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Technology Innovations Introduced Through The Years

2005

Single-Stage Reaction-Sequencing
(SSRS)

Commercialized full-conversion ISOCRACKING with sequenced reactors that

lowers energy and investment costs.

2003

ISOMIX Internals

Reactor internals integrating advanced mixing and redistribution technology

that produces very low radial spreads, high catalyst utilization and improved
unit operating safety.

1998

Optimized Partial Conversion

ISOCRACKING (OPC)

Revamp alternative that produces high conversion to very high-quality

products at less investment than conventional methods through the addition
of a small reactor.

1997

Split-Feed Injection

Commercialized split-feed configuration that integrates distillate ISOTREATING

with ISOCRACKING, significantly lowering investment costs.

1996

Upflow Reactor (UFR)

Upflow reactor, without onstream catalyst replacement, that enables refiners

to very economically increase capacity of their downstream unit without
significantly increasing reactor pressure drop.

Nautilus Internals

Innovative reactor internals that enhance liquid/liquid and gas/liquid

mixing to provide excellent radial temperature distribution in the reactor with
low pressure drop.

1993

ISODEWAXING

Catalytically isomerizes the molecular structure of the wax into isoparaffins

producing base oils with properties similar to synthetic base stocks.

1992

Onstream Catalyst Replacement (OCR)

Countercurrent moving-bed technology that replaces catalyst onstream.

OCR removes metals from feeds for downstream reactors enabling them
to process heavier feeds and/or achieve deeper desulfurization.

1978

LC-FINING

Residuum hydrocracking technology that economically achieves higher

conversion to light products from difficult feeds.

1977

VRDS Hydrotreating

Only technology capable of upgrading vacuum residuum from sour and heavy
crudes into ultra-low sulfur fuel oil.

1969

VGO Hydrotreating

Removes contaminants such as sulfur, nitrogen, condensed ring aromatics

and metals from VGO to produce environmentally acceptable clean fuels.

1966

RDS Hydrotreating

Residuum hydrotreating technology first introduced to produce low sulfur

fuels from high sulfur atmospheric residuum. Today, it is the most economic
alternative for pre-treating RFCC feed.

1959

ISOCRACKING

The worlds first hydroprocessing technology available for upgrading difficult

feeds into high-value transportation fuels. This flexible technology was rapidly
introduced using a variety of flow schemes, including single stage (with and
without liquid recycle) and two stage, to optimize performance for refiners.

1994

CLG

Helping Refiners Find the

Right Processing Schemes
for Cleaner Products
The toughest challenge facing refiners today is how to optimize the production of
cleaner products from a broad range of feeds. We speak from experience. We have
designed thousands of projects in 70+ countries.
Refiners choose our technologies because they deliver higher conversion to lighter
products and have fewer operating problems, regardless of feed quality. Why?
Because every project is tailored for optimizing the refiners desired product slate
from a given feedstock. Plus, from day one, every project is supported by a diverse
technical team largely comprised of people who have decades of hands-on,
day-to-day operating experience in refineries around the world.

We have designed thousands of projects

in 70+ countries. More than half of the
worlds hydroprocessing capacity uses
CLG technologies.

ISOCRACKING

Designed for optimizing

production of the cleanest
products from all types
of feeds

ISOTREATING

Crude

Atmospheric Tower

CLG
Technologies

Diesel and Lighter

Clean transportation fuels

Ultra-low sulfur diesel (<10 ppm)
FCC feed

VGO

Clean transportation fuels

Ultra-low sulfur diesel (<5 ppm, 55-70 cetane)
High smoke point jet (25-30 mm)
Ultra-low sulfur naphtha (<0.5 ppm)
FCC feed
Waxy lube feed

Russian Export/Urals

AR

Alaskan North Slope

West African
Venezuelan
Heavy Canadian
Oil Sands

ISOFINISHING

Middle Eastern

ISODEWAXING

Mayan
Group II/III base oils
High purity
Practically zero sulfur
Ultra-low aromatics

Fuels
FCC feed

Synthetic crude
Coker feed
SDA
Fuel oil (1% - 2% S)

RDS/VRDs

VR

OCR

UFR

Guard reactor
for dirtier feeds

LC-FINING

Chevron, a leading refiner and

innovator of hydroprocessing
technologies, combined resources
with Lummus Technology, a leading
technology and engineering company,
and formed Chevron Lummus Global
(CLG). CLG has a depth of experience
in designing, building and operating
hydroprocessing units unmatched in
the industry. Today, we offer a full
suite of technologies and catalysts
designed for optimizing production
of the cleanest products from all
types of feeds.

Clean transportation fuels

Low sulfur fuel oil (0.2% - 0.5% S)
RFCC feed (3-6 MCR, 5-15 ppm V & Ni)
Coker feed

Residuum

PROFIT
Bottom-of-the
barrel? Convert it
to a profit center.

Over the last decade, nearly 80%

of all refiners chose CLGs residuum hydroprocessing technologies
to convert difficult feeds to clean, low sulfur products.
In every project, CLG assesses the objectives and tailors the
technologies and catalysts to fit the unique processing requirements
of converting a given crude source into the desired product slate.

CLG offers a family of

residuum conversion
technologies and catalysts
that can be tailored to help
refiners optimize product
quality, product yield, run
length, capital investment
and operating costs:

LC-FINING is well-suited for hydrocracking extra-heavy

residuum, bitumen and vacuum residuum feedstocks
into low sulfur products.
RDS removes sulfur, nitrogen and metals from
residuum, producing clean RFCC feedstocks for
conversion into clean fuels and base oils.
UFR and OCR guard-bed technologies enable refiners
to increase feed throughput and/or process heavier
feeds with higher levels of contaminant metals while
maintaining excellent product qualities.

Residuum

LC-FINING
Ebullating Bed Process
Efficiently hydrocracks extra-heavy residuum, bitumen and vacuum residuum
feedstocks to high-quality transportation fuels and fuel oils

Mayan

CLGs ebullating bed process, LC-FINING, provides high distillate product yields while
concurrently removing metals, sulfur, Conradson Carbon Residuum (CCR) and asphaltenes
from difficult feedstocks. Only CLGs LC-FINING process reduces both capital investment
and operating expenses when upgrading to produce cleaner products from difficult feeds.
Its integrated onstream catalyst addition and withdrawal system eliminates the need to shut
down for catalyst replacements. The catalyst, and its addition rate, are customized for optimally
converting the refinerys crude source into the desired product slate.

Shell Canada generates higher revenue at its Scotford

upgrader with CLGs LC-FINING technology.
CLGs LC-FINING process efficiently hydrocracks residuum
and other low-quality feeds producing upgraded fuel oil and
transportation fuels. It also triples the value of bitumen from oil
sands by producing high-quality synthetic crude oil.

Russian Export/
Urals
Venezuelan
Heavy Canadian
Oil Sands

Heavy
Canadian
Oil Sands

LC-FINING hydrocracks
the most difficult feeds.

LC-FINING

The proprietary hydrogen recovery system is tailored to be either low or high pressure
depending upon the refinerys economics. The low-pressure recovery system eliminates most
of the high-pressure equipment required downstream of the reactors in other processes, while the
high-pressure recovery system reduces power consumption by 0.25 hp/bbl. In every project,
equipment pricing versus utility savings is evaluated so that production of the desired product
slate is optimized. When LC-FINING is integrated with coking and deasphalting, distillate liquid
yields as high as 92% can be achieved.

Middle Eastern

fuels
FCC feed
synthetic
crude
coker feed
SDA
fuel oil

Advantages of LC-FINING:
Ability to handle most difficult feeds with metals

content up to 600 ppm

Higher conversion of residuum to lighter distillates
Can be integrated with hydrotreating and

hydrocracking on same processing platform

Higher reliability
Can run continuously for 4 years
Lower catalyst consumption
Lower operating costs

The adult Emperor Penguin stands up to 48 in. (122 cm) tall and can weigh from 50-100 lbs
(22-45 kg). Highly adapted to their harsh Antarctic environment, penguins have the highest
feather density of any bird, can drink saltwater, and dive to depths of 1,500-1,600 ft (450-500 m)
without risk of barotrauma or decompression sickness. With no land predators, penguins have
no fear of humans and will approach to within 10 ft (3 m) without hesitation.

The LC-FINING ebullating-bed process efficiently converts petroleum bottoms and other heavy hydrocarbons into
high-quality fuel oils, or prepares them for more efficient conversion into ultra-low sulfur distillate products.
Feed from extra-heavy residuum, deasphalted oil or bitumen from oil sands is mixed with hydrogen and reacted with
catalyst in an ebullating bed reactor. The back mixing in the ebullated bed reactor produces an efficient isothermal
operation, eliminating the need for quenches within the reactor. Product quality is maintained at a consistently high level
because fresh catalyst is intermittently added and spent catalyst removed while the reactor is onstream.

thermowell nozzle
normal bed level
skin TCs

Reactor products flow to the high-pressure separator, low-pressure separator and then to product fractionation. Recycled
hydrogen is separated and purified. Depending on refinery economics, the commercially proven low-pressure hydrogen
recovery system can be utilized for purification of the recycle gas, which requires lower capital investment and allows design
at lower gas rates.
Residuum product from the LC-FINING process can be used as fuel oil, synthetic crude or as feedstock to a coker or
a solvent deasphalter. With conversion rates of 80% and higher, LC-FINING delivers high yields and high removal of
contaminants in a safe, reliable, easy-to-operate plant at low investment.

LC-FINING Liquid Products Yields Versus Coking

catalyst addition line

density detector
radiation source well

LC-FINING maximizes
sulfur and metals removal.

density detectors

565 oC Conversion
Range
60 - 80

catalyst withdrawal line

feed

% HDM

85

% HDS

85

recycle pump

Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel and Gas Oil from the LC-FINING Process
LC-FINING technology can be easily integrated with distillate hydrotreating or hydrocracking processes to produce
high-quality middle distillate products. Unlike coking, clean products can be produced without building an
additional plant. By eliminating the need for additional downstream processing, refiners who choose LC-FINING
have a more economical upgrade path for meeting the global demand for cleaner fuels. With more than 350,000
BPSD of difficult feed being converted to clean product using LC-FINING technology, its reliability is being proven
day after day.

110.0
100.0
90.0

LPG
Naphtha
K&D
LVGO
FCC Feed
HSFO

80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0

LC-FINING
Configuration Options
LC-FINING process
configurations provide
higher liquid product
yields versus coking.

Single Reactor
LC-FINING / ISOFINING

Multi-Reactor LC-FINING

30.0

Characterization

Capable of producing synthetic crude or coker feed

High LHSV, low-cost option

Two or three stage reactors in series

Moderate to high conversion and heteroatom removal

High conversion with excellent product qualities

Integrated hydrotreater or hydrocracker produces ultra-low sulfur diesel or VGO

Deasphalting either upstream or downstream of LC-FINING unit

Pitch can be pelletized or processed further in a coker or POX unit

Low to moderate residuum conversion

Efficient heavy-crude upgrading

Capable of producing LSFO or coker feed

20.0
10.0

Coke
Asphalt

0.0
LC-FINING +
HDT + SDA

LC-FINING
+ HDT

LC-FINING

Coking + HDT

Residuum conversion volumetric yields with typical ME crudes

Multi-Reactor LC-FINING
with Integrated
Hydroprocessing of
Converted LC-FINING Feed
Combination of LC-FINING
with Deasphalting

Efficient use of high-pressure circuit

Maximizes distillate production

Residuum

effluent

How LC-FINING Works

Residuum

RDS/ VRDS

Ni + V ppm

Fixed-Bed Residuum Hydrotreating

400

Mayan

300

Venezuelan Heavy
Iranian Heavy

200

California Heavy

100

Arabian Heavy
Kuwait
Alaskan North Slope

West Texas

Residuum Metals Content

Fixed-bed residuum
hydrotreating units can readily
process feedstocks containing
as much as 150 ppm metals
(Ni + V). Adding a UFR or OCR
guard-bed reactor enables
refiners to process feeds with
as high as 400 ppm metals
(Ni + V).

Pre-treats residuum from heavy crudes for ultra-low sulfur fuel oil production
and for RFCC conversion into high-quality, ultra-low sulfur transportation fuels
CLGs fixed-bed residuum hydrotreating technologies, RDS for atmospheric residuum
hydrotreating and VRDS for vacuum residuum desulfurization, provide a short, economical
processing path for producing higher-value products from difficult feeds. Residuum Fluid
Catalytic Cracking (RFCC) is the most popular processing route for the complete
conversion of residuum oils. Without a pre-treating system in place, refiners must process
atmospheric residuum from expensive crudes that are low in metals, carbon residuum
and sulfur to avoid operating problems. Pre-treating RFCC feed with CLGs hydrogenefficient RDS/VRDS technologies sufficiently saturates even the most difficult feeds so
that no further processing is necessary to produce high-value, light products.
CLG invented the technology in 1966. In the last 20 years, 90% of all fixed-bed residuum units
have been licensed by CLG. Detailed operating data on feed and processing results have
been collected and analyzed. With that information the reactor internals and catalyst systems
have been continually refined and upgraded so that every unit is optimized for product quality,
yield, run length, capital investment and operating costs.

Heavy
Feeds

R
D
S

cleaner
transportation fuels
low sulfur fuel oil
(0.2% - 0.5% S)
RFCC feed
(3-6 MCR, 5-15 ppm V & Ni)
coker feed

Customized catalyst and superior internals extend operating cycles

After completing a thorough analysis of feed characteristics relative to operating kinetics and
chemical reaction, CLG tailors the catalyst system for optimal performance. Every catalyst
system is unique to the refiners particular need. As a result of a robust catalyst grading system
and ISOMIX internals, 12 months or longer cycle lengths are achieved while meeting targeted
specifications for demetallization, desulfurization, carbon residuum reduction, denitrification
and increased cracking conversion.
With a CLG RDS/VRDS residuum hydrotreating unit in the processing scheme, refiners have
more exibility in feed selection, achieve higher product yields and have fewer feed-related
operating problems.

RDS & VRDS technologies

have successfully improved
the efficiency of every type of
RFCC unit in operation today.

Birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs approximately 150200 million years ago.
Today, there are nearly 10,000 living species. Among the most intelligent animal species,
birds have been observed manufacturing and using tools as well as forming fishing
associations with dolphins and tuna, which push shoaling fish towards the surface.

OCR

Guard-Bed Technologies Economically Increase Capacity from RDS Units

CLGs Onstream Catalyst Replacement (OCR) process

technology employs a countercurrent, moving-bed
reactor. Like UFR, it enables refiners to significantly
increase capacity or improve product quality from a
xed-bed RDS unit where a small fraction of spent
OCR catalyst is withdrawn and replaced with fresh
OCR catalyst on a weekly basis. When adding an OCR
reactor in front of the RDS unit, reners can increase feed
throughput and/or process heavier feeds with higher
levels of contaminant metals, while maintaining excellent
product qualities and long fixed-bed run lengths. OCR
enables reners to process residuums with up to 400
ppm metals (Ni + V) or to achieve deeper desulfurization
when processing low-metal feeds. In either case, the life
of the downstream catalyst is improved substantially and
problems from pressure drop buildup are reduced.

UFR
CLGs Upflow Reactor (UFR) process technology uses an
upflow guard-bed reactor that is added to the processing
scheme before the fixed-bed RDS reactors. It enables
refiners to increase capacity, process heavier feeds or
improve product quality from a fixed-bed RDS unit.
With a UFR in the processing scheme, reners can
increase feed throughput and/or process heavier feeds
that have higher levels of contaminant metals while
maintaining excellent product qualities. The UFR has
lower pressure drop across the reactor than when a
traditional down-ow, xed-bed guard reactor is used.
Consequently, capacity of the system can be increased
by as much as 50%.

The principle advantages of the UFR are:

Low pressure drop
 Prevention of guard-bed plugging problems thanks to
the slightly expanded catalyst bed
In case of RDS retrofits, no need to change out recycle
gas compressors
 Opportunity to increase capacity as much as 50% in
limited plot space
Ability to add catalyst transfer system later
Longer life of downstream xed-bed catalyst
Plus, it provides refiners with the greatest flexibility if
they want to process heavier feeds at a later date.

Upflow Versus Downflow Reactors

With a UFR, refiners can process heavier feeds and/or earn
higher margins.

Residuum

UFR/OCR

From Heavy Feeds to High-Value

Products Takes Just the Right Catalyst
Converting heavy feeds into high-value light products is
a challenge for any processing scheme. CLGs residuum
technologies outperform the competition because the
catalyst system is designed to maximize the refiners
operating objectives. Working with Advanced Refining
Technologies (ART), the catalyst joint venture of
Chevron and Grace, CLG brings a level of processing
customization knowledge unequaled in the industry.
Together, ART and CLG have invested millions of dollars
in technologies and catalysts that can maximize returns
from the bottom-of-the-barrel. As a result, our licensees
achieve greater conversion to lighter products and have
fewer feed-related operating problems while processing
heavier feeds.

OCR improves fixed-bed reactor volumes,

particularly with high-metals residuum feedstocks.
Percentage Removal

Feature

Upflow

Downflow

80%

Catalyst bed condition

Slight expansion

Fixed

70%

Submerged in
oil, very uniform

May not be uniform

60%

KNPC chose CLGs UFR/RDS for the worlds

largest residuum hydrotreater complex.

Catalyst contacting
and wetting

Flow distribution

Good

Worse toward EOR

KNPC designed its New Refinery Project to help improve the

states environment while meeting the growing domestic need
for power generation. To meet these objectives, they chose
CLGs UFR and RDS technologies to economically produce
250,000 BPSD of low-polluting, low sulfur fuel oil from
Kuwaits heavy crude.

Conditions for good

Low gas rate
flow distribution

Pressure drop
Very low

High liquid and

gas rate

Plugging potential
Low

Minimized with
grading

Catalyst agglomeration Less likely

Increasing with feed

contaminants

50%

Moderate and
increasing

40%
30%
20%

Sulfur Removal
Metals Removal

10%
0%
0

120

240

360
480
600
Days Onstream

720

840

960

The OCR can maintain high demetallization and

desulfurization activity for as long as 3 to 4 years.

ISOCRACKING
Processing Technology and Catalysts for Producing Clean Fuels
and Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel

Nearly half of the worlds refiners are using CLGs hydrocracking technology,
ISOCRACKING, and are producing more than 2 million barrels a day of clean fuels.
The lessons learned from completing more than 100 projects, with very diverse
requirements, enable us to offer expertise in hydrocracking that few, if any, other
companies can match. As a result, CLG licensees earn top Solomon ratings with high
operating factors, unparalleled safety records and consistently reliable performance.

A clear upgrade path

Refiners today are finding that the increased demand for high-quality transportation
fuels is forcing them to convert a higher percentage of crude oil to lighter products.
For many, that means adding hydrocracking capacity to meet more stringent product
specifications. To maintain profitability, it is essential that these quality improvements
be made without sacrificing product yield.

ISOCRACKING

CLGs hydrocracking experience began with Chevrons invention of modern

hydrocracking more than 50 years ago. Since then, CLG and Chevron have spent
hundreds of millions of dollars developing hydrocracking technologies and catalysts
that optimize the production of cleaner fuels.

Green Fuels
Diesel Cetane index 55-70

Sulfur, ppm < 5
Jet

Smoke point, 25-30 mm

Heavy Sulfur, ppm < 0.5

Naphtha
CLG ISOCRACKING produces
cleaner fuels.

ISOCRACKING
VGO

CLGs ISOCRACKING technology is the most flexible upgrade path to lighter

products a path that can help you reach a balance between stringent product
specifications, product yield, cycle run length, capital investment and operating costs.
CLG has helped refiners working with difficult feeds, such as heavy coker gas oils,
deasphalted oils and material with a high end point (>1,000F) to efficiently produce
clean fuels.
Around the world, the allowable limit for sulfur in transportation fuels is moving lower.
In California, where CLGs headquarters are located, it went to 15 ppm in 2006. In
Europe it went to 10 ppm in 2009. Through the years, CLG has repeatedly been the
first to introduce technologies and catalysts that enable refiners to economically,
safely and reliably meet tough new standards for cleaner transportation fuels.

ICR 179
ICR 180
ICR 183
ICR 245

clean transportation fuels

ultra-low sulfur diesel (<5 ppm)
high smoke point jet (25-30 mm)
Ultra-low sulfur naphtha (<0.5 ppm)
FCC feed

About 88% of amphibian species are frogs. Frogs have been critical to
science for centuries. Today biochemists are studying frog toxins for use as
therapeutic drugs. Chemicals isolated from frog skin produce a painkiller
200 times more potent than morphine and have shown to be HIV resistant.

CLG Customizes the Processing Scheme and Catalyst Selection

So Refiners Can Maximize Profitability While Producing Clean Fuels

Two-Stage Recycle (TSR)

Novel Configurations -

Single-Stage Once-Through (SSOT)

The SSOT configuration produces feedstocks with superior characteristics for FCC feeds, high-V.I. lubricant base stocks
or ethylene plant feeds. It employs a moderately high-pressure design in conjunction with a tailored catalyst system
that maximizes hydrodenitrification and produces high-hydrocracking activity. Because it uses only moderate pressure
hydrocracking, the initial investment is lower. However, it provides a seamless upgrade path for economically revamping
the process at a later date.

Single-Stage Recycle (SSREC)

SSREC incorporates a recycle stream and enables 100% conversion of lighter, high-quality feeds to clean products.
Depending on the type of feed and desired product slate balance, SSREC can be an economical upgrade path for
increasing yields of cleaner products. The SSREC is also an efficient option for processing heavy feeds in lowcapacity units.

Single-Stage Confi gu ration

make-up H2

reactor

recycle
gas

Building Blocks for the Future

light naphtha
heavy naphtha
kerosene
diesel

SSREC is a less
expensive processing
scheme for very high
conversion of light feeds
or low-capacity units.
It offers lower initial
investment and flexibility
for expansion.

ISOCRACKING TSR

CLG has commercialized a series of

process innovations that lower investment
and operating costs, including:

Complete conversion of gas oil to products

Maximized recycle cut-point flexibility
Maximized yield of middle distillates

ISOCRACKING with Integrated

Efficient production of very high-quality

kerosene and diesel fuels

Hydrotreating - It can save about

30% of the investment cost of a
stand- alone hydrotreater.

Production of heavy naphtha product that

is excellent reformer feed

Optimized Partial Conversion (OPC) -

It reduces the investment cost for a

partial conversion unit with difficult-to-
process feeds and is also ideal for
revamps.

Reverse-Stage ISOCRACKING -

product gas

fresh feed

CLGs TSR reactor is designed for optimizing high-capacity plants. For plant capacities exceeding 40,000
BPSD, TSR requires a smaller investment than a Single-Stage Recycle (SSREC) configuration. With TSR,
refiners can process a wider range of feeds and feed rates.

It allows full conversion while lowering

energy and investment costs.

make-up hydrogen
fresh
recycle gas
stage 1
reactor

product gas

light naphtha
heavy naphtha
kerosene
diesel

fi rst stage
product

Two-Stage
Configuration
with or without
recycled oil

ISOCRACKING

Every refiner has unique operating parameters. CLGs experienced technical team works with each licensee to design
a solution that maximizes that refiners benefit, and in the case of revamp designs, minimizes disruption to the existing
refinery operations.

FCC feed

stage 2
reactor
second stage
product

ISOTREATING

Reactor Bed 3 Top/Middle/Bottom Delta Temp.

Refineries Can Convert Up to 99% of Straight-Run and Cracked Feeds to Ultra-Clean

Diesel and Kerosene

Delta Temp. (C)

Top radial spread

Middle radial spread
Bottom radial spread

Reactors retrofit
with ISOMIX
internals have better
temperature stability
with significant
reduction in hot spots
and temperature
maldistribution. This
extends catalyst life
and increases yields.

Run Time (days)

The function of the ISOTREATING process is the removal of sulfur and other contaminants (such as nickel
and vanadium) from the feed, and to saturate molecules, so refiners can transform more difficult feeds into
higher-value products. Highly flexible, the ISOTREATING process can be added either downstream from a
residuum hydroprocessing unit, such as LC-FINING, or integrated with any hydrocracking processing scheme
to improve product quality and yield.
With more than 10 units in operation it has been demonstrated that integrating a reactor for ISOTREATING
requires 40% lower investment to achieve a given processing objective. The reaction section requires 50%
fewer pieces than that of a stand-alone unit. Additionally, when processing feed from an LC-FINING unit, the
hydrotreating reactors share the same high-pressure hydrogen loop, utilizing the excess hydrogen remaining
in the LC-FINING effluent. The success of the ISOTREATING process is a combination of science and
experience. Every processing scheme is unique, so, based on its experience, CLG customizes the catalyst
selection and layering in the reactor to optimize production of the desired product slate.
As a result, CLG has enabled refiners to upgrade heavy refractory feeds into
high-value products with minimal capital expense and operating costs.
Low pressure 800 - 900 psia H2
High pressure 1400 - 1500 psia H2

ISOMIX Inside

Benefits of FCC Pretreating

Note: Delta yields are the hydrotreated yields minus
the non-hydrotreated yields

High-Performance Reactor Internals Provide Uniform Distribution and Prevent Hot Spots

The ISOTREATING process improves

the value of products from FCC feed

With CLGs ISOMIX reactor internals for xed-bed hydroprocessing reactors, refiners can maximize catalyst utilization
from high-activity catalysts and improve clean-product yields from more difficult feeds.

Lower sulfur products (i.e., gasoline)

25.0

Preserved octane

20.0

Lower SOx emissions

The ISOMIX flow nozzles uniformly distribute gas and liquid to the catalyst bed providing good gas-liquid mixing and
heat exchange. Given the even flow, over a range of flow rates, the performance is less affected by distributor tray outof-levelness. Plus, the spray pattern produced minimizes the catalyst depth needed for uniform and complete wetting.
Consequently, there is greater catalyst utilization and higher reactor volume efficiency.

Increased gasoline yield

ISOMIX internals have been used in reactors as large as 15 ft (4.6 m) in diameter and have proven to be highly safe and
reliable. They take less reactor space, extend catalyst life and increase yields over other internals.

Less LCO
Better cetane

Significant increase in conversion

Delta Yields, wt %

ISOMIX internals consist of ISOMIX nozzles for flow distribution and the ISOMIX mixing box. The ISOMIX mixing box
provides thorough inter-bed mixing and quenching which prevents propagation of temperature maldistribution from bed
to bed. This minimizes hot spots and provides better operating control.

30.0

15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
-10.0
-15.0
-20.0

Gasoline

LCO

Bottoms Conversion

ISOCRACKING

After installation of
ISOMIX internals

Maximum Conversion of Middle East VGO Feed

Ongoing Catalyst Development

140
120

LPG
light naphtha

80

heavy naphtha

60

kerosene

40

diesel

20
0
middle distillate

kerosene

naphtha naphtha
kerosene

Proven Performance from ISOCRACKING Catalyst Systems

The effectiveness of CLGs tailored catalyst systems has been proven over and over again by improved hydrocracking
performance. In general, ISOCRACKING catalysts deliver:

Increasing Zeolitic Character of Catalyst

ISOCRACKING Catalysts

CLG experts tailor catalyst

systems to optimize a refiners
processing objectives.

Tailored Catalyst Systems

With the demand for cleaner and cleaner fuels growing rapidly, proper catalyst selection is more important than ever.
With more than 50 years of experience developing both hydrocracking catalysts and technologies, we have learned that
optimizing production is best achieved by layering one or more hydrodenitrification and hydrocracking catalysts and
creating a catalyst system unique to the refiners operating environment and processing objectives. CLG designs layered
(and even blended) catalyst systems because the feedstock changes chemical properties along the reaction pathway.
With a layered/blended system, refiners achieve maximum conversion and throughput while meeting more stringent
product quality specifications.
We start by assessing feedstock type, operating conditions, the desired product specifications, and unit operating
objectives. That data is then compared to the information we have accumulated from our work with the operators of more
than half of the hydrocracking units in operation today. Given the wide variety of feedstocks, processing conditions and
tightening product specifications, there is seldom a perfect match, but our library of actual operating data is so large, we
are able to complete analytical iterations with a high degree of confidence. CLG knows how to formulate and combine
catalysts for optimum synergy between components. The end result is a catalyst system that optimizes the balance of
cracking activity, hydrogenation activity, yield selectivity and catalyst life.

Diesel fuel with a very high cetane

number and low pour point even from
poor-quality feeds
Kerosene with low freeze points and high
smoke points optimum fuel combustion
characteristics

Higher yield of high-value product

over other hydrocracking catalysts
when producing middle distillate
products and lube base stocks
High onstream factor by
minimizing deposit of solids on
processing equipment

Greater flexibility in processing a wider

range of feeds from different crudes

Hydrogen-rich products that

provide better yields and product
properties when used as feed for
further downstream processing
such as FCC, ethylene or lube oil
Longer catalyst life for a
given processing scheme
Predictable and stable operations

Only CLG has the technical experience, expertise and catalyst selection necessary to blend catalysts in a way that
optimizes the synergy between catalysts and technology to improve yields and product qualities.

Technical Expertise with You Every Step of the Way

In addition to providing tailored catalyst solutions, CLG also provides tailored technical support. During the critical
catalyst loading process, CLG provides a team of technical experts who have hands-on experience in refinery
operations around the world. They help get your hydrocrackers onstream quickly, and will help keep them running
at peak efficiency with comprehensive support programs that provide the technical information and assistance you
need before, during and after catalyst loading. Proper catalyst loading is critical to optimizing performance.

ISOCRACKING

100

The need to get more productivity, more flexibility and more profitability from the hydrocracking process is an
ongoing challenge for refiners. CLGs ISOCRACKING catalyst development team has been addressing that
challenge for more than 50 years. In the 60s, the focus was on the production of transportation fuels using
amorphous catalysts. In the 80s, the portfolio was expanded to zeolitic catalysts for maximizing the production
of naphtha and jet fuel. Since then, the investment in R&D and pilot plant facilities has continued to grow as CLG
tackles the primary challenge of today, how to process the highest quality products from the broadest range of
feed, without compromising yield or operating safety.

ISODEWAXING Technology & Catalysts

Producing Premium, Water-White Base Oils
The world of base oil manufacturing was revolutionized when CLG introduced
ISODEWAXING technology and catalysts in 1993. Environmental and regulatory
groups were demanding cleaner-burning, more fuel-efficient engines, but engine
manufacturers were constrained by insufficient capacity of high-quality lubricants
that could produce the required performance.

ISOFINISHING

These molecules have high V.I., low-pour points and excellent resistance to oxidation.
Further, because the ISODEWAXING process preserves the base oils parafnicity, it
can produce higher product V.I. and/or higher yields than other dewaxing processes.
Today, more than 60% of the worlds premium base oil is produced using CLGs
technology. Those base oils are being used worldwide to produce lubricants that
meet stringent performance specications including:

ISODEWAXING

ISODEWAXING technology was

commercialized at Chevrons
Richmond Lube Oil Plant (RLOP) in
1993. It was a huge improvement
over other catalytic dewaxing
processes because it delivered
unprecedented high yield and
base oils with superior lubricating
properties. ISODEWAXING
technology quickly became the
preferred upgrade path for producing
high-quality Group II and Group III
base oils. Today, CLG as a licensor,
has more experience integrating
premium base oil production, in a
variety of processing schemes,
than any other licensor.

ISOCRACKING

High-quality lubricants require high-quality base stocks. Producing high-quality base

stocks requires chemically transforming undesirable compounds in the feed. Prior to
the introduction of the ISODEWAXING technology, solvent processing was used to
remove the undesirable compounds. Many impurities were left in the oil. Alternatively,
ISODEWAXING technology catalytically transforms waxy feed molecules into highly
stable base oil molecules that can be tailored to meet the needs of almost any
lubricant application.

group 11/111 base oils

high purity
practically zero sulfur
ultra-low aromatics

Lighter viscosity grades for increased fuel economy,

Lower volatility for reduced oil consumption and oil thickening,
Improved oxidation and thermal stability for longer drain intervals, and
Improved lubricant performance at low and high temperatures to meet

the needs of modern engine designs.

Fish became a successful species when it developed a hinged jaw, after which
it became a dominant form of sea life and eventually branched to create land
vertebrates. Scientists speculate that the hinged jaw gave fish better access to
food because of greater biting force and an improved respiratory system.

ISODEWAXING

Sixty percent of the worlds

premium base oil is produced using
CLGs ISODEWAXING technology.

Manufacturing vehicles with improved engine performance requires widespread

availability of millions of gallons of low-volatility, low-viscosity lubricants. CLGs
ISODEWAXING technology and catalysts made this possible, and, in the process,
improved manufacturing operations and ROI for refiners.

CLGs Experience is Your Opportunity

CLGs technical team can help refiners optimize production of premium base oils from a broad range of feeds including
vacuum gas oil (VGO); renery process streams such as hydrocrackate or deasphalted oil (DAO), raffinates, foots oil and
slack wax produced in existing solvent base oil facilities; or other waxes. Even feeds with close to 100% wax, such as slack
wax, hard wax and Fischer-Tropsch derived wax, can be converted to high-value premium base oils in a once-through
process without recycling unconverted wax. Using ISODEWAXING technology base oils with V.I. ranging from 95 to 140
and higher can be produced from any of these feeds. Pour points may range from low (-9 to -15C) to ultra-low (<-40C).
CLGs three-step, all-hydroprocessing scheme includes: ISOCRACKING technology (or ISOTREATING if processing
solvent-extracted rafnates) to remove impurities, increase V.I. and improve thermal and UV stability; ISODEWAXING
technology to reduce pour point; and ISOFINISHING technology to improve oxidation stability and color.

The World is Moving to All-Hydroprocessing

In response to increased capacity of high-quality base oils, automotive OEMs are rewriting performance specications.
CLGs all-hydroprocessing technology leads the way for meeting these new specications, and is recognized worldwide
for operational exibility and superior product qualities.

EXPERIENCE THE DIFFERENCE

CLG is the only licensor of hydroprocessing technologies that is experienced
as both a refiner and world-class engineering company. Most of our staff have
had hands-on operating experience with Chevron, one of the largest refiners
in the United States. Our expertise extends to every phase of high-pressure
hydroprocessing and we make it available to you through individualized
service and a worldwide technical support network that is second to none.
When you choose CLG as your technology licensor, you gain access
to a breadth of experience that started with the invention of modern
hydroprocessing and expanded to include upgrading most of the worlds
hydroprocessing-based refineries so they could optimize the production
of cleaner products.
From day one, CLG provides an experienced team of research, development
and process engineers offering technical information and assistance including:
Pilot plant studies
Design follow-up
Operator training
Startup assistance
On-site technical support
Users seminars
Technology updates

Lube Yield Comparison Hydrocracking/Dewaxing to Make 100 V.I. Base Oil

Hydrocracker Hydrocracker Dewaxer Dewaxer

feed rate,
waxy base
feed rate, yield %
BPD
oil yield %
BPD

Base
oil yields,
BPD

Catalytic
10,000
52
dewaxing

5,200

81

4,200

Solvent
10,000
63
dewaxing

6,300

84

5,300

ISODEWAXING
10,000
75

7,500

94

7,050

Using all-new
ISODEWAXING
catalyst to make
premium base
oils allows the
refiner to lower
processing severity
in the hydrocracker
and substantially
increase yields.

 atalyst regeneration and disposal consultation

C
New product development and improvement
Equipment evaluation
Plant modification/optimization
Debottlenecking assistance
Procedures development
Technology symposia

The result has been a worldwide network of hydroprocessing-based

refineries with high operating factors, unparalleled safety records and
a history of reliable performance.

ISOCRACKING, ISODEWAXING, ISOFINISHING, ISOMIX, ISOTREATING,

OCR and UFR are trademarks of Chevron Intellectual Property LLC.
Copyright 2009 by Chevron Lummus Global LLC
All rights reserved.
Printed on recycled paper

CHEVRON LUMMUS GLOBAL

USA
Headquarters
(Marketing, R&D and Engineering Services)
100 Chevron Way
Richmond, California 94801-2016
Tel: +1 (510) 242-3177
Fax: +1 (925) 842-1412
Marketing and Engineering Services
1515 Broad Street
Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003-3096
Tel: +1 (973) 893-3840
Fax: +1 (973) 893-2000

EUROPE
Marketing
P.O. Box 96800
2509JE, The Hague
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 70-373-3631
Fax: +31 70-373-3639

www.chevronlummus.com

Butterflies are notable for their metamorphosis from

larval caterpillar, to inactive pupal, and then into one
of natures most beautiful creatures.

CLG has spent more than 50 years developing refining technologies, catalysts and processes
that enable refiners to transform the most difficult crudes into the cleanest, safest products
possible. We continue to invest millions of dollars annually in research on ways to do it better.
Working together we can help protect the environment around us.