worldmags

TriStar upgrade delays

threaten to widen
airbridge gap - p4

AirbMs looks to 'A400M 1

Lite' as Ke-390 rival - p5

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Jane's DEFENCE
WEEKLY

Headlines
4 TriStar upgrade delay is widening 'capability (laP'
5 Airbus considers lOwer-cosl A-400M 10 rival

jdw.janes.com

34 JDWtalks to Dmitri
A1perovitcll, VicePresident 01 Threat
Researcil at McAfee

KC-390

Online this week

Interview

EurorlOllter resubmits Brazilian lighler bid

8 USAF unveils hypersonic technology plan

USMC nears fi rst Afg llan MBT deployment
Analysis re veal 'real" North Korean 2009
defence budget

Business
18 South Korea seeks industry consolidation

The CAMCOPTER S-l00 UAV has conducted

its first tlight with the Wescam MX-10 EO/IR
payload installed.
_ ......., '_

19 Ukraine's reforms lake industry closer 10 Russia

The Americas
10 HASC to review US programme terminations
u~rade

contract

11 US Army looks to hasten production 01 Grey

Opinion
20

New legislation ensures lhat crime doesn'l pay

Eagle UAVs
US Air National Guard trials podded DtRCM lor
KC-U5 Heet

Europe

Is Ihe Illreat of cyber atlack overblown?

Briefing

Spain sees leap in exports during lirst half 01

2010

22

13 Ollicials warn 01 pitfalls in EU-NATO security

co-operation
Finland awards F/A-18 Hornet upgrade deal to
Palria

Room to Improve: Fully tracked IFVs are

undergoing upgrades to remain relevanl,
reports Christopher F Foss

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Briefing
28

Asia Pacific

Hypersonic boom : US attention is Shifting to

hypersonics technolog ies and emerging longrange Ihreals, reports Caillin Harringlon lee

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14 US gears up to deliver Taiwan F16 upgrades

Taiwan holds live-lire air defence exercises

15 F-35 still In S Korean fighter race, l M says

Forces Updale

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32 NATO deploys tirsl AWACS to Afghanistan

Eglin AFB prepares for arrival of F-35s

Middle EasUAfrica
16 Iraq and Ukraine reach agreement over BTR-4Es

Directory

17 Somali pirates cause kidnapping spike ... as

33 Cuslomer service oHices; subscriptiOn lorm;

Malaysia-bound munitions ship is seized

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Analysis
21

22

Agu d aWntiand signs 570 m deal lor

second phase 01 Merlin support
Auslralla lu ues RFt lor heavy landing craft
F-35 progress revi ew hlgllllgilts programme
Issues
Auetrallan and UK polHlcians to meet
annually
WO boom lalls during aerial rehleiling
enrcl"
81ds submlned lor GCV !echnology
development pilau

<

Brazil awards follow-on AMX

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Jane's DEFENCE
WEEKLY

STAFF
Editor Peter Felstead

Futures EdUoI Eleanor Keymer

Asla-Pacilic Editor James Hardy
Middle EasVAlrica Editor Lauren Galland

Europe Editor Gerrard Cowan

Washington, DC, Bureau:

Reporters Sam laGrone, Daniel Wasserbly

Chief Sub Editor Jonathan Maynard
Deputy Chiel Sub Editor Cat Conway

Sub Editors Karen Deans, Susie Kornell,

Damian O'Loughlin, Amy C Quick,
Heather Swift, liz Wells

Chiel Designe r Jell Pye

Adminjstrati~e

Allislan! Emma Gussel!

Jane':! Aviation Desk Editor Gareth Jennings

Jane's land Desk Editor Nick Brown
Jane's land ColISullalll Christopher F Foss
Jane's Na val Ediior Jon Rosamond

Jane's Naval Conullanl Richard Scott

Jane's

Delen~

Industry Editor

Guy Anderson
Industry Reporters Matthew Bell,
Keri Wagstaff-Smith, Jon Gravatt
Production Martyn Buchanan
e-Publishing Edward Al len,
Richard Freeman
Direclor, EMEA Editing and Design
Sara Morgan
Diredor, News and Analysis James Green
Managing Diredor Michael Dell
Group Publilhing Director Sean Howe
CORRESPONDENTS
The Americas: Diego Gonzalez;
scon Gourley; Inigo Guevara; Caitlin
Harrington; Jose Higuera; Sharon Hobson;
Joshua Kucera; Jeremy McDermon; Pedro
Paulo Rezende; Cesar Cruz Tantalean
AsIa;1'atillt: Iqbal Athas; Rahul Bedi;
Farhan Bokhari; Sebastien Falletti;
Julian Kerr; DZirhan MahadZir;
Phillip Mckinnon; Trelor Moss;
Gavin Phipps; Raym und Cuilop;
Kosuke Takahashi
Europe: Vidor Sarreira; John Berg; Piotr
Butowski; Thomas Dodd; Tim Glogan; Denise
Hammick; G~orz Hojdanowicz; David log;
Vladimir Petrov; Jiri Kominek; J A Clewis;
Georg Mader; Nikolai Novichkov; Tim Ripley;
lale Sariibrahimoglu; Sebastian Schulte;
Menno Steketee; Radu Tudor,
Theodore Valmas; Paojo Valpohni
Middle East/Alrlea: Segun Adeyemi;
Mohamed AreZki Himeur; Alon BenDavid;
Nicholas Blanford; Helmoed-Romer
Heitman, Mohammed Najib
NATO and EU Anal,,: Nicholas Fiorenza,
Brooks TIgner
UN: Thalil Deen
emalllheedlto .. :ldw@janes.com

worldmags

worldmags

4 26 January WI I JDW " jdwJanes.com

HEADLINES

TriStar upgrade delay is

widening 'capability gap'
TI101 RII'LEY JDWCorrnpolUiellI
.~~.~~~.~ ........................................................................................................................................... .

lans to upgrnde the cockpits of th e UK ROYll l Air

Force's (RAPs) Lockht!ed T riStar airLiflltanker
aircraft ha\'e been slallt.'<I
hy th e annual review of spending
on procurement pmgrllmmes by
the UK MinistryofOt!fence (MoD).
It had been intended to have the
upgrade to all o f the RAP' s nine
TriStars unde r co ntra,,! last year,
but technical delays and th e 2011
spending/planning review (PR l l)
have forced another review of
lhe project. A dedsion is now not
expt....1ed untillhe end of Mareh.
The decis ion in last Oclober's
UK Strategic Defence and Security
Review (SDSR) to bring forward the
ret iremen t of all of the RAP's TriStars from WI6 to Ihe end of 20 13
has led to a re -exam ination of the
business case for the GBP20 mil
lion TriStar upgrade . according to
RAP officers familiar witllthe work.
"With less tllan Illrec ycars left in
service we arc gelling a lot of pressure from lhe MoD financia l people
and the Treasury [UK FinanL"C Min
istry], saying it's not wort h spendi ng
Ihis money." said an RAP officer.
The installation of !lat screen
displays, ai r traffic manage ment
sys tems an d a new engine power
limiting system was initiated as
many of the components in the
1960s-vintage aircraft arc no longcr
manufactured and arc increasingly
unavailable on the second-hand
market. Only 15 TriStars arc now
flying globall y and RAF officers
say spares availab ility is an issue.

Plans to upgrade the cockpits

of the RAf 's ageing TriStar fleet
have been stalled

A 'capability gap' is widening

between the TliStals leaving
service and the A330 MRTT
aircralt replacing them coming
inlo service

Unless the c(X,kpit up grade goes

ahead it may reSUlt in cannibalising aircraft for spares, which could
affcL1the ability of 216 Squadron to
sustain the UK's Slnilcgic air bridge
to Afghanistan or re in force the
Falkland (Mal vinas) Islands.
Marshall Aerospace completed
the firsl trial cockpit installation
in an RAT' TriStar last December
after a delay of several momhs due
to technica l problems al its Cambridge faci li ty. This single aircraft is
expectcd 10 enter front -line service
during Ihc first half of this year.
RAP officcrs say th c issuc has
become more cri tical because the
SDSR reduced the overlap period
between the introduction of the
service's Airbus A330 MultiRole
Tanker Transports (MRITs) and the
retirement of lhc TriStars from four
years to only tv.o. This halves the
time required to mature the capability of the new aircraft or cope with
any unforeseen delay in the deli veries of Ihe replaccmcnt A330s Ihat
miglll require the TriStars 10 stay in
service longer. There is also growing concern among RAT' officers
that requirements and contracts have
also not yet been placed for theatre

Upgrades to the RAF's

TriStar airliManker
aircraft, which llave boon
in service since the 1960s,
llave boon stalled.

entry-standard protective equipment

to enhance the baseline defensive aid
suite (DAS ) oftheA330s. Until this
addilional equi pment is provided .
the A330s wi ll not be able to fly into
Afghan airbases.
The MoD now admits th ere will
be a gap in capability. ineluding a
bricf air-to-air refuelling (AAR)
'capabi lity holiday' of at least live
months Ix."(;ausc lhe TriStars and the
last of the RAP's 13 Vickers VC- I0
tanker aircraft will be retired at Ihe
end of 2{) 13 and the achicvement of
a full A330 AAR capabilit y under
the Future Strategk Tanker Aireraft
(FSTA) service is not scheduled
to take place until May WI4 at the
earliest. All 14 A330s will not be
delivered until 2016 and less tlmn
dght are expected to be in service by
the end of 2013. During testi mony
to the House of Commons Defence
Committee on 10 November 2010
Major General David Capcwci1.
Assistant Chicf of Defcnce Staff
(Oper.ltions), confinnL"{\ lhcrc would
be a str.ltcgk airlift and tanker 'gap'
between the TriStar and FSTA.
The RAF downplayed the isslle
to Jane ~'. with a spokesman saying the "SDSR has set a baseline
in capability that focuses on ,'urrent operations. TriStar aircraft will
continue to provide the Operat ion
' Herri ck' [Afg hanistan ] airhrid ge
untillhc aircraft goes OUI ofservicc
in WI3 and T'STA adopts the role"'.
He added:''The IMoD I is programming thc run -down of TriStar to
coincide with suffi cient build-up of
T'STA. There is no requirement for
additional capability at this lime. Thc
lfirstl FSTA laircrJ.ftl will be delivered with an AAR capabi lity from
its introductiun to service in Oclo
ber 2011, with full AAR capabi lity
by May 2014. Plighltrials to certify
all UK receiver platforms are progr.lmnlCd to take place in W ll .
'"The first aircraft delivered will
be utilised for both air transport and
AAR tasks in environmcllls that arc
nO! considered to be high threat."'

jdw.janes.OJm . JD W . 26 January 2011 .worldmags

5

Airbus considers
lower-cost A400M
to rival KC-390

reg:m:ls as 'a paper plane" in the initial phases of development.

"The A400 M is elearly a very
sophisticated aircraft ... . It docsn't
mcan tbat in onc point of time if
thc market rcquires. and they pla{"(~
th is aircraft mure in a standard $(.'{.;tor or more in a standard segment,
tlmt we cannot do something like
[developl a more simplified aircraft
for cxport for (thc KC-3901 mar~ IATTHEW HELL JUIlf's/Il(/USlry Reporter
London
kel," Urena said.
"So Tthink it 's going 10 be interes ting [in] the next. maybe, two
Airbus Military is considering
years how the market perceivcs
the development of a 'simplified' Airbus Military Is considering a
simplified , lower-cost version of
version of the A400M military
the A400M and how the marke t
its A400M transport aircraft
definitely define - if [it] is going to
Iranspnrl aircraft In sway pnlenlial custnmers uf Embral'r 's The adapted version would be
happen - the KC-390."
aimed al polential customers of
The A400M launch nations had
K C -390 medium-lift hlctical
the proposed Embraer KC-390
transport aircraft, the company's
been expected to approve individually the agrced ELF by the end of
managing director, DOlllillgo
Urena, has said.
which has a lrcady attracted six 2010: thc move is dcsigned to ofl"set lo",,cr ordcri of the aircrJft than
Speaking to Jane s on 17 Janu- nations in its development phase.
'At this stage we [have] not fore - had originall y been agreed.
ary, he added that he expe{'ts the
A400M's partner nations to approve cast any ' ligh t' configuration: it's
Under the scheme Germany
is understood to bave provided
by the end of the month an export vcry early; he said.
Wh ile tbc A400 M and KC-390 about EUR500 mi ll ion. France
levy fac ili ty (ELF) arrangement for
the programme: the scheme under ditTer significantly in ,"apability, EUR400 mill ion . Spain EUR200
wh ich financ ial support provided Urena said it would become clear million , the UK EUR200 mil lion ,
by the launc h nations will be repaid by 2012 whether potential custom- Turke y EUR80 million , Belgium
through the exporc of the A400M ers wou ld find an adapted version EUR60 mi ll io n and Luxembourg
(the ELF is valued at about EUR 1.5 oftheA400M appealing when com- EUR8 million.

pared to the KC-390. which he still 60 to j dw. /anes.com lor more

billion [USD2.C19 bili ionJ).
Urena also forecast that the US
wou ld make its sclect ion ded sion
for the KC -X aeria l refue ll ing
Airbus is considerinG adaptillg its A400M to
appeal to countries considering the KC-390
tanker acquisition programme
by tbe end of March and said
he cxpecti tbat the rccent Icak
of bid information will not affcct
the competition.
Urena said no plans have yet been
drawn up to deve lop a lower-cost
A400M for "standard sector' customers, although market fOl\--cs may
demand that the company produn:s
a viab le ri val to Embraer's KC-390,

Seoul agrees to
military talks
with North Korea
South Koreas Ministry 01 Defence
has agreed to hold milltaryto
mllllary talks with North Korea, It
conlirmed on 20 January. Seoul
was responding to an oller by the
North to hold highlevel military
talks and has accoldingly ploposed
preparatory Working-le vel meetings,
Citing the South's Unification Ministry, Yonhap News Agency leporte<!
that North Korea has agrood to dis
cuss the sinking of the South Korean
corvette Chon An in March 2010
and the 23 November artillery attack
on Yeonpyeong Is~nd. The North's
relusal to take responsibility lor either
incident, which caused a total of 50
South Korean deaths, had been a
major impediment to any discussions.
Yonhap a~o reported that Seoul
proposed talks regalding the No rth 's
nuclear programme among highranking ollicials from both governments
North Korea began 2011 with a
charm offenSive, saying that it was
ready to hold a "dialogue without condition attached" with Seoul
On 18January South Korean Un i
fication Minister Hyun In-tack said
North Koreas offer was "insincere"
and analysts told Jane'sthat agreeing
to talks would be politically difficult
At this stage, the South Korean governmentcannotaf1ord talks because
of public opinion," said Jono Kun Choi
of Yonsei University.
Sebastien Fallenl
JOWCorrespondenl. Seoul

James Hardy
JDWAsia-Pacific Editor. London

IAF to add another Boeing 707 to tanker fleet

The Israel Air Force (lAF) will augment its
aerhtl refue11ing capabilities with the arrival
by the end of the mOllth of an additional Boeing 707 aircraft Ihat will be ,'Onl'erted into
a ta nker amid th t! growing possibility of a
future cnnfliet with l rlln ,)alle'.f hIlS learnt.
The 707 was purchased in the US and scrv(.-d.
in the past as a cargo aircraft. After its arriva l in
Israel, it will be transferred to Israel Aerospace
Industrics (IAI). whic h will convert it into a
tanker for an estimated USD20 million.
"This will bolster our long-range capabili ties
by providing greate r flexibi lity and extended
ran ge ." a senior lAP officer said on 17 lanuary.
worldmags

The TA P received the las t of its current fleet of

eight KC-707s (called Re 'em/Antelope in Israe l)
in November 2009. 120 Squadron, which operatcs the IAFs KC-707s, ii stationcd at Nevatim
Air FOI\--c Base in the Negev Dcsert.
Israel's tanker fk:ct is deemed vilal in the
event of a future lAP strike against Iran 's nuclear
faci lities. Due to the distance between Israel aoo
Iran and the location of some of the faciliti es
in undcrground bunkers, IAF F- 15s and F- 16s
would probably require significant air-to-air
refuell ing in sUl,h an operation.
lAP KC-707s are qualified to refue l Israel's
P- 15, P-16 and C-1 30 transport aircraft and

are equipped wi th additiona l fuel tanks inside

the passenge r cabin, enabling the m to provide
approximately 90 tons offuel .
The IAF had considen.d a proposal to purchase Gu lfstrcam G550 bus ineSi jcts and
convert them into small but fast air-Io-air refuelli ng aircraft. The idea would have Ix:en to equip
the G550 with a tank under its bell y that wou ld
be ca pable of carrying about 25.000 kg of fuel.
A,"cording to senior oflkers, howcvcr, the lA P
wi ll no w wait to sec which aircraft the US Air
Force Ch(MISCS for its future tanke r and then
de<:ide accordin gly.
Yaakov Katz JDW Currespunclelll. Tel AIjl'

6 26 January 20 I I JDW jdw.janesxllm

worldmags

HEADLINES

Eurofighter resubmits
Brazilian fighter bid

Chile eyes new

amphibious
transport ship

GA RETH JENNINGS 11111(,S Al"imivl! Desk Edi{(!r

.~!l.~~.~.~ ..

"rofi ghlU plan s 10

res ubmit it s T yphoon
comb:11 ai..-craft 10 Brazil
in the wake of a decision
hy "resi d ent Dilma
Rnllssef to renpen the F -X2
fighler replacement competition,
a company spokespt!Tson lold
Jane's on 20 Janllary.
Th e T yphoon was one of a
number of ai feraft that were CUI
from the F-X2 !;ompctition in 2008,
having fa iled 10 make the original
downsc1cet to three platfonns.
Th at downse le!; t , based on an
assessment of si x pre scle!;ted
airnaft , was held by the Brazilian government 's Projel;t F- X2
Management Committee. The
assessment looked at data provided
by bidders in response to a rcquest
for informat ion issued in June
2008. Foctors I;ons idered induded
logisti cs , weapon sys tems . off
set arrangements and technology
transfer opt ions offered for eadl
proposal. It is not d ear which I;riteria the Typhoon failed to mect.
Eurofighter was not the on ly
!;umpan y to be I;U{ from the selel;t ion process at an early stage;

.... ... .... ................................ ... .. ..................... ....... .

Eurolighter is to reenter the
Typhoon into Brazil's FX2
lighter compelilion
Typhoon lell oul 01 the original
race after a government
assessment 01 six aircraft

Lockheed M art in and Sukhoi also

fa iled to make the grade w ith the
F- 16Br and Su 35 BM respe!;tively.
A t that time the Saab l AS 39
Gripen NG (Next Generation), Boe
ing FIA- 18EJF Super Hornet and
Dassault Rafa1c were shortlisted as
the three !;ontenders for the com
pet ition to supply th e Brazi l ian
Air Force (Forca Aerea Brasi leira

- FAB) with an initial ba tch of 36

new comba t aircraft (possibly rising
to 120 aircraft).
Unti l very rel;ent ly it had been
thought that the F X2 competition
was entering its d osing stages,
w ith an announcement of a winner
expel;ted imminent ly. H owever,
w ith Roussefs deetion into office
on I January the progr amme to
replal;e the FABs age ing Northrop F-5 Tiger II ,AMX A IM and
Mirage 2000 fleets wi ll now prob
ably be put back until at least 2012,
industry SOU f!;eS havc told Jane s.
In $cptember 2009 then Brazilian
president Lula Da Silva referred to
the Dassault Rafale as the favoured
platfonn 10 secure the tender.

Although the
Eurofighter failed
10 make the F-X2
downselecl in 2Q08, a
renewed bid may see it
secure the 36aircraft
tender for the FAB
IHS I_ '-'Goo>< . .........

The Chilean Navy's requirement lor

a landing plaHorm dOGk (LPD)type
vesse l has gained urgency aller
Ihe decommissioning 01Its main
amphibious transport ship, Ihe lST
Valdillia, on 14 January after relil
plans were abandoned.
The 8,500lon (lull) vessel is the
former US Newport class LST118g
San Bemaraino. completed for the US
Navyearly in t971 and transferred to
Chile in 1995. According to sources in
Santiago, the de(Jradation of the ship
was accelerated by use in relief opera
tions after the earthQua~e and tsunami
that hit Chile in February 2010
The Chilean Navy is now set to pro
ceed wrth the purchase 01 a lirst LPD,
wrth medium to longterm plans to
acquire two vessels 01 this Iype.
Until recently the only viable solution
was reportedly from France. offering
the 12,000ton (lull) LPD Foudre.
Italy suggested that an 8,OOO-ton
(full) San Giorgioclass vessel could
become available.
In December the UK Ministry of
Defence informed the Chilean authori
ties tllallhe 16,000lon (full) RFA
Largs Bay, a Bayclass ~nding ship
dock would be available lor sale aller
ApriI20". Tile Chilean Navy is ma~
ing arrangements to send a team to
inspect Ihe vessel in the UK
Jose Higuera
JDWCofrespondent, Santiago

....nn

Delays expected to Russian PAKFA programme

Separate reporls and assessmenls Irom Russian
news sources and a we llestablished defence Ihlnk
tank project delays 10 the Sukhoi T 50 (PAKFA) lifth
generation tighter aircraft.
The projections come lrom several experts althe
Moscowbased Centre lor Analysis 01 Strateg;es and
Technologies (CAST). Their lindings are considered
authoraative as the centre's personnel enjoy good access
to most ot the Russian detence industry and Rosoboron
export: the Russian state arms export monopoly. CAST
has produced a report, enmted 'NovayaAlmiya Rossii'
(The New Army 01 Russia), detailing the currenl state 01
almost all current procurement programmes.
The document's authors state that for tile loreseeable
fUture the mainstay aircraft of the Russian Air Force
(WS) will be the Su35S. Prime Minister Vladimir
Pulin signed a contract on 18 August 2009lor 48

worldmags

01 these aircrall to be delivered by 2015.

-The Su35S is an aerop~ ne thai fills the point
between Ihe more advanced fourthgeneralion fight
ers, which make up the fighter force of the WS, and
lifth(Jeneration lighters," says the sludy. "The Su35S
encompasses all 01 the most modern design character
istics that tile RUSSian milrta ryindustrial complex can
propose to deliver. Part of the aircraft's configuration
will contain com~onent s that are designed for Russia 's
lifthgeneration aircralt."
However, the authors also conclude that this Su35
represents the most advanced weapon p~tlorm that the
Russian Air Force can expect to receive in the near term.
-The plan is for a purchase 01 an initial tranche 0110
PAKFA (fighters] by 20t5 and Ihen 60 seriesproduc
tion configuration aeroplanes between 2015 and 2020.
This timescale is perhaps overly optimistic. The combi

nation 01 a complex deSign, production and operational

military rll{juiremenls of an absolutely new nature make
it a very high probability thai initial operaling capability
will be de~yed. Therefore, rt would seem that for at least
Ihe next 10 years, the Su35S will remain the most mod
ern li(Jhler in Ihe Russian arsenal. This also does not
preclude that there will be additional Su-35S purchases
for the WS after 20t5"
On the positive side forthe T50. some of the same
CAST analysts stale that the 21 December 2010 ao!ee
ment for developing an export variant of the aircraft for
India can provide the economies 01 scale lor the pro
(Jrammes realisation. The contract for USD295 million
is for the initial prototype construction and was signed
during the state visit 10 India by Russian President
Dmrtri Medvedev in December 2010.
Reuben FJohnson JDWCorresporrdeflt, Kiev

worldmags

Major General Robert Brown

=== Commanding General

US Army Manoeuvre
Centre of Excellence
~ r.4i Lt. Gen. Paul Newton
.....

Qr..""

-1 -

Commander, Force Development

& Training
British Army

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presentations showcasing in-theatre

Paramount Group, Nexter, Jankel,

applications of new technologies from

leading industry figures.

IBD Diesenroth, Dupont, Raytheon,

and many more.

Major General Per Sverre Opedal

Chief of Staff, Norwegian Army

Lt Gen. Jean Tristan Verna

Director, Land Equipment
Maint enance Joint Orrganisation,
French MoD

BrigadierGen. Salvatore Farina

Deputy Director, Battlespace
Capability, Policy & Plans
I

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worldmags

8 26 January 20 I I JDW jdw.janesxum

HEADLINES
Europe's defence
giants target
opportunities
in Japan
Europe's leading delence companies
have lormed a business grou p in
Japan 10 encourage collaboralion
wilh domeslic industry on mil itary
procuremenl programmes.
Tile European Business CounCil
(EBC) Defence and Secur~y Commillee was launched on 14 January
and includes BAE Systems, EADS,
Finmeccanica, RollsRoyce, Salran,
Thales and Arianespace. The chair 01
thecommiUoo is Tony Ennis, BAE Systems' North East Asia president
The setting up of the committee is
considered timely, said Ennis, coming
one month after Japan published its
National Oelence Programme Guidelines (NOPG). which oullinea nood for
efficiencies in Japan's procurement
system and an intention to review
the country's ban on exports, which
preclude Japanese industries' involvement in international programmes.
Additionally, Jane's notes that the
commillee was launched just two
weeks after Tokyoestablished a
project team to seleclthe Japan Air
Se~-Defence Force's next-generation
(FX) fighter belorethe end 012011.
Aleading contender lor the FX programme is Ihe Eurolighler Typhoon
Ennis said: 'The aim 01 the new
committee is to promote dialogue
and mutually beneficial collaboration
between the Japanese and the European defence industries. which invest
around EUR9 billion [USDI2 billion)
annually on R&D per year."
He also highlighted what he said
were the "similar challenges" that
faced Ihe EU and Japan, such as
shrinking defence budgets and
maintaining sovereignty over defence
equipment. He said: "Combining our
strengths helps us both respond better to these challenges:
Ennis said a relaxalion 01 tile Three
Ptincipkls ban on e x~ort$ would
provide more opportunities for collaboration. He called the Three Principles
a "major impediment" for the Japa
nese defence industry and welcomed
the NDPGs move to promote debate
on theluture ollhe ban
Jon Grevatt Jane's Asia-Pacific
Industry Reporter, Bangkok

worldmags

USAF unveils
hypersonic
technology plan
CA IT LIN HA RRI NGTO N LEE JDII' Cur,rspum/nll
J!~.I.~ ~.~ .O!<.~!l: ,.o!<.I ~.~~.~

............................. .

he US Air Force (USAF)

ha s re vealed a new
hype rsonic technology
roa d ma p that envisions
developing high speed
weapons a nd n!viving the US military's plans to build a ver y high
spL'Cd a ircraR.
A senior USAF offic ial told
Jalle"s on 18 January tlmt the air
force's high-SIX-oed science and h..""Chnology plan lays the groundwork
for the development ofweapun systems reaching s]X.'Cds beyund Mach
4, o~ning the door to hyperson ic
fl ight above Mach S.
Thc plan is a vision to develop
ai r-breath ing high-speed syStems
that USA F and ind ustry can CIJ opemtively pursue", Steven Walker,
the Deputy Ass istant Secretary of
tilc Air Force for Science . Tcdmol ogy and Eng ineering, told Jalles,

The US Air For~ e has announced

a roadmap 10 develo p
hyperso nic technology
The plans will lay the
groundwork lot weapon systems
Ihat can teach speeds beyond
Mach 4
'We are in the earl y stages of building conscnsus around the plan:'
The foadmap env isions development of a 'high-speed weapon"
in the ncar-term, wilh a 'notional"
fi rs t flig ht da te of 2016. It also
call s for thc deve lo pmem of a
"Mac h 4+ rcuseablc [aircraft]"' in
the '"mid-term",
The USAF's decision to re introduce designs for a very high-speed
a ircraft is surprising as it comes
just two years after the Defense
Adva nced Research Projects

Agency (DARPA) had to cancel

a hypersonic aircraft programme
known as 'Blackswift".
That programme sough! to use
a lUrbine-scramjet system, bUI it
was cancelled after il proved too
complicated and expensive. Blacksw ift cost US D t3 mi ll ion pcr
second of fl ight-testing, according
to esti mates by former USAF ch ief
sciemist Mark Lewis,
T he US Congress also grew
frustrated wi th the programme .
according to one source, because
DARPA was nO! quick to rcspond
to questions about how Blackswift
funds were bein}; spen!.
However, if it were successfu ll y executed a new high-speed
aircraft cou ld serve as a shorterrange successor to thc Lockheed
SR-7 1 Blackbird. For example,
one application for the Blackswift
programme that had gained USAF
interest involved prcpositioning the
aircraft dose to the theatre of opcrations where it '-"Quid be called upon
at short notice for rapid reconnaissance and surgical strike missions.
In the private sector a Hypersonic
Industry Team ( HIT) has fanned 10
explore flight beyond Mach S. Thc
tcam, wh ich includcs US dcfencc
comractors suc h as Boe ing and
Prall & Whitney-Rocketdyne, has
committed to develop 'operational
iligh-spced weapons' and a 'reusable iligh-specd f light rcsearch

vehicle' by 20\9.

USMC nears first Afghan MBT deployment

T he US Ma rine Corps (USMC)
The US Marine
is nearly read y 10 mo ve the fi rst
Corps is
preparing to
US mai n ba ilie lanks (MBTs) into
deploylhe M1A1
combat in Afghanistan.
Ta nk crews wi th Dc lta ComAbrams MBT in
Afghanistan for
pany, I st Tank Ballalion, I SI Marine
Division (Forward), announ('ed
the first time
on 18 Jan uary that they had begun
sighting the M IA l Abrams' main
cannon and machi ne guns at Camp
Leatherneck in preparation for
upcoming missions.
TheSC lankS we re flown 10
Afg hanistan from Kuwait in late
November 20 10 and mark the first sive devices a~ wel l as to intimidate these MBTs wi ll sec (.;ombaL The
USMC said: 'The Marines will
US MBT dep loyment in Afghani- insurgent forces .
Marine tank crcws said they continuc firing rounds on rangcs to
stan, where Canadian and Danish
troops have employ,--d Leopard 2AS expect to use the Ab rams MBTs sharpen the ir ski lls unt il they leave
and 2A6 MBTs for scverat years.
to suppurt infantry troops, provide for their first -ever mission in HeIThe Canadians and Danes have thermal imaging, deter insurgents mand province."
used their tanks' heavy armour to and de liver accurate firepower.
Daniel Wasserbly l DW Staff
protect against improvised exp loIt remains unclear exactly when
Hepur fer. mlShillgtulI. DC

jdw.janes.OJm . JD W . 26 January 2011 .worldmags

9

Analysts reveal 'real' North

Korean 2009 defence budget
JON GHEVAlT 10m s Asia-Po<'ljic {"dusln RepuTla
.~~.~11~.~ ~ ..

North Korl'a 's ddtmcl' hudgl't

rCHchcd nCH r ly USD9 billinn in
2009: lIbout 15 timl's more thlln
the officilll lImoullt dcclllred by
PyongYllng, the state-run Korea
Institute of Defensl' Anlllyses
(KIDA) blls sHid in H repur!.
The K lDA report - citcd by
the Yonhap news agency on 18
January - said North Korea had
previously announced a US0570
mill ion defence budget , although
the real expenditu re, calculatt:d on
an exchange rate based on purchasing power parity (P PP) tenns . was
US08.77 billion.
The report said: " In spite of its
economy shrinking since the mid-

lion in 2006, although these figures

do not refle!.:t PPP.
Prev ious estimates have ind icated that North Korean defence
spending is equal to at least 15 per
!.:e nt of GOP. In 2008 Pyongyang
said it was allocating 15.8 per!.:cnt
of GOP to defence although it has
not released any GOP fi gures for
years. In 2009 the US Department
2000s . North Korea has gradually of State said that Nortl1 Korea s
increased its mi li tary spending :
delence spending was more than 22
A,'cording to the KlDA, otTi - per cent based on its estimate that
!.:lal North Korean figure s state North Korea's GOP in 2009 was
that the defence budget increased USD40 billion based on PPP.
to US0570 million in 2009 from
Nortl1 Korea is thought to be
US0540 million in 2008, US0510 allocating at least 40 per cent of
mi ll ion in 2007 and U50470 mil - its expenditure to defence procure North Korea's 2009 delen,e
blldget reached USDS.77
billion , says the Korea In!lltllte
01 Defense Analyses
Sanclions imposed by Ihe West
have increased North Korea 's
trade with China, Ellypl , Iran
and Syria, the report says

GENERAL DYNAMICS
European Land Systems

worldmags

mcnt , with most of these finance s

directed at centrally controlled
indigenous prog rammes.
Russia, China and parts of Eastern Europe and the Middle East are
thought to have supplit"d Pyongyang
with sclcded o;.:ritical equipmcnt.
replacement parts and technologies,
most of which have been to support
the country'i nuclear and ballistic
missile progrJmmes.
Thc West has attempK"d to {'Urtail North Korea 's indigenous
military programmes Ihrough sanctions. Howeve r, some analysts
believe that inc reasing restrictions
are prompting North Korea to fllnn
a closer defence parlnership with
China. Marcus Noland, a deputy
dircclOr and senior fellow at the
Peterson Institute for International
Economics in Washington DC, said:
"An unintendt"d conSt."qucnce lofthe
san!.:tlllnsj has I:x:en to dramati!.:ally
raise the share of North Korea's trade
with China.This geographical Sllift
in trJdt: makes trJditional sanctioni
even less potent."

worldmags

10 . 26 January 20 11 JDW . jdw.jancs.com

THE AMERICAS
In Brief
Bolivia poised tor K8 jellrainers
The Bolwian Air Forc~ (Fuem Aerea
Boliviana - FAB) is to receive six China
rtItional Aero-Technology Import &
Export Corporation K8 Karakorum
armed jet trainers by Apri12011.
according to Gen~ral Tito Gandarilla,
commander 01 the FAB. The aircraU
will begin operations with the 34th
Fighter Group out 01 Cochabamba and
will be deployed throughout the couo
try alter reaching their initial operating
capabil~y. The jet trainers will be the
lirst newly buiR combat aircraft lor
the FAB in its history and will allow
a partial replacement olthe ageing
T-33 Ileet. The K-8s will be employed
maioly in aoti-oarcotics operations
Peruvian F28 crashes during training
A Peruvian Army Aviation Enstrom
f28training helicopter crashed on lB
January. injuring its two crew members. The accident occurred during a
training sortie over Estuquiiia, MOQuegua. The F28 was one ollive olthe
type in service with the Army Aviation
Schoollrom the CesarTorque Podesta
airport io Moquegua.
Paraguay eyes 3D radars
The Paraguayan Ministry 01 Delence
(MoD) has conlirmed plans to procure
two oew mobile 3D radars during
2011 as partol a modernisation effort
that will involve investing US043 million in equipment during 2011 . The
MoD declined an offer lor two secondhand 20 radars as it wants modern,
military-grade systems. accordiog
to sources in Asuncion. The Naliooal
Directorate lor Civil Aeronautics had
previously been in charge 01 airspace
surveillance.
Peruvian Army helicopter modified
Peruvian company Oiseiios Casanave
has modified an Army Aviation Mi17-1 B with its HMP-250Al-AE-DICSA
krt, allowing the Russian-built helicopter to operate the NATO-staodard
FN Herstal HMP-250 gun pod with
an 1.13 121 mm machine guo (MG)
The helicopter is also fitted with the
FN MAG MG and will be deployed to
support operations in the VRAE region
against Sendero Luminoso insurgents
and olhercriminal groups. The HMP250 gun pods were originally acquired
to arm the AI 09K Hirundo helicopters
delivered in 1991.

worldmags

HASC to review
US programme
terminations
DANI EL WASSERBLY lDII'Stil}/Report'"
.w~.~~.i.~II.t.q~.,..Q
.q ...................................

us

nwe r ful
cnngressinnlll commitlee pilins
to hold hearings lind
dirt!Ct owrsight on sevral major Pentagon
aC(luisition elTorts, including the
cancellation of the US Marine
Corps' (USMC 's) ne xt- geneflltion IImphibious IIssault vehicle
and elements of the Joint Strike
Fighter (J SF) programme,
On 17 January the House Armcd
Serv il:es Comm iltee ( HASC),
whi l: h has some new members
and leadership followin g the
November 2010 eleelion, released
a preliminary plan out lining ils
oversight priorities. Among other
things, the panel said il 'wil l consider recomme nda tions' from
Secretary of Defense Robert Gates
to cancel the USMC's Expedition-

The HASC plans to examine

the Pentagon's recommended
budget moves, such as
cancelling EFV and postponing
the USMC's JSF variant
The commlnee wilt also locus
on 'upgrading and resenlng '
armoured vehicles that have
seen heavy use in theatre

ary Fighti ng Vehicle (EFV) and

the US Army's Surface-Launched
Advanl:ed Medium Range Air-toAir Mi ssile (SLAMRAAM).
While the Pentagon can cance l
its acquisition programmes, Congress can kccp them alive by adding
funds in budget legislation.
The HASC will also explore
the army's termination of the Non
Line-of-Sight Launch System
(NLOS-LS) and its plans to scale

Brazil awards follow-on

AMX upgrade contract
The Brll1.iIilln Air Fnr~ ( Forcli
Aerell Brasileira - FAB) hilS
contracted Embraer to upgrade
its AMX (A- IA) strike aircraft,
the company announced on 17
January.
Under the contract. the value of
which was not discloscd, 43 AMX
aircraft will be overhauled with
deliveries back to the FAB expected
bYlheendof2012.
T hi s deal completes an AMX
upgrade cont ral:t signed in 2003.
Whereas previous phases of the
dcal focused on improving thc aircraft"s avionics and software, this
latest deal is centred on enhancing
the strul:lUral integrity uf the airfram e, as well as replacing other
outdated equipment.

Under the previuus upgrade

phases the AMX has been
im proved with an El bi t Systcms
central banle mission computer
and processor, a d ig ital 'g lass'
cockpit and a d ig ital Illoving map
display. Other modernisation work
has included the integration of a

bal:k procurement of EXl:alibur 155

mm precision guided munitions.
Mo reover, tile HASC sa id
it would "close ly monito r the
progress' of the short take-off vertical landing (STOVL) variant of the
F-35 Lightning II JSF.
Gates said in early January tlmt
significant testing problems 'may
lead to a redes ign of tile aircraft's
structure and propulsion' and that
he was therefore giving the STOVL
variant "a two-year probation"
after which it must be meeting perfonnance, cost and schcdule goals:
otherwisc, he believes it should be
canl:elled.
The HASC sa id its JSF oversigh t
would focus particularly on 'issues
rela/cd to the propulsion systcm'.
lllC Pentagon is S<.'Cking to use only
Pratt & Whitncys Ft 35 cngine and
forgo Genenil Elcctrics Ft 36 altcrnate engine, althuugh Congress in
the past has added funding for the
secondenginc.
The committee will also concentnile on 'ensuring that the ex ist ing
fleet of annoure d vehicles is properly upgraded a nd reset after very
heavy usc" in Iraq and Afghanistan.
This, the panel said, includcs oversight of the army's and USMC's
'amb iti ous and evolv ing plan s
to recapitalise their entire fleets"
of heavy and medium -weigh t
armoured vebicles over the next
two dccades.

helmet-muunted di splay and an

ammun ition management system.
Work on these improvements is
ongoing and is expected to be <'"0111 plete in about 20 14.
The AMX was develuped by the
Brazilian and ltal ian Air Forl:es
in the mid - 1980s as a low-cost
and lightwcighr ground allac\.:: and
reconnaissance aircraft. Italian aircraft have seen action in Kosovo
and Afghanistan.
Gllrcth Jennings jane s
Al'ialiun Desk. Edilur. will/un

Embraer's latest
AMX upgrade
contract will
complete a
modernisalion
programme lor the
aircratt that began
in 2003.

jdw.janes.wm JD W . 26 January 2011 . "worldmags

US Army looks to hasten

production of Grey Eagle UAVs
[)AKIEL WASSERUL\' JDWSIllj]Repurla

.~.~H~.~~.I . !j ~.r.~~.r)..'!1.~.rxl.~~.~ ..
Th l! us Arm y is I!x pl!c ting tu
r ecei ve a rundin g htHls t fur its
MQI C G rey E a gle unm a nned
a l! rial sys tem (UAS ) li S the
Department of Defense r ealign s
its budget tu , amongotherthin gs,
lmgm e nt intellige nce, sur ve illance and r&onnaissance (ISR)
in theatre.
Starting in Fiscal Year 2012
(FYI2), the army expects to accel er.lte the Grey Eag le progr.lmme to
produce three syste m i per year.
Eal.:h sys tem indude s 12
unmanned aerial vehicles (U AYs)
and five ground control stations,
Tim Ow ings, the army'S de puty
programme manager for UASs,
told reporters on 13 January. This
Sl.: hedule would allow the army

Pentagon ofticlals are shifting

lunds to accelerate the army's
Grey Eagle UAS programme
US Marine Corps officials are
collaborating with the army 10
explore arming the Shadow UAS
to complete its currently planned
MQ- IC procurement by FY14.
Initial Grey Eagle sys tems arc
lxing delivered under a qukk-reac tion capability (QRC) intended to
rapidly field the VAS to theatre.
Q RC-2 Grey Eagle systems are
now deployed in Afghanistan with
a special operations unit and are sct
to fly with a suite of four Hellfire
missiles, said Colonel Robert Sova,
the army's Training and Dodrine

ons to the Shadow UAS. The

marines believe that the y could
l1ave anywhere from 20 to 30 or 40
engagements a month were they to
have a weaponiscd capability on
Shadow - and so, for that reason,
we have worked {'I,-operatively
Command (TRADOC) UAS capa- with them to do that:' he said.
H owever. diplomatic issues
bility manager.
The first sySte ms were deployt'(! restrict the mi litary'i ab ility to add
to Iraq in 2009 under a QRC- l arms to UAS in the Shadow class,
effort and were mig inally unarmed , since the se platfonns are launl.:hed
although these arc undergoing from a rail and could therefore be
efforts to integrate a suite of Hellfire considered a cruise missile appli missiles similar to those on QRC-2 cation. The USMC is working to
system s, Col Sova said.
resolve this and ensure the sys tem s
"They ha ve to go through a series are not interpreted as sUl.: h.
of safe ty I.:ertifil.:ations in theatre
Col Sova no!(..od that, while weapon a firing range before they are onisation is useful. the primary
allowed to go livc. so weapons mission of smaller 'seo ut" UAYs is
arc moving forward in that class [of to provide troops with si tuational
VAS ):' Owings said.
awa reness and not necessarily to
The arm y has added arma - opcr.lte in an attack role. [t comei
ments to VAYs sUl.:h as the Hunter down to a I.:ost-benefit: is there a
and Warrior A (a precursor to need to ann? Because the minute
the MQ- IC). as well as thc Grey you put annamcnt on one of these
EagleQRCs.
syste ms, the greater capabil ity of
Owings said the army is also the pcrsisten(""C it gives you - of how
working with the US Marine Corps long you I.:an stay in the air - starts

(USMC) to explore adding weap- (,oming down," he said.

US Air National Guard trials

podded DlRCM for KC-135 fleet
T he US Air Natiuna l G uard (A NG) is to bl!gin
trial s or the Northrup G rummlln G uardi a n
anti-missile counte rmeaSUTCS system Hbllard
a K C- 135 aerial refu elling ai rcraft , th e cumplin y a nnounced on 17 January.
The flight tria ls are lxing held as an operdt ional utility evaluation (DEY) of Guardian
and follow on from gmund trials of the syslem
that began on 12 January. Flight-tesling is selto
begin on 19 January and the OEY trials are due
to be complete by mid-March.
Guardian comprises the Northrop Grumman
AN/AAQ-24(Y) Nemesis d irt:ctiona l infrared
countermeasure (DrRCM) defensi ve-aid sySle m
in a pod-based configuration. The system works
by dctecting incoming missiles via its ultraviolet missile warning sensor. Once the missile is
detected its st""Cker is d isrupted using a laser
pointer-tracker.
According to NorthropGrumman, the advan tage of using a podded syste m mounted on
the aircrafts under-fuselage is that it can be
tran sferred lxtwcen platforms in less tlmn 30
m inutes. This means that a irc raft can lx protel.:!ed as the m ission di{,tates and negates the
I.:osts involved in equipping the entire KC - 135
fleet of more than 400 aircraft.
The ANfAAQ-24 was developed by North -

worldmags

The US Air National Guard is lookinoto equip its

KC-1351leel wrth poOded DIRCM systems to allow
aircraft to be protected as the mission dictates

rop Grumman in partnership with BAE Systems

Avion ics (now Selex Ga lilco) and Bocing under
a joint US/UK operational emergency requirement (OER). This OER (3/89) was initiated by
the UK Ministryof Dcfent"C in 1989, with the US
Special Operations Command joining in 1993.
The AN/AAQ-24 is insmlled on more than
500 fixed- and rotary- wing platforms within
the US and U K militaries, as well as with other
intemationall.:ustomcrs.
Ga re th J ennin gs
Jane j. AI,ill/fun Dnk ili/ur. wndun

USS Wasp prepares

for F35B trial role
AWasp-class amph ibious assault ship is to be
employe d as a tr ial s plaltorm lor Ihe US Marine
Corps' short take-off and vertical landIng (STOVl)
varIant of the F-35 lightnIn g II Jo Int Sirike FI ghter.
Announcing the move on 18January, Naval Sea
Systems Command (NAVSEA) told Janesthattests
scheduled for late 2011 may h.veto be delayed as
partol Ihe two-year probalionary period imposed
on the F-3SB programme tJ.; Secretary 01 Delense
Robert Gales earlier this month.
USS Wasp{lHD 1) has arrived at BAE Systems'
shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia, to begin a scheduted USD16 million Phased Mainlenance Availability
locusing on repair and maintenance 01 the vessel's
engineering sections
Theeflort will include a USD4.6 million work
package to prepare the ship for its F-3SB triols
role, involving the addition of a stress sensor su~e
10 monitor the impacl of Lightning II STDVl
operations hom the deck. saki NAVSEA spokesman
Chris Johnson
Concerns thaI high-temperature jet exhaustcould
damage the Ilight deck were disclosed in operational
testing documents in mid-2010. Tria1s on board
Wasp, however. will begin wrth no special prolection
for the deck, atthough operating procedures could
evolve. Johnson added
Sam LaGrone
JDW Staff Reporter, Washington, DC

worldmags

12 . 26 January 20 11 JDW . jdw.janes.com

EUROPE
FN Herstal to
supply machine
guns to France
The French delence procuremenl
agency (Direction Gell8rale pour
I'Armement; DGA) has awarded Ihe
Belg lumbased FN Herstal a conlract
to supply il with MAG 58 7.62 x
51 mm light machine guns (LMGs).
The contract was signed on 15
December but not revealed by the DGA
untilt9 January. The MAG 58lMGs
will replace the armed forces' current
AN Fl weapons. Delillery olthe first
500 unils to Ihe French Army will take
place during 201 1.
The weapons can be used on
vehicles or bydismounted soldiers
The package afso includes training
services and spare parts. It is the lirst
slage 01 a wider procurement 01 aboul
10,000 MGs forthe army, navy and
air lorce. The value 01 the deal was
undiscfosed
The army's MGs could be lined
onlo the Weapon under Armour lor
Se~-Prolection

(WASP) remotely con-

trolled weapon stations that f rance

procured under an urgent operational
rC{juirementlrom $agem and Panhard
General Delense.
Victor Barreira
JDWCorrespondelll, Lisbon
Kate Trlngham JDW Correspondent,
London
Additional reportina byGerrard
Cowan JDWEuropeEditor, London

Spain sees leap

in exports during
first half of 2010
OAVIO ING JDWCvrr"sp<Jml..nl
.~~*j~...

SpanIsh defence exports saw a

77 pet cent rise in the first sIx
months of 2010
EU and NATO partners
dominaled the lolal, with
shipping sales Ihe major area
of sllccess

he vlIlue of Spanis h derence exports

increllsed by 77 per cent
to E UR730.4 million
(USD9K3 million) in the
first hair of 2010 compared with
Ne xt came Venezuela, which
the same ~riod in 2009, aCl'Ord- spent EUR 106 million for a coastal
ing In figures relellsed hy the patro l boat, followe d by Mex ico,
Ministry or Industry Hnd TrHde which invested EUR49.6 mi llion in
on 19.1Hnua r)'_
two transport aircraft and pans. The
Of the total, sales ""'orth EUR267 other major order was from Ch ile,
million went to EU partners, mainly which spent EUR21.2 million on a
to the UK, Germany and Italy to maritime patml aircraft.
pay for al:quisitions for joint mili tary projects.
That figure rose to EUR323.6
mi ll ion when sales to other NATO
partners were included.
T he remainder of exports were
di vided between 44 countries , with
the biggest sing le customer being
Malays ia , w[lieh paid EUR 171.2
mi ll ion for a Scorpene submari ne,
built jointly by Navamia and DCNS
of France.

EDA plans next helicopter exercises

The European Defence Agency's
(EDA's) next tacticHI exercise
to train helicopter crews ror difficult environmenta l conditions
will tHke plal'C in Haly in MH}", the
organisatiun has stHtcd,
The May event will be fo llowed
by similar effort s in Sweden and
Portugal in late 201 I and 2012 and .
eventually, the agency is tooking
to a more permane nt instructional
arrangement: a European helil:opter
instrul:tors' l:OllrSC, leading to l:ertified trai ners, said EDA officials.
'We would like to expand tbe
HPT [helil:opter pilot training)
l:o ncept to embrace a 'train-thetrai ner'cuurse:' an EDA suuro: told
J(/lIe '~i on 19 January. '"Ultimate ly.
thi s would function as a qualified
worldmags

European hel il:opter instrul:lors '

course."
Tile EUs dcfence agency has
organised two annual tactical training events so far; a high-a ltitude
snow exerdse in Fra nl:e in early
2009 and a ' hot and dusty' one in
Spain in June 2010 . wi th crews and
aircraft from more than a dozen
European countries partidpating in
the two eventS. Of the 114 hel icopter new members that have trained
su far, 65 have since de pluyed to
Afghanistan.
Lessons learncd from tbe two
exef,'ises were rev iewed by 38
crew members from 16 European
nations , plus the Uni ted States,
duri ng a 15 - 16 December tactics symposium organised by the

agency and husted by Luxe mtxlUrg.

During the symposium partici pants were briefed by NATO on
the latest enemy manoeuvres and
weaponry aimed aga inst coal ition
helil:opters operat ing in Afghan istan . While the weapons deployed
by the eountrys insurgents have not
changcd s ign ificantly, "the tactics
and the use o f the weapons by the
enemy is becom ing more sophisticated' , said the source, adding that
the biggest " 'eapon-related threats
agai nst hel icopters in Afghanistan
come from rocket-propelled grenades and small anns fire.
The three-week exerl:ise in Italy
begins on 23 May, with manoeuvres
taking place in two si tes: Viterbo in
the north of the peninsula and on the

The biggest equ ipment l:ategory

by value was s hips at EUR28 2.1
million (38.6 percent). fo llowcd by
aircraft at EUR265.3 million.
Potential dua l military and dv ilian use exports increased 20 per
cent in value to EUR54.5 million .
Of th is total, cquipment valued at
EUR33.2 mi ll ion went to Iran.
Tile min ist ry attr ibuted the
rise to the "grQw ing preoc,' upation aroused by that l:u untry uver
the possible development of arms
of mass destruction", w hich
resulted in controls and licences
for ex ports being extcndcd to cover
a greater number of produl:ts and
companies.
'"All e xport Qperations to Iran
were rigorous ly analyscd taking
into accou nt the resolutions of the
United Nations and the commo n
pos itio ns and regulations of the
EUropean Union appmved since
2006: it said.
Pour export licenecs were rcfused
to Ye me n, two to Paki stan and
one to Iran, all of which invo lved

l:hemil:al SUbstances".

The second
of Malaysia's
Seorper.e
submarines, KD
Tun Razak, was
Spain's single
largest defeoce
sale in the lirst hall
012Ql0.
~.""',L""""

island of Sardinia, in the hope that

the lallers rocky and arid landscape
will stay dry for the event. Spli!!ing
the event over two sites simultaneously wil l also enable the organisers
to fo ld more complicated variables
into the exercise, such as basing
logistics, said an EDA souree.
The conl:ept for a 'train-fll e trainer helicopter tactical course
could be explored during an EDA
helicopter training exerc ise now
be ing planned for the October
2011 -Marl:h 2012 tirnefrarnc when
Swede n hosts the event. The main
setbal:k to the concept, however,
could be the time commitment: fi ve
weeks of ciasswom instruction plus
fou r weeks of nying.
Brooks Tigner
lDW NATOQlul EU Affairs
CurreJpulldent. Bnvi~'ds

Go 10 jdw.janes.comlor more

jdw.jancs.wm JD W . 26 January 2011

worldmags
. 13

Officials warn of pitfalls in

EU-NATO security co-operation
IIROOKS T IGNE R lDW NATO<lml EU A}/airs Cu""spulld..m
.~,.~ ~~.~,~..

NATO's n\!w str;,itt!gic co nc\!pt

and its compre h ensive definition of Ihreals - man-mad\! and
nlliurnl - havt! shirt ed the allianct!
closer 10 the E U ' s all-hazards
eoncept of st!eurity. Ilowt!wr, tht!
Iwo hndies do not see eye In eye
on how to deal with these threats,
acrurding to military officials and
policy anal ysis,
There is a gap in political-historkal awareness bctwt"Cn the two
organisations that may never be
renlfl"i1cd , the experts warn; thi s
will remain the case cvcn if the
longstanding EU-Turkey disagreement over CYPl1ls - wh ich blocks
forma l EU-NATO co-operation is reso lved.
"'Ea"h organisation is try ing to
distance itsclffrom lhe original historica l justification of its birth: the
EU from the need [after tile Second Wor ld War] to avo id war on
the European continent and NATO
from the need to confront thc Sovict
enemy." Admiral Jean Dufoufcq,
director of strategic studie s at
L'Eco1c Royale M il itaire in Paris,
s.aid in Brusse ls on 13 January.
"These roots arc no longe r re levant and both NATO and the EU
havc been trying to come up wi th
a lasting and relevant strJtegy for
20 years, but it's oc"Cn a co nStant
suc(.:ession of summits - without
a"rual1y I;oming up wit h a last ing
sense of their individua l stratcgic
approaches to the world," he said.

Senior oHicials and ana lysis

have questioned the potenllal
lor EU-NATD co-operation
While both organisations have
sought to establish relevant
luIure secu rity strategies,
co-ope rat ion Is hampered
by fundamentally divergent
approaches
This has consequences for EUNATO relations in the long te rm,
Dufourcq argut-d.
" To promote EU-NATO re lations, you have to creatc a common
strategic identity between them, but
tlli s means re{'onci ling the very different experiences of war of Europe
Versus the Uni ted States. Thus,
the essential strategi(.: ques tio n
be hind EU-NATO is this re lation ship [the different perceptions of
war and military means and how
they arc executed l betwt"Cn the US
and Europe. Washington's dcfen(.:e
budge! remains very largc whi Ie
[!he combined national budgets] of
Europe [are] shrinking because its
publ ic doesn ' t see or support tile
same threat perception:'
Adm Dufoun:q was speaking at
a panel d is(.:ussion hosted by the
French think-tank InstitUi Europeen
des Re lations Inte rn at ionals. Cospeaker Colonel Erik Blommestij n,
the lead for EU-NATO re lations
for the European Un ion Mi litary
S taff (EUMS), agrecd that there
were some existential differences

by thn.-c faclors, Col Blommcstijn

said : regular contact between the
Nortll Atlantic Counci l and thc EU
equivalent . known as the Poli tical
and Security CommiW. .e ; an EUMS
liaison cell at NATO Supreme Headquarters AlIi(.-d Powers Europe; and
betwecn the two organisations - but close co-ordination betwcen NATO
only up to a point.
and EU military experts regarding
"Whilc [ do someti mes have to the deve lopment of capabilities that
wondcr if we in Eu rope are wil l- benefit both sides .
ing to elaborate and define our own
In the area of I;apability developmechan isms and concepts - inas- men t. for example, the two sides
muc h as the US influences NATO are eo-ordinating on he licopter
and NATO influcnces us - thcre are pilot training, medical services and
a lot of misconceptions aboutllow evacuation procedures . logi stics
we are able to co-ordinate things as and train ing fo r {,ounter-i mp m well,"' he told the gath ering , refer- viscd explosive dev ice (C- IED )
ring to the wi de ly he ld assumption operations . When asked how this
that the EU's spat with Turkcy pre- I;o-operation might be cxpanded .
vents any co-ordination between the Col Blommestijn 's response was
un ion and NATO.
equivocal: "The areas we 've dlOscn
For mi li tary planning pur- so far, suc h as C -IED, are not that
poscs, Col Blommest ijn said the sensitive [polit icall y]: no one wil l
two organisations cireumvent the argue against them. I think it could
Cyprus-ge ncrated political block- be difficu lt to make progress in too
age as much as thcy {'an, alt hough many ot her areas , though if you
this hi nges largely on thc fact that a look at the NATO strategk concept
majority (21) of the 27 EU nat ions you find words [such as the need
belong to NATO and can thus fun - for a wmprehens ive civil-mil itary
nel information and guidance back approach to threats) that have been
to the EUMS.
used in EU policy making cireles
"We very much re ly on NATO 's for a long timc. This could suggest
muc h larger stalf to ensure tllat the a common appro.Kh to re lated capatwo avoid dupli(.:ations by ensu r- bili ty developments."
On the other hand, Col Blommcsing that the same mititary advice
is provided to both sides," he said. tijn said thcre arc some institutional
NATO's currcnt mi litary staff behaviour pallc rtls that stand in thc
of 12,800 far exct"Cds tllat of the way of a strongcr mes hing of NATO
and the EU.
EUMS , whk h stands at just 200.
First , he said there is a te ndelU.:y
"There is a fully trans parent
ex"hange of ideas and our staffs and among m ilitary personnel "but
commands do ta lk to one another. a lso even among diplomats" to
It would be a {'ompletc wastc of be fierccly loyal to their own unit,
time and resources if thc s.amc stalf whet her a platoon, shi p or organimembers, swit(.:h ing ha ts bc!ween sation. "On the up side, thi s raises
the organisations, were not giving pride and standards, but on the
consistent advice ."' he observed.
down side it can provoke jealousy

Tllis communication is aided and secrecy,"' he said.

Finland awards F/A-18 Hornet upgrade deal to Patria

The FinnIsh Air FOlce has awarded Patrla a EUR24
million (USD32 million) contracllor MlU-2 ppgrades
to Its BoelnD F/A-18 Hornet muliliole li ghter alleraft,
the company annopnced on 14 January.
The contract, which co~ers upgrade work to 35 aircratt, is related tothe manula cture 01 components and
harnesses. Work is expected to commence in 2012 and
should be compteted between 2013 and 2015 as aircratt
go through the upgrade process in conjunction with
scheduled maintenance and structural updates.
The company unde rtook MLU-1 upgrade wort<

worldmags

between 2007 and 2010. In September 2008 the US

Congress recei~ed a request from Finland lor a third
uparade phase (although this has not been relerred to
as MLU'3). AccordinG to Pat ria the Finnish Air Force's
goal is to upgrade all of its 62 FIA-18C/O Hornets by the
endol2016
Under MLU-2the Hornets computer software is being
modified to accommodate new weaponry as well as
upgrades tottle aircraft's communications and electronic countermeasures suRes.
Gareth Jennings Janes Aviation Desk Editor, London

....
at

~:

Finland is upgrading its Hornei lleet to keep them at the

forefront 01 operational service until at least 2030.

worldmags

14 . 26 January 20 11 JDW . jdw.jancs.com

ASIA PACIFIC
India issues Rfl
for waterproof
assault rifle
The Indian Army dispalched a global
raquesllor Informallon (All) on 17
January lor a 7.62 x 51 mm assault
rille capable 01 operaUng In a
maritime environmenllor ils special
lorces and commando inlantry units.
The All, issued by the army'slnlantry Directorale in New Delhi, requires
a rifle weighing less than 3.5 kg and
lor its accessories and attachments
to become operational immed~tely
upon resurfacing following extended
periods underwater.
The RII also stalesa requirement
lor Picatinny rails , reflexJholographic/
n~ht sights, tactical lights and suppressors. Potential vendors are
required to submit details wrthin
30 days, alter which a request for
proposals (RIP) willtle issued for an
as-yet-unspec~ied nllmber of rilles
Military olfic~ls said the eventual
underwater rifle procurement would
also "factor in" the requirements of
lhe Indian Navys spec~llorces, which
recently began inducting Israelibuilt
Tavor-21 5.56 mmassault rilles. The
army acquired Tavor-21s for its spec~1 forces in 2002 but only received
them live years later.
Meanwhile, the Indian Navy, which
has begun inducting Israel"s Gali17.62
x S4 mm sniper rilles into service lor
rts Marine Commandos, has issued a
gkJbal Rillor addiliorlal "long-range"
sniper r~les.
AahulBedl
JOW Correspondent, New Delhi

US gears up to
deliver Taiwan
F-16 upgrades

support the AMRAAM. The cockpits will a lso be refurbished with

more modem disp lays.
Price arid ava ilability (P&A) data
for the upgrades will be released
'within Ihe next few wt""Cks, sourn~s
in Taiwan and the US said, but other
sources close !Q the process said
no specific date had beerl giverl.
We review Taiwans defe nsive
capabili ties on an ongoing basis:' a
State Department official said. "Taiwan frequem ly lel ls us what Ihey' d
li ke to have and then we work with
HEU BEN JOII NSON JDII'Cu rfl'SfWnden/
Taiwarl on equipmem that meets
.f:{.i~. ... ........ ... .... .... ........ ...... ... ..... . .
their rleeds."'
cc nrdin g In unorfiTaiwan government sources said
Sources say the US is preparing
cilll repurls, Taiwan is
Taiwan continues to lobby fur the
to agree to Taiwan's request 10
scheduled 10 receive a
purchase of 66 F- I6CJD Block 52
upgrade lis F-16AJB Ileel
aircraft from the US, which il first
comprt'hensiw upgnlde
The US is delaying
requested irl 2006, arid is also irlterpackage ror its 150
announcements about the
estt-d in an F-35 Joint Strike Fighter
I.ockheed Martin F-16A/R Rlock
modernisation programme
acqu isition. US agreement to either
20 fighter aircraft that will include
to maintain improving ties
would be like ly to prompt a more
a new s uite nr avionics, an engine
with China
relrofit and it radar replacement.
severe reaction from Beijing .
A Bcijirlg-based analys t told
Sources say thallhe US Stale and
Defense Departments have refused s.aid: "Un ited Stales arms sales to JU/ws: "Even though Ihere was
to comment on the package, wh ich Ta iwan seriously damaged C hi na's w ides pread condemnal ion of the
Taiwan first rcquestL-d in 2006, fear- cure interests and we do not want February 20 I0 arms sale 10 the
ing it wou ld affel.:t the 9- 12 January to see that happen again, ne ither ROC it was clear that the reaclion
Irip to Beijing by US Secretary of do we hope that the US arms sales was somewhat restra ined - that the
Deferlsc Robert G ates or the subse- to Taiwarl will again arid furrher f oreigrl Minimy was ho ldirlg back
quent state visit to Washirlgton by disrupt our bi laleral and mi litary-to- some vi lriol irl reserve for arl amicim ili tary relalionship:'
C hinese Prcsident Hu j intao.
pated laler decis ion by the US to
China backtracked on plans to
The F-16A1Bs, which the Repub- sell more F-16s 10 Taiwan."'
improve militarY-lo-mililary ties lic of China Air Force (ROCA F)
The assessment of other expens
wilh the US after it so ld arms to began rece iv irlg irl 1992. arc who spoke 10 Janes is Ihal China
Taiwan irl f ebruary 2010. One of already capable of firirlg the will probably not protest at this
the obj"'ts of Januarys meet ings R aytheon A IM - 120 AMRAA M stage as the P&A announcement
between G ates and his C hinese active -homing m issile and have docs not confer a US comm itment
counterpart, General Liang Guan- the A IM- 120C5 and C7 variants in to the sale. Beij ing is likely 10 wai t
glie, was to restore the relat ionship the ir inventory. The upgrade will until there is an official notificat ion
10 Ihe 2009 level of inleraction.
pennil engagemem at longer ranges by the Defense Security Co-operAt a joint press conference w ith due to in,'reases in the number of al ion Agency (DSCA ) , whk,h is
Gates on 10 January, Gen Liang radar modes that w ill be ava ilab le to expected by the end of the year.

Taiwan holds live-fire

air defence exercises
THiwa n 's Ministry or National air force, anny a ... d mari ... e corps
Dert!nsc (M.J"'lD) he ld a livt!-fiJ"t! a ir fired II types of surface-to-air arid
dt!ft!nee t! xt! rci st! un 18 J a nuary air-Io-air miss iles, includ ing the
- its lilrg~S I sinct C hinil-rri~ndly US -manufactured A IM -7 (Spar" r esident J\.-fa Yin g -jeuu tnuk row) MIM -23 HAW K and Frenc h
MICA as well as the island's indigoffice in May 2008.
The exercise, which came a enousTien Kung II (Sky Bow).
day before Chirlese Presidem Hu
Pres iderlt Ma. wlw atterlded
jintao arrived in Wash ington, DC . the exercise, said it was a imed
for a state visit, took place at the at underscoring hi s "comm itment
C hungshan [nslilute of Science and 10 an effective Taiwanese delerTechnology's l iupeng missile test- ren!"' . However, local mi litary
ing base in Pingmng County.The ana lysts have said that the unu -

worldmags

A... MIM23
HAWK medium
range surface-toair missile is fire<!
from Jeouperlg
military base in
Pingtung County,
Taiwan, on 18
January

sually public display was part of the US. MND prcss officer Chou
ongoing moves by Taipei to pUSll Wci -kurl said the dare ofthc exercise
Wash ington 10 sell it morc advanced was set before eithe r Washington
",capon systems.
or Beijing announced the timing of
Both the government and the Hu's Slate visit.
MND denied the missile test was
Gavin Phipps
limed to coincide wi th H u's visit to
JDWCurre~pundel1f. TlIipei

jdw.jancs.wm JDW . 26 January 2011

worldmags
. 15

F-35 still in S Korean fighter race, LM says

correspondence confirms tl1eir view that slowing
produ"tion in the next fe w years will not have a
sign ificant effect on o\'erall JSF unit nJsts in the
.B~.~lIk.o~
future:' he added. 'Togetller, tl1ese realities will
Lockheed Martin has expressed confidence allow the South Korea and other potential FMS
in its abi lity to suppl y its F-35 Lightning IT custo mers to procure the fifth-generdtion F-35
Joint Strike Fighte r (JSF) to South Korea on at the approximate cost of a competing fourth ti me and un hudget should Seoul select generation air,raft."
the platform to meet the third phHse of Japan and the US have exchanged notes
JQNGREVAIT
June,' /I..,;u P{lcijic /m/uMry Repo rter

the country's next-generation (FX) fighter

aircraft requirement,
Under rX-TJT , the Republic of Korea Air
FOKe (RoKA F) is expected to proc ure 40 to 60
aiKraft to replace its age ing McDonnell Douglas
F-4s and Northrop F-5s. The acqu isition has an
estimated va lue of up 10 USD6.5 billion and is
expected to be fonnally launched later thi s year.
St'Qul has ind icated that it wants the scl,,ted
platfoml to be delivered from around 20 16. That
is a schedule that Lockheed Martin believe s it
can achieve . despite increasing pressures on the
F-35 development programme.
"Lockheed M ar tin is confident that we
can del ive r F-35i for the Republ ic of Korea
beg in ning as earl y as 2016," said a company
spokesman. "The CTOL [con ventional take-off
and la ndin g] aircra ft programme is proceeding
satisfactori ly and adeq uate capacity exists for
Fore ign Military Sales [FMSJ."
Despite the spokesman's optimism over the
CTOL ve~ ion, Jan(!:~ reported earlier th is month
that the initial operat ional capability (TO C)
date for the aircraft will be delayed again due to
restructuring plans aimed at correcting tile progr,mm"lC. The US A ir For<-"C (USAF) had set an
JDC date for 20 16, but speaking at a 12 Janu ary briefing in Washington, Air Force Stocrctary
M il'hael Donley said another schedule sli p for the
CTOL variant is "implied" based on "the dollars
and the time n:quircd in syste m development".
This restructuri ng was promptt'(! in 2010 by
the programme triggering a Nunn -1I.t cCurdy
Breal,h - a US statute th at re qu ires mi litary
equipment cost increases of 25 per cent above
the original esti mate to undergo a rcview and
recertificati on process . The JSF programme
costs had risen above the original baseli ne estimate ofUS D232 billion to USD382 bi ll ion.
Howe ver, such cost increases will not be
passed on to FMS customers of the aircraft , said
the spokes man.lllc aircraft , he added , would be
avai lable 10 South Korea at a cost compardble
with other aircraft "ompet ing in the programme.
"'The t"()5ts of an F-35 programme for Korea are
a subject for di $l; ussion betwccn the [two governments]." the spokesman said. '" Havin g said that.
cost growtl1 on the F-35 programme to date has
oc'"Cn experienced predominantly in the developmen t phase of the programme. The recurring (."(lst
of the F-35 has [been] tracked in each of the first
four produc tion years on a downward path.
"Fu rther, re<:en t [US] Department of Defensc
worldmags

that requ ire Tokyo to ensure "onfidentiatity of

syste ms , tt'"Chnologies and other informat ion
conceming the JST'. Japanese Foreign Minister Sciji Maclmra and US Ambassador to Japan
John Roos exchanged docume nts based on the
1954 US -Japan Mutual Defence Assistan,'e
Agr<-'"Cment that specify protCl,ting data re lated
to the -35 fig hter, Ja pan' s Foreign Min istry
announced on 18 January.

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worldmags

16 . 26 January 20 11 JDW . jdw.janes.com

MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA
In Brief
Middle Easl situallon lemains

volalile, say experts

The potential for politically driven
conllict in the Middle East remains
at crisis levels due to the continued
impasse in talks between the Palestiniansand Israel, policy experts meeting
in Brussels said on 18 January. The
experts also believe that the situation
in the region has been compounded
by the overthrow of the Tunisian
government. 'Ours is becoming a very
volatile and unstable region and Ithink
the danger of war in the Middle Ea st
is now real: a Palestinian Authority
delegate saki at the meeting 01 Israeli,
Pa~stinian and US experts
Ineumbenllemalns as UN delays
COle d'ivoilll peacekeeper vote
RUSSian objections delayed a UN
Security Council vote on 18January
to augment its peacekeeping force in
Cote d'ivoire as incumbent president
Laurent Gbagbos fa ilure to cede
power increases unrest.
Peacekeepers are trying to maintain
stability after Gbagbo relused to
accept internationally certified November 2010 poll results, which verified
that Alassane Ouattara was elected
the new president. If passed, the UN
resolution would send an additional
2,000 blue-helmeted peacekeepers
into Cote d'ivoire, bringing the force to
11,500. No ollicial reason was given
forthe delay.
An alysts lake heart Irom Tunisian
Army's reluelanee for powe r
The reluctance by the Tunisian Army's
hierarchy to be drawn into the political
113cuum created with the /light into
e~ ile 01 former president Zine alAbi
dine Ben Ali bodes well lor the North
African country's journey towards
civilian, non-authoritarian govern
ment, analysts sugge st
In refUSing to follOW orders to fire
on crowds of protesters angered by
unemployment. high food prices and
government corruption, the army in
ellect sealed the fate of Ben Ali, whose
23year reign ended with a night-time
escape faCilitated, according to pub'
lished reports, by Libyan intelligence.
Tile army also pursued elements
of the security lorces loyal to Ben
Ali -in particular the police and
internal security forces - who were
criticised for using e~cessive force
against protesters

worldmags

Iraq and Ukraine reach

agreement over BTR4Es
GRZ EGORZ HOLDA~OW f C Z JDW Cvrrnpvm/elll

.w~.~~~.~

......................... . ... . ... . .................. .

kra ine has r cached an

agree ment wit h Iraq
a bout a delay in the
deliH!ry of BTR-4E HxH
wheeled armourcd personnel carrieni (AI'Cs).
The firs t 11 BT R- 4E s were
sc heduled to leave Kharkiv in
November 2010 and participate in
an Iraqi Army parJde in Baghdad
on 5 January. However, the shipment has been de layed unti l the
'second half of the first quarter of
20 I I'. ic late Pcbruary or March.
T he ve hi cles were part of a
dea l signed in August 2009 by the
Iraqi government and the Ukrainian Prugress defence export
company for 420 BTR-4Es (priced
at US D457.5 m il lion) and six
An 32 B liglll tactica l transrort
ai rcraft and ma intenance services
(USD99.2 mi ll ion).
However, in December20IO Lieutenan t Gencral Mi khail Borisyuk.
the chief dcs igncr of the BTR-4Es
manufacturer, the Kh ark iv Moro7.0v
Mac hine Bui lding Design Bureau
(KM DB), told Ukrai nian media that
du ri ng the aCl.:ep talll:c of the first

Ukraine and Iraq have seHled

a dispule In lela lion to lhe
delivery 01 BTR-4E APCs
The deliveries have been
rescheduled for fale February
or early March

batch the Iraqis discovered serious

malfunct ions in the vehicle's 30 mm
ZTM - l cannon. The cannon had
to be returned to its manufacture r:
th e ' Fi ne Mec han ics Plant ', based BR EM-4 armoured ambulances
in the city of Kamyents Podolski in and 10 BREM-4 annourcd recovery
Ukrai ne. They should be ret urned vehicles. Ten Iraq i mec hanised batto KMDB for reintegrJtion 'by the ta lions that are to be equipPL"<i with
end of January 20 I I", aCCllrd ing to the BT R-4Es should also receive
spare parts, maintenance packages
Gen Borisyuk.
All of the BTR-4Es shou ld be and complex lraini ng dev ices. The
de li vered by m id-2012. These vcll icles are to rece ive US-provided
include 270 amp h ibious ver- communication suitc.
sions with a KMDB BM-7 Parus
Consequently, the ir del ivery of
unmanned turrCi and annL-d with a 30 An-32Bs has also been de layed.
mm ZTM- I (2A 72) automatic gun, Two of the six An -32Bs were to
30 mm AGS- 17 automatic grenade arrive in Iraq in the fourth quarter
launchcr. 7.62 mm macllincgun and of2010. However. the Iraq i acceptLuch Baryer anti-tank gui ded mis- ance tea m apparent ly d iscovered
sile system. The order also incl udes that the aircraft were not 'all new"
80 BTR-4 K command vehicles, whi ch was against the terms of the
30 BT R-4 KSh staff veh icles, 30 contract, according to a sourL"C.

Hamas deploys NSF to

stop rocket fire into Israel
Ha mas deployed Nat ional Securily Forces (NSF) to its nort he rn
and castern border with Isra el on
17 January to prevent fircd projectiles targeti ng Israeli towns ,
Hamas sec urity sources ha'e co nfirm~

to)allc's,

A senior Ham as secu rit y source

to ld JalleI on 20 January: "We
forced these groups to sto p firing ... projecti lcs becausc we have
reeeived threats through the Egyptians and the Qalaris Ihal Israe l is
inlending 10 larget Harnas in Gaza.
'We managed to discipline the
Salafi. but are stilllrying wit h the

The delivery of BTR-4Es to Iraq has been

rescheduled lollowinglile discovery
of defects in relation to the Ukrain~n
vehicle's cannon

Palest inian Islamic Jihad through a

bi latera l partnership that any armed
aCl ivity from Ihe Gaza Strip shou ld
be co-ord inaled wilh Ham as and
take in conside ration the pub lic
interest ofGa7.a; the source added.
"Hamas took the ISrael i threats
seriously and dec ided to avoi d a
violent (attack] on the Gaza Strip
or its leadership. wh ile the Palestinian groups' commitment to thc
truce is cond ition!a l] to stop any
escalati on," Muk haimer Abu Saeda,
professor of Pol itical Science at
AI- Azher University in Gaza, told
JlIne~ on 20 Ja nuary. He added:

'The stabil ity of the truce depends

on Israel's reaction."
Major Av icha y Adreaa o f the
Israel Defense Force (IO F) to ld
Janes: "The IOF wil l cva lua te
Hamas acrions and efforts to srop
firing projL-ct iles by the resu lts on the
ground. ff ffi her Palesti nian groups
continue firing projectiles , wi th or
without Harms' pennission . it rneans
tllat Hamas' steps arc useless:'
T he IO F bel ieves that Hamas
has the power to stop rockets being
fired and the capabili ty 10 control
Palestinian miliLant groups in Gaza.
Major Adreaa said: 'Hamas is only
resronsib le for stopping the rockets
and tak ing tang i ble measures, but if
the shooting CIlntinues the lOP will
target Hamas."
Mohammcd Najib JDIV
Currespvmlenf. Ramllllllh

jdw.jancs.wm JD W . 26 January 20 II

worldmags
. 17

Somali pirates cause kidnapping spike ...

tAUKEN GELFAND JDW Middle EelIl/Africa &liror

been captured by the pirates, Mukundan said

in the annual reporting statement, whk"h also
reported that the number of pirate attacks on
Somalia-based pir ates were responsible for ships globally has risen annually for the past four
a n " a la r ming" sp ike in t he number of k id - years. He said: "TIley capture the crew aoo foTtc
nappi ngs of sailors in 20 10, the In tern ationa l them to sail to with in attacking d istant"C of other
Marit ime Rureau (IMR) sa id in a report unsuspe(1 ing vessels:'
released un IRJan uary.
A lthough some mar itime analysts have said
More than nine in 10 seafarers taken hostage that the Somali pira tes are heading deeper into
in 2010 were captured by the pirates . who are
operating evcr-deeper into thc Indian Occan and
away from East Africa 's shoreline. tile report
from the maritime watt'hdog said.
Some pirate CTCWS are operating as far sout h
as tile Mozambique ChanTICI. whi le other vesse ls
Ilavc been hijacked closer to India 's shores tllan
toSomalias.
"These figuTCs for the number of hostages and
vesse ls takcn are tile highest we have evcr SI. .e n;
said Po!!engal Mukundan, dir(""<.'loT of the 1M B's
Piracy Reporting Centre . which Ilas monitored
incidents worldwide sincc 1991. ''The continued
innease in these nu mbers is alamling:'
As of Deccmber 20 10, 638 hostages rema ined
in Somali hands: crew of tile 28 vesse ls that were
still held for ransoms, whi ch have now exceeded
USDIO mi ll ion. Pirate networks operating from
coastal villages along thc Hom of Africa seized
49 sllips in tota l in 2010, operatcd by 1.016
crcw. Many ncws are being held on motherships, induding the six men scized on 12 January
aboard the Danish vessel MV Leupard.
Some of thc mothersllips arc vesse ls tllat llave
Nairobi

the oc"Can to c hase vesse ls avo iding the Gu lf of

Aden, the success that intemational task forces
induding the European Un ion Naval Fort"C have
had in piracy deterrence has also forced them
further out to sea. Incidents in the Gu lf of Aden
have more than ha lved in 20 10 due to the naval
task forces, wh ich Mukundan said were "vita l in
protecting mert'hant ships along these importan t
trade roUles".

.. as Malaysia-bound
munitions ship is seized
The Danish mercllant ship Mil Leopard, whose
six crew were ca ptured on 12 Janpary by Somali
pirates, was carrying a consignment 01mu nit ions
tor ille Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) when it
was aHa eked, Jane'shas learnt.
Published reports sugGested that the Ship was
carrying weapons. bulll1e exact inventory was
unknown. Sources in the Malays~n militarylold
Jane'stllal Ihe cargo included 60 GBUl 0 Mk 84
2,000 Ib and GBU-12 Mk 82 500 Ib bombs purchased
under the US Foreign Military Sales programme last
year. Tile shipment was said to consist of the bomb
units minus Ihe luses and electronics for the bombs,
which are used by the RMAF'slloot at eight Boeing
F/A-18 Homel multirole fighter aircraft.
The US has sought to determine whether the munitions have been seized by the pirates as spoils from
the hijacking - tile lalest attack by Somatiabased
pirates deeper into the Indian Ocean and away Irom
Somali shores. It is the second attack by Somali
pirates on a ship known to be carrying weapons.
Dziman Mahadzir JDWGorrespondent, Kuala Lumpur

worldmags

GENERAL DVNAMICS

European Land Systems

worldmags

18 . 26 January 20 11 JDW . jdw.janes.com

BUSINESS
The week
in figures

The price Meggitt will pay

for US aircraft components
maker Pacific Scientific Aerospace in a deal announced on
18January.

$104m
The value placed on German
robot makerTelerob, which
Cobham announced on 19
January it had agreed to buy.

The companies Texlron's AAI

Corporation will split into: AAI
Unmanned Aircraft Systems,
AAITest & Training and AAI
Logistics & Technical Services. The deal was announced
on 19 January.

The number of partners In

UAEbased Advanced Military
Maintenance Repair and Over
haul Centre after Lockheed
Martin agreed to take a share,
alongside Sikorsky and Abu
Dhabi AircraltTechnologie s.
The deal was announced on
17 January.

worldmags

South Korea
seeks industry
consolidation
JON GREVA" hines A,iuPuciji<- IIkllmrv Reporta
.~.~~.II~.C!~..

South Korea intends to promnte

defence indus try cnnsolidation
during 2011 by otTering finlln
cial inCt'ntives to businesses that
undertake merger and acquisition (M&A) activity within
the country,
T he exercise is aimed prima.
ri ly at strengthening defence
companies research and develop
ment capabil ities, said the Defense
Acqu isition Programme Adm inistration (nAPA) on 14 January.
The agency added that it will offer
tax cuts and soft loans for compa
nies involvcd in M&A transactions,
although it did not revcal details.
DA PA said that it hopes the move
will encourage larger companies
to acquire small and med iu msized
entcrpriscs involved in tcchnol
ogy deve lopmcnt. Sucb ac tivity,
it said. will e nsure that technology
development is not restrained by

South Korea has announced

measures 10 encourage defence
induslry consolidalion
DAPA is to offer lax cuts in a
bid to promote mergers and
acquisition activity

excessive competition.
TIle mcasure stcms from the
recommendat io ns made by a
pres ident ial comm ittee in 2010.
Announcing the finding s in October, South Korean President Lee
Myung bak said: 'Defence indus
try deve lopment and expansion
is essential for South Korea whcn
taking the security situation of our
country into consideration .
" But it is diffi cult for the govern
ment to support and maintain the
defencc industry through intcrnal
acquisitions.
''11lc Sooth Korean defence indus-

India to establish
unified body to
manage offsets

try needs to be able to lead itself."

The policy wi ll be supplemented
by an update to thc countrys
dcfcncc offset schcmc, introduced
in earl y 2010, ",,hich allows foreign
prime contractors to meet their of!~
set obligations by investing up to 40
per ccnt in an c:dsting or ncw South
Korean company.
In addition, the South Korean
government has previously outli ned
an intention to se ll its remaining
shares in two defence enterprises.
The government owns a 30.S per
cent stakc in Korea Acrospacc
Industries (KAI), manufacturer of
the T-SO Golden Eagle advanced jet
trainer and K-T I basic trainer, and a
SO.4 per cent stake in the country's
largest naval shi pbui lder. Daewoo
Shipbui lding & Marine Enginccring (OS ME).
T he sale of KAI is tentatively
scheduled to take place in the next
year or so following an in itial public offering that is set for June 2011.
Foreign companies expected to be
interested in acquiring a stake in
the mil itary/commercial aerospace
manufacturer include BAE Sys
terns, EADS and lockheed Martin.
The sale of DSME has been
anticipated sincc Citigroup was
appointed advi ser for the sale in
January 2010. T he government
allempted to sel1the company to the
Seoulbased Hanwha Group in January 2009 for about USD4.6 bil lion
but the sale was cancelled after the
two sides failed to ag((.:c tenns.

with evaluation, interpretation and the monitoring of

o!fset obligations.
He also made apparent reference to industry's frus
trations with DOPA. 'The present arrangement," he
said . 'results in considerable de lay due 10 fragmentation of responsibili ty'-
It is not immediatcly elear. howevcr. whcthcr tbc
unified body-' refe rred to by Raju is a new organ isation or a restructu re of DOFA and reass ignmcnt of
India's Minister of State for Defence M M Palhlm its responsibi lities.
Officials from OOFA that Jalle's contacted on 20
Raju hilS indicllted that the Ministry of Defence
(MoD) is establishing a formal bOOy that has the January di d nO{ comment on the apparent changes and
power to effectively manage and regulate defence spokespersons from the MoD were unavailable.
offset administration,
NonelheleSs. Such a move wi ll a lmost certain ly be
Such a body has been long called for by fore ign welcomed by foreign defence companies. In $cptem.
defence compan ies who have become frustrate d ber 20 I0 defence industry associations acmss North
with the existing Defence Offset Facil itation Agency America and Eu rope sent a jointly signed leller to the
(DOPA) . which thcy say is exccssively bureaucratic Indian MoD in which they said thc lack of a dcdieated
and lacks authoritative power.
body that had authority to make key offset dec isions
In New Delhi on 19 January, Raju -who was speak- was leading to excessive bureaucracy and, in effect,
ing at an event organised by the Associated Chambers stifling defence offset trade.
of Commerce and Industry of India (Assoc harn) - said
Jon Grevlltt
that the MoD is setting up a 'unified body" tbat deals
Jane sAIia.Pucijic Industry Reporter. Bangkuk

jdwJanes.com JDW 26 January 20 II

1worldmags
9

BUSINESS ANALYSIS

Ukraine's reforms take

industry closer to Russia
Ukraine's defence industrial base is to undergo major
restructuring to integrate it with Russian industry - a
move from a pro-Moscow government, according to
sceptics. Reuben FJohnson reports

kraine 's dere nce indu s tri a l

enterpri ses and its arms ex port
agencies are unde rgoing fu11 scale re -orga nisatio n , followin g
the Dec~mbe r 2010 s ig ning of a
presidential decree e ntitled ' On Meas ures
to Increase the Effective ness of the OPK
[Defence Industrial Complex] of Ukraine'.
Wh ile thi s decree appears to be the culminat ion of several months of activity by the
Uk rainian government to formulate a new
structure for the defence se!:tor, the reality, in
the words of several industry observers. "is to
make the Ukrainian system a 'mirror ' of the
organisation that exists in Russia".
There are three distinct aspects to the pro
posed Ukrainian stru!:ture that paralle l the
existing arrangements in Russia. One is that
all arms export ac tivity will now be under
the control of a large umbrella company to be
callcd Uk roboronprom (UOP).
UOP is an amalgamated abbreviation that
stands for Ukraine Defen!:e Industries . This
!:ompany will fUn!:tion in roughl y the same
manner as the Moscow-based Russian Technologies (ROT) in that Ukraine's arms export
agency, Ukrspetsexport (USE), will fa ll under
the newly fo rmed entity. just as Ru ss ia's
export arm, Rosoboronexport (ROE) operates
under ROT.
Thc second aspect of the decrce is that
numerous Ukrainian defence industrial entcrprises wi ll a lso be folded into UOP. Th is
decision is be ing justified on the grounds that
the design bureaux, which are respons ible for
developing new weapons, the factories that
produce them and the agencies responsible
for selling them abroad should a ll be under the
~ame administrative structure.
The third simi larity to Ru ss ia 's dcfen!:e
industrial structure is that the list of Ukrainian
"daughter" companies that existed under USE
and l1ad been liccnsed to sell arms abroad will
all now be combi ned into one joint company.
Ukrinma sh, Spetste!:hnoexport , Promoboronexport, Progress and Ukroboron servi!:e.
alongside a lesser player witl1 limited export ing
rigl1ts called TASKO-Export , will become part
worldmags

Russian efforts to extend ties with Ukraine's defence

sector have gathered pace over the last two years.
Ef10rts to bring U~raine's Antonov Design Bureau
under the aegis of Russia's United Aircraft Corporation have been discussed since at least 2009.
Russia has also shown an interest in Ukrainian
naval producers, such as naval gas turbine producer
Zorya-Mashproel<t and OJSC Feodosiya More
shipyard. The defence industrial base of the Soviet
Union was scattered across independent states after
the 1990s, wrth a predictable impact on Russian
capabilities. The only Sovietera shipyard capable
01 building aircraft carriers was,lor example, in
Ukraine. Ukrainian independence, meanwhile, put
virtually all of Russia's largest transport aircraft
construction facilities outside Russia itself.

of a single , monopoly ar ms export company.

This follows MoseoVo's decision in 2000 to
mo ve prev iously ex ist ing Russian state arms
export firms into what was previously called
Rosvooruzhe niye in order to form ROE.
On one level, the new organ isation may
resolve some of tile inefficiencie s that have
been present in Uk ra in ian industry for yea rs.
Sergei Zguryets, a Ukrainian defence spe!:ialist, said that under the previous arrangement
co -ordination between ente r prises was

All arms export

activity will now
be under the
control of a large
umbrella company
to be called
Ukroboronprom

!;(lInp1cx because uf cunflicts between the

ministries respons ible for them. A survey of
tile 160 major defcnce enterpriscs in Ukrainc
s l10ws that 76 of them belong to tile Mini stry of Industrial Pol i"y, 44 to the Ministry of
Defence, 14 to the State Property Fund and 13
tu the National Space Agency.
However, there are plenty of sceptics who
do not sec that til is move benefits Ukraine in
any meaningful way.
'-Th is new organisation mayor ma y not
impmve tile functioning uf Ukraine's defence
industry and export mechanisms," one Kievbased enterprise execu ti ve lold Jane's, "but
what it docs far more effectively is to make it
muel1 easier for Ukrainian industry to becomc
more close ly integrated with Russia 's defence
enterprises."
This type of criticism echoes that of many
industrial sector executives in Ukraine who
state tl1at the Yanukovich government, widcly
viewed as being pro-Moscow, has taken several concrete steps that will give Russ ia de
facto nlrltrolover mos t of Ukraine 's strategic industries - such as gas and oil. railroads .
telecommun ications and aerospace. Russia
has particu larly coveted a stronger hand over
the Antonov ai rcraft enterprise in Kiev and the
Motor Sich aeftJ-engine produ!:tion plant and
design bureau in Zaparozhc.
"The helicopter industry in Russia and the
people at ROE really resent the fact that they
must send l1undreds of mi llions of dollars to
Ukra ine every year because Motor Sich is the
only place that builds man y uf Ihe engines for
new-production helos," said one Russian industry expert in Moscow. "Also. Russian industry
continues to dream about arc-start ofthc An-124
production line, which Antonov in Ukr.line owns
the intel lectual property rights to."
If there is a silve r lining to the new stfU!:ture it is that Ukrainian firm s may nuw have
more access to export markets, which is what
has kept many industries al ive to date. "Virtua lly 100 per cent of our orders arc for export
custume rs," said the dirc(.;tor of one of the
more successfu l e nterpri ses in Kiev. "Our own
armed forces buy almos t nOlhing. Occasionally we give tllem some free samples of our
l1ardware to dcmonstrate our capab ility - in
the hope that if they ever receive any state
funding we will sec some ordeh from them."
How the new UOP organisation will work
remains to be seen. Ukraine's body of law is "a
110peless labyrinth tl1at resembles some African
kleptOl.,racy more than that of an industrialised
country with a Space programme," said one
Ukrainian industry represen tative.
The compli!:aled steps of transferring ownership by purchases of controlling packets of
sl1ares in tllese enterprises will take months
and no formal ,'onfirmat ion of the new UOP
organisational stru!:ture is even expected tu be
!:onfirmed before the spring.
Reuben F Johnson is a
JDW Currespundent. ba~etJ ill Kiev

20 261anuary 2011

worldmags

lDW jdw.janes.eom

OPINION

New legislation ensures

that crime doesn't pay

ould any ' fa\'uur ' given Iu Ii fureign public officilll to encour1lge the
placing of a large order for military

equipment escape the clutches oflhe

Rribery Act lOIO'! Probably not,

Howe ver, the Serious Fraud Office (SFO)

is prepared to spend UK taxes to addre ss thi s
issue. Ri cl1ard Al derman, director of tile SPO.
was quoted in The Times as saying: " I am dete rmined that British companies that pursue good
corporate governance and etllical bus iness
practice should not be placed at a competitive
disadvantage by fore ign companies, wherever
they are based, using bribery and corruption to
win contracts. If I am made aware of such [anJ
instance. tllc SFO is prepared to step in and takc
appropriate act ion."
The Bribery Act 20 I0 applies to persons who
arc offering bribes even if they are outside the
UK, providing they have a close connection with
the country. 'Close connection' has a wide definition in th is Act and would include a person who is
not a British citi7"n or nat ionalised as a British citi7.en, but someone ordinarily resident in the UK.
There arc two section s aimed at corporations
Section 6 (bribery of foreign public officials) and
Section 7 (fa ilure of com mercial organisations to
prevent bribery), and both create special pitfalls
for the unwary.
The starting point is to understand the way
this Act ex tends the ordinary notion of bribery.
Bribery is not just providing the inducement to
succeed in getting the recipient to act or do what
the person bribing them wants: it also includes
an unsuccessful bribe. Section I (Case I) says
that it is an offence . among other thin gs, if a
person "offers, promises or gives a financial or
other advantage to another person" and "intends
the ad vantage" to '"induce a person to perform
improperly a relevant function or a\..1 ivity" - a
definit ion that does not require the other person
to have succumbed to the offered bribe.
There are also offences for those accepting
bribes re lating to the definition of"performing
improperly" a '"rele vant fun(,tion". 'Relevant
function' is defined as: any function of a public
nature: any activity connected with a business:
any activity performed in the course of a person's
employment: or "any activity perfonned by or on
behalf of a body of persons (whether corporate
or un incorporater' where the person perfonning
that functi on is expected to perform it, eit her in
good faith or impartiall y or is in a position of tru st
by virtue of performing il. 'Perfonlling improperly' isdefiocd as an activity tllat is perfonncd "in
breach of a re levant ex!XXtation" , but SOlnctimes
failure to perform cun also qual ify, as that failure
"is itself a breach of a relevant eXlXX'tation".
This leads to the statute-defin ing "relevant
expectation' . This is a tricky definition and is
predictably dcsigned for many future argumcnts

Ol

Companies must be wary of regulations

set out in the Bribery Act 201 0, as the
Serious Fraud Office is ready to pursue
those who try to gain an unfair business
advantage, says Virginia Rylatt
in court. Depending on thc type of function or
a(1ivity idcntified within the act as Condition A,
Band C the "relevant expectation' is to perfonn
the partil'ular fUlwtion IlT adivity "in good fa ith '
(Condition A): 'impartially' (Cond ition B): or for
someone perfonlling a function or activity who
is in a position of trust by virtue of perfonnin g it
(Condit ion C) the 'relevant expectation' is any
expt'{.:t.:ltion that arises from that position of trust.
What will conl'ern large corporations most
are the crimi nal offences se t ou! in Seclion 6 and
Section7. A person is guilty of bri bing a foreign
public official if they directly or indirect ly offcr,
promise or give any financ ial or Olher advantage
to the official and intend to influenl'e the offil'ial
in his capacity as a foreign public official and to
obtain or retain business or an advantage in thc
conduct of business.
This crime is limited to where the foreign
publi c official is not pennitted or required by the
written law of his state to be so influenl'ed. So
it will app ly to foreign officials where it is the
custom (but nO! the wrillen law) to be given a
"'financial or othcr advantage" to influence them
in their selection for the award of a lucrative contract to a partil'ular corporation.
For individuals, these offences carry the penalty of up to 12 months in prison if convicted

What will concern

corporations most
are the criminal
offences set out in
Sections 6 and 7

summarily and up to 10 years if convicted

on ind ictmcnt.
In e ither case a fine can be imposed as well
as - or as an alternative to - a prison sentcnL"C.
BAE Systems hit the headlines when, pursuant
to an agreemcnt with thc SPO on 20 Deccmber
2010, the company pleaded to only one charge of
failure to k!.:ep proper accounts in re lat ion to the
sale of a radar system in Tanzania, wi th the SFa
dmpping its six-year investigati on into the mmpany's dealings in Africa and Eastern Europe in
return. Had the SPO been able to prosecute BAE
Systcms undcr Scction 7 (when it comcs into
force), thc resu lt could have been very differcnt.
Under Sel'tion 7 a re levant l'ommercial
organisation is guil ty of an offence if any person
associated with it (Wllich undcr Se\..1ion 8 of thc
Act could be an employee , agent or subsidiary)
bribed another person to obtain or reta in business
or to obtain or reta in an advantage in the conduct
of business for that organisation.
'Re levan t l'ommercial organisation' indudes
any partnership or corporate body that carries on
a business or part of a business in any part of the
UK, This offcnce has one statutory dcfence: that
the mrporation had atkquale procedures desib'llCd
to prevent persons associatin,g with the commercial organisation from bribing, TIle need fordearly
defined ' atkquatc procedures' cannot be undcrestimated. Undcr Section 9 oflhc Act tile Secretary of
State must publish guidance about procedures that
relevant comlncreial proct"d ures can put in place
to preven t persons associated with tllem from bribing.TIlis guidance has not yel been publislled but
it is agolXl bet that it will not condooc the payment
of large lump sums due under contrJCts to marketing nlDsultants on tile Signing of agreClncnt for the
supply of mi li tary equipment.
Virginia Rylall i.l a parmer at Rylaff Clmbb,
litigatiun wu/ dispute resulutiun JUlidtun.
Email l'irginia .rylaft@rylallchllbb.cum

JOWwetcomes receiving the opinions 01 tis readers which may be considered lor publication Please write to Peter Fetstead, Editor, JOw. Senti net House 1G3 Brighton Road ,
Cou tsdon, Surrey, CR5 2YH, UK or a-mal t )dw@Janescom JOW reserves the nght to amend pubhshe~ tetters l or reasons 01 space, styte or lor tegat eonSldel"lltlOns
Views elpressfd In Opinion articles are those held by the writer and Should not be taken as a reflection of the editorial stance ollHS Jane's

worldmags

worldmags
jdwJanes.com JDW 26 January 2011 21

ANALYSIS

Is the threat of cyber

attack overblown?
Governments and private industry are investing
heavily in cyber security, although the future scale of
the threat remains unclear. Eleanor Keymer reports
i1h cyher Ihrellis elevated 10
Tier One in the UK National
Security Strategy of October
2010, allocated G8 1'650 million (USn I .03 billion) of new
inwstml'nl under the Strategic Dl'fencc and
Security Review a nd branded a " rl'al a nd
credible th real" by lain Lnhban , dircclnr
of the UK's Go\'ernmcnt CommunicHtions
Headquarters, it is fair to say t hat t hey hal"!'
grabbt!d a ttention of lall' .

However, London i s not alone in its increas-

ing concern over Ihis Iril:ky strategic issue. The

C ybcr Command (C YBERCOM) of the US

Department of Defense (0 00) obtained full

operational slatus in November 20 I0 and each
of thc US military services has established its
own eybe r-defence unit. Meanwhile Australia,
Colombia, Estonia , France, Israel , Singapore
and eve n Vietnam are among a host of countri es scrambling to protect themsc lves from the
nebu lous cyber threat.
In addit ion, the acqu isitions of private companies w ith cyber-sec uri ty capabilities has
been frenz ied, with 14 per cent of all defence
and securi ty acquisition targets in 2009 ha ving some exposure to the cyber-seeurit y and
information-res ilience domains. IT providers
accounted for 17 per cent of mergers and acqu isitions activit y in military and government
field s in the same period. All of thi s begs the
question: do cyber threats warrant the attention and funds tbat governments and compan ies
seem det ermined to give them?
Cyber threats can be broadly broken down into
four categories: 'hacktivist' threats from groups
or individuals who have a social or political mcssage, criminal organisation-re lated threats,cyber
espionage and state-sponsored altacks. According to a study by security software manufacturer
Symanlec , The Norton Cybercrime Report:
The Human Impact, 65 percent of g lobal internei llsers are affected by criminal organisations
defrau ding individuals and companies . While
there is no doubt of th e growing an d expensive
problem, assessing the threat to a nat ion'S security and defence is challenging because of the
class ified nature of these anacks.
There are on ly two wide ly quoted cases of
state-on-state cyber warfare. The firsl occurred
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when government an d financ ia l webs iles

in Eston ia suffered from distributed den ial
of service (O DOS) attacks that were subsequent ly blamed on Russ ian nationalists in 2007.
The OTher occurred in 2008 , when Georgian
presidential and gove rnm ental websites were
broug ht down by concerted DDOS attacks,
aga in thought to have orig inated in Ru ssia,
wllile Moscow sanCTio ned Tanks to enter South
Ossetia. However, many more incident s may
have o('eurred wit hout entering the pub lic
doma in; even if they had , it would ha ve been
d ifficult to attribute them to a part icular ind ividua l or nat ion.
The same cou ld be said of the risk posed by
cybcr espionage. Although the majority of cases
remain classified, there are examples of succcss
in this sphere. For exa mple , in 2009 The Wall
Sireel Journal reporte d that data relating to the
DoD's 10int Strike Fi ghTer programme was
down loaded by unident ified attackers in 2007
and 2008.
What we do know is that governmen t , infrastr uctu re and financial networks arc com ing
under da ily attack from a range of sources That
indudes fOfCign nations; accord ing to Lobban,
more th an 1,000 malicious emails target UK
gove rnmen t networks each month alone. The
head of CYBERCOM, General Ke ith Alexan-

Assessing the
threat to a
nation's security
and defence
is challenging
because of the
classified nature of
these attacks

de r, warned in OcTober 20 10 that phys ically

deSTruCTive cyber attacks might soon emerge.
This sentiment came aT a prudent time. Stuxnet - the first known cxample of a computer
worm des igned to target major infrastructu re
facilities - was un leas hed in 2010 and infected
the personal cmnputers of empluyees at Iran 's
Bushe hr nuc lear power station. Althougll Iranian authorities maintained tllat th e p lant's
operating system was unharmed, Stuxnet signa lled a tran sition from state-spo nsored or
independent ha ckT ivists publi sh ing political
messages on public web pa ges to a far more
sinisTeT, organised Threat wi th the potential for
widespread destruction.
Althougll suclltcrrori st groups as Al-Qaeda
have yet to deve lop the cyber capabili ties to
attack, for example, key infrastrucTufC systems,
iT is only a ma tter of Time before They do. Unencrypted unmanned aeria l vclliele feeds have
a lready been accessed by IrJ qi insurgcnTs using
software purchased on line after US officials
underestimated the insurgen ts' technical prowess and innovation.
There are powerful arguments for promoting
and investing in tec hnology and organisations
that defend against the cyocr threat. However,
of equal importance is find ing and employ ing
people whu can develop those capabili ties and
offering comprellensive training to employees to
ensure that Ihey run a well-managed Systelll wi thout inadvertently pUlting thcir companies and
government at risk. Stuxnc{ is believed to have
originated from US B sticks that were infected,
enabling the allack tu breach Ihe netwurk.
"' [ Think the cyber threat has been un derb lown," Dr Robert Brammcr, vice-president
for Advanced Technology and chief tec hnology officer of Northrop Grumman lnfonnat ion
Systems, told Jane's. "A lack of training and
awareness ... of a broad part of uur populatiun - whet her it is staff at a given cumpany or
a governmenTagency - means that there are no t
enoug h p!."Op le who arc aware of the problems
[of cybcr attacksl and have tile basic traini ng to
deal with them."
Guvernmen ts need tu formulate clear pulicy
for defining a cybc r allack and the actions They
are prepared to undertake SllOUld SUdl an attack
occur. In particular, NATO has struggled in
th is regard and one of the outcomes of the Lisbon Summ it held in November 20 10 was that
addressing new threats, suc h as cybe r warfare ,
would be a capability development priori ty.
Finally, it is vital tllat governments crea te
dedicated, streamlined commands to dea l w ith
tbi s th reat. While the US haS ach ieved tb is to
a certain extent, Oen Alexander admitted that
protecting the country in general requires betTeT co-ordination among federal agencies .
Establishing th e roles and governing policics
of each departme nt is likely to be a log istical
nightmare and expose gaps in sys tems that can
Ix: exploited.
Elcanor Kcymcr i~'lhe lDIV Features
ilitor. ba~'ed ill Lulldoll

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ull y Inlcked inrllntry fighting \'C hicles (IFVs) rcmllin operationally

nlcvant for the modern battlefield
with th.i!ir higher le\'cls or prutectiun
Hnd larger -calibre weapons hnasting
cnhanct'd firepu wer.
Originally designed morc than 30 years ago.
deployed tracked IFVs have largely maintained
their effectivene ss through extensive upgrades.
These upgrades typically cnhan('C three key
arcas and their related sub-clements of armoured
fighting ve hicle (AFV ) technology: armour,
mobility and firepower.
Armour e nhanccs a vehicle's survivab ility
aga inst an increasing ly diverse range of battlefield threats that indudcs rocket-propelled
grenades (RPGs), ant i-tank guided weapons
(ATGWs) . mines a nd the now-ubiquitous improvised explosive dev ices (JEDs) .
When first manufactured, tmcked IFVs l1ad a
l1igl1level of protection over the frontal arc, as
this was assumed to be the most vulllCrable area
of the ve hicle. However, opera tions in Iraq and
Afghanistan have demonstrated that in today 's
theatre an altaek can come from any ang le.
Exhibi ting a range of innovative de s ig n
technologies and materials, these vehicles can
now offcr protection against small-arms fire,
medium-calibre {,annons and shell splinters.
For example, tracked IFYs may be fitted witl1
additional passive or explosive reactive amlOur
(ERA), or in some (:ases a combination of both.
Belly plates provide protet,tion agai nst mines
while fire or explosion detection , suppression
sys tems, spall liners and blast-attenuating seats
also enhance crew survivability.
Some tracked IFVs are also fitted witl1 a l1ardor soft-k ill defe ns ive aids syste m (DAS) for
a hi ghe r level of protection aga inst RPG s and
ATGWs as we ll as some lo wer-ve l(K,it y gunlaunched projectiles fired from main battle tanks
(MBTs) .
As expected . gross vel1ic1e weigl1l tends to
creep upwards with the fitting of additional
armou r, which can ha ve an adverse effect on
vehicle mobilit y and can al so mean that the
powerpack (including the engine, tran smi ssion
and cooling system) and suspension have to be
upgrJded to maintain cross-country mobi li ty.
AFVs have been fittt"d with increasing num bers of electrical subsystems, baltic management
sys tems (BMS s) and air-conditioning sys tems,
as well as e lectronic coun termeasure de vices to
protect agai nst lED atlacks, funl1er drivi ng tile
requirement for additiona l power. Tl1is demand
has res ultt"d in the installat ion of add itional batteries or in so me cases an auxiliary power unit,
whi ch adds extra we ight.
Meanwhile , tracked IFV firepower doc s not
just include the actual weapon but also ammunition ,gun cont rol t'quipment, a fire control system
and optronic devices. To th is end, most trat'ked
IFVs are now fittt"<i wit h a stabilised cannon that
can fire armour-piercing discarding-sabot and
hi gh explosive types of ammunition.
Tl1ere l1as also been a clear trend towards tile
development and fielding of medium-cali bre air
bursting munitions (A BMs) with their en hanced
target effec t. Gu n {"mtml equi pment is nllTmall y entire ly e lectric and th e stabilised main
amlamcnt allows the vel1icle to engage moving
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oom

1m rove
Fully tracked IFVs are undergoing
upgrades to provide more protection
against a continually evolving range of
weapons, reports Christopher F Foss
targets wit h a high first-round probabil ity while enables hunterlkiller target engagements to take
the platform is moving .
place . The sigh t usuall y has day/thermal chan Another improvement has been the replace- nels and a laser rangefinder.
me nt of image intensification (II) sights for the
commander and gunner, which have g iven way
to stabilised day/thennal sights that also include
lase r rangefinders . These allow targe ts to be Since 1971 Germany's Rhe inmeta ll Landsysdetected , identified and engaged over lo nger teme Marder I infan try combat vehicle ( ICV)
has formed the backbone of th e army's Panmn ges and in a variety of weather conditions.
Additionally, recent upgraded tracked IFVs zergrenadier units, willI 2 . 136 vcllicles built
have a commander's sta bilised panoramic sight between 1971 and 1975. Tile original Ma rder 1
similar to that installed on some MBTs, which IFV has since undergone a num ber of upgrJdes.

German Marder ICV

jdwJanes.com l OW 26 January 2011

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23

BRIEFING
INFANTRY FIGHTING VEHICLE UPGRADES

including the 1A 1 (t hree sub-var iants), 1A2,

IA3, lA4 and the fina l lAS.
Deli ve ries of 74 I AS IFVs were made to [he
German Army between 2002 and 2005 an d 10
of these Vclliclcs have recently been deployed 10
Afg hanistan,

The Marder 1 IFV fleet is armed with a 20

mm cannun an d a 7.62 mm co-axi al machi ne
gun (M O). When originally introduced into

service, the troop companmen! located at the

back of the vehicle was filted with ball-type
firing devices and a roof- mounted remotecontrolled MG. These were removed when the

veh icles were upgraded. The latest Marder 1AS production of the Puma A IFV w ill ,'ontinuc
features an integ rated mine-protection syStem throug h to 2020, which means tllat the Mardcr I
Iha! Rheinmetal1 Landsyslcmc claims provides series will be in service fur sume years tu cu me.
a higl1 level of protection against anti-tank I! remai ns to be seen wllcthcr tllcre wi ll be any
mines and other ba!t1cficld threats.
further upgrades to the Mardcr.
Meanw hi le. wit h Germany look ing to
The IFV also featu res spall li neTS, redesigned
seating arrangements, re located batteries and decrease the size of its anny, a large number of
fuel stuwage.
Marder I IFVs have becume surplus tu require From 2010 Projekt System and Manage- ments, mak ing exporting them a financially
ment's Puma armoure d infantry f igh ting desirable solUlion. Chile has become the firs t
vehicle (A lrV) rep lacement for the Marder eustomcr for thc velliclc, taking delivcry of 317
I ICY began to ro ll off the production line in Mardcr I A3s to ojX:rate alongsidc the recent ly
Germany. Huwever, under current plans the acquired ex-Ge rman Army Leupard 2 MBTs.
T he Marder I A3s were refurb ished prior tu
de li very by Rheinmetall La.ndsysleme.
Thc company is also offering to upgradc surplus Mardcr Is prior to dclivcry. with enllanccd
annour, newcommunk"at ion systcms and BMSs
and a ncw turret typicall y armed with a Mauser
30 mm MK 30-2 cannun that can fire ABMs.
This du al-feed cannon is ins ta lled in the Puma
AIrY and has also been adopted by a number of
other countries.

ASCOD

An upgraded BMP-3 lFV litted with additiOllal armour protection, the

Shtora-t protection system and an Athos thermal sight.

The Austrian-Spanish Co-operative Developmcnt (ASCOD) family of ArYs was originall y

deve loped by Steyr-Daimler-Puch (as it was thcn
known) of Austria and Santa Barbara Sistcmas
ufSpain.
Aus tria has since taken delivery of 112 vehiclcs, known as Ihe Ulan . whi le Spain has takcn
dclivcry of a first batch of 144 vehiclcs . cal led
the Pizarro - 122 of wh ich were in the IFY configurat ion and the rema ining 22 in the command
vehicle configuration.
Production of a second balch of 190 IFYs is
now under way for the Spanish Anny. which
includes addit ional Ir y models plus observer,
recovery and armoured engineer vellicles that
will be modified to an en hanced design .
In the meantime. a furt her development of
the ASCOD, known as the ASCOD 2, is the
Common Base Platfonn for the British Army 's
Specialist Vehicle - Scout requirement . for which
General Dynam ics UK is the prime contractor.

Russian BMp3
T he Russian Kurganmashzavod 10int Stock
Company (lSC) BMP-3 IFV has been one of the
best-sell ing Russian AFVs in recent yearS, with
expurt custumers including Cyprus, Indones ia,
Kuwa it, South Kurea and the Un ited Arab Emirates . Algeria and Syria are also unconfirmed
BMP-3 users.
The popularity of the BMP-3 "an be attr ibuted
tu the fact that it is the most well-armed veh icle of its type in the wor ld and is fi tted with a
two-person turret anned wi th a 100 mm gun. In
addition to firing conventional projectiles, the
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24 . 26 January 20 11 JDW . jdw.janes.com

BRIEFING
d iesel coupled to a new Renk automat ic transmission and new cooling system . is to be
installed in tile forward part of tile hull with a
new driver s position to the left.

BMp1 and BMp2

The upgraded BMP-2M showing both pods containing two Korrlet-E laser-guide<! ATGWs, which havea range of
5,SOOm.

Large numbers of BMP- l and BMp2 JrYs

tllat were built in Russia remain in service and
a number of contractors, including the original
manufacturer, Kurganmashzavod JSC, arc now
offering upgrades.
Tilese upgrades are predominantly modu lar
and cover annour, mobility and firepower. witll
tile laller usually including thc installation of a
new turret. an overllead weapon station (OWS)
or a rem(){e-nmtrolled weapon station.
Algeria has taken the opporlllnity to upgrade
a large number of its BMP-2s to tile BMP-2M
standard to enlmnce firepower. 1111S variant features a KBP Instrument Design Bureau upgraded
turret with a pod of two Kornet-E laser-guided
ATGWs located on e ither s ide of the turret as
well as enhanced optronics. including a stabilised day/nigllt sight for the gunner.

Romanian upgrades
The MLl -R4 fFV has been the stalwart of the
Rumanian Anny for many years and the vehicle
is essentially a modified Russian 8 MP-1 manufactured in Roman ia.
Upgrades to the velliele have included the
installation of a 12.7 mm MG above the rear
troop compartment on the left side and the
installation of a more powerful diesel engine.
Fitted with a one-person tUITel, the IrY is also
armed with a 73 mm 2A28 gun . 7.62 111m PKT
MG and a launcher for a first-generation 9 K I 1
Malyutka wire-guided ATGW positioned over
the 73 rom gun.
Romania has further upgraded these ve hicles
to the MLI-84M standard in a bid to ex tend the ir
opcr.ltional life and, accordingly, the original turAn upgraded Romanian Ml-84M IFV eQuipped w~h Rafael Advanced Defense Systems OWS 25 armed wrth a dual- ret has tx:en removed and rep laced by a Rafael
feed 25 mm cannon and 7.62 mm co-axial MG.
""" """'"'". "".,..". Advanced Defense Systems OWS 25. Th is is
anncd wilh an Oerlikon 25 mm KB A dual-feed
gun can fire a laser-guided projectile oUi to a AFYs. such as the T-90 MBT. For the BMP-3 cannon, a 7.62 mm co-axial PKT MG and a
range of more than 4,Q1Xl m. Mounted coax ially and MBT applications the Shtom-! is installed launcher for Spike-LR ATGWs.
with the 100 mm gun is a 30 mm 2A72 cannon on the front of the turret to protect the frontal arc
The upgrade also includes a fire detection and
suppression system for the crew compartment.
and a 7.62 mm PKT MG ; another 7.62 mm PKT of the platform.
Originall y the BMP-3 was litted with the Harris com municat ions equipment and a laser
MG is located on e ither side of the hull .
To enhance its export potential, the BMP-3 lITD-29M diesel developing 500 hp, but the lat- and infrared (fR) warning system . The origiis available wit h a number of enhancements. est BMP-3M has a more powerful 650 hp engine nal engine has been rep laced by a UK-supplied
including additiona.1 passive or ERA protection. that can also be back-fitted to the earlier vctlicle. Caterpillar C9 diesel rated at 400 hp and a new
One of the drawbacks of the BMP-3 is that cooli ng system.
air conditioning and a BMS. TIle UAE's BMP-3s
arc. for example, fiUed with a Sagem/Pclang- the troop compart ment is very cramped duc to
Bclemo Athos the rmal sight for the gllnner to the powcrpad: being installcd under the floor at
replace the ori g inal II sight. This new sighting the rear of the vehicle. To overcome thi s probsystem is mounted externally on the left-hand lem, German company fndustriewerke Saar is The BAE Systems Global Combat Systems
rear side of the turret and the gunner is provided working on a major upgrade that includes tile CV90 Try was originally developed to meet
with a monitor screen.
rcmoval of this powerpa,'k to incrcasc space in the specific requirements of the Swedish Army
For trial s the BMP-3 has been disp layed in the vehicle. Six troops are meant to be seated in using the former Hagglunds chassis and Bofors
the Middle East fitted with the Arena-E hard-kill the rear of the ve hicle. with three personnel on two-person turret and 40 rom U70 cannon.
DAS and the Shtora- I soft-kill DAS, the latter either side facing in wards.
The army took delivery of 509 vehicles and
A new powerpad:, consisting of an MTU 40 chassis between 1993 and 2002 with later
of which is already installed on some Russian

Swedish CV9D

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Contact us at 1-800-852-5105, or visit us online at L-3com.com/CE.

Cincinnati Electronics
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L-3com.com

worldmags

26 . 26 January 20 11 JDW . jdw.jancs.com

BRIEFING
An upgraded BAE
Systems CV9035
Mk III showing
additional
protection,
including thermal
co~ering and
LROOaluminum
bar armour.

UOR upgrade induded th e installation of BAE

Systems' L-ROD aluminium bar armour. Barracuda thermal mats and c3tllouflage system .
software modifications to th e vehiele computer
system to improve battlclield readiness, an additional power supply for the counter-lED system
and an add itional rear-view [R camera for the
driver that covered the rear arc of the vehicle.
The majority of this upgrade work was carried
out with the veh icles already in theatre.

Warrior IFV

Lockheed Martin UK's entry in the WCSPcompetition is fitted with an enhanced armour package and upgraded
turret armed with a 40 mm CTCA alld 7.62 mm co-axial MG
Lrl".... """"' UJ< '''''.' '''

production ve hicles having undergone a number

of enllancements. Some Swedish CV9040s were
also upgraded with addit ional armour protection
for deployment wit h the Un ited Nations.
The CV90 has been continuously developed,
with export sales to Denmark . which purchased
45: T'inland. which purchased 102: Norway,
which purchased 104: thc Netherlands, whidl
pu rchased 184: and Switzerland, which purchased 186. Under tile current contract, the last
Royal Netherlands Army CV9035 Mk III is
scheduled to roll off the production line in May
20 11.
As an example of how upgrades illcrease the
weight of vehic les , the original CV90 weighed
about 22 tonnc.~ and the l atc.~t production model
we ighs about 35 tOl1 nes. TIlis is due to enhanced
protection, an upgraded powerpack and suspension and being armed with the ATK 35
mm Bushmaster III dual -feed cannon and 7.62
mm co-axial MG. T'urthermofC, some of these
ve hicles have been upgraded with spall line rs,
applique armour, belly armour and suspended
seats for operations in Afghanistan.
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Additional protection for the CV90 comes in

the form ofa DAS, such as the Saub Land Electronk Defence System (LEDS), which includes
a soft-kill system (such as the LEDS 501100) or
a hard-kill system (such as the LEDS ISO/2(X) .
To meet an urgent o perational requirement
(UOR) for Afgllanistan, Denmark upgradcd 10
Danish CV9035 Mk ITIIFVs in early 2010. Tilis

[n August 2010 the UK Defence Equipment &

Support organisation received re-bids from the
two contenders for the Warrior Capability Sustainment Programme (WCSP).
The original invitat ion to tender (lTT) was
issued in August 2009 and returned on October
2009. It was expected th at a contraet downsele(.1ing the successful bidder woul d have been
made at the same time as the Specialist Vehicle
- Scout d(.'C ision.
However, in March 2010 General Dynamics UK was selec ted as the preferred bidder for
the Specialist Vehiele - Scout and awarded a
GBPSOO million (US0797.76 mi llion) demonstration contrJ.Ct. BAE Systems G lobal Combat
Systems and Lockheed Martin UK were the only
con traclors issued with the WCSP ITT and boI:h
compani es resubmitted their bids.
Warrior IT'Vs arc current ly armed with an
unslabilised 30 mm slow-firing RARDE N cannon and a 7.62 mm co-axia l MG: to provide
accurate fire , the ve hicle must come to a halt.
The UK Ministry of Defe nce has mandated
the CTAI 40 mm Case Telescoped Cannon and
Ammuni tion (CTCA) for the WCSP and the
Spe" ia li st Vehicle - Scout and this will commence qualitlcation trials in 20\ \.
Lockheed r.,1art in UK based its proposal on an
existing upgraded Warrior turret that had already
undergone unmanned firings wi th a 40 mm
CTCAand a 7.62 mmco-axial MG . TIlese firing
trials dcmonstrJ.ted single-shot and burst rJ.te of
fire from a stationary Warrior: further trials were
carri(.-d OIlt late in 20 10 to prove the stabilisation
system. TIle !Urre! was also unmanned and fired
by remole control.
Additionally, the turre! features dual -axis

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jdw.jancs.wm JDW . 26 January 20 II 27

Thalcs Batt1cGmup Thermal Imaging sights,

The US Army
Bradley se ries 01
new controls and displays for the commander
and gunner, new g un control equipment and
IFVs is fined with
bIasI-attenuation sears.
BUSK for operations
Meanwh ile, BAE Systems G lobal Combat
in Iraq and is seen
Systems is offering a new turrel, the TI , whk"h
here with ERA on the
is anncd with a 40 mm CTCA and a 7.62 mm
hull and turrel and
co-axial MG. The turret already has manned
ballistic glass shields
crew clearance wit l1 engagements against sla tie
for the commallCler
and mov ing targets taking pla('e whi le the
and gunner.
Warrior is moving.
By carly 2011 the new turret had Ix:en integrated onto a Warrior and fired 434 live 40 mOl
rounds (of which 297 were fired manned) and
83507.62 mm rounds. BAE's Warrior also
travelled 2580 km: carried OUf 2,070 simulated
engagcments: and spent 425 hours mobilc with
system jXlwcr on for 4 ,025 hours.
A version of thi s turret was proposed for the
BAE Systems Global Combat Systems entry in
the Speciali st Vehic 1c - Scout compe tition, based
on the latest-ge ner-ilion CV90 chassis, to provide encountered in the M idd le East. Additional oped by FMC (now known as BAE Systems US
maximum ('ommonality between the two turreB. armour protection equips the vehicle, along Combat Systems) as far back as 1981. By the time
Undcr the WCSP, the !;Uncnt Warrior IFV will with powerpa!;ks optimiscd for desert opera- production was completcd in 1995,6,785 had
be upgraded so that it remains effective until its tions fitted with a two-person turret by General been built, iocluding 400 For Saudi Ambia.
current projected out-oF-service date: 2035.
Dynamics Land Systems (then known as Delco).
Over the years the Bradley l1as been upgraded.
The WCSP includes the Warri or Fightability
The turret is armed w ith a stab ilised ATK 25 The latest upgrade was the A3 conFiguration,
& Lethality Improvement Progrdmme, Warrior mm dual -feed M242 ('annon, 7.62 mOl ('o-axia l whkh ('overs both the M2 and M3 ,as well as the
Enhan!;cd Elc!;tron i!; Ar!;hitecturc and Warrior MG and laun('her eithe r sidc of thc tunct for a Battle Command Vehicle and Engim:c r Squad
Modular Protc!;tion System. It was originally 3,750 m-range Raytheon TOW ATGW. These Vehicle.The A3 boasts a number of upgrades,
expected that up to 449 Warriors would be vehicles are to have the ir optronics upgraded including a commander's independent thermal
upgraded. However, thi s figure is now ex pected by Raytheon under a U5D314 million contract viewer mounted externally on the right side
to be reduced under British Army restructur- awarded in 2009.
of the turret. core electronic arehitecture and
ing fo ll owing the publicat ion of the Strategk
improved driver's vision, plus surv ivabi lity,
!;ommand and control and sustainabilit y.
Defence and Sc!;urity Revie w in O!;tober 2010.
In addition, the Bradley fFV has been fitted
Sources indicated that the figure could drop to
270 units or even lower.
It had been expected tl1at the M2 Bmdley Irv with ER A, with Ge ne ral Dynamics Ordnance
Nevertheless. whoever wins the WCSP will would be replaced by a member of tile Future and Toctical Systems as tile prime controctor and
be required to work with the Defence Support Combat Systems (FCS) called the Infantry Car- Rafael Advanced Defensc Systems of Israel as
Group, which has exte nsive expcrien('e in the rier Vehicle . However, lhe entire manned element lhe major subeontractor.
rcpair and overhau l of thc Warrior at its Don- ofFCS as well as some unmanned clements weTC
For operations in Iraq , BAE Systems US
nington f3l:ility.
subSt."tj uentl ycancel k:d. The M2 Bradley will now Combat Systems developed the Bradley Urban
be replaced by the new Ground Combat Vehicle Survival Kit (BUSK). In addition to featuring
(GCV), lor which there is an ongoing competi- ERA , the BUS K upgrade also includes a battion. The GCV is nO! expc.:cted to enter servin, tle command spotlight , balli st ic glass shields
Kuwait a!;quircd 254 Desert Warrior vehicles for at least another sevcn year.>, althollgh attempts for {'ommandcr and gun ncr, prote('ted opti!;s,
a power linc protector, belly plate armour and
fTllm 1994 onwards: the majority of these ve hi- will be madc to bring this datc forward.
cles are in th e IFV configuration and optimised
The first M2 Bradley (the other version is the other enhancements. The US Anny still has
to operate in the hi gb ambient tempera ture s M3 Bradley Cavalry righting Vehicle) was dcvcl- a large number of older Bradley vehicles in
its inven tory thar l13ve nO! been upgraded and
which could be converted into more specialised
The Bradley Command Post vehicle is
vehkles to take over some of the roles currently
being carried au! by the MI l3 APC, which was
based on a $urJ}lu$ Bradley chassis alld
features a raised hull rear to provide greater
first fielded more than 50 years ago.
Poten tial roles For Ihe surplus Bradley rFVs
interior volume
.' ' I
indude the Armoured Med ical EVa(' uation
Vehicle , Armoured Medical Treatmenl Vehicle,
Bradley Command Post veh ide, and the 120 mm
Bradley Mortar Vehiclc variants.
C hristoph er F Foss is the Jalle~' LlIIul
Cunsultant, basal in Lundon

Bradley upgrades

Kuwait Desert Warrior

RELATED ARTICLE:

Back-up force - Infantry Fighting VehIcles (jdw.Janes.

com 22.06.2010) : Brlellng: slick to yo ur gu ns
Odw. janes.com 09. 08.201 0)

worldmags

worldmags

ersonlc oom
Beyond the recent focus on counter-insurgency methods, US
aHention is slowly shifting to hypersonics technologies and
emerging long-range threats, reports Caitlin Harrington lee

he US fOC IlS un cn un tcr- insurgc ncy

(COIN) campaigns in Irati li nd
Afghanishlll has d UlIlilUltcd the
l'Oun try's rcscHrch and dc\'c!upmcnl
Hgenda in recent yeNTs, at times
o\'crshlldowing n cdgling US gO\'crnmcnl
and indust ry l'ITorL<; to prepare fur /I fllngc of

uther eUlergill!; global wt'IIIMlIiS Ihn.!.IIts.

Critics inside and outside Ihe US Department of Defense (DoD). such as Ihe US Air
Force's (USA F's) recentl y retired lop intelligence official. Gc ncml David Dcplula. ha\'c
warned that 100 lin le attention has b:n paid to
other scrurft y concerns , from Russian sales of
"double -d igit' sUrfal'C-lo-air missiles (SAMs)
to the development and recent unvciling of
what appears to be II new Chinese sicalth aircraft called the 1-20.
Andrew Krcpcncvich, the president of the
Center for Str.u:egie and Budgetary Assessments,
a Washin gton-based think lank. has cautioned
that these capabilities and others could be used
to blunt US JXlwer projc.'Ction in the Pacific and
the Persian Gu lfas C hina and lr,m build up 'nogo wnes' in their maritime areas.
Now, however, there are indications that these
con ~'Cms are rerei ving increased attention from
the US defence industry.
Even as US Secretary of Defense Robert
Gates conti nues 10 press for the investmen t of
money and intel lec tual capital in te<:hnology
for COIN connkts in an urban environment, a
small cadre of powerful US defence co ntractors is looking to push weapon techno logy in
anothcrdi reet ion.
The Hypcrso nics Indu stry Team (HI T)
comprises the US' biggest defence: con tracWrs, indud ing Astrol(, Aerojet. Boeing,
Lock heed Marti n, McKi nney Associates,
Northrop Grumman , Pratt & Whi tney Rock
etdyne, Ra ythcon, Rolls- Royce, Un ive rsal
Tec hnolog y Corporation and the Uni\'crsit y
of Mary land . The c onsortiu m was formed in
'\bn:h 2009 to promote vcry hi gh,sfX.'t.-d night.
inc luding hypersonic sp':cds abovc Mach 5.
Despite its low profi le, th e group has a sur-

The X-378 Orbital Tesl Vehicle shown in its

encapsulation cell priorto its successful maiden flight in
December 2010.

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jdwJanes.com l OW 26 January 2011

worldmags
29

BRIEFING
HYPERSONICS

Acomputergenerated
rendering 01 the
Falcon HTV2
vehicle, which
is designed lor
Ilightsolupto
Mach 6.

prisingly bold agenda and the backing of scnior

Obama adm inistration officials, the Housc and
Senate armed services committees and several lawmakers. Congressional backers indude
Republican Representatives including Todd
Akin of Missouri , Dana Rohrabacher of California and Scoll Brown of Massachusclls. In
the Obama administration, the group has supporters in NASA's Fundamental Aeronautics
programme and the Pentagon's Director of
Defense Research and Engineering office.
Group mcmbers have all signed a position
paper call ing on the US tu develop hypersonics
technulogy as a means to prepare for new conflicts fought over tong ranges and characterised
by attempts to deny military acccss to air, land
and sea.

DARPA, "111,,

High-speed strike
The HIT 's position paper warns of threats
induding Russian salcs of the S-300 and S-400
fami lies of integr.lted ai r defence systems. The
neweSt S-4OO (SA-21 ' Growler') boasts a range
of up to 250 km against aerodynamic targets and
a target velocity of up to 4,800 m/s. The paper,
which was released before the latest pictures of
China's 1-20 aircraft emerged, also warns that
thc ncw stealtl1 fightcr "may be intcnded for
long-range interdiction and strike ... conforming
to China's strategy of blunting US forces at long
range from mainland China"'.
In thcir position paper. HIT members have
committcd to an ambitious set of goals including the deve lopment by 2019 of "operational
hi gh-speed weapons" for prom pt global strike
in areas denied by SAMs or other technology.
A scL"Ond goal is the deve lopment of a "'reusable
high-speed flight research vehiclc" by 2019.
This test vehicle could lead to the development
of a successor to the Lockh!.:ed SR-7 1 Blackbird,
accurding to an HIT White Paper.
Although it is not addressed in the HIT's
wrincn documcnts, there is an ovcrall sense
in thc group that an 'SR-72'-type high-specd
strikelintclligencc surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) platfonn might be feasible by 2025,
according to Leon McKinney, an eng ineering
consultant who hcads the group.
Although overall HIT investmcnts in hypersonics rCSearcll have not been quantified.
McKinney said the consensus of the group is that
hypersonics is a Small investment area now, but
that it has majur growth potential.
"It's nOi a huge multibillion market right there,
right now, for any ofthcse high-speed applications, but you have to plan now for the fUlUre;'
explained McKinney, who said he has tx:en hin..d
by several HIT member companies tu perfurm
hypersonics wurk.
"A long ti me ago , stealth technology was just
somc tcehnical papers by Lockhced Manin engiworldmags

The X-S1A
WaveRider,
which is
poweredbya
Pratt & Whitney
Rocketdyne
SJY61 scramjet
engine and is
designed to
ride on its own
shockwave,
acceleratiflg to
about Mach 6.
USA'" '' ' '' ')

neers . but they lcd to quitc a few billion dollars

being spent. There is a sensc that hypersonics
systems could be the next stealth."
While tigl1t budgets have forced the Obama
admi nistration to focus the bulk of its resources
on thc current conflicts, Secretary Gates has said
thcrc is a need to strikc a balanec between prcparing for COIN and other types of warfare.
The value he places on pre par ing for other
typeS of operations - includ ing conflicts fought
over long d istances in denied territory - was
apparent in thc 2010 Quadrennial Defence
Review, which called for an air-sea bailIe plan
to be developed by tile USAf and navy to focus
on power projection issues. Gates furt her reinforced hi s concerns about power projection
when he recent ly announced a plan to shift funding in Fiscal Year 20 12 toward the USA F's plan
to devclop a new long-range, nuclear-capab lc

penetrating bomber.
The USAf has also shown a renewed interest
in hypersonics technology. recent ly unveiling
a new technology road map that ellv isions the
development of a Iligh-spccd weapon in the ncar
tenn and the devclopment of a '"Mach 4 rcusable
platfonn'" in thc mid tenll.
Wllat is more, unde r Gates' watell three
government-funded hype rson ics programmes
completed significant !light-tests in 201O.1ncsc
flight-tests yielded mixed results, but overall they
)Xlint to a fundamenta l net.-d for more testing. So
far thc Obama administration has continucd to
support the projects with modest funding.
In May 2010 the X-5IA Wa ve Rider, an air
vehicle that re lics on air-breathing propulsion
technology. completed a large ly successful
flight -test which was sponsorcd by the USA F.
Built by Boeing Phantom Works and engine

30 . 26 January 20 11 JDW . jdw.jancs.com

worldmags

BRIEFING
manufacturer Prall & Whitney Rocketdyne, the
ClUJ.., '-nglll:
Iii Inches
tcchnology has the potential to achieve a mnge of
OVlrall Slac k ""'lIlh:
30t IlKh
up to 1,QCKl n miles .
Clulsel",U w ldlh :
23 Inch..
Current and former USAf officials Ilave told
Crui",r
Janes that X-5IA research and development
is closely linked to the arrival of an in-theatre
hypersonic cruise missile and, later, possibly a
re-usable Ilypersonic aircmft that can return from
Tunfls ten
its nigln rather than self-destructing.
Nose
"X-51 is the first vellicle I can look at and say
I sec a clear patll from tllis to a practical, deployScratriet Enfli"" Module
ab le hyperson ic w<:apon or cruise missile," said
fonner USAF chief scientist Mark Lewis.
Sl;oc:k G'O.. l.MJn~ h W, lght: ).8'" Un ,
During its fli ght-test, the X-5 1A's supersonic
Cl ul.., Laun~ h W tlght: 1. 26 lin.
combustion ramjet (seramjet) engine burned for
JP_7 Fuel Wl tllhl: 270 lb .
200 seconds , aecclemti ng the air vehicle to Mach
5. First, a so lid rocket booster was llsed to accelerate the ve hicle to superson ic speeds and then
the scramjet kicked in to accelerate the vehicle to
intercontinental ballistic missiles (TCBMs) .
hypcrsonic spceds.
The fi rs t HTY-2 veh icle , built by Lockheed
Martin's Skunk Works , tlew in April 2010 and
it is e xpected to tly again in 201 L The conThe flight -test suffered some prob lems: cept behind the HTY-2 is to llSC a Minotaur IY
Lewis said a seal was losl on th e engine noz- lau ncher to boost a re -entry vehicle into the
zle , prompting a premature shut-down of the upper atmosphere: the re-entry vehicle then se pengine. HO\\'eve r, it still set a re('ord for tile arates from the launc her and descends to eart h at
longes t ni ght-test of an air-breat hi ng hydro- spceds above Mach t7.
The ve hicle has nav iga tion controls but no
carbon-fuelled air vellicle des igned to achieve
hypersonic nigh!. There arc three more X-51 engine, instead relying on the rocket launc her
vehicles awaiting fli ght-testing and Lewis said and then grav ity to achieve hi gh hypersonic
those tests will likcly involve attempting to fly speeds. Theoretically, the vehicle is expeclcd to
at hypersonic speeds at longer durations lasting bleed off speed and then g lide thousands of miles
to hit its target.
several minutes.
A key advantage of the system is that its trajecAnot her USA F test programme that cou ld
scn'e as a building b lock for a hypersonic weapon tory looks noth ing like that ofa ballistie missi le
is the Hypersonic Technology Yehicle-2 (HTY- because the hypersonic glider prototype se pa2). TIle HTV-2 is the eomcrstoneof DoD attempts rates from its Minotaur IV rocket booster at a
to develop a conve ntional prompt global strike lower altit ude (30 k111 to 40 km) than an ICBM
capabil ity as an a ltern ative to nuclear-tip ped wo uld . The diffe rence in trajectory could thus

Testing times

sm ",lIIlon
$ ", lnut, n lghll

, .. Fllghl20I O

ModinKATACItfS

Booater

The specificatioflS
oftheX-51A
Wave Rider, which, ~
testing is successful,
could evenlually lead
to the construction of
a hypersonic cruise
missile.

hcip to eliminate any confusion as to whether

the HTV-2 is a nuclear- tippcd ICBM. Another
advantage of tile HT Y-2 is that it is hi ghly
manoeuvrable on descent and Ilas low drag due
to its high lift-to-drag aerodynamic shape. This
manoeuvrabilit y cou ld ena ble the HTY-2 to
minimise tile politically delicate issue of requesting ove r-flight rights from potentially sensitive
countries in its path .
TIle HTV-2 enjoys strong support from the
USAF and the vice chainnan of the Joint Clliefs
of Staff, General James Call wright, according 10
Lewi s. However, it is far from ready to dep loy.
Tile Defe nse Advanced Rescarch Projccts
Agency's (DA RPA's) first lau nc h of the HT V-2
in April 201 0 resulted in the vehicle being lost
nine minutes into its flight. Lewis said , adding that one reason for the fai lu re may have
been tilat the HTV-2 did not undergo sufficient
ground testing before its fli ght. S ince then,
DARPA has undertaken w ind tunne l testing,

The X-51A WaveRi de r was

successtully launched from a
8-52 Stratofortress in May 2010.

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worldmags
jdw.jancs.wm JD W . 26 January 2011 31

which isexpccted to last throug hout earl y 2011.

Whi le the X-5 1A and the HTV-2 may lead
to the development of weapons of long-range
airpower, tile third hypersonic programme to
conduct a test-nig ht in 2010 is aimed at assuring
rap id acce~~ to space.
When Boeing's X-37B Orbital Test Vehide
t (OTV- l) completcd a successful autonomous
landing after 220 days orbiting thc planc t on 3
DC('ember 2010, tllere was spl"Tulation that it
was being devclofX..-d as an anti-satellite (ASAT)
weapon. However, using the X-37 B for that
application may amount to an inefficient use of
sophisticated tcchnology. China destroyed one of
its own satcllites in 2007 using a far less sophisticated ASAT weapon, namc ly a kinc tic kill
vehide laun('hed on board a ground-laun('hed,
medium-range ballistic missile.
The more likely application for the X-37B is
to serve as a means to assure access to space at
hypersonic speeds. perhaps operating as part of
the USAF"s O perationally R espo n ~i ve Space
Access (O RSA) efrort. ORSA aims to qu ick ly
laum: h small satelli tes into orbit to fulfill the
urgent ISR needs of ground commanders.
ORSAcurrcntly focuses on ncar-term partially
or full y re-usable rocket-powered ve hicles, but
the HIT believes there could be potential for airbreathing hyperson ics tec hnology to playa role.

worldmags

The remarkable aspect of the X-37B fli ghttest was that the vehicle was ab le to land itself
at Vandenberg Air Fo rce Base in California
autonomously without human intervention. It
was ('arried into low ea rtll orbit by an At las V
rocket and, wilen it was ('o mmanded to re -enter
the eart h's atmosphere, it fo llowed a pre-planned
patll to do its re-entry burn (at speeds up to Mach
24 ), allowing it 10 re-orient itself to the right
position to survive the heat during re-entry.

followed by the HTV-2 and finally the X-37B.

Scientists are still trying 10 understand some
of the fundamenta ls of hypcrsonies technology
and more time and investment wiJ[ be needed
before hypc rsonics be('omes an ope rat ional
capabil ity in the US military's arsenal. This i ~
clear from the somewhat mixed results of testflights to date, as wel1 as some projects that llave
failed all together, sucll as B lackswift: a USA F
eflort to deve lop a hyperson ic aircraft that wa~
SI.' rJpped in 2008 because it was toocompl icated
and expensive.
Yet Lewis and other HIT members say tha t
Lewis said the X-37B offers some key advan- the potent ial advantages of hypersonic techno ltages as a small , reusable, winged spacecraft ogy are worth the investments needed to conduct
" If you don 't have wings . you ' re at the mercy of more tligh t-testing. The private sector has coma rc -entry trajectory that is ball istic, where you mitted to making some of its own investments,
sure hope you're going to hit Ihe ocean or a soft but is still largely leaving it to the government 10
part of tile pla net," he said. "If you've got wings . provide funding. Their argument? The stakes are
it gives me so much more flexibi li ty in where I too higl1 to ignore the technology.
"We acknowledge . and it's almost accepted .
bring it back."
Landing on a I1Inway would make the X-378 that ot her potential adversary nat ions ... wil l
easier to fix, refurbish and tly aga in, which could have techno logical parity, and I find tllat
ultimately n.:duce cost and time required to get troUbling," said Lewis. "H ypcrson ics is one
ready for a fl ight , added Lewis.
techno logical solution . and there are other soluStill in the early stages . tllese Ilypcrsonic tions too, that we arc not pursuing 10 tile level
projects are all in need of furt her fl ight-test ing that we need to be:'
Ca itlin Ha r r ingtun l-l!e is a lDW
before they can become operationally useful,
CorresfX!IIdem, based aT Eiel.w!II AFB, Almka
with the X-51 A being the most near-term effort,

Winged advantages

worldmags

32 . 26 January 20 11 JDW . jdw.janes.com

FORCES UPDATE
In Brief
Enterprise deployment delayed
The world's oldest nuclear-powered
aircraft carrier set sail on ils penultimate deployment on 13 January:a
number of monlhs later than planned
due 10 engineering detays. Accompanied byescort units. Ihe 49-year-okt
Nimitz-class carrier USS Enterprise
(CVN 65) departed Norfolk Naval
Station for the US Navy's 5th amI 6th
fleet areas of responsibility (AORs)
in the Mediterranean and the Middle
East. The ship's last two-year-Iong
dry-dock availability concluded in
April2010, eight months behind
schedule. Following the maintenance
period, several additional contracts
were awarded to Nort hrop Grumman
Shipbuilding to fix additional unspecified problems in the ship, including
USD115 million in contracts issued in
October and November.
Second Indian UAV squadron
The Ind~n Navycommissioned its
second UAV Squadron, INAS 343
'Frontier Formidables', at Porbandar
in the Western stale ofGujarat on
17 January. The squadron has two
Searcher Mk II and two Heron UAVs
and is responsible for surveillance of
the northern Arab~n Sea, including
sea lanes of communication to and
from the Arabian Gulf. The navy first
procured Searcher Mk lis and Heron
UAVs hom Israel in 2002. Alter
operators completed training in Israel,
in 2003 an Intensive Flying Tr~1 Unit
(IFTU) was stood up in Kochi, southern India. II is believed that a total of
eight Searcher Mk lis and lour to six
Herons are in service.
UK retires Dominie tnl ner aircraft
The UK Royal Air Force (RM) marked
the retirement 01 its Hawker Siddeley
(now BAE Systems) Dominie r 1
aircrew training fleet with a six-ship
flypast of RAF Cranwell, lincolnshire,
on 20 January. The fIypast overthe
RAF"s training college and the fleet's
main operating base marked the end
01 46years ot operational service lor
the Dominie, which entered service
as a weapon systems operator train
ing aircraft in 1965. Operated by 55
(Reserve R) Squadron, tile Dominie
was earmarked lor retirement in the
retent UK Strategic Defence and
Security Review. The 55 (R) Squadron
will now diSband.

worldmags

NATO deploys
first AWACS to
Afghanistan
NICHOL AS FIOREKZA lDW C,,"espundenl
.~r.~~~.~J~..

AIR fORCES

<3A Airborn e Wltrning and Control System

(AWACS) a ircraft of the
NATO Airbo rn e Early
Warning and Control
Force (NAEW&CF) deployed Itl
Afghllnistan for the first time in
mid-J anullry.
T he miss ion of the ain'raft is
to overSl."e air traffic controt in the
increasingly crowded Afghan airsJXll:e. Speaking of the deployment,
a NATO official emphasised the
growth in dvi lian air traffic. with
regular l:ommcrcial flights betwecn
Afghan dt ies and the inneasing
usc of civilian he1 il:opters for logis-

NATO has deployed ils E-3A

AWACS ai rcraflto Afghanistan
for the first lime
The aircraft will oversea ai r
traNic control In the increasingly
crowded Afghan airspace

tks purposes. This is in addition to

inl:reascd mi litary air traffic, both
manned and unmanned.
NATO ddenl:e min isters
approved the deployment in June
2009, bm it was delayed because
of various issues, such as ovcrfligln
riglns. To deal witl1thcse concerns,
the NATO E-3As wi ll only usc
their surveill anl:e l:apabil ities over

Eglin AFB prepares

for arrival of F35s

Afg hanistan, switching them off en

route . Financing of the mission was
agreed at the beginning of January.
Tile NATO AWACS aircraft
join US Air Forl:e E-3s a lready
in Afg han istan . In the past UK
Royal Air Force E-3Ds were also
deployed in a national capacity. Thc
dcployment . which was requested
by General David Petraeus. the
commander of NATO's International Sccurity Assistanl:C Force
(ISAF), wililasr for 90 days.
TIle NATO E-3As left their home
base of Gcilcnkirchen . Gcrmany.
on 10 January, staging througll thc
NAEW&CF's forward operating
base in Konya, Turkey, on their way
to Afgl1anistan. Konya is used for the
servicing and mission preparation of
the ain:raft . but thcy fly thcir missions
from Afghanistan to minimise downtime,the NATOomcial said.
He would not disclosc where in
Afghanistan the aircraft are based
or 110W many aircraft are involved.
However, he did adm it that not all
of the <."Ountries providing crcws for
the NATO E-3A component had
participaK-d. A Luftwaffe spokesman
oonfi nned Ihm one of dlCse nmions is
Gcnnany. which approved the mission but is not panicipating occause it
is not <."Oven.-d by its currcnt mandate
for Afghanistan.

One offour f-16s Irom luke AFB

taxis to the ramp at Eglin AFB.

AIR fORCES
The US Air Fnrce (USAF) hits statinncd fnur Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcons at Eglin Air
Force Ba ~ (AFB), Florida, 10 provide a reltlislic
operating and training environment in a nticipation
of the arrival of the Lockheed Martin F-35 at the
ba~ over t he coming years.
T he F- t6 deployment, which was announced by
the air force on 14 January, saw four aircraft from the
56th Fighter Wing (FW) at Luke AFB , Arizona, transfer to Ihe 33rd FW at Eglin ArB to 'help establish a
'bail ie rhythm as the wing stands up the fi rst joint
training centre for Ihe fi nh-generalion F-35 Joint Strike
Fighler", lire USAF said.
According 10 the USAF the move will sce the F-16s
regularly visit local dive11 bases, such as Tyndall AFB
and Pensacola Naval Air Statiol1 . to familiarise thcm
wilh receiving fast jets from Egli n AFB.
Wit h Egli n ArB sct to beCllme the hub of USAF, US
Navy (USN). US Mari ne Corps (USMC) and some
international F-35 training, air force officials decided to
station Ihe F-16s at the base as Iheir s ingle engines wil l

better help wing personnel get used to aircraft operations again (the 33rd FW lost its Boeing F- 15 Eag les
when it transitioned to Air Education and Training
Command in October 2009).
The arrival oflhe F- 16s will also help the 33rd FW
hone its Support co-ordination wit h the 961h Air BaSe
Wing and air spal:e and scheduling co-ordination with
the 46th Test Wing. An initial cadre of F-35 USAF
and US MC instructor pilots will fly Ihe F- 16s OUI of
Eglin AFB for about onc year to validate processes and
'warm up the r,lInp", lhe air force said. In addition to
tire aircraft, aboUl50 maintainers ffilm Luke ArB will
stay to work on the aircraft during the year.
Gllrclh Jennings Jane s
Al'ialiull Desk Edil"r. will/un

worldmags
jdwJanes.com JOW 26 January 20 11 33

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34 . 26 January 2011 l DW . jdw.jancs.com

INTERVIEW
DMITRI ALPEROVITCH
V lCE-PR ES IDENT OF T HR EAT RESEA RCH AT McAFEE

ilitaries are increasingly

reliant on smart phone tl~h
nology for communications,
impro\'ing situational awareness and tactical applications.
Hu wever, the rapid pruliferatiun uf such personal net work devices as ilh()n es, Andnlid.~ lind
BllIckBerrys has e xposed this equipment to the
malware menll(:e.

"We believe tlmt in the next year we are going to sec

a stonn of attacks on those dev ices:' said Dmitri Alpe rovitch. vice-president of threat researeh at
McAfee, the mandated standard IT security prov ider for the US Department
of Defense (DoD). "They arc about
to reach that tipping point where
they become really pervasive .
These dev ices are very vulnerable
as their security mechanisms arc
nOl well developed. and we are now
starting to sec a lot of interest from
tile DoD and other organisations
for dep loy in g security for these
devices:' he said.
However. there are a number of
c hallenges involved in securing
these devices. including ensuring tllat they can communicate in
austere env ironments, can send
and receive encrypted data and arc not overly sUR'Cptible to jamming.
Meanw hile, the threat from mali cious software has reached a record l1i gl1,
according to a report published by McAfee in November 2010,and several
high-proli le atta"ks have highlighted th is evo lving threat.
The Stuxnet worm was the lirst known exampl e of a computer worm
designed to specifically target major infrastructure faci lities. "Stuxnct has
really changed the game in R:cent months," explained A lperovitch. "It has
shown us how to manipulate processes and to compromise the integrity of
facilities and now you can imagine that. for example . weapon control and
guidance systems can be compromised very, very SUbtly.
"We can see the bluepri nt of how you wou ld attack SCADA [S upervisory Control and Data Acquisition1 systems [app li cations that monitor and
control industrial control systems] and this has escalated the battle for us
because systems are being attacked that are not even connected to the internet. How can you bridge what is known as the 'air gap '. which is essentially
the gap betwt"Cn the parts of the SCADA system that are nlllnccted to the
in ternet and those that are not connected but are controlling the industrial
processes?" A lperovitch asked.
"The dangers are now much more significant and arc beyondju >t anoth('-r
nation state gaining aLx:ess to your national secrets. This is about modify ing
processes to obtain access to a physical system and manipulating them:'
Alperovitdl described the levels of threat that governments and defence
mmpanies arc facing wh ile pointing out that "the US defence community
has lx-cn llnder sign ifi cant attack for the last eight years, w ith most of those
attacks focusing on eybcr-espionage activities and the ex.filtration of data".
"There are four types of eybcr attackers that we have to deal with.

At the lower end of the scale you have (he hackt iv ists and
grou ps that do not have significant eyber-warfare capabilities
and are more of a nuisance," he ex.plained. "The attacks are
not very sophisticated and are fairly easy to stop: at worst,
you may have sli ght downtime on your public facing web ,
si te or perhaps some defacement of the web page wit h political
messaging.
"Further up the ladder, you have eyber-criminal organisations that range in their abilities and capabi lities.
For example . some organisations can rival
nation states in their tt'dmica l abil ities but you also have a lot of what
arc known as 'script kiddies' - people who re -use code wri tten by
others and arc easy to detect and
block," he said.
"\Vhen you move further up, you
have what is knuwn as advanced
persistent threats: a term used to
describe nation state-sponsored
cyber-espionage activity. Most
of these attacks arc pervasive,
so - unlike cybcr criminals - [the
attackers] rea ll y know what they
are after and wi II not stop until they
reach a set goa l," he ,'Ontinucd. " In
the past you didn't Imve to outrun
the bear, you just had to outrun the
guy runn ing ne}!.t to you. If the bcar
really wanL~ you, it dues not matter who else is running.
" Finally, at the very tup end of the ladder,you have the overt nation statesponsored attack acts that are combining kinetic and cyber capabiliti es
in order to essent ially be a force multipli er in a traditional conflict." Th is
OCCUlTt-d in 2008 when Georgia was hit by a barrage of so-called distributt-d
denial uf service attacks that brought down presidential and governmental
websites prior to the country's war with Russia.
"We arc very lucky that terrorist groops, such as A[ -Qacda. do not have
significant cyber warfare capabi lities and that they primari ly usc the internet for reconnaissance and distribution of propaganda:' Alpcrovitch addcd.
To combat ,'yber threats, McAfee has c reated the Gtoba l Threat Intelligence capability, which harnesses 'cloud' techno logy (internet-based
computing that uses shared se rvers to provide resources and data) to col [ate suspicious activity and provide situational awareness of the threats
that cou ld be launched against a particular device. "We enable most of our
products to get rea l-time information d irect ly from the cloud," A lperovitch
said. "$0 instead of checking a new programme being installed on a ternl inal aga inst a known set of signatures, we will ask the cloud for everything
that is known about that particular application before we allow it to run.
"TImt allows us to obtain information from sys tems around the world,
giving us instant visibility into new applications that are being run. new
attacks that are being discovered and new vu lnenibilit ies that arc being uti lised through the cloud-based mechanism," he continued. " In return, we
providecustumcrs with an answer instantl y, before the applicatiun is run, to
shrink the chance of being infected with malwarc."

'Stuxnet has really changed

the game in recent months'

worldmags

Eleanor Keymer. lDIV Featllre~' Editvr. Wlll/Ull

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