Good Piping Layout Guidelines

Good Piping Layout Guidelines

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Posted: 09 Aug 2010,15:12

1)Always provide Flat on top (FOT) eccentric reducer in pump suction line :Concentric or Eccentric Reducers do not "cause" cavitation. Cavitation occurs naturally in all
pump suction lines_ The suction of a pump is the lowering of the pressure in the suction line
to the pump_ The lowering of the pressure of the line fluid lowers the vapor pressure in the
line_ The lowering of the vapor pressure allows the fluid to "Boir' at a lower temperature_
When a fluid boils it starts to form bubbles_ As the bubbles form they will join and become
larger_ These large bubbles create "cavities" in the suction fluid_ When these cavities come in
contact with the pump impeller they cause cavitation erosion.
We cannot prevent the formation of these tiny cavitation bubbles. What We can do is reduce
the potentialfor the build-up of larger bubbles and therefore reduce the impact of cavitation
erosion. A reducer installed in the line does not cause or prevent the formation of the tiny
bubbles or cavitation. What it can do, if improperly installed is to provide a place where the
tiny bubbles can collect, build bigger bubbles and then be sucked into the pump.
An Eccentric Reducer properly installed, with the Flat-On-Top (FOT) in a pump suction line
does not provide a place where these bubbles can collect. They are swept right through the
pump while they are small and insignificant. On the other hand a Concentric Reducer or an
Eccentric Reducer installed improperly (Flat-On-Bottom) in a pump suction line will provide a
place for the tiny bubbles to collect and build. Then We have a higher effect of cavitation
erosion.
Kindly share in this thread your experiences regarding "Good piping layout
guidelines(techniques)" so that all members can be benefited.

Re: Good Piping Layout Guidelines

by Qaiser

Posted: 09 Aug 2010,15:26

Good initiative.

Re: Good Piping Layout Guidelines

by a repro

Posted: 10 Aug 2010,01:02

Placement of valves within a piping system should be carefully handled as inappropriate

placement can be detrimentalto system function. The valve may malfunction in
waterhammer and can lead to failure. Some brief considerations have been provided:
ControlValves
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Controlvalves shall be installed with the valve stem in the upright position and a minimum of
3 diameters of straight pipe shall be provided both on the upstream and downstream of the
valve in order to reduce the turbulence of the fluid entering and leaving the valve.
Butterfly Valves
Butterfly valves shall be provided with minimum of 5 diameters of straight pipe on the
upstream of the valve.
Check Valves
In case of check valves, it has been experienced that chattering occurs due to turbulence
on the upstream of the valve due to branches and elbows so the designer must consider the
guideline provided by the valve manufacturer and provide a straight length of piping on the
upstream side. The preferred position of check valves is in the horizontalrun of the piping
but swing check valves also operate normally in verticalruns of the pipe also with the flow
UP. However, the velodty and the rate of flow must be enough to lift the valve disk from the
seat.
Safety Valves
Safety relief valves shall be installed in an upright position always with fittings on the top of
the horizontalrun of the pipe (pressure source) and shall at least be placed one nominal
diameter of header from any butt weld.

Re: Good Piping Layout Guidelines

by mechcolor

Posted: 14 Aug 2010, 14:46

3) Underground Piping Installation Practices

Underground piping installation shall be made very carefully especially where electricalcables
are nearby so that any leakage from piping during operation may not affect electricalcables
network. Sand barriers and brick arrangement shall be provided around the electricalcables.
It should also be noted that electricalcables must follow the path that should be above the
underground piping. For both underground electricalcables and piping, sand bed of at least
300 mm must be provided which would prevent any damage to the piping while any
excavation. Supports I anchors at bends on underground piping shall be properly installed
especially when non-metallic piping is being laid. Much of the load comes to the anchors
I supports which if not transferred properly may cause any piping joint to leak.

Re: Good Piping Layout Guidelines

by ashfaqanwer

Posted: 20 Aug 2010, 06:24

4) Reciprocating Compressor Suction 8: Discharge Piping

1. Normally, suction of compressor is provided on the top of the cylinder and discharge on the
bottom
2. Branch connections to the suction header of compressor are given from the top of the
header.
3. Suction 8: discharge piping shall be kept as straight as possible between the compressors
and the headers.
4. The piping should have minimum overhanging weight, bradng structure should be provided
as needed to reduce vibrations produced by compressor.
5. For piping, high strength butt weld fittings must be considered and socket weld fittings to
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be avoided.
6. Most likely failure which can take place in compressor piping is fatigue due to cyclic
loading. Adequate supports must be provided and follow point 4.

GeneralPlant Piping
by Usman Amin

Posted: 20 Aug 2010,11:50

The basic philosophy behind designing of Generalpiping is to provide access for maintenance
ft operability. All the manualvalves should be in easy access. No dead lugs should happen to
avaoid liquid or vapor containments. Drain and vent are provided at lowest and highest
points. Expasion loops should provided as per temperature and size requirements to avoid
abnormalexpansion. Flange joints should be minimum but should be provided where
maintenance is necessary. Where two different fluid ft pressure streams mixing is required
NRV should be provided to avoid backflow and contamination. Hot insulation along with steam
tracing should be provided where there is chance of liquid freezing. Hot insulation shall also
be used where there is chance to hot exposure to the operators. Generally Butt welding is
provided for 2" above piping and socketweld joints are preffered for 2" and below pipes.
When above ground piping is connected to underground piping insulations kits are provided
for electricalisolation as UG piping is connected to CP system. Where there is class break
proper provisions should be fadlitated. All field welds and golden joints shall be RT tested if
they are above 2". Smaller piping shall be atleast OPT tested. Piping route should be simple
and striaght as far as possible. Rolling may provided when necessary.

Re: Good Piping Layout Guidelines

by ashfaqanwer

Posted: 20 Aug 2010,18:24

Keep going Usman.

Re: Good Piping Layout Guidelines

by a repro

Posted: 22 Aug 2010,16:29

Insulation Shoes ft Cradles

1. Locate Insulation shoes anywhere a line crosses a support for hot insulated piping when the
piping is 3 inch and over in carbon and alloy steelmaterialwith design temperatures over 650
degrees f_
2_ Large diameter stainless steellines (20 inches and over) where galvanic corrosion may
exist, lines with wall thickness less than standard weight, and vacuum lines should be analyzed
to determine if shoes or wear plates are needed.
3. Provide cradles at supports for insulated lines in cold service and for acousticalapplications.

Re: Good Piping Layout Guidelines

by a repro

Posted: 30 Aug 2010,11:33

Positioning of Pipes on Pipe Racks

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1. Place the large diameter pipes (greater than 12") close to the columns of supporting steel

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I civilstructure to reduce the stresses on the support beams.

2. Utilities piping (cooling water, steam, nitrogen, instrument air etc.) should be provided
with a blind at the end of the piping in order to fadlitate flushing or purging of lines when
required.
3. Steam and other high temperature lines requiring expansion loops shall also be placed in a
way that the expansion loop must come inside the pipe rack area (towards the inside)
4. Under the pipe rack after each 30 m the area must be left free I unoccupied from piping
in order to fadlitate maintenance activities.
5. When change of elevation or direction is required on the pipe racks, just for economic
reasons, use 2 - 90 deg elbows for piping equalor less than 4" and one 45 deg elbow and
one
90 elbow should be considered.
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