21/04/2015

Density,SpecificWeightandSpecificGravity

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Density,SpecificWeightandSpecificGravity
Anintroductionanddefinitionofdensity,specificweightandspecificgravityformulaswithexamples
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Density
Densityisdefinedasmassperunitvolume.Massisaproperty.
Whatisweightandwhatismass?thedifferencebetweenweightandmass
Densitycanbeexpressedas
=m/V=1/vg(1)
where
=density(kg/m3,slugs/ft 3)
m=mass(kg,slugs)
V=volume(m3,ft 3)
vg=specificvolume(m3/kg,ft 3/slug)
TheSIunitsfordensityarekg/m3theImperial(U.S.)unitsareslugs/ft 3.
Poundspercubicfootlb/ft 3isoftenusedasameasureofdensityintheUS,butpoundsarereallyameasureofforce,notmass.Slugsarethecorrectmeasureofmass.
Youcanmultiplyslugsby32.2foraroughvalueinpounds(lbm ).
1slug=32.174lbm =14.594kg
1kg=2.2046lbm =6.8521x102slugs
Unitconvertermass
Unitconverterdensity
Onatomiclevelparticlesarepackedtighterinsideasubstancewithhigherdensity.Densityisaphysicalpropertyconstantatagiventemperatureandpressureandmay
helpfulforidentificationofsubstances.
densitiesandpropertiesforsomecommonmaterials
densityofwateratdifferenttemperaturesSIandImperialunits
ExampleDensityofaGolfball
Agolfballhasadiameterof42mmandamassof45g.Thevolumeofthegolfballcanbecalculatedas
V=(4/3)((42mm)(0.001m/mm)/2)3
=3.8105m3
Thedensityofthegolfballcanthenbecalculatedas
=(45g)(0.001kg/g)/(3.8105m3)
=1184kg/m3
ExampleDensitytoIdentifyaMaterial
Anunknownliquidsubstancehasamassof18.5gandoccupiesavolumeof23.4ml(milliliter).
Thedensityofthesubstancecanbecalculatedas
=[(18.5g)/(1000g/kg)]/[(23.4ml)/(1000ml/l)(1000l/m3)]
=(18.5103kg)/(23.4106m3)
=790(kg/m3)
Ifwelookupdensitiesofsomecommonliquids,wefindthatethylalcoholorethanolhasadensityof789kg/m3.Theliquidmaybeethylalcohol!
ExampleDensitytoCalculateVolumeMass
Thedensityoftitaniumis4507kg/m3.Themassof0.17m3volumetitaniumcanbecalculatedas
m=(0.17m3)(4507kg/m3)
=766.2(kg)

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Density,SpecificWeightandSpecificGravity

SpecificWeight
SpecificWeightisdefinedasweightperunitvolume.Weightisaforce.
Whatisweightandwhatismass?thedifferencebetweenweightandmass
SpecificWeightcanbeexpressedas
=g(2)
where
=specificweight(N/m3,lb/ft 3)
=density(kg/m3,slugs/ft 3)
g=accelerationofgravity(9.807m/s2,32.174ft/s2)
TheSIunitsforspecificweightareN/m3.Theimperialunitsarelb/ft 3.
Localaccelerationgis(undernormalconditions)9.807m/s2inSIunitsand32.174ft/s2inimperialunits.
ExampleSpecificWeightWater
Thedensityofwateris1000kg/m3at4 oC(39 oF).ThespecificweightinSIunitsis
=(1000kg/m3)(9.81m/s2)
=9810(N/m3)
=9.81(kN/m3)
Thedensityofwateris1.940slugs/ft 3at39 oF(4 oC).ThespecificweightinImperialunitsis
=(1.940slugs/ft 3)(32.174ft/s2)
=62.4(lb/ft 3)
SpecificWeightforSomecommonMaterials
SpecificWeight

Product

ImperialUnits
(lb/ft3)

SIUnits
(kN/m 3)

Aluminum

172

27

Brass

540

84.5

Copper

570

89

EthylAlcohol

49.3

7.74

Gasoline

42.5

6.67

Glycerin

78.6

12.4

Mercury

847

133.7

SAE20Oil

57

8.95

Seawater

64

10.1

StainlessSteel

499512

7880

Water

62.4

9.81

WroughtIron

474499

7478

MaterialProperties

SpecificGravity(RelativeDensity)
SpecificGravitySGisadimensionlessunitdefinedastheratioofthedensityofasubstancetothedensityofwaterataspecifiedtemperature,andcanbeexpressedas
SG=substance/H2O(3)
where
SG=SpecificGravityofthesubstance
substance=densityofthefluidorsubstance(kg/m3)
H2O=densityofwaternormallyattemperature4 oC(kg/m3)
Itiscommontousethedensityofwaterat4 oC(39oF)asareferencesincewateratthispointhasitshighestdensityof1000kg/m3or62.4lb/ft 3.
SpecificGravitySGisdimensionlessandhasthesamevalueintheSIsystemandtheimperialEnglishsystem(BG).Waterisnormallyalsousedasreferencewhen
calculatingthespecificgravityforsolids.
ThermalPropertiesofWaterDensity,Freezingtemperature,Boilingtemperature,Latentheatofmelting,Latentheatofevaporation,Criticaltemperature...
SpecificGravitiesforsomecommonMaterials

Substance

SpecificGravity
SG

Acetylene

0.0017

Air,dry

0.0013

Alcohol

0.82

Aluminum

2.72

Brass

8.48

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Density,SpecificWeightandSpecificGravity
Cadmium

8.57

Chromium

7.03

Copper

8.79

Carbondioxide

0.00198

Carbonmonoxide

0.00126

Castiron

7.20

Hydrogen

0.00009

Lead

11.35

Mercury

13.59

Nickel

8.73

Nitrogen

0.00125

Nylon

1.12

Oxygen

0.00143

Paraffin

0.80

Petrol

0.72

PVC

1.36

Rubber

0.96

Steel

7.82

Tin

7.28

Zinc

7.12

Water(4oC)

1.00

Water,sea

1.02

ExampleSpecificGravityofIron
Thedensityofironis7850kg/m3.Thespecificgravityofironrelatedtowaterwithdensity1000kg/m3is
SG=(7850kg/m3)/(1000kg/m3)
=7.85
SpecificGravitiesofGases
TheSpecificGravityofagasisnormallycalculatedwithreferencetoairanddefinedastheratioofthedensityofthegastothedensityoftheairataspecified
temperatureandpressure.
TheSpecificGravitycanbecalculatedas
SG=gas/air (3)
where
SG=specificgravityofgas
gas=densityofgas(kg/m3)
air =densityofair(normallyatNTP1.205kg/m3)
NTPNormalTemperatureandPressuredefinedas20oC(293.15K,68oF)and1atm(101.325kN/m2,101.325kPa,14.7psia,0psig,30inHg,760torr)
MolecularweightscanbeusedtocalculateSpecificGravityifthedensitiesofthegasandtheairareevaluatedatthesamepressureandtemperature.
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