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    1 Principles of Bioenergetics

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    Keshni Devi
    This document discusses bioenergetics and thermodynamics. It explains that: - Bioenergetics is the quantitative study of energy transformations in cells and the chemical processes underlying these transformations. Bioenergetic processes obey the laws of thermodynamics. - The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved. The second law states that entropy increases in natural processes, meaning the universe tends toward disorder. - Three key thermodynamic quantities are Gibbs free energy (G), enthalpy (H), and entropy (S). The change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) determines whether a reaction is exergonic (favorable) or endergonic (unfavorable).

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    1 Principles of Bioenergetics

    Uploaded by

    Keshni Devi
    154 views13 pages
    This document discusses bioenergetics and thermodynamics. It explains that: - Bioenergetics is the quantitative study of energy transformations in cells and the chemical processes underlying these transformations. Bioenergetic processes obey the laws of thermodynamics. - The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved. The second law states that entropy increases in natural processes, meaning the universe tends toward disorder. - Three key thermodynamic quantities are Gibbs free energy (G), enthalpy (H), and entropy (S). The change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) determines whether a reaction is exergonic (favorable) or endergonic (unfavorable).

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    Principles of Bioenergetics Biochemistry

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    This document discusses bioenergetics and thermodynamics. It explains that: - Bioenergetics is the quantitative study of energy transformations in cells and the chemical processes underlying these transformations. Bioenergetic processes obey the laws of thermodynamics. - The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved. The second law states that entropy increases in natural processes, meaning the universe tends toward disorder. - Three key thermodynamic quantities are Gibbs free energy (G), enthalpy (H), and entropy (S). The change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) determines whether a reaction is exergonic (favorable) or endergonic (unfavorable).

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    154 views13 pages

    1 Principles of Bioenergetics

    Uploaded by

    Keshni Devi
    This document discusses bioenergetics and thermodynamics. It explains that: - Bioenergetics is the quantitative study of energy transformations in cells and the chemical processes underlying these transformations. Bioenergetic processes obey the laws of thermodynamics. - The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved. The second law states that entropy increases in natural processes, meaning the universe tends toward disorder. - Three key thermodynamic quantities are Gibbs free energy (G), enthalpy (H), and entropy (S). The change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) determines whether a reaction is exergonic (favorable) or endergonic (unfavorable).

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    Nyi Mekar Saptarini

    The ability to harness energy & change it into


    biological work is a fundamental property of
    organism.
     Organisms carry out variety of energy
    transductions, conversions of one form of energy
    to another.
     They use the chemical energy in fuels to
    synthesis of complex, highly ordered
    macromolecules from simple precursors.
     They convert the chemical energy of fuels into
    concentration gradients & electrical gradients,
    into motion, heat, and light (few organisms).
    

    Bioenergetics and
    Thermodynamic

    Bioenergetics and
    Thermodynamics
    Bioenergetics is the quantitative study of the
    energy transductions in cells and of the
    nature and function of the chemical
    processes underlying these transductions.
     Bioenergetics obey the Laws of
    Thermodynamics
    

    Thermodynamics
    

    1st law : the principle of the conservation of energy : for any


    physical or chemical change, the total amount of energy in
    the universe remains constant; energy may change form or it
    may be transported from one region to another, but it
    cannot be created or destroyed.
    2nd law : the universe always tends toward increasing
    disorder: in all natural processes, the entropy of the universe
    increases.

    3 thermodynamic quantities
    1. Gibbs free energy, G
     energy capable of doing work during a
    reaction at constant T & P.
     Reaction proceeds with the release of free
    energy  G is negative value (exergonic).
     Reaction make the system gains free energy 
    G is positive value (endergonic).
     Unit : joules/mole or calories/mole.

    2. Enthalpy, H
     Heat content of the reacting system.
     It reflects the number and kinds of chemical
    bonds in the reactants and products.
     Reaction releases heat  H is negative value
    (exothermic).
     Systems take up heat from surroundings  H is
    positive values (endothermic).
     Unit : joules/mole or calories/mole.
     1 cal = 4.184 J

    3. Entropy, S
     expression for the randomness or disorder in a
    system.
     Products of a reaction are less complex & more
    disordered than the reactants  gain in entropy
     S is positive value.
     Unit : joules/mole.Kelvin (J/mol.K)

    G = H - TS

    Perubahan energi bebas


    G: Perubahan energi bebas
    Energi yang digunakan untuk
    melakukan kerja.
    Mendekati nilai nol bila reaksi
    mendekati kesetimbangan.
    Meramalkan apakah reaksi
    favorable.

    H: Perubahan entalpi
    Kalor yang dilepaskan atau diserap
    selama reaksi berlangsung.
    Tidak dapat meramalkan apakah
    reaksi favorable

    G = H - T
    S
    S: Perubahan entropi
    Ukuran ketidak teraturan
    Tidak dapat meramalkan apakah
    reaksi favorable.

    Perubahan energi bebas


    Energi bebas (G)

    AB

    BA

    AB
    Equilibrium
    Akhir

    Awal

    Akhir

    G = 0

    Awal
    G < 0

    G > 0
    Endergonic

    Exergonic
    Akhir

    Awal

    Koordinat reaksi

    Cells Require Sources of Free


    Energy
    Cells are isothermal systems.
     Heat flow is not a source of energy for cells.
     Cells can and must use is free energy.
     Cells acquire free energy from nutrient
    molecules.
     Photosynthetic cells acquire it from solar
    radiation.
     Cells transform free energy into ATP and
    other energy-rich compounds.
    

    Standard Free-Energy
    Change
    The composition of a reacting system (reactants
    & products) tends to continue changing until
    equilibrium is reached.
     The concentrations of reactants and products at
    equilibrium define the equilibrium constant, Keq.
    

    Standard conditions (298 K) : reactants &


    products are 1 M or for gases are 101.3 kPa or 1
    atm, the force driving the system toward
    equilibrium is defined as the standard free-energy
    change, G.
     Cells : H+ is 107 M (pH 7) & water is 55.5 M; for
    reactions that involve Mg 2+, concentration is 1
    mM  standard transformed constants (G
    & Keq)

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