ARCHIVUM MATHEMATICUM (BRNO)

Tomus 40 (2004), 345 353

FIXED POINT THEOREMS FOR NONEXPANSIVE MAPPINGS

IN MODULAR SPACES
POOM KUMAM
Abstract. In this paper, we extend several concepts from geometry of Banach spaces to modular spaces. With a careful generalization, we can cover
all corresponding results in the former setting. Main result we prove says that
if is a convex, -complete modular space satisfying the Fatou property and
r -uniformly convex for all r > 0, C a convex, -closed, -bounded subset of
X , T : C C a -nonexpansive mapping, then T has a fixed point.

1. Introduction
The theory of modular spaces was initiated by Nakano [15] in 1950 in connection
with the theory of order spaces and redefined and generalized by Musielak and
Orlicz [14] in 1959. It is well known that one of the standard proof of Banachs
fixed point theorem is based on Cantors theorem in complete metric spaces [5, 6].
To this end, using some convenient constants in the contraction assumption, we
present a generalization of Banachs fixed point theorem in some classes of modular
spaces.
In this paper, we extend many concepts and results in normed spaces to modular
spaces.
2. Preliminaries
We start by reviewing some basic facts about modular spaces as formulated by
Musielak and Orlicz [14]. For more details the reader is refered to [7, 9, 10] and
[13].
Definition 2.1 (cf. [7]). Let X be an arbitrary vector space.
(a) A function : X [0, ] is called a modular on X if for arbitrary x, y in
X,
(i) (x) = 0 if and only if x = 0,
(ii) (x) = (x) for every scalar with | |= 1, and
2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 46B20, 46E30, 47H10.
Key words and phrases: fixed point, modular spaces, -nonexpansive mapping, -normal
structure, -uniform normal structure, r -uniformly convex.
Received November 7, 2002.

346

P. KUMAM

(iii) (x + y) (x) + (y) if + = 1 and , 0.

(b) If (iii) is replaced by (iii)(x + y) (x) + (y) if + = 1 and
, 0, e say that is a convex modular .
(c) A modular defines a corresponding modular space, i.e. the vector space X
given by
X = {x X : (x) 0 as 0} .
X is a linear subspace of X.
In general the modular is not subadditive and therefore does not behave as a
norm or a distance. But one can associate to a modular an F -norm (see [13]).
The modular space X can be equipped with an F -norm (see [13]) defined by
n
x
o
kxk = inf > 0;
.


Namely, if is convex, then the functional k|xk| = inf > 0; x 1 is a
norm in X which is equivalent to the F -norm k.k .
Definition 2.2 (cf. [7, 8]). Let X be a modular space.
(a) A sequence (xn ) X is said to be -convergent to x X and write

xn x, if (xn x) 0 as n .
(b) A sequence (xn ) is called -Cauchy whenever (xn xm ) 0 as n, m .
(c) The modular is called -complete if any -Cauchy sequence is -convergent.
(d) A subset B X is called -closed if for any sequence (xn ) B convergent to x X , we have x B.
(e) A -closed subset B X is called -compact if any sequence (xn ) B has
a -convergent subsequence.
(f) is said to satisfy the 2 -condition if (2xn ) 0 whenever (xn ) 0 as
n .
(g) We say that has the Fatou property if (x) lim inf n (xn ) whenever

xn x.
(h) A subset B X is said to be -bounded if
diam (B) < ,
where diam (B) = sup{(x y); x, y B} is called the -diameter of B.
(i) Define the -distance between x X and B X as
dis (x, B) = inf{(x y); y B} .
(j) Define the -Ball, B (x, r), centered at x X with radius r as
B (x, r) = {y X ; (x y) r} .
Let (X, k.k) be a normed space. Then (x) = kxk is a convex modular on X.
One can check that -balls are -closed if and only if has the Fatou property
(cf. [8]).

FIXED POINT THEOREMS IN MODULAR SPACES

347

Example 2.3.
(1) The Orlicz modular is defined for every measurable real function f by the
formula
Z
(f ) =
(|f (t)|) dm(t) ,
R

where m denotes the Lebesgue measure in R and : R [0, ) is continuous.

We also assume that (u) = 0 iff u = 0 and (t) as n . The modular
space induced by the Orlicz modular is called the Orlicz space L .
(2) The Musielak-Orlicz modular spaces (see. [17]). Let
Z
(f ) =
(, f ())d() ,

where is a -finite measure on , and : R [0, ) satisfy the following:

(i) (, u) is a continuous even function of u which is nondecreasing for u > 0,
such that (, 0) = 0, (, u) > 0 for u 6= 0, and (, u) as n .
(ii) (, u) is a measurable function of for each u R.
The corresponding modular space is called the Musielak-Orlicz spaces, and is
denoted by L .

Definition 2.4 (cf. [8]). A modular space X is said to have -normal structure
if for any nonempty -bounded -closed convex subset C of X not reduced to a
one point, there exists a point x C such that
r (x, C) := sup{(x y); y C} < diam (C) .
A modular space X is said to have -uniformly normal structure if there exists
a constant c (0, 1) such that for any subset C as above, there exists x C such
that
r (x, C) < c diam (C) .
Clearly -uniformly normal structure is -normal structure.
Let X be a modular space and let C be a nonempty -bounded and -closed
convex subset C of X . We will say that C has the fixed point property (fpp) if every
-nonexpansive selfmap defined on C (i.e.,T : C C, (T (x) T (y)) (x y)
for every x, y C) has a fixed point, that is, there eists x C such that T (x) = x.
Also, a modular space X is said to have the fixed point property (fpp) if every
nonempty -bounded -closed convex subset of X has the fixed point property.
In Banach spaces, when we think about reflexivity automatically the dual space
is present in our taught. But in modular spaces, it is very hard to conceive the dual
space. To circumvent the problem, we use some characterization of reflexivity.
Theorem
2.5 (Smulian 1939, cf. [12]). A normed space X is reflexive if and only
T
if n Cn 6= whenever (Cn ) is a sequence of nonempty, closed bounded and convex
subsets of X such that Cn Cn+1 for each n N.

Definition 2.6 (cf. [8]). Let X be a modular space. We will say that X or
satisfies the property (R) if every decreasing sequence of nonempty -closed and
-bounded convex subsets of X , has a nonempty intersection.
The following theorem is known.

348

P. KUMAM

Theorem 2.7 (cf. [8]). Let X be a -complete modular space. Assume that
is convex and satisfies the Fatou property. Moreover, assume that X has the normal structure and has the property (R) and C is any -closed -bounded convex
nonempty subset of X . Then any -nonexpansive mapping T : C C has a fixed
point in C.
3. Results
We start this chapter with generalizations as well as their corresponding results
of uniform convexity and normal structure coefficients in modular spaces.
Definition 3.1. For r > 0, a modular space X is said to be r -uniformly convex
if for each > 0, there exists > 0 such that for any x, y X , the conditions
(x) r, (y) r and (x y) r imply
x + y

(1 )r .
2
Definition 3.2. Let X be a Modular space. For any 0 and r > 0, the
modulus of r -uniform convexity of X is defined by


1 x + y 
(r, ) = inf 1
: (x) r, (y) r, (x y) r .
r
2
Definition 3.3. The normal structure coefficient of X is the number
n diam (C)

: C X C is -closed convex,
N (X ) = inf
R (C)
o
-bounded and diam (C) > 0 ,

where R (C) := inf{r (x, C) : x C} which is called the -Chebyshev radius of

C (cf. [7]).

Remark 3.4.
(1) It is not hard to show that R (C) 6= 0. Indeed, suppose R (C) = 0 and let,
x0 , y0 C be such that x0 6= y0 . Since R (C) = inf yC r (x, C) = 0, so
there exists a sequence (xn ) in C such that limn r (xn , C) = 0. Thus


x y 
(x0 xn ) + (xn y0 )
0
0

=
(x0 xn ) + (xn y0 ) 0
2
2
as n . Therefore x0 = y0 , a contradiction.
(2) For any x C we have R (C) r (x, C) diam (C).
(3) It is obvious form the definition that X has -uniform normal structure if
and only if N (X ) > 1 (see [11]).
Lemma 3.5. Let r > 0. A modular space X is r -uniformly convex if and only
if (r, ) > 0 for all > 0.
Proof. Let > 0. If X is r -uniformly convex, then there exists > 0 such
that for

y) r. we have

any x, y X with (x) r, (y) r, and1 (xx+y

(1

)r.
Thus,
for
these
x
and
y,

. Hence (r, )
x+y

2
r
2

FIXED POINT THEOREMS IN MODULAR SPACES

349

> 0. Conversely, suppose (r, ) > 0 for some > 0 and > 0. Take any
x, y X such that (x)

r, (y) r and (x y) r. By definition of , we
get (r, ) 1 1r x+y
. Hence
2
1 x + y 
1 (r, ) 1 .

r
2
Therefore X is r -uniformly convex.
Lemma 3.6. The modulus (r, .) of uniform convexity of X is increasing on
[0, ).
Proof. Let r > 0 and 1 > 2 0. Let x, y X be such that (x) r and
(y) r. If (x y) 1 r, then (x y) 2 r. This show that
(
)
1 x + y 
1
: (x) r, (y) r, (x y) r1
r
2
)
(
1 x + y 
: (x) r, (y) r, (x y) r2 .
1
r
2
This implies that (r, 1 ) (r, 2 ).
Theorem 3.7. If the modulus of convexity of a modular space X satisfies
(d, ) > 0 for all d, > 0, then X has -normal structure.
Proof. Let C be a nonempty -bounded -closed convex subset of X with
diam (C) = d > 0. Let (0, 1) there exist x, y C such that
(x y) d .
Let z = x+y
and w C. Thus, z C, (w x) d, (w y) d and
2
((w x) (w y)) = (x y) d.
Consequently,



 x + y 
(w x) + (w y)
w
=
(1 (d, ))d .
2
2
Hence

sup (w z) 1 (d, ) d .

wC

Since (d, ) > 0, we get

sup (w z) < d = diam (C) .

wC

Since this is true for any C, this proves that X has -normal structure.
Lemma 3.5 and Theorem 3.7 give us immediately
Corollary 3.8. For a modular space X , if X is r -uniformly convex for all
r > 0, then X has -normally structure.
Corollary 3.9 (cf. [4]). Closed bounded convex subsets of uniformly convex Banach spaces have normal structure.

350

P. KUMAM

Theorem 3.10. Let X be a -complete modular space. If is convex and satisfies

the Fatou property and X is r -uniformly convex for all r > 0, then X has the
property (R).
Proof. Let (Cn ) be a decreasing sequence of -bounded, -closed nonempty convex
subsets of X , z X which does not belong to C1 and
r = lim dis (z, Cn ) .
n

Define Dn = Cn B (z, r) and let dn be the diameter of Dn . By the Fatou

property of , (Dn ) is a decreasing sequence of nonempty -bounded, -closed
convex subsets of X because B (z, r) is then a -closed set (see [8]).
Let rn be a sequence of positive number that decreases to zero and dn rn > 0
for all n. There exist x, y Dn such that (x y) dn rn . Thus, by the
n
definition of (r, dn r
), we have
r

 


(z x) + (z y)
x+y
dn r n
)=
1 r,
r.
(z
2
2
r
Hence
()





dn r n
1
x+y
1
1 r,
.
dis (z, Cn ) z
r
r
2
r

Put d = limn dn and an = dn n1 , and consider two cases.

Case 1 ( an d, for all n large enough). By being increasing and (), we have
for all n large enough,


 a 
1
d
n
dis (z, Cn ) 1 r,
1 r,
.
r
r
r
Letting n , we get

1 1

d
r,
r

which implies that (r, dr ) = 0. By r -uniform convexity of X and Lemma 3.1.6

we have (r, ) > 0 for all > 0, whence d = 0.
Case 2 (0 < an < d, for infinitely many n). There exists a subsequence (an0 ) such
that an0 % d, whence the limit limn0 (r, arn0 ) exists and by (), we have
 a 0
n
r,
1 1 lim

n0
r
Consequently, limn0 (r, arn0 ) = 0. Since an0 % d and (r, ) > 0 for all > 0,
we have d = limn dn = 0 as well. Thus, there exists a -Cauchy sequence
(xn ), where xn Dn for each n. Since X is -complete, (xn )-converges to some
x0 X . Using the -closeness of Dn , we deduce that x0 Dn for all n 1.
This implies that nN Dn 6= and so nN Cn 6= as well. The proof is therefore
complete.

FIXED POINT THEOREMS IN MODULAR SPACES

351

Corollary 3.11 (cf. [4]). Let X be a -complete modular space with convex
and satisfying the Fatou property. If X is r -uniformly convex for all r > 0, then
X has the fixed point property.
Proof. By Corollary 3.8 and Theorem 3.10, X has -normal structure and property (R). Consequently, Theorem 2.7 can be applied to conclude that X has the
fixed point property.
Corollary 3.12 (cf. [4]). If C is a nonempty closed bounded convex subset of a
uniformly convex Banach space, then every nonexpansive mapping T : C C has
a fixed point in C.
Theorem 3.13. Let X be a modular space with modulus of convexity (1, ) 6= 1
for some (0, 1). If we assume that (x) = (x) for all > 0, then
N (X )

1
.
1 (1, )

Proof. Let C be a -closed, -bounded convex subset of X with diam (C) =

d > 0. Since (0, 1), there exist x, y C such that
(x y) d .
wy
1
C and w C. Then ( wx
Let z =
d ) = d (w x) 1, ( d ) =
1
d (w y) 1, and


1
w x w y 

= (x y) .

d
d
d
x+y
2

By the definition of (1, ), we obtain



x + y 1
(w x) + (w y)
1 
=
1 (1, ) .
w
d
2
d
2
Hence it follows that


R (C) sup (z w) d 1 (1, ) .
wK

Consequently,
1
diam (C)

.
R (C)
1 (1, )
Therefore
N (X )

1
.
1 (1, )

Remark 3.14. If we assume that in Colloray3.8 (x) = (x) for all > 0,
then X will have -uniformly normal structure.
Corollary 3.15. If X is a modular space with the modulus of convexity (1, )
(0, 1) for some (0, 1), then X has -uniformly normal structure.

352

P. KUMAM

Proof. By Theorem 3.13 we have N (X ) > 1. Thus, by Remarks 3.4 (3), X has
-uniformly normal structure.
Corollary 3.16. If X is a Banach space space with modulus of convexity X ()
(0, 1) for some (0, 1) and we put (x) = kxk, then we get that X has uniformly
normal structure.
Corollary 3.16 strongly improves [1] which states that any uniformly convex
Banach space has uniformly normal structure.
Note that a Banach space X is uniformly convex if and only if its modulus of
convexity satisfies X () > 0 for all > 0 (see [5]).
Acknowlegement. The author is grateful to Prof. Sompong Dhompongsa for
many helpful comments and suggestions. The author also wishes thanks to an
anonymous referee for his/her suggestions which led to substantial improvements
of this paper. Last but not least, I would like to thank Prof. Henryk Hudzik to
his English suggestions and correction.

References
[1] Aksoy, A. G. and Khamsi, M. A., Nonstandard methods in fixed point theory, Spinger-Verlag,
Heidelberg, New York 1990.
[2] Ayerbe Toledano, J. M., Dominguez Benavides, T., and L
opez Acedo, G., Measures of
noncompactness in metric fixed point theory: Advances and Applications Topics in metric
fixed point theory, Birkh
auser-Verlag, Basel, 99 (1997).
[3] Chen, S., Khamsi, M. A. and Kozlowski, W. M., Some geometrical properties and fixed point
theorems in Orlicz modular spaces, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 155 No. 2 (1991), 393412.
[4] Dominguez Benavides, T., Khamsi, M. A. and Samadi, S., Uniformly Lipschitzian mappings
in modular function spaces, Nonlinear Analysis 40 No. 2 (2001), 267278.
[5] Goebel, K. and Kirk, W. A., Topic in metric fixed point theorem, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge 1990.
[6] Goebel, K. and Reich, S., Uniform convexity, Hyperbolic geometry, and nonexpansive mappings, Monographs textbooks in pure and applied mathematics, New York and Basel, 83
1984.
[7] Khamsi, M. A., Fixed point theory in modular function spacesm, Recent Advances on Metric
Fixed Point Theorem, Universidad de Sivilla, Sivilla No. 8 (1996), 3158.
[8] Khamsi, M. A., Uniform noncompact convexity, fixed point property in modular spaces,
Math. Japonica 41 (1) (1994), 16.
[9] Khamsi, M. A., A convexity property in modular function spaces, Math. Japonica 44, No. 2
(1990).
[10] Khamsi, M. A., Kozlowski, W. M. and Reich, S., Fixed point property in modular function
spaces, Nonlinear Analysis, 14, No. 11 (1990), 935953.
[11] Kumam, P., Fixed Point Property in Modular Spaces, Master Thesis, Chiang Mai University
(2002), Thailand.
[12] Megginson, R. E., An introduction to Banach space theory, Graduate Text in Math.
Springer-Verlag, New York 183 (1998).

FIXED POINT THEOREMS IN MODULAR SPACES

353

[13] Musielak, J., Orlicz spaces and Modular spaces, Lecture Notes in Math., Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1034 (1983).
[14] Musielak, J. and Orlicz, W., On Modular spaces, Studia Math. 18 (1959), 591597.
[15] Nakano, H., Modular semi-ordered spaces, Tokyo, (1950).

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science

King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi
Bangkok 10140, Thailand
E-mail: pooom.kum@kmutt.ac.th