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1. Who will benefit from this report?

1. Entrepreneurs wishing to understand the castor oil industry and the future
business opportunities in this market. This report will be especially useful to those
who wish to enter into the castor industry and wish to get a thorough overview of
the industry and its opportunity avenues.
2. Companies in the chemicals & olechemicals industry wishing to expand their
product portfolio to include oleochemicals based on castor oil
3. Investment banks and financial investment companies that is keen on funding
startups / companies in the castor oil industry.
4. Companies and individuals wishing to understand the possibilities and bottlenecks
to using castor oil as biofuel (Biodiesel) – we have included one full section
comprising over 20 pages for this aspect alone, providing all research data
currently available in this regard.
5. Researchers wishing to know about the properties and manufacturing processes of
the various grades and derivatives of castor oil.
6. Companies and entrepreneurs wishing to understand the current status and future
potential for castor oil in biopolymers & bioplastics production

2. Highlights of the report

Authoritative - Prepared by CastorOil.in, the online hub for castor oil and one
of the most referenced database for castor oil
Updated – Latest updated version was prepared 1st week of May 2009. And most
data available for the latest years 2007-2008 and 2008-2009.
Well-researched - 160 pages of highly researched data and information
Focus on emerging applications - Inputs and insights provided on use of
castor oil and derivatives for emerging industries such as biofuels and
biopolymers.
The only one available - The only report available anywhere that covers the
entire castor oil industry and value chain comprehensively
Free updates - Customers who buy the report get the updated versions of the
report free for 3 years from the time of their purchase.
Expert assistance - Customers who buy the report also get to use the expertise of
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Table of Contents

Chapter 1 - Castor Oil Manufacturing

1.1 Key Manufacturing Processes for Castor Oil & Derivatives
1.1.1 Castor Oil Manufacturing Processes – Summary
1.1.2 Castor Oil & Derivatives Manufacturing Processes – Details
1.1.2.1 Castor Oil Extraction – Details
1.1.2.2 Castor Oil Filtration – Details
1.1.2.3 Castor Oil Refining – Details
1.1.2.4 Typical Sections & Sub-sections of Castor Oil Refinery Plants
1.1.2.5 Castor Oil Grades & Derivatives Production
1.2 Indicative Costs for Setting up Small and Medium Scale Castor Oil & Derivatives
Manufacturing Plants

Chapter 2 - Castor Oil Market

2.1 The Castor Oil Market
2.2 Supply & Demand of Castor Oil
2.2.1 Castor Oil Supply Data
2.2.2 Demand & Consumption of Castor Oil
2.3 Indian Castor Oil Industry
2.3.1 Castor Oil Exports - Historical Scenario
2.3.2 Castor Oil Exports - Current Scenario
2.3.3 Castor Seed Production & Acreage in India
2.3.4 India-wide Data from Castor Crop Survey 2007-08
2.3.5 Cropping Season in India
2.3.6 Castor Cultivation & Yields in India – Points
2.3.7 India’s Status in the Global Castor Oil Industry
2.4 Demand-Supply Estimates for Castor Oil Derivatives
2.4.1 Current Demand-supply Estimates for the Various Grades of Castor Oil and
Derivatives
2.4.2 Future Demand-supply Estimates for the Various Grades of Castor Oil and
Derivatives

Chapter 3 - Castor Oil Chemicals & Derivatives

3.1 Properties & Chemical Composition of Castor Oil
3.2 Chemical, Physical Properties & Specifications of Castor Oil Grades & Derivatives

Chapter 4 – Castor Oil Prices

4.1 Historical & Current Price Data for Castor Oil, Castor Seeds
4.2 Castor Oil and Castor Seed Price Volatility
4.3 Factors that Affect Prices
4.4 Castor Oil Futures Market

Chapter 5 - Castor Cultivation

5.1 Castor Crop Sowing
5.2 Castor Crop Growth

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5.3 Castor Crop Harvest

5.4 Castor Cultivation Seasons
5.5 Castor Seed Grades & Varieties
5.6 Yields for Castor Seeds and Castor Oil from Seed
5.7 Castor Cultivation FAQ

Chapter 6 - Castor Oil End-uses

6.1 Current End-uses for Castor Oil and Derivatives
6.1.1 End Uses – by Castor Oil Grade / Derivative
6.1.2 Castor Oil & Castor Oil Derivatives Uses – By Industry
6.2 Future Possible End-uses and End User Industries for Castor Oil and Derivatives
6.2.1 Biopolymers and Castor oil
6.2.2 Castor Oil as a Feedstock for Biodiesel
6.2.3 Other Possible Future End Uses

Chapter 7 - Castor Seeds

7.1 Castor Seeds Production & Supplies
7.2 Castor Seeds Prices & Trends
7.3 Castor Seeds Packaging & Storing
7.4 Castor Seed Varieties & Hybrids
7.5 Castor Seed Factoids

Chapter 8 - Castor Meal

8.1 Castor Meal Uses
8.2 Castor Meal Composition
8.3 Castor Meal Supply & Demand
8.4 Toxicity in Castor Meal
8.5 Energy Content in Castor Meal
8.6 Castor Meal – Other Points

Chapter 9 - Castor Oil Distribution & Logistics

9.1 Castor Oil Storing & Packaging
9.1.1 Castor Oil Storage
9.1.2 Castor Oil Packaging
9.1.3 Castor Oil Shelf Life
9.2 Castor Oil Transportation & Logistics
9.2.1 Distribution from Farms to Refinery
9.2.2 Transport
9.2.3 Cargo Handling
9.2.4 Density & Volume Expansion
9.2.5 Cargo Securing
9.2.6 Risk Factors & Loss Prevention

Chapter 10 – Prominent Castor Oil Producers

10.1 Producers in India
10.2 Producers in China

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10.3 Producers in Brazil

10.4 Other Suppliers

Castor oil grades & derivatives for which information on production,

properties and end-uses is provided
Commercial Grade Castor Oil
BP Grade Castor Oil
Pale Pressed Castor Oil
Castor Oil U.S.P
Dehydrated Castor Oil
Refined Castor Oil – FSG
Castor Oil BSS Grade
Blown Castor Oil
Urethane Grade
Ethoxylated Castor Oil
12 HAS
Turkey Red Oil
HCO - Hydrogenated Castor Oil
Ricinoleic Acid
Methyl 12 HSA -Methyl 12 Hydroxy Stearate
Sebacic Acid
Heptaldehyde
2-Heptanol
Undecylenic Aldehyde
Methyl Undecylenate
2-Octanol
Glycerine
Undecanoic Acid
Undecylenic Acid
Calcium Undecylenate
Zinc Undecylenate
Zinc Ricinoleate
Heptanoic Acid

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Sample Data & Information

This section provides some sample information / data selected from each of the 9
chapters in the report.

Chapter 1 - Castor Oil Manufacturing

Production Process for Dehydrated Castor Oil

Castor oil has only one double bond in each fatty acid chain and so is classified as non-
drying oil. However, it can be dehydrated to give semi-drying or drying oil which is used
extensively in paints and varnishes.

Being a polyhydroxy compound, its hydroxyl functionality can be reduced through

dehydration or increased by inter-esterification with a polyhydric alcohol.

It must be noted that coatings that incorporate castor oil alone will never achieve
complete cure through oxidative cross-linking as do coatings that contain oil with
multiple double bonds in their fatty acid components. For this reason, dehydrated castor
oil assumes special significance.

The dehydration process is carried out at about 250oC in the presence of catalysts (e.g.,
concentrated sulphuric acid, activated earth) and under an inert atmosphere or vacuum.
Under this condition of dehydration, the hydroxyl group and an adjacent hydrogen atom
from the C-11 or C-13 position of the ricinoleic acid portion of the molecule is removed
as water. This yields a mixture of two acids, each containing two double bonds but in one
case, they are conjugated. The presence of an acid containing conjugated double bonds
results in an oil resembling tung oil in some of its properties.

Thus, castor oil, which is non-drying, can be treated and converted into a semi-drying or
drying oil known as dehydrated castor oil.

Chapter 2 - Castor Oil Market

The Major Consumer Countries of Castor Oil with Their Annual Consumption Figures
(In Metric Tons) – 2006-07
Countries Castor Oil Consumption
European Union 130000
India 85000
China 170000
Brazil 60000
USA 40000
Japan 20000
Thailand 15000
Others 10000

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Chapter 3 - Castor Oil Chemicals & Derivatives

Ricinoleic Acid

Ricinoleic Acid (12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid) is obtained by the hydrolysis of Castor

Oil. It is a light coloured liquid with a ricinoleic content of approximately 90%. Primary
uses include, coatings, plastics, inks and cosmetics

Biochemical studies have revealed that ricinoleic acid is produced in castor by the direct
hydroxylation of the common fatty acid, oleic acid (18:1). The hydroxylation reaction is
catalysed by a single, highly efficient enzyme, the fatty acid hydroxylase.

IUPAC Name - (E)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid

Synonyms - 12-hydroxy-(cis)-9-octadecenoic acid

CAS Number 5323-95-5

Chemical Formula C18H34O3
Mol Wt. 298.46
Physical State Viscous yellow liquid
Melting Point 5.5oC
Boiling Point 245oC
Specific Gravity 0.94
Solubility in Water Insoluble
Vapour Density 10.3
Flash Point 224oC
Stability Stable under ordinary conditions
Appearance Viscous yellow liquid
Acid Value 175 min
Hydroxyl Value 150 min
Iodine Value 80-91
Saponification Value 180 min
Colour, Gardner 8 max

Chapter 4 – Castor Oil Prices

Castor Oil Prices (Average Price for Commercial Grade) – US$/T, FOB Mumbai

Year Price
2002 900
2003 925
2004 925
2005 925
2006 950
2007 1050

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2008 (Feb) 1200

2008 (June) 1400
2009 (Jan) 1050

Chapter 5 - Castor Cultivation

Nitrogen Recommendations for Castor Beans

Soil Organic Matter % Nitrogen Application Rate lb/acre

<2 100
2–4.9 80
5–10 60
> 10 40

Chapter 6 - Castor Oil End-uses

12-HSA

12 HSA is used in grease manufacture, plastics lubrication and as a raw material for the
synthesis of more complex chemicals.

When reacted with an ester, 12 HSA provides a hard finish for the automotive and small
appliance industries.

Both HCO and 12 HSA have enjoyed popularity with the growth of lithium complex greases,
which are growing to be the largest segment of the grease market. These greases have
excellent heat tolerance like the sodium greases and the water resistance of calcium greases.
The addition of 12 HSA enhances the overall performance with better texture, improved heat
stability and improved dropping points. It simplifies the grease manufacturing process
because it no longer requires milling and homogenization steps that were normally used with
lithium type greases.

12 HSA soaps are used in mineral oil-based multipurpose greases making it possible for
grease to fill the requirements of a variety of needs in the automotive and truck greases.

In cosmetics: 12 HSA may be used for gelling liquid petroleum to produce brilliance. It
may be incorporated into cold creams and vanishing creams to give a jelly-like feeling.

In paints: 12-HSA is reacted with acrylic esters to produce hard, durable thermosetting
polymers used in high-quality automotive, industrial appliance and metal decorative
finishes.

In rubbers: 12-HSA functions as an activator and internal lubricant for natural and
synthetic rubbers.

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Nylon 11

The process to make Nylon 11 from castor oil is quite involved and includes several
reaction steps, but briefly, it is as follows:

Castor oil is converted to methyl ricinoleate by treatment with methyl alcohol. Methyl
ricinoleate is pyrolysed at high temperature yielding heptaldehyde, methyl undecylenate
and a small amount of fatty acids. Methyl undecylenate is hydrolysed to produce
undecylenic acid.

When undecylenic acid is treated with hydrogen bromide in a non-polar solvent in the
presence of peroxide, reverse Markownikoff addition occurs and the main product is x-
bromoundecanoic acid. This is then treated with ammonia to give x-aminoundecanoic
acid, which is a crystalline solid. Aminoundecanoic acid is the starting material for
nylon-11.

Castor Oil Use in Industries

Castor Oil Use in Cosmetics & Perfumeries

End Products
a. Perfumery Products
b. Lipsticks
c. Hair Tonics
d. Shampoos
e. Polishes
f. Emulsifiers
g. Deodorants

Castor Products & Derivatives Used

a. Castor Oil
b. Castor Oil Esters
c. Undecylenic Acid
d. Castor Wax
e. Zinc Ricinoleate
f. Heptaldehyde
g. Heptanoic Acid
h. Undecylenic Acid
i. Heptyl Alcohol
j. Ethyl Heptoate
k. Heptyl Acetate

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Chapter 7 - Castor Seeds

Average Prices for Castor Seeds

The average spot prices provided for specific months over a 3 year period to demonstrate
the increase and volatility in prices

Average Prices for Castor Seeds

(all prices in US$, FOB Mumbai)
Year Prices - $ / MT
2004 400
2005 350
2006 400
2007 475
2008 (Jan - June) 575
2008 (Jun – Dec) 600
2009 (Jan) 500

Chapter 8 - Castor Meal

Toxicity in Castor Meal

The castor cake is mainly used as a fertilizer. It is unsuitable as an animal feed because of
the presence of toxic protein called ricin and toxic allergen often referred to as CBA
(castor bean allergen). However, it is noteworthy that none of the toxic components is
carried into the oil.

Some methods for the detoxification of the cake have been attempted. These include

Treatment with ammonia, caustic soda, lime and heat.

When the cake is steamed, the ricin is detoxified and the allergen is inactivated.
Another method of detoxifying castor seed meal involved the wet mixing with sal
seed meal so that the toxic constituents of castor seed were neutralized by tannins.
In addition, some people in parts of South-Eastern Nigeria have long developed a
method for treating and detoxifying the unextracted seed. In this case, the method
used to detoxify castor seed involves fermentation. The seeds are first dehulled
and boiled in water for about 18 hours. The boiled seeds are cooled and wrapped
together with leaves and allowed to ferment in the fire place for about five days.
The fermented seeds are then mashed by pounding using a mortar and pestle. This
is followed by addition of ash from burnt palm kernel husk which gives it a dark
colour. The dark, mashed product is allowed to mature for a further period of five
days after which it is packaged for sale. It is believed that most of the
detoxification takes place during fermentation and it leads to the elimination of
the toxic factors. Microbiological studies have shown that the bacteria involved
are spore-forming bacteria, especially members of the genus Bacillus

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Although the use of detoxified cake as cattle feed has been reported in a few cases using
one or more of the methods explained above, extreme caution and experimentation are
desirable before the cake is fed to farm animals.

Chapter 9 - Castor Oil Distribution & Logistics

Risk Factors and Loss Prevention – Temperature

Castor oil has no particular requirements as to storage climate conditions.

The solidification temperature is of considerable significance in the transport of fatty oils

and fats. They must remain liquid during loading, during the voyage and during
unloading. Chill haze (separation) begins if cooling causes the temperature of the oil to
approach solidification point, the oil becoming ointment-like and finally solid, and it can
no longer be pumped.

Separation and the associated change in consistency from liquid to solid occurs more
readily upon cooling, the higher is the solidification point.

The oil must be heated only by a few °C per day, else the risk of rancidity and other
negative changes arises.

The following table constitutes a rough estimate of appropriate temperature ranges.

Temperatures may deviate from these values, depending on the particular transport
conditions.

Designation Temperature range

Travel temperature (favorable
temperature range) 15°C (12 - 25°C)
Solidification temperature -10 to -18°C
Pumping temperature 30 - 35°C

The travel temperature must be complied with as far as possible during transport, to
minimize oxidation processes.

Chapter 10 - Prominent Castor Oil & Derivatives Producers in India

RPK Agrotech

Main Line of Business: Castor oil and derivatives producer and trader

Background:

RPK Agrotech was established in 2004 and focusses on castor oil exports.

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Products:

The company focused on producing the basic castor oil grades. The company has also
started trading of castor oil derivatives mainly HCO and 12 HSA, which the company
gets made on job work basis.

The company has a capacity to crush over 9000 MT of castor seed per month. It is
currently (Dec 2008) setting up new plant with crushing capacity of castor seed with 250
MT per day.

For a complete list of products, please see the following URL –

http://rpkagrotech.com/products.php

Financials: Approximately $25 million

Location: The Company operates a manufacturing facility at KSEZ Kandla in the state
of Gujarat. The other unit is at Bhachau, also in Gujarat.

Address:
Plot No 351,
2nd Floor, Sector 1/A,
Gandhidham, Gujarat - 370201

www.rpkagrotech.com

Price Details:

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