .5(1.0625 + 1.0) = 1.0313 in.
hn = I-ever arm of force 11^ about centroid of flange ring, in.
=0
:Aus"
_
io =
I,089,471 lb
1,018,201(1.0)
1,018,201 in-lb
P8\,6I;-;
8S&(A
A)
4206r.s\v4(4r.125)2
8(17s00) (55.37s
- 1.5)2
- 5l.s)
(5
=2.557
M.o/A+B
:"+(^-"
) =;iff#ft(
= 32.81
44
45
55.375
51.5
55.375
51.5
+\/F7
=2.557 +\EmTffir
=F
8.83 in.
Mr= H, hr"
= 507(.0313)
Ho h^
Mp:
16
inlb
:129,698(0) = 0 in-lb
Moe = Ibtal moment acting upon the flange due to extemal pressure, psi
=Mo*M,rM*
#;"r->
=6,510
16
+ 0 = 6,526in-lb
p.B\/trL -
1,018,20r,,55.375
5l
8 Sf" (A
i(lr5oo)(553?5
B,
B)
50(51.5) v4(41.12s\2
= 5.5821 in.
8(17500) (55.375
Extemal hessure
= .3044
p :YoG, p,
:f,u.azsl,5o =
no:!SP
ru,66o lb
Hr=H =
lo4,l53 rb
+n
- B
6.526 .,55.375 + 51.5
104,153
sr
sl.s
.8454 in.
507 lb
t*,'slfV{4#l
5t.5
L
hp"= ho - h6
= 1.0625 - 1.0
hre: hr -
.0625 in.
Intemal Pressure
r2e,6e8 rb
_ .833 PL
sl{
.833(420) (41.125)
hc
in.
Thus the flange thickness for operating condition controls. Adding %o in.
counterbore and ys in. for shell side corrosion allowance, we get,
Ho
104,660
51.5)
J(r?Joor(5si?s
:0.20
r"
=itsr.sy so :
=Moe1e
B S/"\A
51.52
17,500
Extemal Pressure
for
Lltt , = 41.1251.875 =
sHIit-1.-ANI)-ltJBli
47
(max
:
t,:
sEt
forming
/,,-
VIII, Division l,
dix L
PR"
s"E
.6P
t:
t,:
:
s- (max
15.000
= 1.0)=-=.8571
"/,, = J
17,500
-
1.0, =
.6(420)
u. r rZr rn.
R,:
d:
:0.6849 in.
.6(420)
15000(1.0)
420(3.931s)
.125
:dt,F + Zt"t,F (1 -
f,r)
- ttt'
.8571)
l(.6849r(l
.8571)
1.4767 in.z
of
or
I /,)UU
-!f,
375 in.
.6P
17500(1.0)
420(28.r2s)
PR
:
B . 13.900
=l*/
l_-=2e5psi
+r
\LlrHD/
=,r/D +
in.
B = 13,900
P" Maximum allowable external pressure for bead, psi
Total.head thickness
17.500
= 1.0):-:1.0
17,500
+r
\LnHD/
I tAt lixcltAN(itsRs
:5(t"- t,")fit,
=5(.375 - .1121) .8571 (.375)
49
.4225 in.z
Since
Ar + Az+ A4<A,
Additional arearequired
: A, -t A, !
Ao
:1.4767+.4225+.1205
= 2.0197 in.2
: A=
EXAMPLE NO.2
(At + A2 +
5.467
2.O197
A4)
3.M3
rn,-z
Try 15.5 in. O.D., .5 in. thick SA-516-70 pad thus , Dp outside diameter ot
15.5 in. and, t,
reinforcing pad thickness, in. = .5
reinforcing pad, in.
in.
:
=
Ar :
:
=.9858
t,")
f^ t
in.2
Let c =
Aor:
fa
(.375)2
or
.5} .8s71
(.857l)
.1205 in.2
hd
= (c)z f,z
= (.375)2 (1.0) = .1406 in.2
As : Area of reinforcing pad
288'F
= 2147
200
Y8
Y8
130
Use TEMA "R" and ASME Section VIII, Division 1 design criteria for
calculations . Assume that there is no shell expansion joint and check to see if
one is required.
3.4375 in.z
= Ar + A2 + A4r + 442 + As
+ .1406 + 3.4375 = 5.8231 in.2
.6478 + .1205
Since area a\ailable for reinforcement is greater than area requircd, the
opening is adequately reinforced.
50
TUBE SIDE
75
360
Fixed Thbesheet
SHELL SIDE
Design Pressure, Psig
Design Temperature, 'F
Corrosion Allowance, In.
Number of hsses
DFSIGN CAI,CULATIONS
:(DD_d_2t)tef5
: (15.s - 7.875 - .75) .5(1.0) :
= 1.4767
Design Conditions
.6478 in."
Area of outward nozzle-to-pad fillet weld
ta)z
3/4
.1121) .8571(.875)
:
A., :
:
:
Tbbs
|.4767 in.z
s(t" :5(.37s
lhbe Sheet
Shell
( 284,
Using hand calculation method, design a fixed tube sheet for a TEMA
"NEN" type of shell and tube heat exchanger for the following data:
in. =
)l
75 psig
130 Psig
20 in.
ff1
do
:
:
'F =
ture, in./in.
Now
- t")
Et\N (4 - t)
=@=.,..
28.26fl0)6 (.083) 284 (.75 F.=
.25
+ (F
= (n2?- (G)3
',t
Pr"
= o (since
M, =
g;
6'?
M"-:
= (n2 (G)3
o (since
M" =
g;
f"=t-"fo)'
:1-2s4(4,J2:.Siee
.083)
,G, 31tta
.6) l=:-{;l
L KLE \t/ JI
1300 r. E-
(,*) I
O"
* rrr.t +/")) -
,L-
P! = P forir,s
_
l.rrsrr+rr-e-orffi
_ 4./ E, t"
75r.4(1) u.5
-L
P=.5(P"'
^^
:.25+t-.6t1--" ?rn/ ?s) 28.21(10)6 zl9.5ri-lt/a: ^3'62
P,
Pr, =
:J(e'
(t + .lKF q\
- 5 29.379 osi
1+l(.3135)(3.82) I =
+
.3135 (1.5
.5799)l
P = Effective shell side design pressure, psi (will be the greater absolute
value of the follorings)
,,
216.89 psi
J:
a, O,)
(Do_3t")(t+JKFq)
=P: =
46.89)
: -
8.76psi
P=Pas=0
P=.5(P! - Pa- Pns) = .5(29'379 - 46.89 - 0) =
P = .S(Pas + P7) : .5(0 + 46.89) = 23.45 psi
P : P"' - Pes = 29.379 - 0 : 29.379Psi
8.76 psi
The maximum absolute value of effective shell side design pressue will be
29.319 psi.
Now
f,=1-*(+'
)J
r.75 - 2
=l-284l-ler
Ss
_ (D.
''[uffiffi@]:zs'sznsr
= Effective tub side design pressure, psi (will be the greater absolute
value of the followings)
=.s(Pi + PE, + P) = .5(75.87 + 0 + 46.89) = 6l.38psi
= Pt! + Pat : 75.87 + o = 75.87psi
T:
4t"
.25)
Where
(20
.25\
of effective shell or
(min.) + shell
side
C.A. +
75.87
54.13 psi
Pa
=Pr + P"'
29.379
Pd
(2O1.5)
54
.003l
=B=
S.:
130
S" (allowable)
l75oo
- P,'=
.125
=Ps'
EE
or groove depth
or Ps:*
or Prt
//'6.89).
A= .r25 | (DJzt")
gxeater
r(rg.5\
V
Pr -Pr
4(.25'l
P is tlle
P"t we have
IF
2y
(83.5)
FC
(l)
4(.2s)
P,' is positive
Since
P
P
=.74s
Cs
'z
_ (20
=
P
(.083Ir
.9is") = .9(35,ooo) :
Ls(E) : L5(1649) :
1.5(S,)
35,000 psi
31,5oopsi
2,474 psi
at hydrostatic test
p, = p,' -+@) =
Fq '
7s.87
= 50.52 psi
-#(130)
1.8:.
zg.37g -ft99
= 17'99 nsi
-Lrr-,
Fq " =
';(75)
P,* = Pr. : 50.52 Psi
or Pr* = - Pr: - 17.99 Psi
or P,a : Po = 46.89 Psi
or P,* : P, - Pg : 50.52 - 17.99 : 32.53 Psr
P.
P-'
55
r
DBSIGN OF PROCESS BQUTPMENT
ot P,r = p, +
Since
S, (allowable)
<
.9(S,)
1.5(,9)
C,:1.0
^
''
3.82 (19.5\2
(17.99\
("08ilJ5:ls3):
.s, : lhbe maierial yield stress :
r : Radius of glration of tube
: 0.25Vdo2 + (do - 2r)z
1.5(S,)
:
:
in tension or
Sc
Pr*
+,2g4)
32.53 psi
Now
26,000 psi
W; = Maximum
1l
= ;;
Fo
P,* (G)2
4(284')'
so.sz eg.5t2
:203 lb
A, :
= .7854
vs.
fL-ldo2 -
:.78s41
.7s2
LJ
2(n)2 28.26(10)6
: ar3.82l
IGFE.
,(
(do
(.15
u,)21
.166)2)
I = .1739 in.z
= 10,000 psi
= hctor for the length of the roller expanded portion of the tube
= 1,0 (For joints made with roller expanded tubes in grooved tube
26,000
kl
r
= smaller of S, (allowable)
= 3,417 psi
3'417 Psi
S, (allowable)
S,
tP E, _tr2 (28.26)106
_
:
=r@y=
,eoLory
\r,
Fo G2 Ct Pt+
4N4@o- t)
79.42 psi
c"
60
.2376
holes)
56
57
=
17,
expanded
1.0
(allowable)
whichever
=
17,
or 1.0,
joirts
.1739 (10,000)
| ,217 lb
FLANGE DESIGN
l
(0.70) I
All the
REFERENCES
l.
Taylor Forge Standard, classes 75, 175 and 350 in sizes 26" through 72"'
92" and 96" respetively.
58
59
ii
The flanges included in the API Standard and the several Taylor
Forge Standards are designed in accordance with the requirements of
thecode. When flanges to other standards are considered, only allowable
ratings in accordance with the code need to be checked instead of the
development of an individual design.
Taylor Forge Catalog No. 722 lists all of the above and also other
large diameter flanges. A lot of unnecessary flange design time can be
saved by choosing the appropriate flange from this catalog. Howevcr,
due to the variety of sizes and pressure and temperature combinations
required for process equipment, manual designing ofthese flanges is not
very uncommon. The design analysis of various types of flanges along
with the sample design calculations for eash kind are included in this
chapter.
We will cover the design ofcircular flanges under internal pressure with
gaskets entirely within the inrer edges of the bolt holes and with the outer
rims of the flanges not touching under the applied loading as discussed rn
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel coder and EPG Bulletin No. 502,2 Thesc
are classified as circular flanges as illustrated in Appendix 2 of 1983 edition
of the ASME code Section VIII, Div l, Paragraph 2-4 and Fig. 2-4. The
following are types of such flanges:
1 Intgral Type Flanges. This type covers designs where the flange rs
integral with the neck or vessel wall, butt-welded to the neck or vessel
wall, or attached to the neck or vessel walt by any other type of welded
joint that is considered to be the equivalent to an integral structure. In
welded construction, the neck or vessel wall is considered to act as a
hub.
Irl.AN(il; l)rlsl(;N
l-ig. lc shows the original application of this type. The hub can
ho made of any length or omitted entirely. Bsides lapjoint, slip on,
threaded and socket type flangs are also classed as loose typ. For
hubbed flanges ofthis type, there is no minimum limitation on i or go.
vessel or nozzle.
an integral flange, with the vessel wall taking on the functions of the
hub. This obviously includes welded construction with no apparent
hub, as shown in Fig. 1g and lh, or constructions with such small
hubs that do not merit inclusion in the loose typ group. The term
"optional" is used because the designer may calculate the
construction as a loose type flange provided none of the following
values is exceeded:
B .^^
,o:i Incn. ..i :J(^J
Design pressure
:300 psi
Operating temperature
700"F
Thus the integral flanges that come within the above restrictions
can also be designed as loose type flanges. This simplifies the calculations and may result in som economy.
60
6l
lrl.AN(ili l)l1Sl(;N
{rl
llrt: r'cquired bolt load, tIl.r, shall be sufficient to resist the hydrostatic
r'|l(l li)rcc, H, exerted by the internal pressure on the area bounded by the
,lrrrrrrctcr of gasket reaction G, and, to maintain on the gasket or joint, {,ntircl surface a compression load. tl, Thus'
w^t:H+He::G2P+2bncn?
f. 8. tu1., At Nii-p.irt Ot Carocr B.1..., n@0. Ard Lop t.d.p.nd.nt Of
(l)
W^z:brGY
tk.w
FIG.2a
Fu
FIG.
^=-,4
Pcr.r.o
;A
Ba.k.hle
At. fha
SoD.
As
. TYPES OF FLANGES
FIG' 2b
62
63
(2)
l.t.AN(iti Dl1st(;N
ts
=I;
-a
zt
4a
<rr
21
,:
'd
3i'^ ^
-^*:i
.Y
!o
yc7 E
-9'Z
<F
5a$#'
iis
d'j:
*E
:Ei i
s
:tj. E?.i
R?RC9 83338
E:{:i
rz
i i+
;ts
I, I
-3FE i ;
iE.s
I
Errij I
<t
;h.:::'
- !.n
FC
F='d:
- >,+!:
-;36s?
coo ,a
: c o\o
e:a.
q,
.9
! Ed : ;
=7.
! -o : ;
:o,Y3
E*.i=3
" oir:? o
::5 5'! ::5 5 (!
::6
,i.,i.:>6i+i .i.d,:> e i.,i:>6
,r.
o i9
3i
.iJ
J -o
.=
3-
;r,,ib
Jo
-'
=9:-.
o o-< !l
: O;:E
tE:6
3P
ai
93
!l
rr1
64
3,
h u-.:>e
].
6
::5
i.ti.:=i
o- d
Ya
.:=
ii
F';
=i,i.
): ti
>
=
E7i-,
= i *!!
:E:'9n
ar
;: i;;
!g=t=
1'r' vE I
;;E+
c
F
E
<
E
f $E!! ;
E;-E9
F d } OF
-1
Fv
?.a
iE
z=E !.=
5!E ti
cc.
<!
F
.;
>iE
;I
z1
<E
iE
E 5i+;,*r
mftum
$M
i:
cz
65
FLANGE DESI(]N
/:
--\
-l
al
+
*:=+i+t
{'s
-l
l'+
{:..-
dj o:<
r! ce
i.9 E=
sj"
+ 16l
r;: ; 1"s"{
!!:
!r,
i;
5>
o L-E
Ei;*:i[;
:5
EI
.-E
FT
=l
g-
F
r{
*'|
l^r
^l
E]
F
H
,i
El
\z$
3
F
$z
ZF
']i
<
-l
Iv
I
cl
;.$
(,*
l-"'lc
l.r
vtl
Ftil
{Ff
laF
3N
T+
vll
l-'-
IN
a>
iNNRB
2A
-{1tzN
'|| rt
;=
?:
T:
rt
lrl
_'t]*1.r_
ZN
z7
,=
a^
oo
.:
67
L
r,t
The required bolt load for the oprating conditions, t/,,, shall be
sufficient to resist the hydrostatic end force, H, exerted by the internal
pressure on the area bounded by the outside diameter ofthe gasket. H, is
trt.AN(;li I)|]st(;N
lk)lts must
be spaced close
l)clwcen bolts.
rrrrrrrbcr of bolts that can be placed in a given bolt circle. The maximum
6-L
+.(m + 0.5)
sidered.
L:
1.25
g, should first
o to
be calculated as
2.590
Self-energizing gaskets may be considered to require an inconsequential amount of bolting force to produce a seal. So ttl.2 can be assumed
equal to zero. Bolting, however, must be pretightened to provide a
bolt load sufficient to withstand the hydrostatic end force I/.
Table 3 lists the root area, minimum bolt spacing, radial distance
ofbolt size. The minimum bolt-circle
tliirnreter will be either the diameter necessary to satisfy the radial
' lcirrances,i.e. B * 2(tr + R) or the diameter necessary to satisfy the boltrpircing requirement,i.e. N(Bolt spacing)/z, whichever is greater. The
. w^,
A.:
!' or
Jn
w^
'2. whicherer
J,
is greater
rrd
Selection oibolts to be used shall be made such that the actual total
cross-sectional area of bolts, lr, will not be less than 1.. Excessrve
bolting may have to be provided while designing relatively thin flanges
for low pressure service because of the following,
l.
68
W:W^,
(3)
t 4,-r
u,:. .^ Ab\5.
g)
69
! sN{
5E
i3
lrl.AN(;li I)l1Sl(;N
| || rr rrl)llcric tcnrpcta(t||c ltrd bcforc applicatiott tlf intcrnal pressure, the
llrrrrgc tlcsigrr is rcquircd to satisfy this loading only under such
( ll (lrll()lls.
Whcrc additional safety against abuse is desired, or where it ts
r( ( cssirt y that the flange be suitable to withstand the lull available bolt
.r
ss sss s
sNs ssN
.E!
ioJ
- s*s sss
SSs
ssx
s:s;s
s5
l,
& Er,r
,!.E
lilurge Moments
ss xs
I lrc various axial forces on the flange produce bending moments. The
rrrorlcnt ol a load is the product of the load and its moment arm. The
Ir()l|tcnt arm is determined by the relative position ofthe bolt circle with
I rsllcct to that of the load producing the moment. The forces and the
I vcr arms for a typical integral-type flange for operating condition are
',lrown in Fig. 3. The total moment must be equal to the sum of the
nr()u)cnts acting on the flange:
z2
55s sss ss sss sxs sx
!!a
E6
o
3l
tr
o
zt
J
F
EE
iE
NS
na9
ci ct
rt atc,t{
a.
sss sxs
ss sN5 sss ss
!
!ro
tsi; d<;'
!Ei
nqc?
c.i
t't .q
z:
<i
6(,
EEi
d<;'
qqc! 9\q
i.:
t\94
=o
3#"
i.:
s-
kt <t 6
a?c\ 99
;.P
I
nge Loads
Lever Arms
Moments
rt,,:9.195432 o
hr:n+i
Mr:
ll,:H-11o
,
"r-
R+ gt+
Il,:ltY-g
CG
!j
FI
sNs
SN
ss
5d
FE]
E*
:.
sxs
ss
sxs xxs
ss x
lrr
hc
i/, -u
(5)
(6)
(1)
Mo:
M D+
Mr+ Mo
(8)
, C.B
"2
t" _hp+
2
70
Hoh,
'71
hc
(e)
(10)
h.:=
trt.ANCll l)tisl(;N
(ll)
These lever arms also apply to optional type flanges when they are
designed as loose-type flanges. However, exception to the above is taken
in the case of lapjoint flange Fig. 1e in which the lever arm ho is given by
equation (9) and lever arms lrr and lo are identical and are given by
equation (11).
For gasket seating, the total flange moment Mo is based on the
flange design bolt load of formula (4), which is opposed only by the
gasket load in which case
Mo:I'Yq:G)
ir2)
The moments obtained by the above formulas are valid only if the
even
ii t
-o l.E" I
- ;tr i
'rP
<! -3
calculation of S^ and St, the radial and tangential stresses in the flange
respectively. So the total moment can be multiplied by a correctron
factor as derived from the above relationship and given by:
^
tr:
'a
'ra
73
...'
Itl:Sl(,N
()l l,ltrx:l
SS
tirlll ,MtlNt
lrl
-AN(;li I)liSl(;N
u)
,1
3 oOoSB ci3
ci
,no
'.q
3E
'-i
PE
.3 :g
- o
35
^ >d
: cas
.rI
3
5
o
''oooo
'co@sc) N
_qq9c?
ooooo
o.o(o dr N
-
!-
33 3E
:33
-do
c; ci oo
-J
E
3
>r .:
,u
o
o
P9
6i
!+
<9
>9
,'i
o
o
A
74
!5 o
vE
75
trl.AN(iu l)lisl(;N
it
||(l
Mocr
B
For integral fype flanges &s well as for optional type flanges
ctlculated as integral type and for loose type with a hub which is
considered in the design, the stresses in the flange for the operating
condition are:
l.onsitudinal hub stress
fM
sI| : .-2
^gr
l{adial flange stress
Frc.
,-:0!
-" fu2
E _
VALUES OF/(UA-51.6)
(Hub Stress Correction Factor)
(Reproduced from ASME CODE Section VIII, Div.
t)
'I
.MY-^_ ZSj
5-:
'1 .,
For loose type flanges without hubs or with hubs which are not
considered in design and for optional type flanges calculated as loose
type without hubs or with hubs which are not considered in the design'
the flange stresses in operating condition are:
Sa:0
Sr:0
M:Mocr
and
S":
't'
MY
,
The stresses for gasket seating condition in either case can be found
by substituting M in place of M in the above equations.
76
77
l)l,Sl(;N
)l
T
I
r.9l
|.002
l.oo3
|.004
r.9l
| 9l
r.oo
r.005
r.006
1.OO7
r.008
r.009
r.ot0
l.0t
r.9l
9l
9l
9l
9l
9l
r.9l
r.012
l.9l
r.0t 3
1.9 |
r.9l
r.015
r,91
l.0l
t.0 t6
t.0
t_0 t8
1.0 t9
t.90
1.90
1.90
lo
r.90
t.90
.021
r.90
.o22
.023
1.90
1.90
.o2a
r.90
1.0
|.90
|.026
t.o27
1.028
LO2 9
t.90
t.90
r.90
t.030
t.90
t.90
1.03 |
1.90
r.032
r.034
r.035
|.90
t.90
|.90
r.90
r.036
1.90
t.o37
t.038
1.90
1.039
1.90
1.90
1.03 3
r.0r0
t.90
l-041
1.0a2
1.90
|.013
l.9o
1.0a 4
|.90
t.0t5
r.90
r.90
9t.rl
171.A3
3.81 160.38
77.13 148.06
71.9 3. 137.69
67.17 r28.61
8
63.00 I 20.56
59.33 I r r.98
56.06 r 07.36
53. r,( tot.72
6.?5
t62.81
I51.30
I { r.33
24.8l
| | 8.00
50.51
96.73
I r 1.78
106.30
18.t2
92.2 |
r0t.33
45.96
88.0t
96.75
3.98
12.17
,(0.5 |
81.30
92.6t
88.8l
I5.29
80.8
77.61
24.29
27.51
26.83
26.15
1.0s9
1.060
t.89
I8.38
1.89
I 8.06
t.89
17.76
17.17
17.18
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
16.91
L89
l6.t
t.065
1.89
1.066
r.89
.067
.063
1.064
r
1.068
1.069
|.o70
14.O2
29.32
30.92
26.36
26.03
25.72
25.40
3.02
25.10
8.98
28.69
2A.27
27.92
27.59
24.81
27.27
24.52
24.21
26.9 5
26.34
26.05
24.0O
1.086
t.88
12.15
.O87
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.88
| 2.O2
.76
23.14
23.18
22.93
22.68
1.63
22.44
1.089
1.090
I1.89
11
1
34.17
28.13
27.76
27.39
27.04
26.69
| 2.43
12.29
L088
31.64
23.69
30.5r
30.1I
29.34
25.77
25.48
25.20
24.93
24.66
1l
.88
t.88
tl
|
|
ll
1.88
1.88
I 1.05
1.88
20.91
20.71
20.51
L88
10.91
r 0.83
10.73
10.62
10.52
1.88
r.88
r.88
1.88
I.l6
2l.r
20.3t
24.16
1.136
1.137
l.t 38
1.1 39
1.140
1.86
r .86
1.86
7.88
23.91
1.86
1.86
| 4.76
| 4.66
16.22
43
1.86
7.53
1.144
r.86
1.145
r.86
7.48
7.43
14.57
14.48
14.39
1.t 46
1.86
7.38
4.29
47
t.86
7.34
4.20
15.71
15.61
.l 48
1.86
7.29
| 4.12
15.5l
r.86
21.30
49
1.150
7.25
7.20
14.03
13.95
I5.34
l.l 5l
1.86
1.152
1.86
1.86
7.11
7.07
13.86
13.77
r 3.69
1.86
1.86
7.O3
13.61
r.86
6.95
1.86
6.91
L86
L86
6.87
1.86
6.79
l.l4l
l.l
22.39
22.14
19.7 6
21
21
ll
r.88
10.05
19.58
19.38
---{
06
07
1.88
9.96
9.87
9.78
9.70
9.62
19.33
19.07
21.11
20.96
s.90
20.77
14.74
r 8.55
20.59
20.38
1.153
1.154
l.t 55
.87
.87
| .47
9.54
9.46
20.25
20.08
1.156
1.157
l.l 58
1.87
9.30
14.12
14.27
18.13
17.97
.a7
9.22
17.81
19.55
1.87
1.87
9.1 5
t7.68
t.85
t.87
17.54
17.40
1.162
1.85
1.85
.87
1 .87
8.91
8.86
t7.13
19.43
19.27
19.12
i 8.98
18.80
Ll61
9.07
9.00
64
1.165
r.85
r.85
.a7
.87
8.79
| 7.OO
I 8.68
16.87
1.87
8.66
8.59
8.53
1.166
1.167
1.168
1.t 69
1.170
1.85
18.54
t.ll2
t.n3
1.114
|
I
]
'lLl
l r.n6Z
lr.
ll. 8
ll.u9
tl.l20
r.t 2l
.87
1 .47
1 .87
1 .87
1
1
1
'|
.122
r.123
1.124
Ll25
.87
.57
1.126
1.127
t.128
.129
30
l l3l
t.132
t.133
t.134
t.135
9.3 8
'|
7.27
6.74
I .1
'l
.72
.52
1.1
9.91
19.7 5
8.40
16.62
16.19
18.26
6.37
17.99
17.46
l8.l
r.159
r.160
1.1.63
l.t
.171
1.172
8.17
8.40
8.31
8.2 8
16.02
.87
8.22
15.91
1.87
| .87
8.16
8.1I
I 5.68
17.35
17.21
J.a/
l7.t
't.177
1.174
5.46
r
t
6.99
6.90
1.179
1.180
.a7
.87
l0.l
1.87
1.87
1
r.86
t.uo
1.86
7.99
7.94
16.25
l6.l
5.79
I5.36
17.60
17.48
1.173
1 .174
1.175
1.176
78
I6.65
16.54
16.43
16.35
1.142
23.20
22.97
1.86
22.12
16.77
7.62
7.57
23.11
2l .92
ll
15.26
r 5.15
15.05
L86
23.67
19.94
ll
7.78
7.73
7.6a
20.15
r.t
l.t
l.2E
21.11
.99
21.76
21.54
21 .32
21
10.33
10.23
t.108
I 1.52
11.40
1
1
't0.43
r.r 03
r.r04
r.t 05
r.r
t.r
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.88
28.5r
r.88
3.69
36.34
ll
-x
I l0l
r.102
14.s0
12.87
r9.05
33.04
34.17
i?33
28.91
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.88
11.6A
33.62
8.84
38.r 9
37.56
36.95
3
I5.02
1.081
50.15
35.3 4
34.7 4
r.89
r.89
15,61
39.64
32.69
32.22
31.79
31 .34
1.88
n7.81
16.71
35.96
29.7 4
r.080
21.90
21.32
23.77
36.60
40.96
40.23
15.45
1 5.22
l3.t
53.82
4t.73
r.096
| .o97
r.0e8
1.89
1.89
I.88
48.97
42.51
r.rrr
13.35
50.2 |
38.68
37.96
37.27
|.oe5
33.17
13.68
25.51
43.34
30.17
1.88
1.88
51.50
39.43
r.093
r.oe4
5.67
t.88
t.082
r.083
t.084
t.085
11.21
33.65
1.076
LO77
51.29
10-21
5.90
I4.Ol
59.66
45.09
r.oer
|.0e2
09
1.rr0
I6.40
13.85
1.o78
1 .079
at.o2
46.99
46.03
35.78
r.88
69.06
66.91
61.95
63.08
42.75
41.87
2.55
32.04
31.55
31.08
30.61
16.64
1.88
6r.32
,t
1.055
t.89
t.89
t.o74
58.08
56.59
55.17
22.71
t.054
20.12
19.71
19.38
r 9.03
r 8.69
1.O75
5.80
L05 2
1.053
1.89
1.89
1.89
71.33
61.9 |
57.11
t.051
3 3_8,1
29.92
29,08
?0.5 |
I4.22
6.30
73.75
59. r I
r.89
1.89
67.1|
62.85
60.9?
r.050
14.61
14.41
r.99
31.7 6
30.8 |
I.90
1.89
36 22
3
l.or9
.79
21.35
20.92
21
t.89
79.O8
7 t
12.O5
1.072
1.073
82.09
.97
69.13
1.071
A.70
38.97
3/.51
1.90
1.06t
1 .062
132.19
|
1.0a8
1.056
1.057
1.058
| 92.13
17
t.o17
r.90
t.90
1.016
"
Si( iN
79
1.86
4.95
4.86
6.99
6.67
6.64
6.60
6.56
6.53
1.85
6.49
1.85
1.85
6.46
6.42
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
6.39
6.35
6.32
6.29
6.25
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
6.22
6.19
6.16
6.13
6.10
6.01
15.91
15.83
15.42
15.23
l5.t 4
15.05
14.96
14.47
13.45
14.78
14.70
I3.30
14.61
I3.t5
14.53
14.45
6.83
6.71
t6.lI
13.07
13.00
12.92
12.85
12.78
4.36
14.24
14.20
14.12
14.04
1
12.71
13.97
12.64
12.58
I3.89
12.51
| 3.a2
13.7 4
12.43
12.38
13.60
r 3.53
13.46
12.31
t2.25
I2.18
3.66
t2.t0
I3.30
12.06
12.00
I 1.93
11.87
11.79
I3.25
13.18
l3.l l
'13.05
| 2.96
'l
)MtiN
Ii(ltJ
AllLlj
Lt82
1.85
1.184
1.186
1.188
| 1.70
1.85
6.04
5.98
12.86
12.73
1.85
5.92
r.t90
1.192
t.85
1.84
5.8r
11.26
1.84
1.84
1.84
J./ J
s.70
J.O5
t.a4
5.60
I l.l5
11.05
10.95
10.85
10.7 5
11.92
I l.8l
11 .71
1.84
1.202
1.84
1.84
5.50
I 0.65
5.45
1.206
1.208
1.84
5.40
r.210
1.84
.204
1.84
.212
1.83
.21 4
1.2t 8
1.220
r.83
r.83
r.83
r.83
1.222
r.83
1.216
.224
5.27
5.1 4
5.t0
J.UJ
5.01
r.83
.22a
1 .230
4.98
1.83
4.94
4.90
L83
1.278
r.8l
12.2 5
I 2.03
8.85
|.434
r.80
4.O8
.287
1.290
r.80
7.9 |
4.05
8.77
8.69
L438
t.412
1.80
7.81
8.61
t.446
4.01
8.s3
r.450
1.293
1.296
1 .299
1.80
1.80
1.80
3.98
8.46
t.454
t.458
1.302
r.80
3.8I
1.80
3.84
1.79
3.8r
1.79
1.314
1.317
1.320
t.79
3.78
11.22
t.323
0.04
9.96
9.89
9.80
9.72
9.65
9.57
9.50
I r.03
.326
.79
1 .79
1.329
3.67
3.61
1.7a
3.61
J.J6
3.56
7.09
7.03
6.98
6.92
6.87
t.332
t.7a
I.JJ5
l.7a
3.40
7.2
.77
3.3 4
6.57
6.50
6.44
6.38
9.08
9.98
.82
9.O2
9.91
8.95
1.82
4.59
8.89
t.3a2
1.76
.82
4.56
8.83
9.81
9.77
9.70
1.386
1.390
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.75
1.75
1.370
t.77
1 .371
1.378
|,/6
1.252
1.82
4.52
1.254
8.77
.82
4.49
8.71
9.64
9.57
1.394
1.398
1.82
4.46
4.43
8.65
9.51
8.59
8.53
9.41
9.38
1.406
1.410
8.45
9.28
9.r 9
1.414
8.37
L418
1.7
8.29
9.i I
1.422
1.75
8.21
8.t 3
9.O2
.426
|,/4
8.93
1.430
1.256
1.258
1.260
l.8l
L8l
.263
l.8l
1.266
r.81
t.269
1
.272
r.275
r.8l
t.8l
r.8l
4.40
4.36
4.32
4.28
4.24
4.20
80
.402
3.2I
6.32
6.27
3.00
2.94
2.96
.71
2.9 4
2.91
5.68
s.61
5.60
3.12
3.09
.71
3.07
3.3 8
3.03
3.Ol
2.98
3.3 3
2.9 6
2.9 4
3,26
2.92
2.88
2.85
3.?1
2.31
4.36
r.60
4.10
r.65
r.65
.66
| .67
1.64
1.64
2.16
2.14
4.01
t.68
1.63
2.10
3.96
3.92
]ot
t.oJ
2.08
3.47
1.63
2.06
2.04
2.02
3.83
3.79
2.OO
3.72
3.68
6.2 5
1.72
6.20
6.15
t.73
1.74
.62
1 .62
t.6l
l.6l
1.99
2.O4
2.06
1.48
L63
t.62
L48
1.60
2.81
,17
r.59
2.7I
3.09
3.05
.57
2.7 4
3.01
2.71
2.97
2.67
2.9 4
2.6 4
2.90
2.87
2.84
2.10
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.18
t.5t
1.50
1.50
1.49
2.O8
-65
4.05
3.7 5
4.45
4.40
2.18
2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
4.30
4.26
1.46
1
,46
,44
1.44
.67
t.66
I .65
1.56
.52
1.43
l.5l
2.61
.42
t.50
2.58
2.56
2.53
t.4t
.49
2.28
2.30
2.32
t.4l
1.17
4.12
4.08
2.3 4
1.39
1.46
1.45
4.O4
2.36
t.3B
1.44
4.21
8l
3.40
2.01
4.67
4.56
1.50
3.48
3.45
3.43
2.00
2.02
4.20
3.s 4
I .68
1.73
4.15
,71
t.69
t.68
4.25
2.21
.52
3.62
r.5l
r.5l
4.31
t.65
1.70
1.70
4.99
4.92
t.6/
6.34
6.29
5.0s
t.59
t.53
i.52
I.99
4,86
4.79
r.95
5.09
4.48
4.12
.64
1.94
5.21
2.37
2.31
6.49
6.44
6.39
r.53
r.53
5.33
5.29
1.68
1.68
o.55
-/5
3.1 4
t.93
1.74
1.73
1.72
.57
6.60
3.O2
.54
r.58
6.0r
5.96
5.92
3.10
5.47
5.82
1.92
7.O l
6.9 5
3.05
3.51
7.O8
6.66
3.O7
3.19
3.17
4.60
4.54
6.06
1.75
1.75
t.77
|.75
5.1 3
1.65
3.6 5
1,54
4.66
4.63
.62
3.72
3.69
.57
1 ,57
1
t.9l
4.70
r.63
1.84
t.90
2.40
3.7 5
3.3 8
3.3 5
t.78
2.43
6.1 |
6.16
3.41
1.89
5.49
r.69
3.20
3.17
3.15
.86
1.85
3.5 9
3.5 6
96
| .97
I .98
2.26
2.23
3.82
3.78
1.79
1.69
.67
3.44
1.55
1.55
1.56
t.6l
3.47
1.88
t.55
6.89
6.82
6.77
6.72
6.21
r.89
r.88
3.27
3.24
3.22
7.t 1
L58
1.58
1.58
t.80
4.7 4
1.77
1.77
3.89
l.9l
r.56
4.77
1.354
1.358
1.92
| .87
2.49
2.47
2.46
2.44
3.96
3.93
3.3 3
2.51
t_545
t.94
t.83
2.s3
7.28
.60
I .59
1.59
r
l.8l
1.70
6.63
4.00
3.61
r.56
5.37
3.43
3.61
r.95
r.56
4.88
4.84
4.80
|.78
1.97
r.85
r.86
5.41
r.350
r.60
r.60
1.84
4.92
7.33
5.71
5.57
5.04
5.00
1.82
1.83
4.96
6.64
.362
2.72
5.80
5.76
2.5a
2.56
3.48
3.46
5.21
t.8l
2.60
1.78
1.366
t.80
.71
.71
1 .71
1 .71
.71
1.317
.525
2.7 6
2.7 4
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.7e
1 .79
5.36
5.66
1.70
1.70
1.70
1 .69
I .69
4.69
4.65
1.62
1.250
r.515
r.520
2.80
2.75
5.61
t.530
t.535
r.540
1.505
1.510
5.48
5.44
5.40
5.12
7.50
7.41
7.39
9.1 5
1.241
t.500
2.85
2.83
6.10
6.0s
6.0r
5.97
5.93
5.1 6
6.77
6.72
9.22
t.246
|.24a
7.61
7.s5
,u7:
5.52
2.68
2,66
2.64
2.62
6.A2
4.72
1.82
1.82
7.79
7.73
r.485
r.490
2.A7
2.70
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
3.53
4.7 6
1.242
7.98
7.92
7.85
|.475
L 480
3.5 |
.e2
0.05
8.1 I
8.05
.78
t.a2
1
t.470
.238
8.18
1.78
1.78
4.79
1.240
t.462
t.466
8.31
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.72
r.338
10.28
10.20
10.13
0.36
8.24
2.89
2.81
r.341
1.311
9.43
9.36
9.29
7.38
7.32
7.26
7.20
7.1 1
1.83
1 .82
4.86
4.83
7.57
7.50
7.41
3.69
1 .232
1.234
1.236
r.83
8.39
1.79
t0.94
10.60
10.52
10.44
J./ J
.79
10.87
I o.77
I 0.68
3.9r
7.70
3.9 4
1.308
I0.21
I
1.74
1.7 4
1 .71
1.74
8.05
7.98
l.3l
4.t 6
r.305
ll.l2
t(
4.12
0.30
2
t.8l
t2.t 4
I.28t
|.244
I l.6l
I l.5l
I l.4l
11.32
l0.r
5.18
2.19
| 2.37
t
0.56
10.47
t 0.38
r
1.226
|
12.61
I1.36
l.t
96
l.l 98
1.200
I 1.58
J.60
1.194
l l AN(;li l)lrSl( iN
I.
1.48
1.40
t.40
2.50
2.48
2.45
2.43
2.40
3.30
3.2I
3.17
3.t 3
2.8l
2.74
2.75
2.7 2
2.69
2.67
2.6 4
'fAllLE
K
2.38
2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
r.38
.37
1.36
4 - F'ACTOIIS
T
1
43
.42
l.4l
INVOLVING K (Continued)
1.06
3.7 4
t.05
r.05
r.04
r.t5
l.r5
.03
t.l5
t.t4
Lt4
2.27
2.62
r.30
2.6 5
2.6A
2.71
2.74
L27
t.3l
L3l
2.80
1.26
1.26
1.30
1 .29
2.O0
2.20
2.8 3
t.25
1.28
1.98
2.17
2.86
2.89
1.24
.28
1 .27
I .96
2.15
.27
1.92
1.26
2.2 5
.07
1,07
.17
|,17
t.l6
t.t6
.16
U
.62
1.78
L59
t.57
1.73
l.6l
t./ J
1
.71
t.)5
1.53
1.68
2.44
2.17
2.3I
3.78
3.82
3.86
1.34
r.30
2.1 4
2.3 5
1.03
r.33
3.90
2.12
1.32
2.O9
2.32
2.30
2.27
2.25
3.9 4
3.9 8
r,29
4.00
4.05
t.009
t.t3
l.t3
1.002
1.1 3
t.43
4.t 0
4.15
1.13
1.42
4.20
.996
.989
.982
r.56
r.54
1.12
4.25
4.30
.968
t.t
.962
Ll l
1.32
r.3l
.28
r.23
1
.22
2.O7
2.04
2.41
2.02
1.94
l.
.94
r.
4.5 0
.911
2.01
4.55
.9U
4.60
4.65
4.70
.n8
.21
r.25
.20
1.86
1.83
.23
1.81
r.99
1.79
.97
3.t 0
l.t
l.t7
l.t6
l.t6
t.l5
l t4
l.l3
l,t2
l.t I
1.lr
1.23
1
.22
l.2l
t.21
.20
1 ,20
.77
1.75
1.73
.71
l.t9
r.69
1 .67
1.66
l.l
l.l8
1.61
t.l2
.955
'l
l.t9
t.l2
4.40
4.45
3.06
1.r4
2.1 1
2.O9
2.O7
2.O4
r.90
r.88
1.22
.O2
t.0l
1.94
1.92
1.90
r.88
r.86
t.84
r.82
r.80
1.52
1.50
| .49
FIG,9b, FOUR
PASS
ARRANGEMENT
.67
r.64
t.40
1.39
t.38
.62
1.6 |
t.60
i.59
values:
.57
l,5i
1.50
1.48
r.34
1.33
I.46
r.31
1,44
t.30
L43
t.t0
l.t0
t.2a
1.41
.911
.908
1.09
r.09
.27
I.39
t.3d
4.8 0
.9m
,26
1.09
1.25
4.8 5
.893
.887
.880
5.00
.873
1.09
1.09
1.08
1.08
L24
4.90
4.95
.nl
9a - TWO PASS
ARRANGEMENT
t.t0
l,t0
l l(;.
.70
2.22
2.19
1.25
1.24
3.42
3.46
3.58
3.62
3.66
t.0B
3.70
t.39
L38
3.3 4
3.3 8
l.t8
2.50
2.47
2.3 3
L35
L34
t.33
3.30
t.o9
2.59
2.56
2.54
2.52
2.4a
2.50
2,53
2.56
2.59
3.t 8
3.22
3.26
t.r0
3.5 4
2.61
2.36
2.29
3.t 4
3.5 0
2.3 8
t.40
3.0 2
1.35
2.92
2.95
2.98
r.40
.37
III,ANGI DLSI(iN
.29
1.23
1.22
1.21
.42
l.
Longitudinal hub stress Sr should not be greater than 1'5 S/" in the
operating condition and 1.5 S/" in the gasket seating condition.
l. Radial flange stress SR shall not exceed S/, in the oprating condition
and S/. in the gasket seating condition.
I. Tangential flange stress Sr shall not be greater than S/" in the
operating condition and S/, in the gasket seating condition.
4. The greater of 0.5(srf + Sr) or 0.5(Sr, * Sr ) shall not exceed Sr" in the
operating condition and S/" in the gasket seating condition.
If any of the stresses other than S, exceeds the allowable' the flange
hickness r can be revised till the stresibs are within allowable. However,
if S,, xceeds the allowable, the increase in flange thickness will not help
and it may be necessary to lengthen the hub, increase the 9r thickness or
I
In certain application of
Deign
flanges, especially
in
shell-and-tube heat
cxchangers where multipass channels are specified, the area for pass ribs
also contributes to required bolt load in the operating as well as in the
gasket seating conditions. Its effect may be negligible in some cases but it
is advisable to consider it in flange design wherever applicable. The most
commonly used pass arrangements for two, four and six pass channels
are indicated in Fig. 9. In order to simplify the calculations, the rib areas
for each case and for exchanger sizes 6" through 100" inclusive are given
in Table 5. Use ofrib area in llange design is illustrated in the calculation
sheet.
83
82
)lis t(;N
Table 5
Nomlnal
Four
Two Pass
8
10
12
Table 5
Vessel Size
6
!.LANCE DBSICN
2.84
3.59
4.36
5.10
Rr,
Pass
5.27
o.oz
8.07
9.38
N omlna
in.2
Six Pass
8.36
10.36
12.44
t4.43
in.
53
20.06
20.44
54
20.81
10.21
15.60
11.56
t't.59
12.95
19.58
14.30
21.63
t).o)
zt.oz
16.99
25.61
18.23
60
27.41
28.43
29.46
6l
10.31
r8.92
19.62
11.06
20.27
30.42
11.44
20.93
3t.4s
zt .oz
32.41
JI
12.19
12.56
22.32
33
12.94
23.71
34
13.31
35
13.69
24.36
25.06
36
14.06
2J.
33.44
34.46
35.43
36.46
37.48
38.45
t4.44
26.4s
27.15
27.80
28.49
11.8
38
14.81
39
15.19
40
15.56
15.94
41
42
43
16.31
44
45
17.06
17.44
46
47
17.81
18.19
48
49
50
18.56
23.0r
t)
29.r9
t6.69
84
42.49
43.51
45.50
3t.24
46.53
31.89
32.59
47.50
33.94
34.6't
35.33
19.31
4t.52
29.89
30.54
33.28
18.94
39.4'l
40.50
44.48
48.52
49.55
50.51
51.54
52.56
Four
Pass
52
5.53
10.69
Two
19.69
6.28
7.03
7.78
8.53
9.28
9.94
22
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
51
16
20
Vessel Size
l1
l8
Rr,
Pass
36.02
36.68
in.2
Six Pass
53.59
54.55
5t-3t
55.58
38.07
38.77
39.42
56.60
55
21.t9
56
57
58
21.56
21.94
40.11
59.62
22.31
40.81
60.59
4t.46
61.61
42.16
42.86
43.55
44.21
44.90
45.60
46.2s
62.58
63.60
59
22.69
23.06
23.44
62
23.81
63
24.19
24.56
24.94
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
7l
25.31
25.69
26.06
26.44
46.95
47.64
48.30
48.99
26.81
57.63
58.60
64.63
65.65
66.68
6'1.64
68.67
69.08
'70.66
71.69
72.65
73.68
72
27.19
27.56
27.94
50.38
51.04
'74.'10
74
28.31
51.73
76.69
75
76
28.69
29.06
29.44
52.43
77.72
53.13
'78.'74
53.78
'19.7'l
29.81
54.48
81
30.19
30.56
30.94
80.73
81.76
55.82
56.s2
83.75
82
31.31
57.22
84.'72
83
31.69
57.9r
85.74
84
85
32.06
32.44
86
32.81
59.96
77
'18
'79
80
49.69
55.17
d5
5.6'l
82.73
8.57
86.77
59.26
87.79
88.76
l)list(;N Olr
Tsble 5
Nomlnal
Pt{(
x:Ess EQUTPMENT
F'LANC!: DESIGN
Arer (Conrinued)
SOLUTION
Pass Rlb
Vessel Size
Two Pass
33,l9
in.
Et
88
89
33.56
33.94
90
34.31
9l
93
34.69
35.06
35.44
94
35.81
92
95
36.t9
96
97
98
99
36.56
36.94
Four
62.W
62.'70
63.35
64.05
64.74
65.44
66.09
66.79
67.49
68.18
68.84
37.69
38.06
100
Pass
0u.65
61.35
37.31
Rr, in.2
69.53
Six Pass
E9.7E
90.81
91.83
92.80
93.83
94.85
95.82
96.84
97.87
98.83
99.86
100.82
101.85
102.87
ln this case we will have two flanges bolted together but designed for
diffcrent conditions. The required bolt load in the operating condition
lbr the shell side will govern the design of both flanges because of lhe
higher design pressure. Since the gaskets on both sides are of the same
nraterial, the required bolt load for gasket seating will be greater for the
low pressure flange. Since such a high design pressure is involved, gasket
scating probably will not control the design. Tberefore, the shell side
llange will be the independent flange while the channel side will be the
dcpendent flange.
Independent flange has to be designed first so that we can carry over
the bolt load for the design ofthe dependent flange. Both the flanges will
bc designed here in detail, but the attached calculation sheets can be used
to
will be
p:460
EXAMPLE NO.
S":25,000 Psi
Sr'
Design a pair of welding neck flanges
to be used to contain a
tubesheet ofa TEMA BKU type of exchanger. The 4l in. I.D. two pass
channel designed for 150 psi at 500.F is built ofI in. thick A_515_70 piate
inclusive offin. corrosion allowance. Theshell sideflangeis to be welded
to a 41 in. I.D. x 75 in. LD. cone designed for 460 psi at 650.F. The cone
consists
of
l;
with A-193-87
psi
Sa:25,000 Psi
Sr":
17'500 Psi
17,500 Psi
:41 in'
go:t^:l'25ln'
Assume
Bolts_
t:
1.25(s
o\:
1.25(1.251:1.5625 in.
B'41.25 in.
9o:1.125 in.
and
g
86
r:1.4375 in.
87
FLANOB DESION
Now
,t
n =f,tu.t
' =!9r:sd:
h
stope
$431s--!r25)
1.6875
W:
sF +oo =
123,492.1 +
3,
for
lf
.4.:Greareror'##
in. dia.
bolts. we have
From Table
1.5 in.
E = 1.125
in.
Now
B + 2(s ) + 2(R) :
47
.125
io.
Since
74,
C + 2(E)
47.12s +
2(t.t25l :
49.37
s in.
1,
48 (0'7 28l,
34'9 44 in'2
W:0.5(33.79 + 349,14)25,000
859,1 75
lb
and
r^,,:ffi,=0.4088in.
l|
t*,ltl't=rr.tri".'
> .4., therefore (48)lI in. dia. bolts are adequate. Now
and
A
ofa
23,4s2.t tb
Fig. la- Now assune (48) 1| in. dia. bolts. From Table
m:5- I)
and
v=76W
Assume
N
:0.5 r!.
D:;@l.2512
=614,745.9 lb
Hc:HP-121,255.7 lb
H
u.:!=!=o.zsn;
Therefore
r:723A92.1
D:
1.5
614,745.9
1O8,746.21b
D:0.25 in.
Now
Now
45.9(2.21 88)
H,
on page 58
88
lb
r2r,25 s.7 tb
1,363998 in- lb
See note
o= 6t4,7
M e =121,255.7
Therefore
'
460
224 289
in-lb
Therefore,
ITLANCI DDSICN
|tnd
W:859,175 lb
Therefore
ll9'75
Now
Mo
859,175(1.187s)
r(l)
-n48
Assume
spacin
r{4J-125t
251
in-lb
gr
:3.0843 in.
in.
, {J.-6975L-:6.Ij2J
/) +U.)l
:1
9o
ho:
t:2.75
Normal bolt
1,020,270
in.
t.2l'Ie
Jqtzs(trzr:o.stzz
ft
1.687s
ho
6.8122
^..-.
4375
|.125
sJ
9o
we have
F:0.894
Similarly from Fig.
V:O.441
M:u21J(1):a1,se5
and from Fig. 8
and
I:1.0
M:l'020'270(l)-14714
Now
41.25
0 894
':-:u',,"
NOTE
and
d
ffi
a:2.75(0.1312) +
41.2s
K:
t.197
:$)z:
s to.ttrz) + I
1.3608
r.48 I
,:{ff:ozrro
l.l9?
T: 1.84
z:5.625
y:10.9
90
|5|
.. 49.375
K:
_* :
a:ffi:o.osta
t :0.7396 +0.0888 =0.8284
91
lll-AN()lt l)tisl(iN
Calculating Stresses
Operating Condition
^
t":
(41.995)
":
.s^
1.481 I {41.995)'
-----:
o.8284t2.75r
75lz:24.532
O.S.Zao1,.43
Sr, therefore,
s'
1.31
^
s":
Jr
t.481|
124,7 341
O.tZt+tZrSl
,.-*,,
t)r
v.
:0'687s in'
1.375(0.5)
t:0
5625
in'
0.37s)
l.)
in O'K'
in Fig. la.
:5.848 psi<
17.500 psi
O.K.
Since
S^ >
Sr,
therefore,
Next we will discuss the design oftbe channel side or the dependenl
flange.
z2
".". -
We must also include the effect of rib area R,r, since the channel has
lwo
passes.
two
pass
4l in. nominal
size shell,
R,
15.94 in'2
p:
Since, the flange and
in'
Assume
Slope:
rz=
5(g'\
ffi.+:ts
lrrrd
fi:1.5
| (24,7 34)
t,:0
o.K.
^ :9
s'
9o:
0.5124,532 +
Assume
s.62s (e.e28)
S7,,
fhe width and the effective width of th gasket will be same as for the
independent flang. Now
w^, 10.25(n144.15 + 0.s(1 5.94)1 7600 32't,686 tb
H,:
:48'506 lb
l2(nl1.2s(44.75) + 1 5.9413.75(150)
150 psi
92
the
:X(4.7 s)'
50
93
23
5,s21.3 tb
FLANOB DESIGN
W^tr =844'747'8lb
which will result in the same ,,{n as earlier, thus llzwill be the same also.
Now
gt
HD=
;(r.2sl2
so:
'go-05625
0.375:l)
200,460.6 rb
ho
fto
1.5
Irr:0.5(2.375 +
:
Mc : 608,826.5(1.1 87 5) :
o= 2A0160.6(2.6563)
532,484 in- lb
V:0.343
722,982 rn- lb
F:0.867
Now
M
3.933
tO
f=t.0
Therefore.
Now
M o:532A84 + 722'982 +73'138 = r,328,604 in-
0.867 - ---.
e:i5i=0.2204
lb
ano
Hc=W=859,1'15lb
a
Therefore,
Mo
ffi
o.rlltto.37sF
le.3oe4
Assurne
t
:43125 in.
Normal bolt spacing will be greater than the actual bolt spacing,
thus Cr =
1.
4.3125 0.22041 + l
1.9505
1.0.
u:t'3?Y0):tz.zov
and
u:t'v!oi?#(t) :z+,tz+
Q)+.t
zs to.zzo4t + |
2.2673
,={ff=-r.ooo'
a:ffi=r.rsrs
i:1.0601 +4.1535 = 5.2136
94
95
trt.AN(;li Drisl(;N
t.
Calculating Slrcsscs
Operating Condition
\..
"
_-
I r12.209
5.2 | 36(0.5625,1
K.
(:IJANN
Since
i;IDE
St>S^,
(:Y
INDER
therfore,
TUBESHEET
0.5119,525
EXAMPLE NO.2
Gasket Seating Condition
1\24,134)
5n:5.2tlo,'Jo2s
rz=
^
s"-S.:r:oajl25,r:578
psi< 17.500
2.26'7 3 (24,'134)
{-
)4114t1n51
" " -' s K)sr{'78} :
: --'-t4.3t 25t,
I 1,245 psi
psi O.K
Since
St > S^,
SOLUTION
llclcr to Figure and design steps on ring flange design calculation sheet.
Now ys 13y9,
therefore,
p:
0.5(14,994+ 11,245): 13,120 psi < 17,500 psi O.K.
All the
96
140 psi
Sr:25,000
S":25,000
Psi
Psi
sr,:
17,500 psi
Sr'
l7'500 Psi
Allowing I in. clearance between the O.D. of the shell and the I.D. of
1l)c ring flange we get
B:60
+ 0.125:60.125 in.
97
t.
DESICN OF PROCESS EQUIPMENT
Assume (56)
FLANOE DBSION
Since ,4, > .4., therefore (56) $ in. dia. bolts are adequate. Now
R:1.25 in.
tv:0.5(18.8077+23.464)25,000:528,396.3
E = 0.9375 in.
Allowing for
0nd
cylinder, we get
C=B
1.1-6=a=(-2ry :o.168oin.
'N-": 2(z)9000(61.75)
''"
and
A:
From Table
C
1,
+2(E) =
63.625 +2(0937
5):65.5 in.
have
n:3'75
N:0.5
Assume
(60.125l'l4o:3g'7,4g1.'t lb
^:n
HG: H P=50'923'3 lb
Hr:4t9,268.t -397
=21'776.4 tb
y = 9000
'491.7
in.
.
ll'=
r":f:f
:o.zsiu
63.625
-60.125 .t'ts
-- tn'
fto:9.5163.Urt
ir:0.5(
therefore,
1.75
1.75):0.9375 in.
-:
Now
b:0.25 in.
5):695'610.5 in' lb
5Q923.3(0.93751 = 47,7 40.6 in' lb
M o:397,491.7 (r.7
Now
G
lb
=C
- a-
2(O.25)
W^z
H
0.25(n\6r.'t 5(9000)
0.5
2(0.25):61.75 in.
=!(j.l
:4
436,485 lb
r = 2(n)0.25(61.7 5)3.75(140):50,923.3 lb
sl, t +o
Mo :
9,268.
lb
Therefore,
M o:695,610.5
Therefore,
/,=Creater
From Table
ol" 436,485
or
2S,OOO
3, the
470,t91.4:lr.rurr
,6 -^-- 1n.:, u
25p66
47,74O.6
Mo:
"=
W= 529,396.3
16
528,396.3(0.9375) = 495'371'5
Now,
:77]^6r?12
t2,850. r 322
gives
A
56
(0'419)
98
23'464 in''z
r=ffi:r.oar
99
in-lb
FLANCE DESICN
For
1.089
'litblc
Y:22.68
17,500
Bolt sPacing:
"\"' *-1:3
lrtA1 6? 5l
5694
in'
: 5.875 in.
Cp :1.Q. The moment factor
t:4
!25 + 0.18'15
+0
U ftom
culate ha, g r lgoand ft/hq and from Fig. 4, determine the value of
constant F corresponding to the calculated values of 9t/ go and hlhs'
Similarly, lind the values of tzand/from Fig. 5 and 8 respectively'
tt:t/
2a + t :2(0.8'7 5\ + 4. 125
Y and
thus
12,850.r322(22.68)
K:
4.
125
:4
43'15
tn'
/Bolt sPacing
1zc+rr
Otherwise, assume Cr: l. Also, if the flange is not designed for any
nrultipass cylinder, the rib area, Rr, can be assumed equal to zero'
Now, calculate the lever arms ho, ho and fir for integral type flange
lnd determine the MAWP as follows:
AaSu
;G2
+l2nbc'n +
(1)
R
^(m))
2S s"
:n16+tF-2B1t;z
(2)
(3)
M:
,,
I 5.S"
lvlnax=
:::_:+!
II
(4)
therefore Mo:
(5)
9D,f
^8r-
and
lr^
(6)
M^"*=
ls-allqlr4le
"!I!!Pls!l!I4
CF
(7)
(8)
!p'
4
100
- a' 11t ,.
l0l
IILANCE DESICN
F:0.894
V:0.441
f,G'z+l2rcbGm+
'
thus
(nt')r,*r2nbGm+ Rn(m)lho*frrc,
=0.8284
also
Cr:l
R,n:0
(3)
Sr:25,000
Sr,
Mo
smaller of
d:0.0888
,;"
(2t
(4)
1.3608
f = 1.481 I
l:0.7396
Rn@ll
,":ry
MAWP:
r:
(l)
,^^":+
therefore,
e:O.l3l2
d:234.r15r
Psi
17,500 Psi
B:41.25 in.
I t:1.4375 irt.
ntfn,
G =44.75 in.
m:3.'75 in.
(l) or (4)
b:0.25 in.
At:34.94in'2
ho:22188 in'
EXAMPLE NO.3
Calculate MAWP for the weld neck indepndent flange designed in
ftc:1.1875 in.
hr:2.O625 in
example l.
and
SOLUTION
t:2.75 in.
In this
T:
t.84
Z:5.625
Y= 10.9
U:1r.975
r02
Now
34.94(25,000)
f,{ul
+ 0)
(1)
103
I
ol.zg4rl.a3zit,
F'LANOE DESI(iN
2(17,500)
(i:61.75
10.9 5.625(1.481l)
*
tzlsy,- g.8zuo 1\',
m= 3.75
(2)
:42,652.0419 in-lb
t.481 I
+-t
rr
rttl
n.8ru1!1-.-7sf =
,t-481u.8284(2.75)z
,=,r
- = ,.
23.464(2s,000)
ul4'e35 in-lb
t1:t=9
:4.125 in.
(3)
0.8284(I.4375t' 0.8284(2.75)'
-1.s(17.500)
fiu:9.9375
'n.
/rr:1.3438 in.
Ar:23.464 in.'1
hr= 1.75 in.
h:0.25
:50,312.4596 in-lb
2(17,500)
in.
74.021
(4)
i^-tb
174.6607 psi
174 psi
tt6l.75), + l2(z)0.25(61.75)3.?5 + 0l
4-
(5)
(4.t25\'z
r'7
(l)
(2\
22.68
also
17j5,9-,,
;: _
r0.9
5.62s(r.481r)
(2.7s)2
(6)
therefore,
.8284(2.712
13129.3403(60.125)
Mo
:789,401.5855
therefor,
789,40 r.5855
74
o -42'652
0419(41'25)
t,759.396.7i
a)
!f,O.tZSl'
t.t
+ lzn(0.25)61.7s(3.75) + 010.9375 +
| ,7 59 ,396.'7 3
f,{u.zs)'
z.xat + l2(n)0.2s(44.7
+ olt.t v s +Eg4.j s,
-60.r2s'?).l1.3438
thus MAWP
thus
s)3.7 s
MAWP:467
psi
467 psi
t42.4ss psi
142 psi
(8)
psi
EXAMPLE NO.4
Calculate MAWP for the ring flange designed in example 2.
SOLUTION
ln this
case we have
Y=22.68
Cr=l
Re:0
56:25,000 psi
tQ4
105
I42 psi
f,@.ts'
(4)
IILANCB DDSICN
wilh thc cxception that th sum of the inside and outside gasket moments
cclual zero, and accordingly the total applied moment becomes:
The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code does not coverthe rules
for designing flanges having the gasket beyond the bott holes. This section
discusses a method of designing such flanges as recommended by Taylor
Forge and Pipe Works3. This method follows the framework and the
terminology of the code rules and provides for simplicity of calculations.
It is assumed that full fixation at the bolt circle is produced during
bolting up prior to the application of the internal pressure. The inner edge
ofthe flange in this condition is assumed unrestrained so that the reaction
of the outer gasket is determined from static equilibrium about the bolt
circle.
Design of flanges with full face gaskets is canied out using the
ASME Section VIII Division 1 Rules for Bolted connections using narrow
face gaskets with the following modifications:
The gasket contact area shall be divided into two parts by the bolt
circle. The inner gasket reaction shall be determined as the larger of llo or
Ilo in accordance n'ith the Code and the outer gasket reaction shall be
taken as the larger of flo, or llpr which are given by
M"= M 1t). M7
Ha:Ha 1 la 1
\ h"' )
Ho,=H, 1 la 1
\h", )
and
Where ft6 and ftc1 represent the moment arms of the resultant
gasket reactions with respect to the bolt circle.
Assuming uniform gasket pressure distributed over annular surfaces, these distances may be expressed as:
6(B+C)
and
W^t=H
Hp+He1=H+
and
W^z=
H, ( 1, 9\
nct I
\
Ho* Hat- Ha
-( t
|+
!-q
t,
ho,)
106
In addition, for flange design with narrow face gasket, the moment
rcmains ofthe same sign throughout, while in the case ofa full face gasket
ir moment reversal occurs. The moment due to gasket reaction is given by
Mc= Hehc:
w-H
r1.1-l
Lh" ho'J
.s^.:6Mc
"r'C
The ring effect and the reduction in section caused by the bolt holes
have been neglected inthe above formula. However, the given value of the
$tress is quite conservative, since the moment at this location may be
EXAMPLE NO.5
Evaluate the design of standard 24 inches Taylor Forge Class 125LW
(Light Weight) flange as shovr'n on page 101 of Thylor Forge catalog 571for
use with full face 75A Durometer Elastomer gasket. Design conditions
can be assumed to be 75 psi design pressure at 300'F Use sA-181 class 60
flange material with SA-307-B bolting. There is no corrosion allowance
and assume g, equal to gr in evaluation.
SOLUTION
The dimensions of the flange as obtained from Taylor Forge catalog
571 are shown in the sketch on the calculation form for flange design with
full face gaskets. Refer to this form for calculations of flange evaluation.
(see page 132 )
107
l'l
AN(;11 l)lrSI(;N
It, l)illclcncc
K
,n Gasket factor
M Calculation factor for operating condition: M oC t l B
M Cafculation factor for gasket seatrng= l14ogo1U
MD Component of moment due to HD, in- lb
Md Component of moment due to Ho, in- lb
Mo Total moment acting upon the flange for the operating
Nomenclature
c
,4
.4,
.4.
b
bo
B
C
CF
e
f
F
9o
gr
fi,
hc
"lho
G\l2,tn.
circle. in.
Hpt
F1?.
acts, in.
,lb
/167 Radial distance from outer gasket load reaction to the bolt
fio
hr
H
HD
Ha
ilc,
Hp
Mr.
n
N
P
R
Total moment acting upon the flange for the gasket seating, in-
lb
FL
Mo
flanges
E
condition, in-lb
temperalule, psl.
Sy,
t
tr
U
V
Factor involving K
Factor involving K
Factor for integral type flanges
VL
109
W,
y
Y
Z
Factor involving K
Factor involving K
REFERENCES
t. ASME Boiler
VIII,
"Pressure Ves-
DESIGN FORMS
Ill.
ll0
lll
:oN
vitoJ
{
Jo ratPern
aqf
rrs,,3l[1f"]l
J
9t
wd :v s,,J:",""'$"X
*1.y',r w
rS +
tts)S
0
"S)5 0 ro (rS +
,sz
zjT I
l6ytwl=,s ilf,rffii:i -s
LUs
+ {s)s o
daqr
.;::iHJl
""J:","#"t
z - ( zt I n)= r s
Jo Joleal
(rs+Hs)s0.ro
^
tt tlt^ttl=u s
='s
",s
yql
:
tr.!
Al:
o
=tW
,r"1t"y,?i3,f
:on
=e1,yyty1qoy1:o1y
"rluH
: tfH
:
:o4oH:ow
r5.\v'IJ
11vy9.g]gqul=2u,14
{
a
: le-
+av):ia
+l:y
d
Plt =9
l/n:4
"\t/n\:
SIY=X
|
(p.lrlnss8) i
trsT=",t
:06lt6
:
,lloi ildds
=z
'ropaJ
rl+ez sparrxa
turrBda lloq rl
aBuElC
Eunlog
sssJls
alq?^1o[19
Eunlog
4'arnssar4 utlsaq
Furlrl,{ stuelJ
arnlerodural u8rsaq
leuelDL^l
3Jusino[v uorso.uo]
lr
= d zgr98L'0:o H
=oH-H:tH
: ag:cg
SINVJSNOC AdVHS
-tt
,oa or1rt: p
J):et(
'ur
slslrc latssc
!sd
rsd
Isd
!sd
s 'drueI JUeqdsourlv
z lrs('tv
paudurc'C
qlBlrC lurJ?l
:du.t\v d +Cq1lZ):d H
:nldx.t=H
=tp+g=t',14
:Dtr,iZ/dScV:!tsN
I^ruV
nuv ua^a'I
lav lw r
l;,i,ll,H:'.i "/s 9t
0v esn) cNI.I-ugdo - NotJv-InJlv) ss:tuJs
=g/1)oW:W
= g/r-704 =
9.\tMS
9.\l.LvuEito . INSWOn
rxl
-Y
p.treqJl
ACNV'IC
)f,aN cNIq'Ig.{r
NCIS:IO
rra!qns
lsd
SNOIIlCNOf, NCISgO
t^{l
Jo
J.t?eit 3qI
(rS +
ro (Ys + "s)S 0
'ts)S 0
..
="5
.lusrr
uI
on|J ut s8atts
rr.ls r"i"x
(rS + trs)S 0 ro
: g/t)oW:
(uS + Hs)g 0
"/s
g/rJol/,t:
+o
1,t1
=o
1,t1
rtlH:1w
6-
6-
vt
{
vt
s9s xog
ot1ft:p
o d'tul
lr
I +/':Y
Plt =9
In:t
I+'rc/r\=d
| 4 't:p
(p.urs$) ,
obg
utl
/' :
: 06lt 6
:z
: slv:x
= hl:eH
=oH-H=tH
H-tfu:eH
d zgt98L'O:o H
3lqe,lrollv
ss0rls
fr\V'tl
eSuEIg
dO ' QYO'I
'druaJ cp.qdsorlltv
tE
SNOIIICNOJ NCISSCI
tunlog
UEFaC
d'ernsserd u8lseq
arnlsrodurol
I?uatEI,{ e8uelC
lerrare;,1
erusltro[v uoForroJ
5 'drueJ cFoqdsorulv lE
Sunlog
).lnleredural ulrsaq l
's
9\tIYUf
SJNVISNOS :IdVHS
706
seltt )o'Btlnl
:ttl
:el(O-)'t:otl
: zle- J)=oLt
/rl
ld )r79: H
1q
tu!ret
'ul
q!8lac lelfec
rsd
rsd
rsd
lsd
,js
:7/tb+g=ot1
3.\A'l
9v,ll/oSsV=utu N
:
zlos(.tv +uv):/14
psrnduroJ
st!3leO
:4tugqu7:d
:n
I\AV
hAIV UEA:I'I
r
"Js
" s z -( I II N )= s
",.",:;lHJl
,t ( lNtl =r s,..;:",""',.'0""J
qnH ulss.rrs
I At l,t (-H^
J Isutpntlluo.J "/s
a ilrr.t-
to ialearE arj t
7,,r1
: tLl ,44 = ow
gNtrvgs Jalsvc ' rNlll^low lIcNv'Id
t
= c y1 y
-tJ
:tIlDH=ew
_T
patraqJl
acNv'rJ INSCNgdac
acNv'L!I
I,If,lIN CNIq.ISAT
NCISgC
lralqnS
g
lsd
F
&
z
z
II
+
EI
414 4
t!
z z
fl
ll
tl
tl
tl
ll
;J
iz
tl
g,l
14
F.
t!
tl
14
v,
N
I
t<
v1
9 t')
!n
jc
'ag
14
tr.l
tl
vt
tt)
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3
ROTATION OF HUB FLANGES
It was known, and reported, in 1957 that lhe ASMEr Ilange design
nrcthod was liable to be unsatislactory for large diameter llanges and
eould lead to designs that could not be made leaktight.
Following are some of the deficiencies2 of the ASME method of
flange design:
l.
Satisfactory
4.
133
)ris
or
Timoshenkoa
li()(I
'MltN.t
Wesstorm
discussctl
l long
Y-axis is
Y:lA,kl12)+ Ar(sol2)+
Sdl3)llAF
Also, distance of C.G. of flange section from small end of hub along X-
The resulting forces and momnls on the flange cross section are shown
1.
il)us ls
Analyzing Tecbnique
in Fis.
A3@o+@ |
Now
d:(A -
r,: Bl2+ y
By2
ir
therefore,
nd
r.:
At:t(d)
A z: h(g o)
and
Ar:
h(g
Bl2+ sol2
r_ g)/2
/ h\, / 2hY
+A2lz-)l +A\z- 3)
\L/
r'
Now, the amount ofrotation for ihe flangi can b6 worked out as follows:
-.........T-
(lnless the bolt stress is controlled to some value by using special tools,
rhe maximum bolt stress attained due to bolt tightening will beo
"B
Sb:4s,MlJ4
Now
SoAu
zTro
rrnd therefore,
Mr:F"ho
CENTER LINE
134
__l
be
'*#ftcry.#)",
r35
determined by using
Where
: t.285
_ro0o
for steel
'j{
t/
vo
,
^ l2(l p2)
-
-3
(Z r"r.ZI\(
| ! r^r"l
r^r"ZI \ / | r^r^Zl\2
w'
ll"-: +
\p I, /\2prz' zAt ' "' r,-l-l-) \2p' r, )
,.
X:l-+-"
CENTER LINE
" _-4r-Lu
2nroT
,,c
pressure P are:
.on_
-B'P
gro
PBx
2ro
between and is one halfthe thickness ol gasket lbr joint with two llanges
only. Also, Eo lbr compressed asbestos can be assumed as 480,000 psi
and average value of 78,700 psi lbr spiral wound gasket can be used.
and
P{G2 r- T_
F,will
act at a radius of
G2
+ GB+ 82
3(c+B)
These lorces will cause furthr rotation of the flange. Because the
bolts and the gaskets are elastic, these movements will change the
stresses in them. Thus they can be considered as a pair ofunequal springs
attached to the free body as shown in Fig. 2.
136
AaEo
k8
82)
gao
The resultant
--\
2nroL
one half thickness of the gasket. For a tube-sheet joint with different
pressures on shell and tube sides, and flanges of approximately equal
stillness, the total eltbctive bolt length should be apportioned between
l he llanges in proportion to their respective pressures.
Pointz can be located such that
,o:j!l
and ,u
137
koho
kB+ ke
.by theI his point ha$ thc propcrty that, il thc lioc bocly is rcstraincd orrry
springs l, and Ao, application of an axiel force at z will cause thc
l{oTA'110N
k Bkc(hdz
kB+ kc
p- Frtr"-r.tl+
Dudly is
'o_,."7tio(
Xtt \2lJ'}-a4\
ltl
is
FDlt"-t,14
,{t
-\\L.t
be caused by
ll
,. Mr
' gB
E6ol
II':g'g
EX
r,,r,.Z
pt,
(r.r,l
i*
| \
\a-+pD)
H+
\
)
op't
Since the flange is in contact with the gaskets and bolts, the actual
MP
CF+C"
Rotation Due to Unequal Radial
Expamion of the Flange and Shell
r:
The total rotation of the flange due to initial bolt tightening, internal
pressure and unequal radial expansion of the flange and shell will be
0":0
The dishing
ar,(ATl
Lgo
The corresponding expansion of the flange is
S:
as
shown in Fig.
3, is
d.-(./)
for steel
,-=\\"
' ArE
138
olthe flange
given by
Pr?
ra'o : .;:(2
zEgo - t) =
&oi e,
"*
at the inner periphery
Recommendations
l.
139
lncreasing the hub lcngth has bccn ftrunrl to be thc most cll.icicn(
solution liom a standpoint ol increased weight. Howcver, a cost checx
has indicated the increased ring thickness to be the most elTicient.
2. The relative motion at the gasket tace and the rotation of the channcl
flange may be reduced very efficiently by the addition of a verticat
dummy pass plate.
pass
plate.
SOLUTION
will be no rotation due to unequal radial expansion ol
the flange and shell, the maximum rotation of the flange will occur
Since there
C: 173.875 in.,
G: l7l.'7928 in., t: 1.125 in., lt: 1.125 in., ao = I it.
A:1'75.'75 in.,
8:
169 in.,
and
dr:1
1875 in
Now,
d:1175.75
A|
It
Gasket I.D.
I7|
.7929
in.
/.r
l.?9691
y_
'
in.
140
5J
l.l25ll):
1.b875)
5.0273
3.79
69 in.2
|.125 in.'z
)/2 =0.1054
in.'
_,.0,,n.
5.02'73
3.7q69(1.6875)
I.125(0.5625) F0.1054(0.75)
5.0273
'
l7-r.E75
| 11 .79
28 .....
l-tr4ll
-
t41
ln.
169
- , +, - 85 in.
I
ro
and
.
/r
in.l
L I 25{0.5}+ 0.1054{'.0025,
,, t69
; - l.4l 85.91 in..
1.125 in.
end: I
.t25 \3.37
_
"
in.
and
170.5 in.
= 1.375 in.
thus
5.75 in.
Az=
dimensions:
Outside diameter:
169)12
therefore,
EXAMPLE
gasket.
-+1r)I ln.
3."1969 (0.27
The flange will be subjected to test pressure of25 psi. (1.5 times the design
pressure)and the resulting forces on the flange due to this pressure will
be as follows:
s,:ff
- J0.875 :48,t07 psi. Ao: t80(e.4t9t:7 5.42 in.,
- 48,107 t't
lr:-
.421
:n(851
1e1:
e-:2!tnl!_!4
8(85)
:6,794 lb/in.
Now
therefore,
Mr
6,794(1.041 |
For steel
E:29{10)6
l:
7,073
1,
285
L:
llrl
'-'' :0.0916
/: to.92
T:0.5(0.
125)
:0.0625 in.
t1"]111'19!,0--
tc
there[ore
10.r
3(17l.'7928 + 169l
Ec:48(10)apsi. Er:29(10)'Psi.
:O.t:S+
thus
_. f t.4t6t
j5 rbrin.
J85(l
and
in.
+ 169' _85.2
n.
1111.7928)' + 1'71.79281169)
'
in-lb/in.
p:
psi.
,__
-56 lb
2n(85)0.0625
394
I
1.6721 I
,85(8s.91)0.0e16 .8s(85.91)1.4161(0.0916)l
l2(0.1394111.4161 l.416l
(s.0271)
t.6j2't
_t r _85(85.er)r.4l6t(0.0916)l' :,",.r,
|.6127 I '""-'',
| 2t0.t3e4l'
o"=:to^1"?',t::
d
ano
2'T(85X 1.625)
2,520,r 8s(1.041 1)
Now
r.
85.8964 + 0.2555
therefore,
85(8jelrt.4l6t
"'-_fLzsa ofi 6.rJ.z7)o.r 3ea(l i72u rlI
,,
[85(85.91t0.09r6
I
|
t/anr? |
I l.4l6r(5.0273) 4{0.1394)r(l.4l6t) l' " "'
I
86.l5l9
in.
:0.2555 in.
xa:1.0411-0.2555:0.7856in.
_2.520.185(7,747,783X1.04tt, = r.OU,.,
(2,520.1 85 + 7.747.7831
MP:3s(86
15
r9
8s
a+
1050(86l sl
n.o-r?'-
r.rr,:
^ 1,07
cr:ffi:667'264
3
r,
rr59 in-rb1in.
therefore
:0.0106
radians :0.6073"
(2,061,rs3 + 66't ,264)
142
143
F
l)ESt(;N (-)F PROCESS EQUIPMENT
Therefore
radians =0.63370
S:0.01t06(3.325) :0.0173in.
Conclusion
Nomenclature
,4
At
A2
A3
,46
llI
9o
g,
C
I
lr.
t
kB
k(-
L
M.
Mo
M,,
M,r
sill2(t - p"):e;/10.92
for steel
rT
s
si
I
lJ
Shell constant
t45
)tist(;N
oI
I,l{()(itiss ljQtjIl,MLiNl'
RUt'URf,NCES
VIII.
"Pressurc
Vessels," Division
The floating head is an essential part of certain types of shell-andtube heat exchangers, It consists of a segment of a spherical shell attached to a ring shaped flange. A cross-section of a typical floating
head is shown in Fig. l,
w-H-
FIC. I.
r46
CROSS SECTION OF
147
Lst Pr be the tube side pressure or the pressure insid the floating head,
then, the force H is
H
:PtrB2
4
,:r_i(r_""*)
Now,
)t:1.29
cot o
xt:l - sl
o
Kt:r- cot
rzsi,
0.2'75mt
ln(K)
-e
Kr
rr:
^
BKr
r--
^'
.,:f('-'?)
,-l 0.35 \
/- _ut /4q' - B cot <o
'.-"\
4nd sin,pf
H<Therefore,
c2c6-c3cs
c2c4 ctc5
and
FIC. 2. FORCES AND MOMENTS ACTINC ON HEAD AND FLANCE
148
+- z \^'*x,/-+ni- x,
Gl
.-/T
c.:Hl
"LIJJe cot ,o+'q"--q'-il-wh
B 1.65e
zsin al,, . t\.
(^
crc6-c3c4
c2c4-ctcs
r49
_.---.-|rp 0.15\
- ,,(4(t-Bcot
(":nl
44.1
Stn q,,/
\
Head Stresses
Stress on outside of the head is given by
_P,R ,
V cos
tp
6M
Now,
\_ ::
P,R
2t
-t.
rp 6M
nBt nBt2
c2c6- c3c 5
c2c4-c rcs
anq,
Vcos
Flange Stresses
rc6- c 3c 4
c2c4-c rc 5
c
Head Stresses
- P"R Vcosa 6M
^\.:-+-]-2t
tBt rBt2
' + Vcos o- 6M
s..: -P-R
2t
nBt TtBt'
":w?-ry)
*' \
L__l n P
ull*l
-"'-l
-' : nBrl"
-"o,,\'l\K'zr/
\8
s"
Flange Stresses
. r
r,:
Sa
_ Sr
arK,
: 51- 56
In lhis
, : '.:t'
case also, C
r,
2, C 4 and
Also,
cr=;
and
c u=
\I,/
and
Now
150
Sliz:Sa*So
\
'"--'-il-wh
^ .-/ecot a+2str-at
Cr:H{
-. 4Mi\
\n-;i
1,,(+q
:Sa+56
Let P" be the shell side pressure or the pressure outside floating head, the
force II will be
--. \ ,,]/K'z+l\
-Llr\8-col )- )\K4 )
"':
O.525n
151
+ntt
,,
(' 3c
2(:6-
STITESS ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE
c2c4-ctcs
and
tco- c rc4
c2c4*ctcs
stresses in head and flange due to unit force
^
\.:t-
e
nBt
V cos
clesigned
6M
rBt2
and
^ Vcos(p
ftBt
SOLUTION
6M
tBt2
/ ..
^
" BrKr\ B/
4M)\
0.525n
I\
^" /l - /\/K2+
ll
\'rBIl\K'- l /
-
51_ Sr
Syr::Sa*56
The force F is given by the negatiye quotient ofthe values of Sr,, or
Sy;2 due to intrnal or external pressure (whichever is higher) and the
value of Sr,, due to the unit force as determined above.
F:-fl',\
' \sr,. / ".
-' -fL.\
\Sr'../
Multiplying the strsses due to unit force by F and combining these
with the stresses previously computed for intrnal or external pressure
(whichever is higher) will give us the resultant outside and inside head
and flange stresses in the floating head. If, the resultant stresses are not
within allowable limits, modifications in design are required.
152
3'7.'7 5
B =34.'15
2{0.0625)
37.625 in.
+20.0625):34.875 in.
C:36.5 in.
c:35.125 in.
and
J,:l-
t :Q.93'75
, (A_ B)
u2
T:
5.5
2(0.0625):0.8125 in.
(37 .625
-0.0625
34.8't
s)
5.4375 in.
and
q:3
8554 in'
Now,
rr
tl
:(c
2t tl
c):
:(36.5
:;(35.125
35.1
2Z T s 4175
n: t' =-^u.6ll)
;z;;:6.6923
i = : (G
B)
25):0.6875 in.
34.875)
:0.
153
25 in.
K=
(rr)r
77
(6.6923)r
299.7272
6)5
r:ao*rr::t'ozss
/14
R7s
*:.,n'(urrr)
r.6535(
:sin'
100 Psi
-":
100(2X14.875)
r{o.s52s):33.s4"
:9)')lo
3.85s4
lb
|/
nRlt{\
::= | :
- z:I\ s.437s - v.6JJJ
t.62 {l ln.
s,s26lt.624l
(0.8125)0.07585
(1.5085)
r :5.8668
-
o.
125]-
255,443(0.6875)
Sr): -
.. ( - 310)n(34.875)'z :
H:
4
:8.5695
r.65 f * 4{8.0401)1.624t I
34J7s l:s2698/in'
Lr
t^s =0.8r2s10.9025)
^- -^_[4(3.8ss4)-34.875(1.5085) 0.]5
":v:':zol
a16Je21r.-i--osszsl: t54
157.026 lb
c3:
-296.129lb
-296J291 1.6241(1.5085)
,(:.sss+)l.s!4_o.rrrl
+: 34.8.7s
255,443 (0.687
Now
155
psr.
'
l\0.r638J
P":310 psi.
2(3.8554) 1.5821
34.8'ts
psl
r^r,-ll216"\
8i1910!525r(s34es+-t
r.,
:79,892 in-lb
: - 1,299 psi.
34.875 (0.9625)
r.828 psr.
:4vuz
n(34.875tt0.8125),
/''--
21121.??2)0!' 2ll,tg78!l
_ 1.6241 :3.6535 in.
2
6( -40,562)
|
|
/41\85541
s' -n{34.815r5r37sle5'526(;8i5-,"'.no.\-, -
tr***:0'8499
t299.'7 27
(-43,267)0.8115
1.5085
|.t (8.040t
-40,562 in-lb
_ 755
\ _ 0.525(6.6e23) -- ( oa ro, _or- 40.s62)8.0401)_
"'-:+.srs(o.8rzsto.so2s
34.875
0.962s
v2
43,26',7
Flange Sarsses
| 50R5
r-ffi:o.e62s
7e.892(8.5695)
3.651s(5.2698)
100(J
s,'--2tgjt25) + n(:qj?5lgjtx -
/rr s,<rs
r.29 |-:::::::8.0401
v u.drz)
Kz: t -
;-
r5?.026)
lb
Head Stresses
.s.
5.8668(8.5695)
Pr:
I'I,oATINC HEADS
-u1*]=o'u'"'
'o
,,
:{Ilgrs47.sl ?f
atrtl
5.8668(486.777 ) I 967,68e(5.2698)
31.0223
256,M0 tb
1875(&5621
_0.63e4 in-lb
31.0223
and
M: 3.6535
31.0223
:324,639 in-lb
2(0.812s)
256,440(0.833s)
t(34
8?510^8
t25
6(324,639)
n(34J75X0-8
-0.6394)
psi'
_0.0504 psi.
r (34.875)(0.81 25)'
25f
0.s2s{6.6e23) [_o.rrr_0,-0.^u?1?-t.oootl:o.oreop,i.
\,
.^:34875(0.8t
"-"34.8'15 J
25)0.9625 L
:23,310 psi.
6{
(-310)31.5625 .
t,.:--l-
r,.:0*#ffi*.;offiffi33rr : -0'055?
irnd
- 0.282)0.8335
(
-o-!
" ' n(34.875 )0.8125
''ri
Head Stresses
S,,
'hererore'
310) 31.5625
2s6,440(0.8335)
2(0.8125)
z(34.875)0.8125 z(34.875)(0.812s)'?
6(324,639)
\/2.1638\
'
s-l- / | -t' -0.2821
ll - - l:0.0284
U(34.87s)5.4375l\0. 1638/
: - 30,550 psi.
"J
Psi
Flange Stresses
125
I-
Now
040r I
_, - 4r324.63er8
14.8?5
10.9625 Lt'o'*t)
-l:
: _jj?!1623)
'u:34i75(0J
s.
,.^
-5'530psi'
t
/r 6rR\-l
Iror _ t.066J)_256.4401..'.:: I l:1.315 psi,
-'s :_nt34.8'75)5.43'7s |L_106
---'---'
\0 1638/l
S7r3:0'0284
Sr":1315
Stresses with
In this
1315
-(+(
-p:
5530):6,845 psi.
5530): - 4,215 psi.
/ tn54\
.
_I _-:::
l:30.206
0.068
-o: -1-a2ls):ot.sts
\ 0.068 /
case
c,=seI:21187s
by the
Multiplying the stresses determined above due to the unit force
to
due
stresses
the
with
these
.orr".pinOlng force F and combining
:0.94'15lb
internal pressure
4(6.6923) 1 .37 s
Sr,: -
Now
2.7r87 s(s.2625\
31.0223
156
tu
n-tb
and
34.875
Ib
5.8668(0.9475)
Sri,
-0.282 lb
srr
as
0.0557(30,206)
1828: -3,510Psi'
0.0504(30,206) + 4902
6'424 psi.
882 Psi'
r57
srr
30,550 _
3 I0
19,547 psi.
_ 27,7 36 psi.
S'TI{ESS ANALYSIS
I
T
/
w
E
oT TLOATIN(; HEADS
: sin
'
(B/2R )
s_/,,
REFERENCES
l. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, "Pressure
Vessels," Division l, ASME, New York, N.Y., 1983.
Soherns, J. E., "The Design of Floating Heads for Heat Exchangers,"
ASME Paper 57-A-247.
Nomenclature
:(c - G)12
n3
M
n
in-lb
T/t
P.
R
e
C
S,,
Jl,i
158
159
5
FIXED TUBESHEET DESIGN
t6l
t)ltst(;N ( )tr
l{( x
jtjss
LQTJTPMENT
Design Procedure
I)ifferential exPansion
is
y
= d10t- d"0"
P":P+y*+
Determine the value ofdimensionless factor
E,na
^|
rn:tot[tP;,1e-o
nd,2
t: nd2
q- q
"
A:lpz
4
c:|a,,
Cross-sectional area ofshell plate is found using the formula
B:
n(D +
t)t
KR
0
0.5
1.0
Gr
0.800
0.810
0.844
1.000
1 .002
t.o29
t.14
t.)
0.871
2.0
t.012
t.412
2.5
t.34
3.0
1.88
J.)
2.36
4.0
2.75
2.40
4.24
6.36
8.53
4.5
3.10
10.7 5
-0.727
5.0
5.5
3.43
13.1
3.83
6.0
2s.3
8.0
4.12
4.82
5.54
-0.619
-0.541
-0.515
33.1
-0.5 64
5.97
-0.602
-o.642
-0.727
-0.816
-0.907
-o.999
-1.091
6.68
7 .39
8.81
10.23
11.65
15.8
18.7
6.26
41.8
a:E-!:
E"B
6.98
8.43
)l.t)
9.88
101.1
11.33
132.0
162
+1.000
+0.998
+0.966
+0.836
+0.546
o.993
9.0
G.
0.800
0.809
0.820
10.0
12.o
14.0
16.0
D
^
c2
7.O
Working Conditions
The values of Gr, G2, G3 and Ga corresponding to the factor l(R can
be read from Table 1.
4:P:(A-C)
A
Determine
-]"
18.0
20.o
i2.80
t67 .2
14.25
206.4
+0.121
t;79
-0.306
-0.608
-0.7 4r
2.25
4.529
74.3
163
I .40
2.69
3.10
3.47
4.18
4.54
s.26
13.06
14.48
IlxDl)'ruBBsHtit1,r D[slcN
t^^A^-l
- t'
,-,
c,u
,,.:26.08(10)" psi.
z,:7.16(10) 6 in./in. "F
,i :
oy'
I1
^u*, -lt"4lQG,+Gzf \ltl
t
P,r^u*1
:(
_oct
(-,;*,
t)]
l, ",
5o Psi.
70:510"F
l),:580
ri:1.5
in.
r/'
1.5
ti,
ZZ.52,tOru Ott.
a,:
2(0.083)
1.334 in.
,ir:27.52(10)6 psi.
Assuming the total thickness of tubesheet as 3 in. therefor,
rl-u''A-stl
".@,T31]
5)2
SOLUTION
Pr
-334)2
:0.3695 in.,
..
a:4-4-r(l _n(l
na : 2436(0.3695) :900. I in''?
n(I10.625)':n6l
^-.,1.6 in.'z
o:""'\"'"'
|
EXAMPLE
Design 58-162 Ni 200 tubesheets in accordance with K. A. G.
Miller method for a fixed tubesheet exchanger having an expansron
joint. The A-516-70 shell has an uncorroded inside diameter of I10.5
inches and is designed for 150 psi internal pressure at 580"F. The shell
allowance
-i
:'"":'
<\2
ecttt:4304.8
in.2
I l.?51, n(110.625t'
:
B=r(l O, _ a
- C:s6ll.6 -
t96.5 in.,
4304.8:5306.8 in.'
5306.8
^ --^.
4:It=-:u.))21
(900.1)
a: 27.52(10)6
26.08(10)6(196.5
:4.8336
":,50_50-H#:er.5psi
150 psi.
0"=580-70=510.F
D:
expansion will be
r 10.5
t :0.625
?:0
164
to)
pti(xjljss tjQUtpMINT
t)1.:st(;N ( )r,
therefore,
p.: p:91.5
Nomenclature
psi.
L :22(12)
2(3) _ 2(0.125)
:257.7s in.
d'
D
5 9203
z:31
6953
6r: - 0 5841
and
L Ellective length
Gt:6.3450
P,(max): [91.5 -
50(
4 14.8336
:p,(max)
l85l
:#1r.5
l.8l l2)4.8jj6]
(s.9203) + 37.69
I10.625
psi.
O.K.
5s4r/1####{l.l
1
to
combined pressure
-16.34591
Number of tubs
Equivalent pressure difference, psi.
Pressure inside tubes, psi.
:433 psi
e,r,nu4: !963 [el.s
vw.r
zws
-( -0
Q
t
r"
z,
7
4
p
0"
0,
91 5
E,nalE,B
Corroded thickness ofshell, in.
Coeflicient of thermal expansion of shell, in./in. F
Coeflicient of thermal expansion of tubes, in./in. 'F
Differential expansion per unit length, in./in.
Deflexion efliciency
Ligament efficiency
Temperature ofthe shell,
'F
REFERENCES
l.
166
t67
6
FLANGED AND FLUED EXPANSION JOINTS
applications.
this technique:
L FIat plates with ring Thisconsists of two concentric flat plates with a
circumferential bar at the outer edges. Tbe flat plates can flex to make
some allowance for differential expansion. This design is genrally
169
for vacuum
All wetd!
"
;_;;i;"."'
d;il;G";;;,ffi'ji"Hl!lii":tl.,1T,1x,.fl fi ]hlill
3.
,"*,
""
,f,"
*"fi#;iiiir.
joint.rnliiJtr;'i:11?il'H#,'iffj.liff i,.j:j
"IJi,i*fy
Tq.: f,.ra,
^l1l"l
fluingoperation.
iri"
"u-rii
"*
Jr,;d;;&"r,
^Ro
.:ffi(I)
b:t +thf
#il,
,"
paragraph 7.tel of riMA" St;$ffi;;'"r.,
:::::d** .with
having_ these type of expansion
unuryrir.
:I:n-,C:^.
example is included
to demonstrate
:"i*. l. p."r".[i
rhi
.f ;"t;iq; ;;;;;;;. ^"
"r"
loRpa , , ,< |
L lt-^'11'o ' '-- ,
l1-
ll",o
rnlalirionl
predicting the value of ,,J" factor
for designing fi;;;;.;;;;;
-L
zla +
oJ
D:nffi)
F,J
At:(2b-
LIC
Br:(2a+ L)C
Design Procedure
a,:ltt-rtc
n,:lta+Dc
v,:L]+oa,-Le,
TYPE
v,: -l-o.a,+L-;,
TYPE
FIG.
I.
TYPE
170
^:ffl
Moments Drc to Internal Pressure
Let P be tho internal pressure and x be the distance above point
is shown in Fig. 1, then
':(+)"
t7l
as
F=KW
Ft=LW-F
Mt:
M
j:
distances from
AzW- ArF
S=Sr*Sz
1!2 rz
-if
the
(i.e.
+ if thejoint
',4
t=,
- /D\ ly
rr:l;;
The movement with respect to each other of the shell plates at the joint
\Lrr'/
Mn'=-A'F'
Mu'=B'F'
Mr=M^r*Frx
be determined by the elastic changes in the shell and tubes. This may
cause high stresses locally in thejoint and therefore some plastic yielding,
will
but any yield in the joint will not cause further movement of the shell
plates, and so will be self-limiting in nature. The portion undergoing
plastic deformation is small in comparison with the portion undergoing
elastic deformation. Therefore the residual strain will be imperceptible.
Thus the prevention of significant plastic deformation does not require
all calculated elaslic stresses to b below the yield point, since
appreciable plastic deformation can occur only if the material yields
across the entire area. Thus, ifthe exchanger service is to be a steady one,
the local stresses with this type of loading should always be lower than
twice the yield stress in order to avoid failure by brittle fracture as stated
by Brownell and Young.3
Similarly, internal pressure acting on the flat plates in thejoint may
z:+(!-f,+t\
6\ r ' -/
Strss6 Due to Internal pressure
'z=M
s,
s,:
as Sr.
B1F _ B2lU
It4:7,4,- p,r
Maximum s,
(p)
x:
B at an interval of
r.s
Pressure Strcsses
Stresses Due to
Dilfcrcntid Moveme
-M,
'z
172
173
r'
Detlectlon Strsss
EXAMPLE
with a flanged and
inches in order. to
125
0
flued expansion joint to be designed to open
internal design
The
tlie dilferential thermal expansion'
A 15.25 inches I.D. exchanger is to
be equipped
u""o-rnoa"t"
i. ,i""0
JJlo"a, to
Thus, the value .r J J""iJ o"
on"
,:
in"i.
,
(f.r+r")__-
Poisson's
*&
ratio:0.3
SOLUTION
Law"
psi
Code allowable stress at design temperalure: 17'500
Yield stress at design temprature:38'000 psi
(10)6
Modulus ofelasticity at design temperature = 27'6
pci
fixed tubesheet
Also, calculate the value of factor '/ for designing
feet'
16
to
equal
be
to
shell
of
assumingthe overall length
Fr
as:
be
is assumed to be the
The minimum expansion joint plate thickness
equal to J llmes
made
are
radii
same as the shell thickness' Both corner
be..1.inch
(shouldinches
A straisht flange of 0'875
;l;;;;l;-k"".t.
r'":/!(rd=z(Do=49u
Therefore,
as
shown in Fig. 2.
\
,*opF#L
4.37
s',
Mettods of Calculating F,
Bsides the Kopp and Sayre technique
Gardnera and Samoiloff have
also stated methods of calculating
_Fr. fr.**"r, .rrf y"t"n""_"iirra
and Sayre is disiussed here, accoioirg,.
:*::T:T^1
ll.Ko?pas:
i.,
can oe determlned
t
-i
*iir,
rr:0.375L
Fr=2(F,)(R,)n
But,
<(Do-t)tEs/loLl
t74
for
=r;Jlrs.2vlD
FIG. 2. EXPANSION JOINT IN EXAMPLE CALCULATION
t75
The expansion joint calculation sheet can also be used for design.
joint should be analyzed in the corroded condition only. Referring
to type 3 joint in Fig. I and determining the data for analysis in corrodcd
The
condition:
G
D: 27.6(10)6(0.3125)l
= 77132.3 lb-in.
l2(l
-0.3,
e,
:4!p1t.zs02)-
a,
6.I231I(0.38e
12.4236 in.'z
t =0.375
r:
I.125 + 0.0625 +
rt:1.125 +
o-'-:-lt?s
oltrs
'';-
t.3438 in.
r,:
n?rr<
rll
- R"
1(:d:
,, :(u
:1.2813 in.
lsrs
in.
+ 0.i75 + 6.6251q.g62510
14.8438
7J43s
8924
{1
25
ttit)'
-(6'l2tlt)'-o.6o9ooz.a:r,6'ya!E\
6.3202)
=-
in.'?
16.9125 in.r
':l+ff] :2,5tzin
= 14.8438 in.
Now, P:
100 psi.
therefore,
in'
w:ry1!@l :
F
6.r231 in.
Also given,
2.95 12(144.62)
rr+4.62
tb lin.
426.8025 lb
E:(27.6)106 psi
will
A:0.125 in.
and
Now,
m:0.3
y=0.125
-
Calculating
_:F::I
a:--,/7.8438(0.3
t2)J3tt
25) /0.31253
03'z
-:0.0625
- _ __ l=0.6090in.
\0.3125r/
and
:7.2502 in.
6.1231
^
L:)a;ono*rr*
in.
7't 132.3
F,:
. -=:(o.o62s):
' 6.1231(5.7307)
137.38a3 lb.
Cdculating Strsscs
The magnitude of stresses due to internal pressure and differential move.
ment and also the resultant stresses at different locations are determined
and tabulated as follows assuming tle positive stresses to be compressive
:o'389s
176
177
DES|(;N oF
l{ocEss EQUTPMENT
2t^
Sa;
NF
S,:24785(
3
I S
E
S
$a
|:l.-o\NF-v)\oF
(.)
6
ql
\O
6
\.r
dc.l
'
-i
'i
1.5:37178
Psi.
Allowable Stresses
cr"r
I)
Maximum allowable sr
1.5(17500):26250 psi.
!?ooocov('l
C.l .Oco;
sFcn(/)o\v..
oo \o
C.l a-
h90g?..roo
'll
E
ot
O\
\O.is
(?IF-O\<
N
.") .o ll
d, v)
q
3 G:
F
gh
I =
E R
3 R
R - E
..TTTI
70000 psi.
Since all the actual stresses at differcnt locations are less than the
corresponding maximum allowable stresses, the design is considered safe.
Es:27.6(10)6 psi.
L, -- 192 in.
0.375)0.375(27.6)106
10(1e2)
l0L1
F
>a
:
N
z?
jE
t^
oo
o,,
$.ll H
ertt
:84,228.5156 lb.
z
vN
qr
F
sr
...r
Fr
.? a'
.
.d
-i
g P+
ii H ll
:
g
: q$ cN R
q E
q q
qc
c H:
Since
t,-
-(Do -r)tEs
=-ioL
Nomenclature
(/)E
()
oQqi *
c.r
rf
r78
,n
o Fi Y
c Factor, in.
Ar Factor, in.
A2 Factor, in.2
,4" Cross-sectional
6 Factor, in.
Br Factor, in.
B2 Factor, in.2
t79
l)L.sl(;N
('
D
Do
E
ol, PRoctiss
UQUTPMENI'
S
Sr
52
S.,.
Constant
Flexural rigidity of expansion joint, lb-in.
Outside diameter of shell, in.
Modulus of elasticity of expansion joint material at design
temperature, psi.
temperature, psl.
Es
Sr." Allowable
F
Fr
FA
Fr
Fs
C
Sl
S",
tr
Y,
of shell to
M
Mr
MA
M^
MB
M",
p
nei
Maximum
stress in
ri
3.
Ri
Ro
180
design
5.
joint material at
expansion
REFERENCES
1.
in
inside of
Ll
strss
rFmharar',rc
DSi.
ring, in.
fi
H
./
181
rG 3
:O\
titol
ts+ts
u!
7_
fr:
.s ''sd
('.,
7
:=
n
aal^t
NOISNSJ
INIof
1L:
t.q
:d
Jl'r
r@
d(t + a):,u
pt\tF :zs
tg
( ,Atzut
I SdAI
adI
d 'ssilil .siK
'A\O.nV'UUOJ
'Mglvt4[
- tttt(
:\r/T-=,'
: Jlj +otl:
: )n-qt)tl7:zv
ltdnsslrud'IvNuarNr
:7/
: J-tu17=r!
: ,44'g - Jtg:8 t!
:!1v-Aiiv:'11
'*.J-)l:z
Iso
f --. . , otl(zttr - l)
3d,l.,t
:1"'-1,5;- _rlt_
'l,i t=s
a
saso-Ic INIOf
lsd
'ur
? 'ISVIA CO'qon
sNado INIOf
Isd
'ssiruIs'a\o-nv
'u!
'u!
SdAI
petnduro3
yn
sssssuJs
'-s Notssguavroc
xt1+tv1,y=t1,,,9
sNado
=rJ,r_:rtrV
+=v
.7.
'g--1
o:?
uo
+ r)S tZ.0-
AdAJ
potc.rtCl
z lld/\J,
=.t9tz0-t:-I I
- .rtt0-H:{
kt + Dlz
-=v sgso'Ic'u!
ttJ
|
rl
t.ut-tl?l
= ' . '- =n
,..r-,,^
NOI-IV'INJ,IVJ
lsd
sNotuqNoS NCrSgo
7
PIPE SEGMENT EXPANSION JOINTS
ring lt
is
where the
also restricted to applications involving small movements and
frequency
designed'
fabricated and installed much cheaper than bellows or flanged and flued
joinrs are rugged and
expansion joints. In addition, ring-type expansion
They
heavy walled. thus, they do not require any additional protection'
joints
on exchangers
are also a good substitute for bellows expansion
where corrosion maY occur.l
for
This chapter along with a solved example discusses a technique
2
"J"
analyzing these type of expansion joints A method of calculating
7'191
factor for designing fixed tubesheets in accordance with paragraph
Analyzing Technique
joint'
Choose size and schedule of pipe to be used as an expansion
Determine the corroded pipe wall thickness exclustve of mill tolerance'
which is
r:(Nominal wall
thickness)(0.875)
185
In
general,
should not be
less
thickness.
tr:
(0,a, _ 0,a")
;$E
FIG. I. DEI,INITION OF SYMBOLS
--_tgxchanger__
dicated by positive and negative signs respectively. Thus, if, there are
an equal number of inner and outer corrugations, the resulting movement due to internal pressure will be zero. This will also be the case
when we use expansion joints made of pipe segments,
a:0.s(d)+(b-c\
Determine
0.s7'7
PbnJt - m'
-Er'
Rearranging the above equation to get the relationship for axial
force B we get
u:;J12(1-z.2l
Saresses
^
^:
LEt2
si :o.e55p(t
^
A:--;-;
4uD
4A,aD
Chsn
where
Et3
s,:(Greater of si or
D: _
tzv-m-)
s;r(fu)r.s
If
Axial Movement
1.
186
187
Now, the
or
wtn
or 4(Sr"")
Combined Stresses
l.$Pf
ab ltrr
-..
Ji
|
-:=--l
znat lt2
---Jl _m2 J
-,,
"r:
2"", L___V_
Maximum allowable S, or S,
or 4(Sr"")
smaller of 2(Srr)
joint one inctr to the force to move the shell and th expansion joint
iogether one inch ./ is one when no expansion joint is used and ismostly
joints are used But' the type
eq"ual to zero when bellows type expansion
under consideration requires considerable axial loads to produce
follows:
required movement and J in such cases should be calculated as
Bv definition
Combined Stresses
t.,
I
r
rr., ,*.iF
'J,'F
"-rr
Where F", the force to move the shell by one inch, can readily be
determined from "Hooks Law" as:
:si +si
F":41?.
t
_r(Do _tltE"
s'?:si+'li
If the pressure, deflection or combined stresses as determined above
are within the corresponding maximum allowable, the design is safe,
otherwise, modifications in design are required.
Allorrble
and
f,
For
4<
p<40,
Et2
Ft=
0.577bn
Saresss
188
<(Do-t)tEslloL
189
EXAMPLE
and
(s 37sf
-,, - 60.625(0.56575) ."fixr
oil"".i-Xr"
oftubesheets i, iiz.zs
and uncorroded inside shell diameter is 110.5
tnches. Shefipf"i"
in. thick inclusive of 0.0625 in. corrosion allowance.
"
nir.
value of lactor J for designing fixed tubesheet
for this
si
0.e55(r50x1
tn.
si
0.e55( I soX
| - 0.3'
100 (0.718
thus
/)r I
= t+,zr t p'i
[(s l0)7.96(10)-
6]
510(7.16) 10- 25',1.'t s
o.r0s2 tn
4LaD
'D__
- Cb3n
0.56575
,:JJ?5:0.1052>0.1
But..since rhis ratio is very close to 0.1, it is
assumed ro satisfy the
requtrement ol using the technique discussed.
uslng two expansion joints i.e. one near to each
tubesheet,
we have
n:4
where
D: 26.08(10)6(0.56575)3
12(l
-0.3'.)
1,
= 432A'73 lb-in.
for p:1.7835 we get
c :0.7216
AIso
d:110.5 +2(0.0625):
I 10.625
in.
4:580
I nerelore
3l ^,
^
P:':ffi#:24'6tstb
L:2) l. l5 rn
m:0.3
0:580-70=510oF
4(0. 1052)60.625(432,47
Now
'F
|.63(24,615)/
70:510"F
6
a,:7.96(10)- in./in.
E:26.08(10)6 psi
i4f!1t-l'''
[60(u.)b)
O: ).J /J tn
t:0.718(0.875)
1"0
r4roo n.i
s,:
we have
-o.r,l-',.[ffiffi]""
6.OZS
SOLUTION
l,
:2:tsts
ir"n.,
i"il"rl"
e;;;;:;.-*
-at\
2r(60.625)0.56575
'F
[ 60.625(s.3!)
Lto.soszs)t.r/t - to:F
'l',.
l,eot pri
1.030
and
=26.08(10)6 psi
a:0.s(110.62s) +(s.375
-0.0625) =60.625 in.
190
si
o.s25t24,6tsl [(60.625X5.375X1-0.3')-]"'
2zr(60.625)0.5657s
(0.56575f I
t91
o.i
E"
Combined Stresses
s1
14,960
S, = 14271
Allowable Stresses
:60,ffi
p5i
Since, all the calculated stresses are within the corresponding maximum
allowable, thus the design is safe.
Fr
F"
J
si
s'i
si
o,:ffi##:233,e80rb.
(D,-r")r"4
(11r.75
0.625)0.625(26.08) 106
10L
10(2s7.75)
Nomenclature
a
,4"
b
c
C
d
D
D,
E
Sr
52
S",.
:702,749.7575 tb.'
zeto.
Ratio of the force to move the expansion joint one inch to the
force to move the shell and the expansion joint together one
inch
L
si
pressure, psi.
Calcuhting J Factor
Since F, < Do
in
expansion
joint material at
design
temperature, psl.
sr
r"
a"
r,
in./in.'F
Coeflicient of thermal expansion ol tube material at
tmperature, in./in.'F
tl
Constant
Maximum required movement of the expansion joint, in.
Constant
Corroded inside diameter ofshell, in.
Flexural rigidity of expansion joint,lb-in.
temperature, psi.
temperature,
A
192
- 70'F
in 'F - 70'F
r93
metal
IiQT.JtPMENT
REFERENCES
t. Rubin, F. L., "Choose Heat Exchanger Expansion Joints Carelully,"
The Oil and Gas Journal, November 3, 1975.
Roark, R. J., and W. C. Young, "Formulas for Stress and Strain," Fifth
Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1975.
3. Standards of Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Sixth
Edition, New York. N.Y.. l9?8.
8
YERTICAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY LUGS
The choice of the type of supports for vertical vessels depends on the
available floor space, the convenience of location of the vessel according
to operating variables such as the size, the operating temperature and
pressure and the materials of construction.
Various kinds of supports for vertical vessels have been discussed by
Brownell and Young' in detail. Lugs offer many advantages over other
types of supports. They are inexpensive, can absorb diametral expansions,
are easily attached to the cylinder by minimum amounts of welding, and
are easily leveled and shimmed in the field. However, a footnote after
paragraph UG-29(e) in Division I of ASME Code for Pressure Vesselsz
cautions against supporting of vessels through the medium of lugs unless
they are properly reinforced. In other words, each case should be analyzed
thoroughly to insure that the shell is not overstressed.
Vertical shlls supported on lugs require consideration of two important
factors:
1. The additional stress of the support forces when combined with the
working stress of the shell must not increase the stress in the shell
above the allowable limit.
2. The support should not restrain the stressed shell so it becomes too
t94
195
3.
The radial force causes radial shear stresses in the shell, and
$a
longitudinal force causes longitudinal shear stresses, bothadJscont
to the lug. However, these strcsses are so small that thcy rrt
often disregarded.
After the proper analysis of the forces involved, the various stresrGl
must be combined to detemine the maximum normal and shear
stressot,
If
will
of
be strengthened.
For example, the bending stresses may be excessive inficating thst
some type of stiffener ring.should be attached to the
shell between supporte
to substantially increase the moment of inertia of the shell section thereby
decreasing the bending stress.
The method of analysis presented in this chapter is based on the
if
required.
Analyzing Technique
Now, only a portion of the shell beyond the lug is assumed to withstand the flexural stresses due to moment M. This assumption results in
conse ative stresses since it disregards the reinforcing effect of the remainder
of the shell as well as of the heads of the vessel. A rigorous determination
of the effective width of shell that resists these stresses, requircs a laborious
mathematical analysis. For simplicity, the shell with stiffeners can be compared to a curved beam with an extremely wide flange. Von Karman4
suggests that an effective width of the flange on each side of the stiffening
web is approximately
\lin
'--T
The value of '?" should be limited to a maximum of 12 ts.
The moment M applies radial forces to the shell having a distribution
similar to that of bending forces, i. e. maximum at the outer fibers and zero
along the neutral axis. It is assumed that the radial force applied to effective
shell width g would decrease linearly to almost zero at its outer limits. Total
horizontal force /2 on the shell will be as shown in Fig. 1(a). The resulting
distribution of radial forcefi on a unit wide shell ring is indicated in Fig. 1(b).
Now, momnt Mcan be expressed in terms of moment of areas of force
distdbution diagram about t}Ie neutral axis, which gives:
M=
f,
(+)r(+ t\,
r,
I rI.+)
+frc(3h:2s )
=fth2
bo
={{nz
(a)
h)
+zsn+zsz)
=!Ur*rxo*u)l
fi,
lV=FL
AIso
lt'
196
applied
6M
TF+|T67ETr97
l)DSl(;N
)lj
PR( )(i
uss LQUIPMENT
as follows:
And the bending stress in the unit ring can be detrmined
M,=K2f1r"
Section modutus of the unit shell dng is given by
s=
Therefore,
tl
o"6
Using a one inch wide shell ring, the radial forces for
four lugs will be as shown in Fig. 2.
Stres6e6
a vessel having
Slresses
The bending stress in the shell halfway between lugs will be compressive and much less than the bending stress at the lugs which will be
tensile in nature. On the other hand, circumferential tensile stress will be
in magnitude halfway between lugs rather than at the lugs.
However, circumferential tensile stress is small and when combined with
compressive bending stress halfway between lugs, will further reduce the
resulting stress at that location. Therefore, for simplicity, only stresses in
the shell at the location of the lugs will be considered.
greater
Table I lists the multiplying coefficients rK1 and,l(2 for various lug
configuratiom for determining circumferential tensile force and bending
moment respectively in the shell at the lugs. These coefficients have been
tabulated by Blodgett and can also be derived by using formulas for circular rings in Roark and Young.s A complete table of coefficients for
calculating bending moments in circular rings has also been developed by
Samoiloff."
Now, the tangential tensile force in the unit shell ring set up by the
total radial force can be calculated by
M'lS
T=Krfr
b ftJ2
-----
Longitudinal
Stress.
and is given bY
-mp
l.
CircumferentialStress.
to the circumference.
stress and is equal to
o"p
P r"
2
P r"
=--
should be considered.
Combined Stresses
at any
Representing the resulting stresses in a cubic unit of shell taken
in
as
shown
other
to
each
perPendicular
planes
point ofintersection of thlee
Fig.3.
omp
A=bts
Therefore,
o4= TfA
198
Now,
and
Ar
calculate
t,
lU, + ls
ts
n=Mr/Ar
o"-o,
thus,
If
,tiff.n.r,
Stresses
Designing Stiffeners
F
is given
Total radial force acting on shell section resulting from maximum load
+^ M =
,"=
h
= T1fA,
and
o,jo=
s is
M,1=K2 f 2 r.
Stresses
o",
FL
SP
Tr=Ktfz
thus,
by
M='r
r)2
M'1@)lI'
""0=m
o"p(l'
t")
=GilrTtt
Combined Stresses
Referdng
+
""i
ts
FIG. 4 . EFFECTIVE SHELL AND RING SECTION
200
liber of
-'mrx-o"--o,
2
20r
anq
Stresses
Number of
Values for
Lugs
'l\l
0.000
o.289
0.500
0.866
4
6
8
Values for
K2
0.318
0.189
0.137
0.089
0.066
1.207
From Table
Therefore
r=(0)(2111)=0
A = | ('62s) = '625 ir'2
n
-ct=O-
Now
M=.318 (2111)
and
o"b
t}Ierefore,
EXAMPLE
Stresses
83s0/.0651 = 128260psi
in Shell Due to
Pressure
640 fl 2.4375\
omp= :-::-:-:::-::J= 6368 Psi
2 (62s)
and
640 (12.437 s)
= ___
=
3E-
^
""p-
Maximum Shear
Stress
'
r.. = 12.125
r .3125=
as
12.4375 in.
shown in Fig.
\/6EIT1Atin
I = -----t=l4in'(12ts'hence oK'
202
= rmu*
140996
2
psi (excessive)
70498
=
(O'K' )
L = 8.25 in.
Now-
psl
=12736+O+128260
1691012= 8455lb
ts = .75
j/JO
Combined Stresses
SOLUTION
F=
bdng the
Since the stresses are excessive, stiffeners should be added to
limits.
allowable
shell stresses witlin
Designing Stiffeners
84ss (8.T)
,,f- ,= ___1;
= serr ru
203
S*
ltoo?
*n32o
Combined Streeses
Referring to Fig. 3, and combining these stresses in the outer fiber of
the stiffener we have
1.32?5 in.3
o.
Let us provide 3 5/8 in. wide and 5/8 in. thick stiffeners at the top and
of lugs around the circumferenc of exchanger and check the
magnitude of resulting stresses in built-up section as follows:
bottom
14884 - o
i max2
ts= .625
in.,\=
.625 in.,
ll
Since
= 3.625 in.,
ts=.625+2(1.4)=3.425in.," r =
x z = 3'9375ln'
3.937
5 = 12.5352ir..3
Thus
12.5352
+,+uoJ
Therefore
(3.625t
o.K.
acceptable.
and
,"=ff.625
stresses are
='7442 'osi.
NOMENCLATURE
Area of unit shell ring, in.z
t = .62s (3.625)
all the
Now
o_p =0
=0
3 .,^-,
+ (.62s) 3.62s (t .0323)2 +
3 4251.625)3
=::::-:::-
Ar
Ir
lz
Moment
axis, in.a
+ 3 .42s (.62s) (r .0927)2 = 't .s2o9 na
'
Stresses
=0(5813)=0
and
Stresses
thus, oct=0
22992 (2
o"t
^ = --jiis- 8^^a\ = 8697 psi
in Built-up Section
Due
to hessure
204
bl6/
Psi
ln.
Maximum internal Pressure. Psi
205
/c
S
tr
/"
T
t1
xr
x2
Section modulus
Distance
of
t(. ttr- + +,
centroid
of
udt
shell dng, lb
9
{L,
), n.
of
stiffener
tn.
o.
o"b
ocp
o"t
omp Longitudinal
o,
ot
r-",
REFERENCES
1.
Div.
l,
4.
5.
Roark, R. J., and W. C. Young, "Formulas for Stress and Strain." Fifth
Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1975.
206
lf
Legs are most commonly used to support small tanks and vessels.
vessels are located out of doors, the wind or earthquake load as well as
the dead weight load should be considered in the calculation. However,
as leg supported vessels are usually of much smaller height than skirt
supported vessels, the wind loads may sometimes be a minor
shear and
moment should be determined. After the wind pressure zone for the
location of vessel is established from Fig. 1, the wind pressures' p, for
various heights can be determined from Table l. The effect of shell and
legs should be considered separately.
207
TABLE I.
WIND PRESSURE FOR VARIOUS HEIGHT ZONES ABOVE GROUND
Shell
A":
F":
therefote
Dh
.4"(s,)p
Legs
:
F
2.0(constant
t:
t(S r\P
- F !F
and
Mw:F'.(hl2+D+FL(12)
Wind force and moment due to platforms (if any)should beadded tothe
ones calculated above to get the resulting shear and moment due to
wind.
Selecting Approximate [,eg Size
208
horizontal force { can be chosen from Figure 2. This size can be further
checked for its adequacy for earthquake force' if the geographical
location of the vessel requires such.
209
)llst(;N
)t
2W(t)'
3NE(/,_+
r...
Now, the first mode natural period of vibration of the vessel can be
determined by using the following formula for one mass structure:
I: Zn
Iv
I
vs
Base Shear
F
5.0
o 067
C:=,,
(r,
5.5
1:
1.0
for vessels
If
It
T>2.s,
T:2.5, S: l.s
S:r.2+ 0.24(n
0.048(T)'z
than
1.0)
Now
v:
z r K(cs)w
(CS should not be more than 0.14)
LENGTH OF LECS
horizontal force
Base
I/
be rechosen for
using Figure 2.
Overturni[g Moment
For vessels having T> 0.7 a portion of t he total eart hquake lbrce, 4 shall
bc applied at the top of the vessel, the magnitude of which is given by
210
ltl
PACtFtC OCtN
XAUA I
ie
H t':
b Er!;
(
:i
..'l ---t'.
a::_q i=_
=
@ :: i:
I E::t
!:i
/-)
#,,oP
;=5
!
!5 i
;;
!_:
" -:
;P
r(*
4)
M0L0m
; I 5- i
9 9!E!:
Eri9li
;= E'.;; s
!1!= :; i
i:r'!!i;
iiiiill ;;.
.\-\-
=;;
B ee
EEi
E9E
E
E
212
l)Esl(;N
o|
PRoc[ss IQUIPMEN'I'
be limited to
a_
T!0.7)
(lcs)b
(AE
Thus,
Y=4sin 0
The period of vibration can be deternined by using the relationship
ME:Flrlr+l(v-F)(H3 -ti)l@, - Pl
-F
t8ffn
_
'"-r+(f13666"2,
F
The required cross-sectional area of each leg for axial compression can
be found from
A,: pt/F"
Ifthe value of .4,,
as
of selected leg, ,4, choose the one with higher area and recheck the
strength of the leg.
Designing Legs for Eccentric Loading
When the legs are attached to the vessel with distance 'a' between the
centerline of the leg and the centerline ofthe yessel plate, this produces an
eccentric loading and an additional stress in the leg supports. This stress
is siven as
":(#):
214
2t5
I)tisI(;N
f"":P::
sr
Designing
in two
The legs for this type of loading have to resist the greater of wind or
earthquake force as well as the moment about base. This moment
eventually is converted to direct load on the legs, the magnitude of
which depends on leg location corresponding to the direction of force.
This load should be added to lhe dead load while calculating direct
stress. Analysis of most generally used cases are discussed in figures 8 and
9.
Let
M:Grealet of Mn or ME
Now select the configuration of supPorts corresponding to the
direction of force
fb-G
lN)t/2
below.
Direction of "F"
sr
as shown in Fig. 8.
WM
Pt:i' P': ot
bending stresses divided by the allowable flexural stress shall not exceed
unlty, or
Sum of bendine stresses
<l
where Fr, the maximum allowable bending stress in the column should
*Ll' ":at..j Lj
,t!, . L:F:
Leg,,a..y.:-_
t.
r",
s"."
,4'' -1^:l^'
t-ec't* 1.:Pt
0.l0F l
w M
l;:4-+ D,i. h: S*
Dsi.
Irg"
216
I=, F
":zrt^*
When leg supports are subjected both to direct loads and bending
produced by wind, earthquake or eccentric loads, the sum of the axial
compressive stresses divided by the allowable column stress, plus the
/*,.'F
o-L:#,
,=ti::'
217
DP
ti
nr
?t
L
'2
t
P1
"rl
"ln]"
,
tltl
IJ
.171"s"u'
S-.n
(P*'
[1L
tu-'h-4
'F-rEn,r'-rn
\y'*r
lr' rl.
FIG.8
allowable stress. However, the ratio of the length to the radius of4
g;ratlon of Uracing members, ifother than rods,should not exceed 300
tJ
JI
<> 19t
Direction of "F"
P,
tl
\-(
"-fl
,rt|J
".17
".i-,1
p
LJ".,*-o'
lP.
IP'
fr
I uF4
rYl
F-
flrh
tsil--4
FIG.9
FIG. TO. . TYPICAL BASE PLATE DETAIL
as shown in Fig. 9.
-WM-F
pr:V,
,r:rU t
Fr=O
F,.t
" P,+P. Jb:i:
l"=
A-.
Refer to Fig. l0 and lel 0 be the larger of the dimension '/ or O, the base
Dlate thickness can be calculated by using the relationship;"
.w
^
J.:4A+2DiA.h:+s*
In any
case,
if
F.t
f.,fo
F,- h
exceeds unity, the design should be modilied till the above equation
becomes equal to or less than 1. Figure 9 also applies to other types of
columns.
218
219
EXAMPLE
A 54 in. inside dia., 10 ft.
Area of the selcted leg, ,,4 = 3.82in.'l The load to be supported by each
les,
Pt:
nozzel size is 8 in., and the vessel has 4.5 in. thick insulation. The
zone.
tu*g:oo*
q
,o
therelore
A,:
SOLUTION
4rrx)
fF#=
Shear for the vessel and legs can be calculated separately and then
combined in order to come up with the maximum shear at the base.
However,for simplicity and to be on the conservative side, the maximum
base shear can be calculated by assuming the vessel as a cylinder of
diameter d throughout its length including legs.
The wind diameter in feet is given by
D: [vessel I.D.+2 (vessel thickness)+2 (insulation thickness)
+overhead line size+2 (insulation thickness) 1 (extra for external
additions)l/12.
Thus D in this
D
8t4)8412
5)
12
7.'t 3
tr.
sfnl
.'lna1+ ---'=0.3314<l.O.K.
12865
20000
Bracing of Legs
Therefore
case is
ls4 + 2(0.37
I,Y4
x!"
t- -:
l:84
in. Therefore
18000
-" I + [842118000(0.991)r] = 12865 psi. < 15000 psi. O.K.
:A:,rr.roo,o.*.
leg:
220
+692:74 ir'.
13.
t
"T :
uon
vace:o+sffi): nlal
221
tu
Then
"
brace:
1778
VEI{TICAL VISSEL
LE,G
I)ISIGN
7 :0.089
in.'1<0.938 in.'?
22000
Nomenclature
.4
,4s
.4,
wind, ft.2
Notch to clar
SECTION X.X
- x"
therefor Q
p:
^ 4000
... _ t.
ol o,
=I
in.
psi
20000
=0.1291
in., therefore j
F"
F,
lr
fleiibility factor
J:O:I in.,
f",
F
F"
FB
Fh
Section "x
.4,
A"
b
B
c
C
D
E
f
/,
legs,
lb
F"
F,
F.
g
lr
H
Wind
vessel, ft.
I'
l1
l'
222
223
l1
I
J
K
I
I
M
Z
A
0
11,,+1lI-1"")
Moment of inertia of angle about X-X axis, in.a
Moment ofinertia ofangle about Y-Y axis, in.a
Moment of inertia of angle about Z-Z axis, in.4 (r2,4)
Distance as shown in Figure 10, in.
Structure coefficient (2.0 for vessels)
Pt
Q
/
S
g
S"
S,
S,.
S*,
Sr"
S,,
r
T
/
l/
x
Y
REFERENCES
t. "Uniform Building Code," International Conference of Building
Officials. Whittier, California,l982.
"Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures," ANSI
A-58.1, 1982
Brownell, L. E.,and E. H. Young, "Process Equipment Design," First
Corrected Printing, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., April 1968.
"Manual otsteel Construction," Eighth Edition, American Institute
of Stel Construction, New York, N.Y.,1980.
! (I*.
lcl
abolt Z - Z axis,in.3
lb
22s
10
2
ASME CODE SECTION VlrI, DrvIsIoN
1
I,ICU TTS COMPARISON TO DIYISION
History of Division 2
and
ri-r" nSft4g code committee has continually modified' revised'
fi$t
it
was
since
ever
code
vessel
pressure
exoanded the Section VIII of the
workilis. the oti6na criterion was a factor of 5 between
;;;;;;
American
ioJrtr"r, *O ultimate tensile strength Back in the 1930's-the wrtn a
vessel co-de
Peiroleum lnstitute and ASME developed a pressure
during World War
materials
to
conserve
,"i",V f"*- of 4' In an attempt
factor'
ASME adopted the code with the lowest safety
*-nii"t
U,
*' the
committee and the
API-ASME
ah
ift" *1tt' in the eally 1950's,
VIII on pressure vessels
main committee ageeil that the revised Section
the ASME Boiler and
1955
earlv
In
lhe"continuing code'
;;;;;;;
committee to review and
Pressure Vessel Committee orgaruzed a special
VIII
of the pressure vessel
Section
existing
.uulout" th" following in the
l):
qode (now designated as Division
1. Basis of the allowable stresses'
of
i. Experimental ancl analyticat investigations -of the influence
performance ot pressure
design and other factors on the
Research Committee
vessels as conducted by the Pressure Vessel
Council'
of the Welding Research
mierials,
stress values'
3. Practices used by other countries in setting allowable
which
recommendations
make
to
was
ift" rnul" purpose of all this
to
techniques
design
analytical
latest
*oUJotiti". modem technology's
or rcduction of safety'
afiive at higher allowable stresses without sacrific
an urgent need of the
realized
committee
fr, iSf8, }t"o*"""r, the special
issued a
code for nuclear pressure vessels' Therefore' they
".*,-"tio"
it"ii"r sJ*
227.
lll,
III
Introduction
Division 2 of Section VIII for pressure vessels entitled .,Alternarrye
Rules" covers minimum requirements for the design, fabrication, inspection and certification of pressure vessels that are prohibited by the Dvision
l. Consequences ofthese rules may be summarized as follows:
1. Pressure vessels above 3000 psi can be designed and manufactured
to comply with these rules and can thus be code stamped. This
extension of pressure limits encompasses a large number of vessels
that were previously constructed as specials, or in many srares
constructed without reference or comparison to an established
and recognized code.
2. The need for special state regulations for such vessels has been
significantly reduced.
3. More economical
vessels can
result of advances
in technology with
conditions that actually exist, rather than on simplified rules and arbitrary
stress limits. Tresca's ma.:rimum shear theory is used as the analytical
principle, so that limits are based on actual stress intensity rather than on
arbitrary stress.
In addition to detaited
tant for
yessels
to
be
228
ASMII ('Ol)li,
sli(l
l()N
vlll' l)lvlsloN
rucllts o1'tlle detailed strcss aDd I'atiguc analysis can be evaluated and perlbnned if required, as discussed below.
Stress Analysis
Code contains a series of design rules in which the analysis has been
carried out for a series of specific configurations. If the desi$er stays
within the limits of these configurations, a detailed stress analysis is not
required. Thus, the cdteria for determining whether a stress analysis is to
be made on a particular vessel are left to the judgement of the vessel designer.
ADl60 of
ture cycles. There is no limit to the pressure cycles where the pressure
variation stays withirl 20% of the design pressure. Cycles rangtng over 207o
of the design pressure are to be included with the cycles of differential
temperature between adjacent points, as described by the code, with a limit
of t,000 cycles for the life span of the vesseL.
Condition B is evaluated if requirements of Condition A are not
satisfied. Condition B compares cycles, determined in Condition A, with
fatigue allowables as discussed in Appendix 5. In regard to pressure, temperature or joined materials of different coefficient of thermal expansion,
if either Condition A or B are met, a fatigue analysis is not required.
Conditions AP and BP evaluate non-integral (i.e. pad type) nozzles or
attachments only. Condition AP is related to Condition A except that the
pressure cycles are unlimited if the pressure variation does not exceed 15%
229
If
Article 5-l (Appendix 5) for vessels and Article 4_6 (Apfendix 4) for
fatigue evaluation of pressure stresses in openings.
Comparison
of Division 2 to Division
vlll, l)lVlSloN
strcss analysis plus drawillgs showing compliance with the code requlremcnts. Both the design report and the stress report must be prepared and
ccrtified by a Registered Professional Engineer experienced in the field of
pressure vessels.
For high alloy materials two sets of stress values are not given for the
sam material at the same temperature, as in Division 1. Therefore, under
Division 2 rules, the vessel engineers cannot make a choice of stress Yalues.
multiplied by 1.25 for hydrostatic test and 1.15 for pneumatic test instead
Applications of Division 2
intent of Division
f;'"I_ort df
2.
.h"*
Division I for the same
by
"fnr""i_",i""
but require more" complex computations.
th,.,.::p"r]T.tl
.resutts,
aqorrlon, the Division
2 rules take into account all of
In
bending effects,
secondary stress effects, fatigue, and so forth,
whereas Oiuirion i ignore,
such considerations,
i",
_.,
"
230
of
1.5.
Division 2 can be used economically for vessels with internal pressures exceeding 3000 psi, vessels with lesser pressures where exceptional
savings in material costs can be realized, or vessels with fluctuation temperature cycles. ln other words. it is used for vessels which are of sufficiently rigorous duty or are sufficiently complex so as to require more
comprehensive calculations and more sophisticated procedures with which
to construct safe as well as economical vessels.
Design in accordance to Division 2 results in thinnervessel walls, thus
besides saving material cost it permits the use of larger vessels whose use
Limitations of Division 2
Division 2 does not provide rules for
trol.
Vessels whose pressures are low enough to require a thickness
governed by fabrication minimums do not justify Division 2 requirements,
unless the nature of thefu operation requires attention to pulsating pressure
causing fatigue or some othr peculiar problem relative to the safety of
tllese vessels.
The
REFERENCES
1. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, ,,pressure Vessels,,,
Division l,
ASME, New York, N. y., 1983.
2. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, ..pressure Vessels",
Division Z,
Alternative Rules, ASME, New york, N. y.. 19g3.
3. LeCoff, J., "Safer Pressure Vessels Using the New ASME Code,,.
Svmposium on Loss Prevention, part VI, pressure Vesels,
AICHE iixty_
. Seventh National Meeting, AICHE, New york, N. y., 1970.
4. Macleod, L. M., "Comments on Division 2 Vessel Design,,,
Hydrocarbon Processing, December 1969, pp. 125-126.
5. Witkin, D. E., *A New Code Worth its Weight in Metal,,,
Chemical En_
gineering, August 26, 1968, pp. 124-130.
l1
MECTIANICAL DESIGN OF SELF'SUPPORTED STEEI.'
STACKS
Introduction
The demand for stacks of greater heights to conform to
increasingly rigid air pollution control standards has emphasized the
need forJmore thorough understanding oftheirdesign criteria Guyed
stacks are cheapcr but the main disadvantages of guyed stacks are the
amount of land required and the interference of the guy wires Thus, in
rcfineries and pelrlchcmical plants, self-supporting stacks are desired
from thc slandpoinl of plant appearance and safety'
Design Crlteria
Assuming the slack has been sized on stack draft requirements,
rvind and earthquake moments should be calculated at various levelsThe greater of the wind or earthquake moments should- be used for
desig;. The stack then should be checked for wind induced vibratior It
shoJd be pointed out thal stackvibrations induced by earthquake are
infrequent in occurcnce but the wind induced vibrations can occur
every day or more and many times during the day depending upon the
location.
Wtnd Loads
Winds apply force to the lallvertical shcks causingthe stackto be
loaded as a canlile'vcr beam which is fixed at the base' In this case, the
bcnding stress induccd by the cantileverbeam action is zero at the top of
thc stack and a maximum at the base. The bending stress produces a
232
ZJJ
riome"nt
Da =
MOMENT@BASE: M,
(For values of P. see map and table on pages 12 and 13')
Xx-
M*:-
-x
PFt
PF"
'.-Pr
PFz
-X
xxx-
xx-
Xx-
x_
x_
X-
X-
x-
x-
X-
x
x
xx-
.5
.5
.5
FL LB. TOTAL =
FIC
Fieurc
D6 :
=
Mry
l,
we get
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Natural Frequency of Vlbration
Thc oeriod of vibration I is thL. time necessary to complete one
cycle o[ oscillation and is the reciprocal of the natural frequency of
vibration/. Thc nalural frequcncy is equal lo the circular frequency o
dividcd bv 2n. The circular frequency of a single degree of freedom
slr'r.rclure is proponional to the square root of the stiffness divided by
lhc mass. Thc equation is:
, = ,lv^,
where
stiffness, and
235
'?
me$s
Erplcssing rruss
ars l,V/g
and stiffness
as
gcl
- I lFr
' 2r tlWL
rlrc vibr rrlot.,r tlrolioll ilt otrc swing a{tcr frec vibralion stafls Thc firsl
sm:rll pclccnlngcs ol dilmping greatly reduce peak responses because
Mode Shapes
ofvibralion
alwavs thc samc for that slructure, regardless of the magnitude ofthe
vibration. In othe| words, though the amplitude of the displacement
changcs with timq the relation between displacements throughout the
heighl rcmains consrant The distribution of accelerations for a single
is
shapc and thc maximum vibralion al the top, the maximum vibration at
anv levcl above the base can be directly obtained for fiat mode The
modcs. Thc modc with the longesr period is called the first, or
fundamcntal, mode and the mode with shorter periods (higher
frequcncics) are called the higher modes The typical shapes of first
thrcc modcs ofvibration for canrilevered cfinder are shown in Fig 3.
Seismic Loads
Anolher environmcntal factor that must be considered in the
clcsign of tall stacks are seismic stresses produced by earlhquakes To
pr"ri"nt tull .,u.k. from toppling underanticipated possible earrhquake
it,rcc., a tall stack must bc designed to wilhstand these forces The
cfftct o[ seismic forccs is somewhat similar to wind loads in that the
slack again is loaded as a verlical cantilever beam fixed at the base'
Therc is a difference in the load distribution in the case of wind loads as
compared 10 seismic loads but in both cases the vertical column is
cxposed to bending which produces axial tensile stresses on one side
and thc axial compressive slresses on the other side
There are both horizontal and vcfiical shifts of the eadh crust
Juling th,' carlhquakc. Vt'rrical shihs arc oI small imponanct i n large
sllcks bccausc oi thcir stability to forces in the vertical direction The
horironlal shifting of the earth's crust is the cause of major concern
wilh lall slacks. This shifting might be compared to a sudden
displaccment of thc foundation underneath the standing stack
Bccausc of thc ineflia of thc staclq this produces bending similarto that
produced by a [orce pushing against thc side ofthe stack and results in
sending thc stack into a hannonic vibration.
T"hc sway of thc stack will produce a maximum velocity as the
stack passcs t-hrough vertical cenler. Also, the maximum velocity of
As the
s',vay will be at the top of thc stack with zero velocity al the base
sta& rcaches the limit of its deflection, the kinetic energy of molion is
:,tr|
I'I(
i 1 \IODIi
Vodu
lrd
Modc
Damping
conlinuc
eulside'
forcs However,
molion will die out due to loss ofenergy resulting from internal strains.
This Ioss of cnergv is called damping Damping is generally expressed
as a perccntage of "critical damping', the damping which would srop
236
wrnsfcrrcd
1o
237
a1
u,
r.i.ngt"
"
sack
The
the top ls
re'strained and increase 10 a maximum at the base ofthe
stack where
thc accumulated forces are a maximum. Seismic
Ioads forthe stackcan
be calculated as follows:
n()1
c).
Foracantilevered cylindrical structure of uniform crossFig 4(a), the fundamental period ofvibration
Thc first mode period [or-all tvpcs of stacks can also be calculated
by using the ;rpproximalc rclalionshipT:
as shown in
is given bya
T:
Where
wIl
T=
! = rrr31t
_ nur'tr
3.)Z
Dr
Substituting for
F, /,
and
we ger:
?=765(,0)-6(#l
--..------------
l+
c-r[
D.
H.
l?". u"(;?d)'
o" = o,tou
H.=Hm
238
i. of
the
(a)
FIC.,r - COMMON
Base Shear
the
E:
FIC.5,
."
V_F,
Diig,am
ofa
stack The triangular loading pattem and the shape of the stack shear
diagram duc to that loading are shown in Fig 5(a) and (b). A portion f,
of lolal horizontal seismic force Vis assumed to be applied at the top of
rhc stack per UBC (Uniform Buildihg Code). The remainder of the base
shcar is distributcd throughout the len$h ofthe stack including the top
Thc UBC base shear formula is given by
V:ZI KCSW
Wlrcre
7,:.187 5 for zonel, .37 5 for zone2, .7 5 for zone 3, and 1.0 for zone
,l (rcfer to Fig. 3,4 or 5 of Chapter 9 for determining the proper
s{jismic zone)
- =
"
1
.067
=
J-f fi
if l'( 2.5 and
tS
.S:1.5
2.5
:0,for?<0.7
in Fig
7.
(a)
(b)
S.:
TYP.
'
TOP
Ai{0
BOT.
0.56 t"E
d(r + .oa4E/Y
[,tusr
PILOT IN TOP
SOTTOM
BASE & TO
As SHO' N
n.
8AS
thicknesses
LI
SOLT GUIDE.SEE
CHART CONT. FILLE]
WLD TO TOP A}IO
80TT0M RI.IGS
lining ifrequired) ar
Anchor
314
Anchor
considcration.
After required plate thicknesses are determined at each level they
arc comparcd with corresponding assumed lhicknesses in uncorroded
condilions. If therc is any deviatioq correct weighls are calculated
bltsed on ncw thicknesses and procedure is repeated until the two
thickncsscs coincide.
|
|
bolt
bolt
Plate
dia.
guide
washrs
&718
1l2x3112Sq.
2 r12
ll2x
Sq.
) | l)
1 t l)
2 r12
1l2x4112Sq.
111
) tl)
Sq.
3 r12
10
Sq.
1tl)
ll
ll
1 tolli4
242
RTNGS
40 P|PE AIOToR
Stack Weight
Corrosion allowance
L"
Y/2
s.=
{"
CUSSET OETWEEI{
SOLTS
318
ro 1 314
ll2
Min.
3l4x4ll2Sq.
2 r12
J 112
314
2 314
5 112
718
to 2
114
5
314 x 6
314x6
x
Sq.
243
8
8
tya
'
*l
Q---
: 48(M)_ wt
N(DEd -N
'."
a
.:
o^
=Y!
sd
FIG. 8
_
"
48(m
' VON
W,
r(D61)'c r(D6l1c
'*'*'*''*7
+l
AI
-n
If the calculated
@i'
-,': |
t(w")o \rtz
\4(2oJoo)r/
the
In theory vortices are shed inlermittently from each side of
atu"L,
""l,"ing;
ani
i"n" p."t""i""Jr.',ttbution
lorr".pond"
;;.il;
io*"t .tl .attt. -aximum
fD-
245
a1
MUST be performcd
Vibraliun analvsis
=h
,to < W - < 25 Vibration analvsis SHoULD
20
be performed
HD,'
25
Analysig
<
V-Oz
V* =
and the maximum gust velocity
Bending Mom.nl DiagEm
FIC.
IO
p.
v'" _- f (ffi) 60 = 3.47 tD.213\7760
,,," = fD,(60)
--fr-
= 1'3V.
""p."s."d
than 1/15.
K,
=P,p,L. _ O.\Ulp,s E
.vv'-"
For lined slacks l4l can be used in place of W" in order to reduce
vibralion. Design modifications are required if K1. in the above
cquation exceeds 1,/15.
Static Deflection
pressure
The computed d)'namic loading is applied as a slagnant
1op is
at
the
amplitude
1o the stack Assuming it to be a cantileverbeam,
approximated by,
P"D,LL;(LD3
D" _
also
and
finally
'..,t
JE
Dynamic Deflection
(*)
CAI\MLEVER VIBRATION
Analyzing Procedure
Now, the following criteria as recommended by Zorrilla 1r can be
uscd to establish need for vibration analysis of sracks wi th H^ /H ratio
not cxcecdins 0.50;
246
where Iz
: rr3t
'
",^(*)'
V" =
to'
gusl
Ifcritical wind velocity, % falls within range ofthe maximum
stack
corroded
case'
u"to"lty,-th" rtu"t -ust bec'he&ed further' In that
*"ighi -"* be equal to or greater than 15 times the wind force at
u" a fot-ul4 the ratio' Kt should be less
.riii.ut u"to"itv ot
for all Relnolds numbers be used for stack design plugging for
Strouhal number in the above equation and modifying the equation 10
get an expression for critical wind velocity in miles per houl we get
Vzo(Lt3D)o
is
f."q,r.'n.v,
resonant
greatly' The
rU"s the amplitud'e ofvibration is magnified
^tti
which is a ratio of dynamic amplitude to static
auri.-i.1o"ffi"i"nt,
the magnification factor' This is a function of the
iaa", lt
-and
"Af"d
^'-of
several other factors' The amount of
iitil" tirir.*". of the soil
ri"tlJa.n"oio"
247
Ovalllng Vlbratlon
In addition
fiPE
OF STACK
SPREAD FOOTINGS
ON SOFT SOIL
(BEARING BELOW
!.500 psl)
SPREAD FOOTINC ON
MEDIUM SOFT SOIL
(BEARINC BETWEEN
Li00 rnd 3,000 psl)
li,-,Ui..i"a
PILED FOUNDATIONS
^frr
""ra"*
tt
t<.r
,n"aai.g Thc
"ib.^ti,rn
"'
tt -
30
l0
90
Maximum dcflection at the top of the stack should not exceed six
inches per 100 feet of stack height
if
1.
2.
to an
unlined
4.
J-"
6OD2
given by
Now lhc voncx shedding frequency is
0'2vr
rv- D
is 66 fps as .
where Vr, the wind velocity for vortex shedding
most economical and
for
woodruff
and
bi"t"v
tv
;;;;;;&
;;;i;"k design as far is vibration is concerned at each level using
notn rn"."i."quencies should be calculated
voftices form
the .<-,rrcsponding thickncsses and diameters Becausc
thar the
suggested
been
it
has
;i;;,.d"t eitf,er side of thc stack
frequency'
shedding
vortex
of
the
or,^llin* fi.ou"n.y will bc rwice thar
ii ;;; il J;ii.; /. < 2/" ovalling rings are required al that level
thc stack is frce from ovalling vibration'
uih"t-it"
"'-be
S".tiun modulus of thc rings' whenever required' can
as follows:
*''-'
dctcnnined
c.iii"ot*i"a velocityV.in fpm,at the section under consideration
,, _ 60f,p
,-
3.
, .5gr,
'" -
2N,
of
whcrc N",' the Strouhal number, is 0 2 over a wide range
Reynolds numbers.
.r..li.']."ii."' "..
under
.rna", .ontia"*tlon.
.".ti.". Jiff"*",
if
possiblc.
having
Ahcrnalively, it is recommended3 that for unlined stacks'
less
or
mph
of60
vibration
ovalling
criticai wind vjocity for
the
shell
stiffen
provided
to
be
should
.ir.,r-f"."ntiul sriffening rings
;;;-;h"t raisc the ovalling vibration frequency Stiffening rings
VIII'
Jesiencd for a uniform external pressure of 1 5 psi using Section
249
Division I <-rf thc ASME Codcts rules, arc rccomnlcnclcd to avoid thc
occurence of ovalling vibration due to voncx shcdding
basc o[
scction:
12,046,570 ft-lb
@ basc of 6
Example Problem
Design a200-foot high, free standing multilplc-diameter, unlined
SA-285 Grade C stack as shown in Fig I l. Corrosion allowance:
1/8 inch. Operating temperature of stack: 400"F.
->l
F.--3,.0"
BA.
t"ltl
0.6251L44
>
0.00434
0.00425, therefore
t.ld =
6
0.51120
14,035
psi
0.004167
S. = 13,761 Psi
ft., 8-inch. dia. section
t"td = o.25t8o = 0.003125
S. = 1032a psi
:
:
_
.,
178,000 (144)
----------------
Moments
Geographical location of the stack did not require moment
calculations due to earthquake Total calculaled wind momenls are.
250
0.6605 inches
>
48 (12,046,570)
14,035
r(r44)2
3/16 inch
t,
0.6116 inches
6 ft, 8-in. dia section tt 0.2606 in. > 0.25 in. as assumedThereforc, use 7/16 inch plate for bottom 8 feet and 3,/g inch plate for
rcst of 6-fr-rot, 8-inch diameter secrion.
Cantllever Vlbratlon
D, =
1.385
f:
ts
w_
'=
178.000
40(1s3.62s\
40
__ Rq 64o rh
r5,000
5.9766 in.2
<
Now
Trv
13 in.
P6
698
psi <
lb' L" =
L.648(192.5F
185
- = 1.5?4 seconds
7.385 v27.6(lo)
117'574
0'6353 cPs
14'08 mph
129 mph
98 mPh
/rnn\0.143
v- = e8l'+*l
-. = --nm]Fif-l,soK'
0.00?7(7.38s)'21!09)
824 psi
t3.44<20
:
Maximum gusr velocity : 129(1 3) 168 mph
chcck tor K'
Since y" fails within maximum gusl velocilv'
6.324 in.2
48(72,046,570) 178,000
*
Al456r5irrj .rr+s^exl rr =
\JUl
Sp
15,000 psi
Thus, the bolt area required a1 the rool of the thread
89,649
123,550
Iry,
Vgo
48,\1,?'0a7.,s7!l
200(7.38sr
ft''
Assuming (40) 3-inch diameter bolts, the total tension in each bolt
146,550 _
HD:
:
T'
w _
15
>
750 psi
Thcrcfo rc,
750 psi
Static Deflectlon
P" = t(0.00238) (1.467y (14.0s)'zi2
r = 0.355 in, r :
D":
44'3lin'
Therefore
0'5017
I: :
psl ,
355
3l)' O^ ---
n('l4
97
'025
in''
0.4153 in.
Dvnamic Deflection
""*i:il;;;niii"ttion
factor of 30' we ge1 dvn;rmic deflection 0.4153(30) : 12 5 in. ).12 in'
allowing
and
":
fu(8ri49)6
=
Vq-rqoooli=
t45.625 +
64 in
2(7
.5\
203)
252
'
160.625 in.
134.625 in.
li:nits when
BuL il is assumed lo oe wtthin allowable
ul
stacr
hcight
aboul 7-inch d.'flection per 100 fect o[
Ovalllng Vibration
NJtural frequency of free ring is given by
D.
Dt
l
al 3-li. dia.,
18.4361 cps
and
"
"-
0.2(66\
-3
4.4 cps,2f"
f,
shown in Fig I
under considcration is
v"- _
@(3.7J14)9.6666
2(0.2\
3733.3627
fpn
Use
0)$0f '(3733.{4):6.666)'z1'7.s
lR rSn
as
0.4158 in.3
NOMENCI.ATTJRE
Distance between the oulside of the stack at the base to the bolt
circle
AB
b
Z
cr
d
D
in
254
E2
a1
f,
F
sideraliqn, cps
Vortex shedding frequency al levcl under consideration, cps
Force on slructurc', lb
Total horizontal seismic force al lop of the slack lb
Acccleration due to gravity, ft/ scc.'z (32.2 h/sec.'\
ht,.,z
s_
-'
EL
sideration, ft-lb.
Eafthquake moment at level under consideration, ft-lh
Wind moment at level under consideration" fr-lb.
Number of bolts
Strouhal number (0.2 over a wide range of Reynolds number)
Pr,z,e Wind pressures for height zoneq psf
Pb Bearing pressure on concrete foundation, psi
P. Unit wind pressure al critical wind velocity, psf
Ms
MN
N,,
PF1,2
stac( in
ft
r\
,ts
s"
t
tr
to,
consroerauon, psr
Required section modulus of stiffeners, in.3
Allowable tensile stress of stack plate material psi
Average corroded plate thickness of top half of stacl in.
Stack plate uncorroded thickness, fL
Assumed corroded plate thickness al level under consideratiort
t6
I,
in.
Uncorroded plate thickness at bottom of stack, in.
Required corroded plate thickness at level under consideratiorL
S.Srr
REFERENCES
l. "Minimum design loads in buildings and other
73e
%
Y"1
V"
fpm
V. Maximum wind velocity at the top of stach mph
w Stack weight per ft of height lb./ft.
w1 2 Weight of individual section of stack lb.
W Total corroded stack weight including lining lb.
Wr Total operating weight of stach kips
Wp
W"
Wt
.rr.2
I
Z
P
to
).
A
Deflection of structure,
ft
256
Stalev, C.M. and Graven, G G, "The static and dynamic wind design
of steel sracks,"ASME Paper No. 72-Pet-30.
in.
T
TB
T7
y
Vr
str-uctures," ANSI
A58.1, 1982.
'1.
WL
283t-2844.
9.
10.
E.P., " Determination of aerodynamic behavior of cantilevered stacks and towers of circular cross sec1ion," Transactions
of ASME, Paper No. 71-Pel35
t2. Dechetto, K, and Long W' " Dlnamic stability design of stacks and
towers," Journal of Engineering for Industry Series B, Trans ASME,
Vol 88, 1966, p 462.
4076:
13. "British Standard Specifications for Steel Chimnels," B S'
2
Park
House,
Standards
1966, British Standard Institution, British
Streel London, Wl.
vorter
14. Scruton, C. "Note on a device for the suppression of the
or
near-circulal
of
circular
structures
excited oscillations o[ flexible
lt. Zorrill4
ll,
12
VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF TALL TOWERS
with shedding
of
lnat-yiing
258
20<
#<
25<
ffi
,outorurion
stacls in
| )t
/r,
= 1)
based,
f = (ft)
(D lL2)
(1o)4
corresponding
f = (ft)
(10)a (c F)
Logarithmic decrement, 6 is the log of the mtio of
successive ampli_
tudes of a damped, freely vibrating structure and i,
mearur" of the
(D lL2)
Or=#
A check for stability
considred:
0.95
<DF
Stable
tt" =
fi,
tr,Thickness, in.
0.25
0.37 5
0.3125
o.4Q26
0.3 7s
9.4284
0.444
o.43'7s
0.5
0.4642
o.474
o.5625
o.62s
o.482r
o.68'7 s
0.494
0.75
0.8125
0.5
0.875
0.93',7 5
0.523
0.533
1.0
0.5 5
0.512
l_0
1.12s
0.9
t.25
0.85
|.3',7 5
0.8
o.79
t_)
1,
.7
0.'135
2.O
0.69
2.5
0.6
3.0
0.5 5
3.5
0.5
4.O
0.465
4.5
5.0
5.5
Q.435
6.0
o.37
o.4
0.3 85
f D,
260
Frequency, cps
261
Ij(ltJ
,MtrN.t
vll!l{Afl()N
ANAI.YSIS
4.'llrc prttcrn
cxcessive vibration.
lng srx.
trom
"
V* =
V3o (Ll3o)o.r43
):t'"'
w
If
6 D-00)-6
t""..i."f
",fr"fr".
(o oo243)
rn"ih;;r';f;ffi;,r,
if an excessive ,.plit"d;; ;;;;;", ir'"_#"a,
attachmenrs
t.
External
,be__properly distributed
(such as
piping,ladd"J;;;;j;,;;;:;;"y
,.
._
zoz
urro
ml*i
EXAMPLE
Analyze the stuucture shown in Fig. 2 (Chapter 13) for cantilever
vibration. Calculate the maximum dynamic amplitude at the top of the
structure, if instability is expected.
Calculations.
The example under consideration has been described in Chapter 13'
Complete analysis for cantilever vibration was also performed- It is repeatedhere to compare the results and check the accuracy of the technique
presented.
Natural
0.512 cps
2,C"
= 9.9155
= (f1)
(D lL2)
Therefore
(r])a
(.Cp) =
263
n =_ w6 _
u"
TL, =
is
146,550t0 n?)
=ffiffi
= 0.4031 < 0.75
fL
= 3(1
contribute to stiffness, lb
.0498) 7 .38s =
23
Z
6
.2583 mph
Z3s = 98 mph
vu, =
ho
whlch do no1
REFERENCES
determined.
2.
L=
_
f 5l/
is
Wt(l0fo
(0.00243)
if 7in.
deflection/IO0
ft. of
structure
London, W.1.
5.Scruton. C.. "Note on a Device for the Suppression of the Vortx-Excited
Oscillations of Flexible Structures of Circular or Near{ircular Section
with Special Reference to its Application to Tall Stacks." National
Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, England, Aero Note 1012,
Aoril 1963.
NOMENCLATURE
D
DD,
(10)4,
Z
Lc
t6
I/rs
cps
264
26s
13
DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR TANKS
sizes
shaps and
While a cylindrical shape may be structurally best for tank construction, rectangular tanks frequenuy are preferred-even though these require
laiger quantity of matedal for eonstruction than do cylintlrical tanks of
"the same capacity. On occasion, special piocesses or operations may make
cylinclrical tanks imPractical. When several separate cells are needed, rec'
tangular tanks can be easily fabricated and arranged in less space than
the
cylinrirical ones of the sarne capacity. This is especially helpful when
tanks or vats are needed insirle a building'
We will discuss the complete design technique* fol flat+urfaced
rcctangular tanks that contain nonpressurizeilliquids. These exert a varying
horizontal pressure against the side-walls, as shown in Fig' 1' The walls of
free and supported). Such plates are analyzed under certain assumptions
by using the theory of bending for thin plates.2
The data as originally presented by Wojtaszak" in glaPtucd rorm'
for
and later represented by Roark and Younga in tabular form are used
made:
are
assumptions
analysis. In oriler to apply these data,the following
(l) iectangular plate has a uniform thickness, (2) allowable deflection of
the plate is held to within about one half the ptat thickness, and (3)
Poisson's ratio
267
0.433Hs
(t)
Tanks without stiffeners have their top edge free, and the
remaining
three edges supported. Flat-plate formulas can be directly applied
for this
edge condition to determine stresses and deflections.
We calculate the ratio afb (that is, the height, a, of the tank
to the
larger of the length or width dimension, b), and read the
correspondmg
values of constants B and a from Table 1. Intermediate
values should be
interyolated.
The maximum bending stress in the plate is given by:
s^"" =
ppb2/Q)z
approximatety
one third of the ultimate tensile strength of the steel. (This
is a factor of
safety of 3, which is also common for static structural
lo;ds on steel) For
:iTqli:ity, a more appropriate value of allowable bending stress, s_*, of
18,000 psi for plates and stiffeners is recommended by young.6
The. required corroded-plate thickness, tr, can be founJ
by rearrarg_
nPe
a/b 0.5
0.667 1.0
.5
2,5
3.0
3.5
Constsnt,
constanr,
a 0.026
4.o
O37
0.070
TABLE
1.
e.)
. *
ing Eq. (2):
Ratio,
(3)
The thickness determined from Eq. (3) should be rounded off to the
allo\Mance (if required)
must be added to this value in order to get the minimum required total
plate thickness. However, in no case shall the corroded thickness of tank
plate be less than 3/16 inMaximum deflection of corroded plate is given by:
Y^". --
aPba/E(t")3
(4)
to one half of
the
if a topdge
stiffener ofsufficient size is added. For this type of beam(supported attop
and bottom, and carying a varying load that increases uniformly to one
end), the bending moment at top and bottom edges is zero. However, this
type of loading results in reactions R 1 at the top edge and R 2 at the bottom
edge, as shown in Fig. 2. The magnitudes of these reactions are:
R, =
R, =
268
pan/6
patn/3
(5)
(6)
269
Rrbn
.
= 3B4EI^i.
(7)
to
2
We get
Inin by
Rlba
(d'
3g+El,'.i,
,
tni"
= lsrE;.
R.bn
',TANKS
horizontal stiffeners
Adding
"*'i?iff"t."
the
ln",.ur. ttt. rigidity of the entire plate by in-creasittg
momentofirlertiaofthecombinedsectionThus'theplatethlcknesscan be
l.
"
rt'
."rn*,
(e)
lntermedrare
stiffener
ah
0-25 0.286 0.333 0.4
0.5 0.667
0.024 0.031 0.041 0.056 O.O8O 0.1t6
B
Constant, a
0.00027 0.00046 O.OOO83 0.0016 O.OO35 O.OO83
Rario,
constanr,
N4aximum Pressure, P
lMaximum Pressure, P
Aetio,ah
1.0 1.5 2.O 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
consrant,, 0.16 0.26 0.34 0.38 0.43 o.47 O,4g
Constanr, a
O,O22 0-043 0.060 O.OZO 0.078 0.086 0,091
FIG'
ON
SIDE OF TANKHAVING A
TOP.EDGE STTFFENER
FIG,2.
REACTION FORCES
3'
OF TANK
INTERMEDIATE STIFFENERS
TABLE
We
270
for horizontal
anO
M^a' =
O'O]l47Pa2m
(10)
simple
verticaf
2'.1|
'fANKS
DESICN OII RIJCTANCUI.AR
It
R, = O.O3}pan
Rz : 0 l5lqam
R" = 0.320pan
(12)
(13)
(
14)
the toP
tNrk. 'l'ltc resultant stilfening eflecl should not bc uscd to resize
analysis'
of
this
r,rlgc stillbner, due to the extreme complexity
lh.rriurr
"' 'Tft"analysis for the tank is to consider a section of the plate
utl'i"f method of analysis
of the stiffeners ln
llrving a width equal to the distance between centers
analysis The comin
the
be
included
if,ir rlo"*t, only one stiffener is to
of inertia for this
moment
4'
The
it,,'.J t..,t"" *iil b" u, shown in Fig'
rcction can be found from:
_ Ar\ta\2 -+ ArAz(hiz
At+42
12
,_,
is:
V*, = 0.l59pab
Dimensions
(1s)
tq
2, we find the constantsp and (r that correspond to the ratio a/r. We then
calculate tr a'nd Ymax by using Eq. (3) and (4), respectively. If the maximum deflection is not within allowable limits, we repeat the procedure by
changing the value of b, or by increasing panel thickness for the determined
value of r, until the deflection is within limits.
Size of the vertical stiffener can be approximated by neglecting the
effect of the plate itself for the selected stiffener spacing. The plate sectron
may be treated as a simply supported beam at both ends, with varying load
increasing uniformly to one end.
Maximum bending moment occurs at a distance of al(3)rl2 (or
0.5114a) from the top of the tank. Its magnitude is:
M*, = 0.0642qta2
( 16)
M^",
0.0642p1a2
s,,",
s,'",
It
AjQ,,/2) + A-lh\+
C":
A1+
\!./2tl
(1e)
A2
(20)
C,
({etermined from:
Y
(2r)
-- = o.oo652pla4 / EI
built-up section
We now calculate the bending stresses in the
plate
is:
the
of
fiber
outer
the
Sr,
in
mum bending stress,
;ti
il
Maxitr
(22)
S, = M,,""Ct/ I
fiber of the stiffener is:
And maximum bending stress, 52, in the outer
(23)
S, = M^""C2/ I
The design should be modified
if
Ii
able value.
(24)
V,a, = pla/3
stiffener is stressed in horizontal
The
-Theweld joining the plate and
forces' The
si"" of ttrir-*etd c"n be determined from the shear
,h""r.
join
a stiffener to the plate
l*rtnuous fillet weld required to
i"g
ri*
"i*t"
may be found bY using:
[ir
(2s)
should run from the top edge to the bottom edge of the
272
(17)
be selected.
of I I - (8/ l5)
Maximum deflection in the plate occurs at a distance
ili)"(t,-, g.5193a) from the 1op of the tank' Its magnitude can be
reduces dimension
of
Cl
(18)
If
as a
2-13
it by the actual
fi
leg srze
il
il
3.273 Psi
\'. \'
C.G. or
u.u.
of sflrrner
stiffner
4.
and a =
thickness
= 0.485 in.
l8,000
Rounding 1,. to the next highest l/16 in., we get
chapter. The distance betn/een yertical stiffeners has been used as the reduced plate-width to detemine the panel thickness (this may not be
exactly correct).
Therefore, to be more conservative and for additional security, a
horizontal stiffener is recommended, along with vertical stiffeners for tanks
7 ft. high or more. Theoretically, adding horizontal stiffeners would allow
a reduction in size of the vertical stiffeners. For simplicity, a hodzontal
stiffener of the same size as the vertica.l stiffeners may be used withour
further calculations. The horizontal stiffener should be placed at a distance
equal to 0.5774 of the total height from the top of the tank.
1a
0.037(3.273x84_)4
1.608in.
x 106(0.5)3 =
Since Y,'i* should be <1l2ta ,I]ne deflection of 1.608 in. is excessive. Consequently, a toPedge stiffener must be added.
To size the top-edge stiffener, we must find,a,,i,? for it by determining R 1 from Eq. (5) and then 1-;, from Eq. (9).
R
stress
'0. r 83(3.273)(84),
274
rl
FIG.
= O.tg:
t=
3.27 3(7
2)(t) / 6
39.28 tb /
in.
39 28(B{)'
/ . = 0.679
'"-192(30x106x0.5)
in.4
18,000
v-
0.425 in. to
0.016(3.273X84r
30 x 106(0.4375)3
27s
0.4375
1.038 in.
18,000
30
0.050(3.273 r(42 )r
x loloilr5F
0.307 in.
0 556 in'
to 28 in., and solve for a rcw afb = 72125 = 2.571. From Table2, we
obtain new values forf = 0.387 anda = 0.071. Solving Eq. (3) and (4) for
FIG.
0.387(3.273)(28)'
to
..
r,,,, :
0.235 in.
30
3.17J )(t8 rr
0.305 in.
xr o,,-io25l =
,,
)\'28)l
r,,,"
= 30 x ro,\ojl2r.r = u.rrb
o.ol t( 3.213
rn.
,
r-..=__
39.28(84)1
__,.*
t92(30 x 106 )\..,, _,/ =
1.087in.{
M^* = 0.0642(3.273)(28)(742 =
276
as:
5.
From Eq. (17), we obtain the section modulus, Z, for this stiffener
z=
3o,5oo / l9,ooo
1.694in.'
in.2 By
/=
t2
10.31
10.207 in.a
where 3.8 is the moment of inertia for the selected channel about its major
axis, as found from the appropriate table in Ref. 7'
We calculate Cl and C2 from Eq. (19) and (20), respectively:
8.75(0.1s63)
1.56(2.1563
10.31
=
=
0.4826 in.
C"
4.3125
30,500 in-tb
277
0.1563)
I)US
(2r):
0.00652(3.273)(28X72)r
30
,2u2in, X 21t2in. X
1/2 in.
106(
10.027)
0.0534 in.
Top angle
tXlSl(;N
oI
RLICTANCUt.AR lANKS
to a foundation.
NOMENCLATURE
d
,4
Ar
b
C
Cr
C2
Elevation
FIG.
6.
Side
E
ht
h2
Since the maximum deflection is considerably less than one half of
the plate thickness (0.312512),the design is satisfactory.
Finally, we check the maximum bending stress, S1, in the outer fiber
of the plate from Eq. (22), and S, in the outer fiber of the stiffener from
Eq. (23). These stresses are:
.5'r
J',
=
=
30,500(0.482 6) / 10.0'27
30,500(3.8299)/ 10.02'r
:
=
1,468 psi
ll,650psi
Since the allowable value is 18,000 psi, both bending stresses are well
within the limit.
We calculate the maximum vertical shear for our configuration from
Eq. (24), and find it to be:
v^", = 3.273(28)(12)/3 =
2,200 tb
W=
2,200(8. i5)(0.3263)
r
0,000(10.027X2)
278
0.0313 in.
h3
I/
1
1,
./2
lnrz
stiffener, in.
Modulus of elasticity (for carbon steel, E = 30 X 106), psi
Distance between center of gravity of plate section and the neutral
axis of combined section, in.
Dstance between the neutral axis of combined section and the center
of gravity of stiffener, in.
Distance btween center of gravity ofplate and that of stiffener, in.
Height of tank, ft.
Moment of inertia of combined section, in.a
Moment of inertia of plate section, in.a
Moment of inertia of stiffener, in.a
Minimum rcquired moment of inertia of top-edge or intermediate
stiffener, in.a
/
m
279
S,,
td
//
I/-o,
ll
I-or,
Z
c
B
t4
AIR COOLED HEAT EXCIIANGERS
PART A
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
REFERENCES
1. "Welded Steel Thnks for Oil Storage, " 7th ed., API Standard 650,
American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., November i980.
2. Timoshenko, S. and Woinowsky-Krieger, S., "Theory of Plates and
Shells," 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, N. Y., 1959.
3. Wojtaszak, I. A., "Stress and Deflection of Rectangular Plates," J. Appl.
Mech., Vol. 3, No. 2 (1936).
4. Roark, R. J. and Young, W. C., "Formulas for Stress and Strain," 5th
ed., Mccraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., 1975.
5. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII. "Pressure Vcssels" Div. 1, American Soc. of Mechanical Engineers, New York, N.Y.,
1983.
Chapter l3 is a sligitly_nodified version ofauthor's study:'A method for Designing Rectangufar Storagr 'Ihnls' published in Chenical Eneineerine (March 28, 1977). -Cop-yrighted-by
Mccraw-Hill. Inc.
initial installed cosl ofan aircooleris usually greaterthan that ofa waler
cooler, the savings in operation and maintenance costs frequentlymake
the air cooler the more economical selection'
Air cooled heat exchanger consists of a bundle of bare or finned
tubes which are rolled or welded into headers Ambient air is moved
across the tube bundle by an induced or forced draft fan The warm
fluid circulating through the tubes, gives up paft of its heal to the air
which is then eipelled lo the almosphere above or around the unil's
circumference. Different tlpes of tubes, headers, and fans combine to
form a wide varicty of overall designs The aim of each is to carry away
unwanted heat as cfficiently as possible, with minimum maintenance'
vibration. and noisc. Two main groups of these exchangers along with
t
the advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed below
Induced Draft
l}pe
These are the types in which the lube bundles are located on the
suction side of the fan as shown in Figure 1.
Advantages
l. Easier 10 shop assemble, ship, and install
2. The hoods offer prolection from weather'
i. Easier to clean underside when covered with lin4 bugs, debris'
4. More efficient air distribution over the bundle
5. Less likely to be affected by hot air distribution
Dlsadvantages
1. More difficult to remove bundles for maintenance'
2. High temperature service limited due to effect of hot air on the
fans
280
281
i.
c., ad
.IG 2
Tubes
configuration But
do not have
surfaces
round
bare
its applicalion is limited because
and heat
bundle
tube
larger
A
much
sufficient heat rransfcr area
expose
can
Fins
duty
same
the
handle
to
exchanger would be needed
in
result
thus
and
sur{ace
more
tube
from eighl 10 lwenty times
of
lube'
given
diameter
a
from
dissipati,on of more hcat
Selection of mosl economical exchanger requires careful
A bare tube is thc simplest and least expensive
l.
282
Finned Tubes
283
FIG,
5'SINGLE
as
ln
is also good for the same temperature range
fin'
preceding
ofrhe
toe
the
one fin [iri directlv upon
more posil ive shield berween the base tube and the
fl"t^,und
"in"rc}oot"a'
;;i"";;il;;";i"f
iltr'"d;;i;;;if.tr
"
atmosphere than the single footed t)?e
Extruded Flns
- This is the most expensive tlpe. It is produced by slipping an
aluminum tubeoverthe coretube, thealuminum fin is th".,
""i-d.dby
rolling the muff Extrusion operation builds up an inlerference
fit
between the two tubes producing complete mechanical bond" This
design actually consists of a tube within a tube and the fins Drotect the
surface of the core tube as is shown in Figurc 4. Il is go;d through
FIG. 4
EXTRUDED FINS
of
284
Headers
----
H"^d".
t"b., t-";;";
tuU".
i.i
"*f"
285
bundle. ln an air coolcd heat cxchanger, tubc ends are bare of fins in
order that the rubes can be roller expanded and/orwelded into headers.
Various t,?es of headers along with their applications are discussed
below.
Plug
gpe Header
This is the most common type ofheader. It has plugs opposite the
tubes to allow for tube rolling and cleaning Box t5pe headers can be
fabricated from side plates and two end plates using corner welds as
shown in Figure8 (a). In applicarions(such as lethal service, etc) where
extensive nondeslruclive testing is required, plates can be bent to,,C"
shapes and butt-welded togetheras shown in Figure 8 (b). Box headers
have been built with design pressures up to 3,000 psi
286
287
Steam Coll
Sleam coils are used 1o heat the fin tubes to prevenl fluids from
solidification or freezing inside the tubes on stan-up, shutdowrr, or
operating conditions.
Fans
Moving air should be distributed as evenly as possible across the
tube bundle. Poor distribution can create areas of very little air
movemcnt resuhing in reduced cooling effectiveness ofthe finned tube
bundle and an increase in power consumption. Axial flow, propeller
tlpe fans are used to movc and distribute air across the air cooled heat
exchangers. In forccd draft the fan forces the air across the bundle
while in induced draft" it draws air across the bundle. Two fans arc
usuallv provided forcach bay, This assurcs continuous operation wtrn
onc fan out ofservicc. Also, at reduced loads and during coolerweatner,
it mav feasible to opcrale with one fan out of sewice as an aid to control
and for economy.
ground
velocity. In oil rcfinerics and chcmical complexes' to conscrvc
cxisling
above
mounted
usually
space, air cooled heat exchangers are
oine.u"k, with other equipment occupying the space underncath the
pip"auaL The piperack and air cooled heat exchanger structures are
integrated
REFERENCES
1. API Standard
661
Mechanical Equipment
Plenum
The air plenum is completely enclosed space which provides for
the smooth flow ofairbetween fans and bundles. plenums are desisned
Structure
The structure consists ofthe columnq braces, and cross beams ro
support the exchanger of a sufficient elevation above ground to allow
the necessary volume of air to enter below al a reasonable approach
288
289
for
General
should bc used
However, fbr tube and plug platcs, thc ligament clliciencies
iiJ.
""*".
Introduction
technique for mechanical design analysis
-boltedThe
cover and subject
Code.
largest comPartment.
Air
*t
"ii"ri"
Nl
iP
I
I
I
_L_
Design Criteria
I
I
otu,
Let
Et =
Ez=
''I.
)r
= -:--.)-:(t,
r)
H_c=lK:(Irll,)o
h
290
291
L,' --
(t2)3
12
Stress Calculations
Allowsble Stresses
Membrane Strtss
Top and Bottom Plates
(S^)
t, =
Ph
/ (2trEr)
(S)t2:
stresses
Assumed thicknesses should be revised until all the calculated
be
added
should
fall within the allowables. Corrosion allowance, if required'
to these thicknesses to determine the final plate thicknesses'
P}l/(2t2E2)
Bending Stress
Top and Bottom Plates
(s/N=
Pc
12
/.S,)O: +
l1E1
12
fr.s
ut-t,t
(l +
(l + a2K)
rr(l)
(l + K)
q2 K)
"T__l__]
I
(t + q2K, I
l-,.
12 l2E2 L
J
l+K
(l + ctz K)
Ph2 c
12 I2(r) (l +K)
"f-l
__r-
(Sb)e
FJI]URE 2
(s,)M
(S-) t2
+ (SJM,
(S,)O
(S-)
End Platos
ll'l
Tbtal Stresses
Top and Bottom Plates
(s,)N
t, +
Weld
Ligament efficiency
Let Ej
(Sb)e
,,]=-
= (p -
d) / P
h/
',
= 0.33
/cPz
''r:' "VsE,
(L)l
(t')3
-t2
t2
H
292
.:Lf
(s.tM=-r
Air
l+K
Ph2
=
=
293
(12
I)q
Stress Calcutations
End Plates
Membrane Stress
lbp and Bottom plates
(s)tr
Ph
LI
- 2.4!), maximum Z = 25\
=(3.4
=0.33,
Allowable Stresses
(S)t, =
P11
en
:
2
tou"
(S)e
:+
V t""
=
=
fz_frO_S11
L
l+2K I
Bending Strtss
Ibp and Bottom platss
(s)N =a
112rP",
Partidon or Stiffener
(s^)tt
b =H
Analyzing
with T\vo
l+2K
Ph2
(SbM
=+ Ph2c fl+K(3-q2)l
r2\E2L 1+rK I
(5,)e
=*
Ibtal
Ph'zc
12r2(l)
fL I + 2crK 1
ll21<-l
Stresses
(,s,)N:(S-)tr+(sJN,
(sJO=(s-)t,+(sJe
(sJC=(s_)t,+(sJe
Partition or Stiffener
S,
(S..X+
294
. FIGTJRE 3 -
=
E. =
fi =
Let E1
: ()3
r,-t2
t2
H
K =(Ir/tr)u
h
Stress Calculations
Membrane Stress
Top and Bottom Plates
PhFr
(s-/r,=-13-,{
2ttEt L
6+
(
K(ll 3+5K
3+5K
a2) )
,!, = (s-)ta
Ilnd Plates
z :(t.q \
2.4H\,
h/
C :0.33,
ts
(S^)tr = PH / (2t2E )
f"[
12
f.,, -
ItEl
zn' ( J -i )c. l(
3+5K )l
/ 3+5q2K \
r,(l) \
3+5K
(S)M:t
Ph'?c 3+ K(6
12
(SlQ = t:
I2Ea
c
12 Ir(l)
Ph2
fL
q")
-5K
JO'
J+JK
1.5(S)
.orr*in ufio*-"".
t
Us;
follows:
Uo* Parameters in uncorroded condition are as
"uO"a
.375 inches
ToD and Bottom Plate Thickness
1.25 inches
Tirbe and Plug Plate Thickness
.5 inches
End Plale Thickness
4 inches
Inside Header Width
=
=
114.75 inches
Tbtal Stresses
Top and Bottom Ptates
EXAMPLE
Pc
Ph'?c
io ihese
Bending Stress
Tbp and Bottorn Plates
(S)e =t
2'5)
6+K(ll-Ctr)l
3+5K
3+5K
24
z=
at design temperature
/c
l^r -r !
tu b,r
-
(maximum
Allowable Stresses
.S
(S,)O=(S-)t2+(Sb)Q
19,)M=(S,")t2+(Sb)M'
2.375 inches
(sJQ=(s_)tr+(sJQ
1.1875 inches
in Plugsheet
296
297
SOLUTION
1z
q. :
*{ "
K :
f-l
tl
Design conditions
Ir)ct
!:
o.rrt
12.25
.3367
18.7879
(12.25) /2(.3125)1.0
100 (4.125)
:1,960
psi
(1
(sr)Q
:!
Ph2
(1 +
ct2
& bending
(2.37s
(.1582)
: -f 12,365 Psi
1.1875)
t 2.375
.5
K)
12rl1) l + K
r00(r2.2s)2 (.r562s)
+ 18.?879) I
-r 931 psi
12(.0025)r
= (p -d) / p =
12(.0025)r.0 L
1'0
(tr)3
Pc
,c ,a/ _ +
I l.5Ht tr (l + a'zK)l
(rN:=
ta"E, l_'..' t-K l
tl + .33672 (18.7879))lf
_ _+ 100(.rs625) | t.s,q.nsr,
"-' '-', _ 12.252
Bending Stress
Tbp and Bottom Plats
1, :
.1395 in.a/in.
E2
(t )3
t2
Membrane Stress
Top and Bottom Plates
FIC. 4
Stress Calculations
*T-
Er
ts.tM : =-
__+
.0025 in.a/in.
c I
rt + q,K)l
1.5 - -------------- l
I
l+K
12 l2E2 L
Ph2
100(12.25\2
12 (.1395) .5
12
298
299
14,284 psi
(l +c2K)
l2 120\ I + K
c
Ph2
(S)Q
t0[/(12.25)2 .59375
12 (.139s)
NOMENCLATURE
(.1582) =
'r
a#."t
931
12,365
2,891 psi
Lisament efficiencY
E3
14,325 psi
h
h,
i
;,
t'.
Ii
p
P
S
= (S-)t, + (Sb)M :
(S/9 = 6-)t2 + (Sb)Q =
+ 14,2U = 14,631
347 + 842 = 1,189psi
(S,)M
347
psi
End Plales
=Plpne parameter
(3.4
"
2.4
-)'
h'
12.25
Plate coefficient
Sb
SS,
il
11
t",
t',
i
a
0.33
.4375
n.,
t'Ji
hence O.K.
Stresses are
l;il;iil;v
ASME Code)
REFERENCES
Nlouable Stresses
i;ld
(P - d) / P
ror partition or stiffener (From rbble uw-12 of
psi
4.r25
3.4 _ e.4't :
:
C
it
842 Psi
lbtal Stresses
Ibp and Bottom Plats
(one-half of applicable
Distance from neuFal axis to outside surface
thickness), in.
6on.*i O","..ining end plate thickness ( 33 for header box end
plate thickness)
tft .ads in plugsheet for Plug tyPe header and tube
Fi"f,
"f
in .
hole diameter in tubesheet for coverplate type header'
Code)
ASME
of
IIW-12
(From
Table
joint
efficiency
Weld
13,80 psi
1.5 (13,800)
10_,700
psi
are
adequate.
300
301
W^2
B"b
pitch
Minimum required bolt load for operating condition per bolt
2
Therefore, required area of each bolt
A- =
This section discusses the complete design
ofcoverplate and flange for
box
of
air
cooled
heat
exchangen.
Th.
dir"urrion i, U"*A.1-n"
leader
*i*tiJ!*a
greater
of
4w-"or
w-,
l;
obtain
The bolt spacing, 8", can be assumed equal to 24 +- b3 to
be greater than
2o
6b'
+ (n
+ .5)
W': Af"
FIG, I. DEFTNI ON OF SYMBOLS
Bolting Requirements
Figure
--* r*o'
;; 'Jfl"ll1l"i:J,i,l*'l,tj,i,l*
o -* *
T.
, wl-!-
b=
will be
b", when b" <
Ybo
302
AuS"
/ 28"
^t"
Ve
Z+
inch
inch
tatW^be
*JLiHt" =ryt
303
Cover Plate
M=WX
Z, is
Z=3.4 -{
GI
rt$eater
than 2.5)
/ b, *; b" \2
,=r; tb,3+zbtb\;
)
t":
( = Iu
br/z
-=-
b3
ffiho
SP
304
"G'
A = 2bttr
Ft=MlS,"E
Fd=WIAE
305
.5 in.
50 psi
25,000 psi
25,000 psi
17,500 psi
1.5 in.
F,= Fu*Fo
Flange thickness is adequate if the resultant stress falls within the allowable
stress for flange material.
Example
type
at{spaced 2%
to the bolt
center
= .4375 inches
1.25 inches
=
= 16.5625 inches
= 153.9375 inches
=
=
=
1.15625 inches
1.5 inches
2.0 inches
.g4375 inches
2.0 in.
T:
x=
Check the design of bolted coverplate and flange for header box of air
crytgO exghg_Se1 Aesigned for 50 psi at 329'F. % inch thick Vz inch wide
,
,
soft iron doublejacketed asbestos filled gasket with tongue and groove
De.rign Calculations
.125 in.
.5 in.
.84375 in.
7ffi
Cooled Exchangers
Bolting Requirements
Basic gasket seating width
b^ =
: 5+
.5 +.t25
''---:---:='
(
4:
bz
bz
Use
b"
'25
'25
in'
E=.8
G = 16.5625 in.
Gr = 153 '9375 n'
hc = 1.15625 in.
m = s.tJ tn.
306
io'
Minirnum required bolt load for ioitial gasket seating condition per bolt pitch
W^z = B"b y
5,225 lb
Minirnum required bolt load for operating condition per bolt pitch
G
.4375 in.
= l '25 n'
= 1.25 - 2(.4375) =
maximum)
Solution
Ia this case, we have
a = .75n.
W^r=18"P+2bB"mP
.375 in.
=,'#
Q'75)50 + 2
50 =
A^ =
25
'W :
307
.2A9 in.2
Su
1,397 tb
Ab
'302 in'2
M=W
Since
> A-, therefore, the chosen boft size is adequaie. Maximum
available load per bolt
= 6,388 (.84375)
= 5,390 inlb
W, = AuSo
= .302 (25,q00)
= 7,550 lb
,=r++zr,q(f,+f,)'
N^,,=Wrl2B"y
1ffi
7,550 | 2 (2.7s)
.1806 in.
therefore, the selected gasket width is sufficient.
N > N.,r,
Since
5,225 tb
(A +AI
S"- M^+w)t2
=
(s,225
.3629 lll.'4
'"
+ 7,550)/2 =
=7,#?,'"
6,388 lb
Coverplatr Design
Coverplat parameter
Z = 3.4
2.4G
- (rt
^
(Z
trc/.
2.4 (r6.s62s\
r53.9375
3.1418
Use
2.5
=ii,:i,:t,
Fr = M lS^E
= 5,3W | .5806 (.8)
: ll,6Mpsi
Coverplate thickness
t"=G
sp,c2
r6.56?s
Mding
:3(2.5)50
6(6,388) r.15625
17,500(2.7 5) (16.5625\2
3Aa
1.2283 in.
1.5,
308
1.5
.1875
= l.3l25inch>
(.8I =
4,563 psi
F"
Fr + Fa = ll,604 +
4,563
16'167 Psi
shess
Since, the resultant flange stress falls within the maximum allowable
assumed
the
temperature,
of 17;500 psi for flangi material at the design
NOMENCLATURE
a
A
Ab
b
b"
br
b2
b3
4
c
E
Fb
Fd
F,
G
Gr
hc
ff
N^t,
P
s"
s,
,t"
s_
W-,
X
)
Z
l.
inlb
ln,,
tc
.f
T
w
w
wr
w
W^r
pitch, lb
310
RETERENCES
terline. in.a
Gaskt facior
Maximum bending moment at flange end due io bolt load,
Width of gasket, in.
Mnimum required gasket width, in.
Minimum required bolt load for gasket seating per bolt piich' lb
Radial distance from outside of Plate to the bolt center, in'
ASME Boilers and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VItr, "Pressure Vessels", Division 1, ASME, New York, N.Y'' 1983'
APPENDIX 1
Head
Derivation of ASME Coder Formulas for Shell and
Pressure
Internal
for
Thicknesses of CYlindrical Vessel
pressure' P' as
unit shell leng$ of a thin wall vessel under intemal
(D (2n) ( l)
to
equal
force
a
exerts
pressure
Ji.*" i" rle-"." r. m" Intemal
of Z(t) 1(S) at the two cross
and the wali thickness exerts a resisting force
get:
we
sections. Equating these forces,
Consider
?'PR
thus,
2tS
,:PR
s
=PR
SE
or'
SEI
R
313
This thin wall formula was used in the ASME Code until the 1942 Edition
when it was modified to more accurately calculate results for thicker
walls
due to high pressures and/or temperatures. The modified formula is:
PR
t=
sE
.6P
o!
PN
t =25E
ol
This longitudinal stress formula was also modified in the 1942 Edition of the
ASME Code for the same reasons as the circumferential stress fonnula, it
became:
2SE
SEt
R + .6t
0.4P
or,
0.4,
circular shell,
PR
25E
The pressure force is nD'P while the resisting force is rDrS. Equating
4
these two forces, we get:
nPD :
-Dp
445 tDtS oB t =Substituting
D=
. _PR
PL
2SE
314
t=
.2P
PR
2SE
.2P
NOMENCLATURE
D
E
T
tmperature, Psi
Shell or head wall thickness, in.
25
Introducing E as the circumferential weldjoint efficiency, fte expression for
welded shell is:
The stress formulas for the longitudinal or axial direction are developed in
the same way. Referring to Figure 2, in order to maintain equilibrium in the
axial direction, the iniemal force exerted against the vessel end closures
must be resisted by the strength ofthe metal in the cross-section of the vessel
for seamless shells <ir by the circumferential weld joints for welded shells.
REFERENCES
l.
ASME tsoiler ancl hessure Vessel Code, Section VIII, "Pressure Vessels," Division 1, ASME, New York, N'Y., 1983.
3ls
APPENDIX 2
Derivation of Formulas for Checkingv"tlo"t ie"ett of Vertical Vessels
Thid;;il;;
3.
Pressure
as
vertical vessel acts in the same manner
Assuming that the self-supporting
are
moment
u""4, *sultant stresses due to wind or earthquake
"-"*iir""*
shown in Figure 1.
FOR VESSEL
FIG. 1. STRESS DISTRIBUTION
IUS TO WIND
Mcrition of weighr
OR EARTHQUME MOMENT
-i {:::y.1:l'dil:,i;n:'J#ffit:;,:lH: l:
will
iiil"t
i*Jti"; ;tn
act
act in compressron.
317
DESI(;N Otj
I'tr(uss
IQUtPMENt.
r.5 (10)6
s. =
TENSION DUE TO
WIND OR EA(THQUAKE
TENSION OR COMPRESSION
COMPRESSION DUE TO
WIND OR EAKTHQUAKE
(^) = *t
and sresses
In any case, if S" (max) S., the value of r should be increased
to S.'
equal
or
rr,ouia U" recalculated until S. (max) becomes less than
is given by the
The maximum tensile stress at the point under consideration
values
greater of the following two
Pp
(3)
S,(max)
COMPRESSTON DUE
= --
4t
TO VESSEL WEIOHT
or,
48M PD
rD2t 4t
Sr(max)
FIG. 2. STRESS DISTRIBUTION FOR VESSEL
DUE TO PRESSURE, WEIGHT, AND WIND OR EARTHQUAKE
MOMENTS
;;;;;;;';;;r"r.
S.(max)
oI'
w 48M_--L
PD
= nDt
-+- nD2t 4t
(l)
0.125
'SME
and
It appears that extemal pressure will control the compressive stress (2)
equations
by
shown
is
int.'JJ pt"ttu." *ill control the tensile stress as
the above equations' the following rela-O i:) i"tp""tin"fv. Rearranging
tionships for thickness can be established:
zrD S.
'
15.3
P.D
D,
S.
45.
15.3M PD
U S,A 4SP
/ (R"/ t)
(6)
NOMENCLATURE
Rctor for extemal pressure design from ASME Code Section VIII '
Division I
Section
Factor for extemal pressure design from ASME Code
Division I
;;;#il.
D
F
VIII'
lb
318
w
nD S,E'
(5)
to the calculated
Corrosion allowance, if any desired, should be added
thickness'
thickness in order to get the total minimum required
ture line.
of B.
3. From
of the
temperature.
(2)
A=
48M+__-s_
Pl)
nDt
4t
-+ TD2t
-
w
J. rmax):
nDt
of
In no case, should S,(max) be greater than S,(E)' the product 1ax11um
Irom
detemrneobe
S,
can
joint
efficiency
allowable tensile stress and the
319
P"
Pi
R"
S"
S,
t
W
Yp
APPENDIX 3
Derivation of Formulas for Anchor Bolt Chair
Design for Large Vertical Vesselsl'z
1; Base Plate Thickness
The bottom part of the tower skirt is provided with a plate sufficiently
wide for disnibuting direct loads to the supporting beams or concrcte
foundation as sho\Mn in Figurc
l.
RETERENCES
1. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII. "Pressure Vessels," Division 1, ASME, New York, N.Y, 1983.
II
OF TOWER SKIRT
FIG. I. DISTRIBUIION OF R)RCES ON TI{E BOT'IOM
ws=
rz(M)
y" :
n D2 rD
4UM)
+w"
trD2 rD
bearing area
Assuming that the load is uniformly distibuted over its entire
unit
length of
a
(if
seleting
any)'
for anchor bolt lugs
tut
*lttt no
as:
"i"ai
"n
be
expressed
can
foundation
base plate, the bearing pressue on concrcte
f=+
D
320
321
The value of/should be limited to 750 psi for 3000Ib concrere and 500 psr
for 2000 lb concrete. The width of vessel base ring, D, should be modified
until bearing pressure, falls within allorrvable lirnits.
Now, the base ring is trealed as a cantilever beam of span c, subjected 0o.the
uniformly distributed bearing pressure/ The maximum bending moment for
such a beam occurs at the junction of the skirt and base ring for unit
circumferential length
= I inch) and is equal to:
(l
M*
I'et tB be the
base
.c. fc
= tlc
a. Chalr
where
tr
= l)
Comprecslon Plate
w.d
Lt
(for /
ltpe
The beam in this case is considered as simply supported at the ends, in which
case.
\---
an
't2
M^",
3fc
"^= iw
,2
(for
I = l)
Substituting for
M--
.S=-or'4:
t^.
Rearranging, we get:
rB-L
same
fashion as explained above, with the exception that the beam in this case can
be considered as fixed at the ends because ofcontinuous ring. Therefore, in
this
case
M-*=;
322
Now
" -
w.d
M* =
c t,2
3u'-4
4r
t,2
6
Rearranging, we get
S*,
bolt will.bc
Assuming that the number o[ bolts is represented by N' each
reprcsented
required io carry the stress over the portion ofthe circumference
as
follols:
TB"
',_48M
trD2S,
^ -w"
^r_
Sa
i;
be adequate
The bolt of area equal to or greater than A, should
-However'
bolt is made in order
of
anchor
size
determined
in
in"rease
smalt
iormaly a
NOMENCLATURE
"
circle;;";;;;"
^B
b
B"
c
d
D
n(8.)2
The compressive stress per inch of circumference
due to the weight of the
tower is,
1".:1lll
,Jl
n(B)2
324
fI
M
M,,_,
wE
n",
s8
"
",.."*"rence
-Wt
TB"
N
NB. -wE
TB.
ttD2
tensile srress
nB.z
Der
48M
'
48M
nB, 1 a8M _ % \=
u,
rtR-_
t
\
to be resisted by
of base
Distance between the outside of vessel skirt to the outside
Dlate. in.
busset spacing, in.
Outside diameter of vessel skirt. in'
Bearing pressure on concrete foundation' psi
Circumferential length of the skirt' in'
Overtuming moment at the skirt base, ft-lb
Maximum bending moment at the base ring' inJb
Number of foundation bolts
psi maxAllowable bolt stress, psi (should be limited to 15,000
imum)
temperature, psl
in'
Sheil plate thickness required to resist bending moment only'
tB
s^-
325
t,
b"
WB
WE
W"
W"
tU
rernoved)
REFERENCES
2. Marshall, V.
APPENDIX 4
Derivation of TEMA1 Equation for Non'Fixed Thbesheet
Thickness or ASME Equation for Flat Unstayed
Circular Heads in Bending
1. ASME Equation
a. Without Edge Bolting
I-et G be the inside diameter of the shell or the diameter of gasket load
reaction whichever is applicable and P be the intemal pressure on the plate.
The tubesheet or flat cover is a flat circular plate of constant thickness with a
given by:
where
/G\t t3 + ul
M^^=p \r)
,6
v=
Now. let
t:
Bendine Stess S
326
6M*
Section modulus,
327
/bc\
t-,
\6 /
a
(using unit width)
Plugging for
J- = -----ll-:- +
6PG2(3
vl
or,
tz =
6PG2(3 + v)
t=G
645',
[;
t:_
t=G
Vs
For ASME formula, ter i9ll
64
"
then
t=
hL
,","=#(3+v)G2
v=
No%
il
P = 0, thus
t:G
tt.sw
sG,
2. TEMA Equation
0.28,
M^",
0,0512
let
tubesheet thickness multiplier based on, wall thickness / I.D. Ratio' tor
integral vessel or gasketed tubesheet thickness multiplier for gasketed vessel
(generally F = l 0 for floating head and fixed tubesheet exchangers and is
equal to 1.25 for U-tube exchangers).
FG IP
pd
'=TVi
edge
at the edge.
The same formula is used for fixed tubesheet thickness, wittr or without edge
bolting, except P in that case, is the effective design pressure as derived in
TEMA.
M*=
:G
for,
.3(6.2)WG
CP
.3P
or,
o.o5r2
pG2:
?TU
L
ttG
o!
6.2 M
FG
G3
C=.3
M:Whc
F=1
328
erM
V;
F,
.25P
1.55
s6p-
1.0, we get
F2 G3
For ASME bolted channel cover or blind flange with
edge bolting,
lF*
t=G
-+---:-
U-tube xchangers
Plug
f' =
1.25, we get
t=G
329
t=G
W
u
Flange design bolt load for the operating condition or Sasket seating'
as may apply, lb
Poisson's ratio for tubesheet or cover material
REFERENCES
I
. Standads
2. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VUI, "Pressure Vessels." Division 1, ASME, New York, N'Y', 1983'
sG3
However, for simplicity, it is recommended that the effect of edge bolting can
be made the same for the flat cover equation of ASME, thus ive
tave;
Fifth
3. Roark, R. J., and W. C' Young, "Formulas for Stress and Strain,"
1975.
Company,
Book
McGraw-Hill
Edition,
wi
t:G
'.25P
1.9
t39P
1.9
U-tube exchangers
t:G
NOMENCLATURE
b
C
F
G
hG
M
M",",
P
330
331
APPENDIX 5
Derivation of TEMA1 Equation for Pressure due to
Differential lhermal Expansion for Fixed lbbesheets
Consider a fixed tubesheet exchanger without o9ansion joint and a non-
41 = (o"e,
- qe)
wherE,
c" O' =
exPansion of shell
and,
c, O. = olpansion of tubes
Let e- and e, be the srains in the shell and tubes respectively. Notr, since the
tubes are secued to the shell through tubesheets, therefore the total elongation of shell will be equal to th total elongaton of [tbes or
s" = c, Or+ e,
cr" O"+
(l)
Er
P,
A" E"
and,
-PzA, E,
Norr, for equilibrium
or'
Pt
* Pr=
Pr=-Pz
JJJ
Then, Equation
(l)
o-e-+A:
AE.
Substituting
Pr
: -
e- +
a.
This is the exact derivation for Pr, however, TEMA has simplified the above
exprcssion by showing that the assumption
Pz
t"(D"-t) _
(D" - u)2
A, L,
Pz, we get
: o,g, +
cr,
cr"
O"
o"
o,
= :+
A,E,
o' O,
o!
Force
P,
tr (D-
e,
:+
A" E,
e"
^
'
l"=
e')
- a,e,)
(D"-3t")(r+JKFq)
- 2t.)z
^-
NOMENCLATURE
P,
: Pol
lD"
2t")z
A"
At
d"
D"
E"
E,
t)
Fq
4J E,rs(a"e"
which is the same as the TEMA equation. When there is no expansion joint,/
= l, and when the tubesheet is rigid, Fq = | .
t-
3t")
A, E,
P'
or,
cr"
t"
(D"
.f\
*/^ - 2t)2
'd "\so
4nN E, t, (d. - t,)
D
,I
P, dD^ - 2r ))2
4i E" t" (Do - t")
(c-g--c.e,)=-
Pd
E-t-0- t-eta=K
N Ettr(d" - t)
=
".'
E" t- (D-
N E, tt G" - t)
t"
t")
0r
c,
e"
Pr
P2
K
N
(D"
P"
334
2t")2 (1
e,
we have
+ r0
c,O,)
EJ
Et
(4)
A1
335
REFERENCES
l.
APPENDIX 6
Derivation of TEMAr Equation for
Flat Channel Cover lhickness
The equation in TEMA is based on the maximum allorvable deflection of 7rz
inches. The effect of both the intemal pressure and the edge moment due to
bolt load is taken into account.
will
be:
y" =
.Gj
Ptj)
(5+u)
& E(t)3
l2(1 - vz)
n+y)
_3PGa(l-v)(5+v\
256 E(ter3
sB
336
45
'm l\/dB
which gives,
w=Aa(s,MDt/ia
-o.*, ",
: un *u"_
28ft
moment
load
Au (45,0W)
_
ttG
hG
t/d t"c)
h"
\f$, 1nq
(G2)
Allowing
(1
E=
t/$
ol
1"1212s1
3PG4
v" =
(l -
G) (72)
tw 6,1
v)(5 + r)
, = tp +
equation
v:0.28
E=
y" =
tM
\r^^/100
=ls.lp
by r25(10)6lt/3.
LEI
f
,=L,
l44rc where
W the total
2hcAB
./:
Vd"
('-'J
inch
as
Zh.A, t G \1t13
*
$*, ffi t,oo4
,cra
above
we eet
1.425(G)4
25 (10)6 psi
Vtz
the
In order to incorporate 1982 supplement to TEMA' multiply
,s6 Ey,
For
')
pressure as well
The total channel cover thickness to resist the intemal
is,
load
edge moment due to bolt
25 (10)6 psi
3ds (45,000) hc
v)
2 hc AB
rstl"'
u= fl-ff 1:i)'l
v)
zn1t,1t
we have,
E(t
= M.
1.98hcAB
.98 hG A ( G \_
\tr
- l:-
v=.28
for,
(r +
3MG2(l
AaSr.
=M
_ Mr
Gr
lt(r-;t
VE
The unit
l_l
\2 t
t-E\/h I
we have,
'"
f
=
rco
(.72) (5.28)
,s6 (r5)
| | c
=Ls?P\
NOMENCLATIJRE
32 I r/r
tor
-.l
\o1"'
roo/I
AB
dB
E
G
hc
M
MT
P
Deflection at the center of the flat circular plate due to edge moment is,
sB
T
338
psi'
Elastic modulus of the cover maierial at the design temperature,
in.
gasket
diameter,
Mean
Radial-distance between mean gasket diameter and bolt circle, in'
Unit edge moment due to bolt load, inlb/in. of mean gasket circumference'
Total edge moment due to bolt load' in-lb
Design pressure, Psi
Maxinum bolt stress attained due to manual bolt tightening' psi
Total channel cover thickness, in.
339
w
YM
Yp
APPENDIX 7
Derivation of Formula for Calculating Nlowable
Buckling Stress in Tall Cylindrical Towers
RDFERENCES
1. Standards of
Roark, R. J., and W. C. Young, "Formulas for Stress and Strain," Fifth
Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1975.
is
3. ASME Boiler and hessure Vessel Code, Section VIII, "hessure Vessels," Division 1, ASME, New York, N.Y, 1983.
Et
,\,{r
_;t
Tlr-8ryL
- 'z)
Vtz(t
found that the ultimate load fora given value ofthe ratio, E/
can be presented as a function of the radius thickness ratio' r / t'
cal formula for calculating the ultimate strength of cylindrical shells under
axial compression. This formula takes into consideration the ratios r / randE
/ and gives ultimate buckling stress as:
3N
341
"
[o'u l-t'oY'
I + 0.004
(l+
;lE,
,)
TNDEX
.N4 E rY)
Neglecting the second tern in the numerator since it's very small compared
to .the first term, and using a factor of safety of 2. 14, we get the expression for
allo$'able bucklins stress as:
s=
"
E+A
(t +
.oME tY)
.56tE
d(r + .w4E tY)
Air coolers
accessories
fan. 288
plenum, 288
steam
coil, 288
structure.288
Air cooler's
NOMENCLATURE
d
s
t
oo
cuk
REFERENCF^S
1. Timoshenko, S., "Theory of Elastic Stability," McGraw-Hill Book
Company Inc., New York, N.Y., 1936.
Air coolers
headers, ty'pes
finned,284
tension wrapped embedded finned,
284
Allowable shell buckling stress, 242
Allowable stress in flange design
in hub of tapered flange, 83
in loose type flange, 83
radial in ring of flange, 83
tangential in ring of flange, 83
Allowable stress in flanged and flued
expansion joints
AL cooled
bare,283
double footed tension wrapped
finned,285
edge wound tension wrapped
finned. 285
ASME Code
lNl)l1X
tNt)tix
Checking strength ol'lcg support, 215
flange design, 59
types of circular flanges, 60,61,62
2l
applications, 231
comparison to Division One, 230
design criteria, 228
2l
Class R heat exchanger, definition,
2l
introduction, 228
limitations, 231
21
Baffles, types
disc and doughnut, 25,26
orifice,26
segmental,24
Base plate design for leg supPort,
2r9
Bolt load, design, 69
Bolt spacing, maximum, 69
Bottom plate design lor rectangular
tat|,ks,214
Buckling of towers, derivation of
formula,34l
C class heat exchanger, definition, 2l
Calculation forms for flange design
with full face gasket, 132
lap joint independent ring tYPe,
124
slip on independent ring tYPe, 120
slip on or lap joint independent
tYPe,
126
130
reboiler, l0
steam generatot
l0
ll
superheater, 11
thermosiPhon reboiler,
Gaskets
l0
classification
fixed{ubesheet tYPe, 17
floating-head tYPe, 18
inside iPlit backing-ring tYPe, l9
outside-Packed lantem nng lYPe'
lntegral flange
example design, 86
Inrernal pressure formulas. derivation
ol
18
19
l,
313
l8
135
216
Leg suppoil for vcrtical vessels 20T
Lu-g rupp.,n for |ertical vessels' 195
28
51
ExamPle 2,
Heat ex&angel shell and tube
fabdcation
l2
baffles, 24
duplex tubes, 25'26
flanges, 23
shells, 21
tube rolling, 27
ferrules, 27
tubes, 25
345
344
10
vaporizer, I I
material,64,65
seating force, 63
final condenser,
vibration,238
ExamPle
l0
cooler, l0
condenseq
chillcr,9
cylinder,236
INDEX
Natural frequency of vibration, 260
Nomenclature of heat exchanger
components, 14
States,2l2
Selection of approximate leg size,
Pass
2r0
84,85,86
allowable stress
deflection sffess, 189
pressure stress, 189
total stress, 189
Pipe segment expansion joints. stress
analysis
due to differential movement, 186
due to intemal pressure, 186
2l
formulas, 317
Tubsheet, derivation of equation,
327
,333
346
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