1

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,

BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.

1.

NAME OF THE
CANDIDATE AND
ADDRESS

Ms. NISHA YOHANNAN

1ST YEAR M.SC. NURSING
GARDEN CITY COLLEGE OF
NURSING,
VIDYANAGAR,
K.R. PURAM,
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.

2.

NAME OF THE
INSTITUTION

3.

COURSE OF THE
STUDY AND
SUBJECT
DATE OF
ADMISSION TO
THE COURSE

GARDEN CITY COLLEGE OF

NURSING,
16TH K.M.OLD MADRAS
ROAD,VIDYANAGAR,
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.
M.SC. NURSING FIRST YEAR
MEDICAL AND SURGICAL
NURSING

4.

17th OCTOBER 2011

5.

TITLE OF THE
TOPIC

A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE

EFFECTIVENESS OF REIKI THERAPY IN
REDUCING THE BLOOD PRESSURE OF
HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS AT SELECTED
HOSPITALS.

SYNOPSIS PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF

SUBJECT FOR
DISSERTATION

6.

BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK:

INTRODUCTION
Hypertension is a large public health problem which leads to millions of deaths
a year. It is a silent epidemic. Meaning that many people who have hypertension are
unaware of it as the damage caused by hypertension and takes years or decades to
become apparent in a person.1 It is an important cardiovascular risk factor.2 It is often
called the "silent killer" because blood pressure-related complications often do not
show up until they are life-threatening.3 High blood pressure often results in severe
organ and cellular damage. It can cause kidney failure, stroke, heart attacks and other
cellular damage.4
The remarkable advances in therapy have provided ways to lower blood
pressure in almost every person with hypertension. Nevertheless, hypertension
continues to be a major public health problem whose prevalence is increasing
worldwide, despite the therapeutic advances.5
An epidemiological shift in the prevalence of hypertension in developing
countries as compared to developed countries has been observed. In India, hypertension
has become a major health problem. Till recent past, control and prevention of
communicable diseases was emphasized. Recently, attention has shifted to control and
prevention of non-communicable diseases including stroke, hypertension and coronary
artery disease at the national level in view of the rising trends.

The prevalence of hypertension has increased by 30 times among the urban

population over a period of 55 years and about 10 times among the rural population
over a period of 36 years. Dramatic changes in lifestyle, increasing population,
modified dietary pattern and technological advances have led to physical inactivity,
increased consumption of diets rich in fat, sugar and calories and shrunken employment
opportunities particularly among young generation leading to stress and hypertension
in younger persons.
Although pharmacological management of hypertension is possible, due to
increasing prevalence and complications, use of alternative therapies for hypertension
has emerged over the recent years. One such therapy is Reiki. This system is flexible;
therefore it can be effective for anyone. It eliminates most symptoms of hypertension,
thereby restoring imbalances and restoring good health.6
Reiki therapy produce an actual physiological effect of the energy healing that
this would be triggered within the nervous system, and more specifically, the
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). The ANS is concerned with the functions of the
body that we cannot control directly, such as respiration, blood pressure, sweating, and
vasodilation. It plays a part in the regulation of our essential functions.7
If successfully executed, Reiki can heal physically, mentally, spiritually and
emotionally. It can be used to energize, restore and maintain. It is extremely beneficial
for stress reduction and provides the additional energy needed to recover from illnesses.
Reiki will increase vitality while simultaneously slowing down the aging process.8

6.1

NEED FOR THE STUDY

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), most of which are due to atherosclerosis
and often related to arterial hypertension, are responsible for nearly 20% of all
deaths world-wide (nearly 10 million). Many developing countries are now in a
phase of epidemiological transition and face the double burden of communicable
and non-communicable diseases, with the severe repercussions this has on their
very weak economies.
Epidemiological evidence also shows that there are several factors which
play an important role in the development, evolution and prognosis of arterial
hypertension, some of them non-modifiable, such as age, sex, ethnicity and
heredity, and others modifiable, such as body weight, salt intake, alcohol intake,
use of hormonal contraceptives and drugs retaining sodium, sedentary life and
psychosocial factors.9
In India, according to World Health Report 2002, cardiovascular diseases
(CVDs) will be the largest cause of death and disability by 2020.10
Descriptive studies on prevalence of hypertension in Kerala (Criteria: JNC
VI) reported 37% prevalence of hypertension among 30-64 age group in 1998 and
55% among 40-60 age group during 2000. A higher prevalence of 69% and 55%
was recorded among elderly populations aged sixty and above in the urban and
rural areas respectively during 2000.11
A descriptive study involving 5537 individuals (3050 urban residents and
2487 rural residents) demonstrated 25% and 29% prevalence of hypertension

among males and females respectively in urban Delhi and 13% and 10% in rural
Haryana.12

Three serial epidemiological studies in Jaipur carried out during 1994,

2001and 2003 demonstrated rising prevalence of hypertension (30%, 36%, and
51% respectively among males and 34%, 38% and 51% among females).13
In Karnataka today, Heart Attack (IHD) and Hypertension are common
cardiovascular diseases in adults above 40 years. Nearly 11% of the urban
population is suffering from Ischemic Heart Disease and / or Hypertension.
Prevalence is increasing year by year.14
Hypertensions (high blood pressure) victims are also getting younger. Due
to lifestyle, 8 to 10% of young adults below 30 years of age are falling prey to
hypertension. Deadline pressure and work stress is definitely rising and leading to
lack of peace-of-mind and a rise in metabolic syndromes like hypertension. The
trend has increased over the last couple of years.15
The therapeutic regimen plays an important role in controlling hypertension
because the treatment is lifetime especially when associated with other diseases.
Many find it difficult and tiresome and economically burdensome to continue the
treatment. Hence, complementary therapies become a good option. It supports the
mainstream treatment and promotes the general well- being.
But one of the biggest challenges faced by complementary therapists today
is the need to bridge the gap between science and New Age beliefs. While public
perceptions of the benefits of a more holistic approach to health, and to life in
general, have shifted significantly in recent years, there is still much to be done to

ensure that those who might benefit most have both awareness of, and access to,
therapies and services that can be literally life-changing.16 Reiki is one such

therapy. It is safe, effective, beneficial, and, necessary if it is to become available

to everybody, ideally through mainstream medical and therapeutic areas.
Apart from this, in the investigators experience also, since her family
members including her father is suffering from hypertension, she has seen the
agony and discomfort of her father for the past 15 years with regards to the longterm therapeutic regimen and the general anxiety in dealing with a lifelong illness.
Hence, the investigator has decided to do Reiki therapy to supplement the
pharmacological management of hypertension.

6.2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In order to accomplish the goal of present study an attempt has been made to
review and discuss the literature, which shall cover the following areas:
a) Review related to hypertension.
b) Review related to alternative therapies in hypertension.
c) Review related to Reiki therapy and its therapeutic effects.
d) Review related to Reiki therapy in hypertension.
a) Review related to hypertension:
A study was conducted on the prevalence of hypertension in an urban
community of India. A total of 1609 respondents out of 1662 individuals
participated in this cross-sectional survey of validated and structured questionnaire
followed by blood pressure measurement. Results showed pre-hypertensive levels
among 35.8% of the participants in systolic group and 47.7% in diastolic group.
Bivariate analysis showed significant relationship of hypertension with age,
sedentary occupation, body mass index (BMI), diet, ischemic heart disease, and
smoking.17
A national survey to determine the prevalence, awareness, treatment and
control of hypertension, among the adult population in Tunisia was conducted. A
total of 8007 adults aged 3570 years were included in the study. The prevalence
of hypertension was 30.6%, higher in women (33.5%) than in men (27.3%).

Multiple logistic regression analyses identified a higher age, urban area, higher
body mass index, type 2 diabetes and family history of CVD as important
correlates to the prevalence of hypertension. Only 38.8% of those with

hypertension were aware of their diagnosis, of which 84.8% were receiving

treatment. BP control was achieved in only 24.1% of treated hypertensive persons.
Women were more aware than men (44.8 vs. 28.8%), but the rates of treatment and
control of hypertension did not differ between the two genders. The study
highlights the hypertension problem in a middle-income developing country.18
A descriptive study on the prevalence of hypertension in rural community
of Nitte, Udupi district, Karnataka reported that the overall prevalence of
hypertension was 4% and the prevalence in adult population was 9%. The study
concluded that the prevalence increased with the advancement of age among adult
population. The age distribution of cases of hypertension showed that over 80%
belonged to elderly age group of 45 years and above.19
A descriptive study on the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of
hypertension in rural areas of Davanagere reported the prevalence rate of
hypertension in the study population was 18.3%. The prevalence of hypertension
was more in males 19.1% than in females 17.5%. An upward trend in prevalence
was observed with increase in age, especially above 40 years, in both the sexes.
Only 33.8% of them were aware of their hypertensive status. 32.1% were on
treatment, and 12.5% adequately controlled their BP and 6.9% had severe
hypertension.20

10

A cohort study was done to assess the risk of stroke in hypertensives with
or without antihypertensive treatment in a total of 11,103 men and women.
Subjects were divided into three categories: normotensives, treated hypertensives,
and non-treated hypertensives. The treated hypertensives were divided into

controlled and uncontrolled HT groups. The non-treated hypertensives were also

divided into two groups: mild HT, and moderate or severe HT. The mean follow-up
duration was 10.7 years. The study concluded that compared with normotensives,
hypertensives of all categories had a significantly higher risk of stroke.21
A cohort study was conducted to evaluate the high blood pressure
knowledge among primary care patients with known hypertension in 2008 in
which questionnaire to 700 hypertensive patients were mailed each containing 6
questions pertaining to various aspects of high BP. It was found that 530 completed
surveys. 19% either believe taking medications will cure high BP. 22% of
respondents had overall lower hypertension knowledge. The study concluded that
patients may need to be taught the difference between curing hypertension and
treating it with medications. Efforts to educate the public that lifestyle
modifications can prevent hypertension.22
A study on the role of obesity and insulin resistance on end stage renal
failure attributed to hypertension revealed that about a third of new cases of renal
failure in USA are attributed to hypertension despite controversy about the
frequency and pathology of hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Recent documentation
shows that the major mechanism of progression to end stage renal failure is the
segmental glomerulosclerosis seen in hypertensives and also in obesity and the

11

metabolic syndrome.23
A randomized clinical trial on the effects blood pressure control on the
development of complications was conducted on 389 patients with hypertension
for 7 - 10 years. The assignment to therapy, either a combination of a diuretic and
rauwolfia serpentina, or an identical placebo, was random. Diastolic blood pressure
(DBP) was reduced an average of 10 mm Hg (systolic equals 16 mm Hg) in the
active treatment group with no change in the placebo group. Complications such as
left ventricular hypertrophy, radiographic cardiomegaly, and retinopathy occurred
in the placebo group at a rate of 53% subjects compared to 23.8% in those on
active drugs. It is concluded that there was a lower level of excess risk of
complications in mild hypertension.24
A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in
hypertensive, non-diabetic outpatients was conducted on 102 hypertensive
outpatients. The results show that prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 71.6%,
abnormal waist circumference was 90.41, while low HDL cholesterol and
hypertriglyceridemia had a prevalence of 76.71 and 64.29 respectively. The study
concluded that the prevalence of metabolic abnormalities associated with arterial
hypertension in individuals is up to 35.3%.25
b) Review related to alternative therapies in hypertension:
In a descriptive study conducted on complementary and alternative
medicine in the management of hypertension in an urban Nigerian community four
hundred and forty hypertensive subjects in Idikan community, Ibadan, were
interviewed using a semi-structured survey instrument. In the study sample, 29%

12

used CAM in the management of their hypertension. Among those using CAM, the
most common forms used were herbs (63%) and garlic (21%). Logistic regression
analysis revealed that four variables were independent predictors of CAM use:

being male, belief in supernatural causes of hypertension, lack of belief that

hypertension is preventable and having a family history of hypertension.
Interviews with CAM practitioners revealed that they believed hypertension was
caused by evil forces, stress or "too much blood in the body". Men were more than
twice as likely to use CAM and belief in supernatural causes of hypertension was
the most notable belief predicting CAM use. The study concluded that many
patients seek complementary medicine treatments for common conditions such as
hypertension.26
An evidence-based review on the complementary and alternative medicine
approaches to blood pressure reduction was done from quality evidences like
MEDLINE and EMBASE. It supports the blood pressurelowering effects of
coenzyme Q10, polyphenol-rich dark chocolate, Qigong, slow breathing, and
transcendental meditation. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with hypertension
and cardiovascular risk. Acupuncture reduced blood pressure in 3 trials. Melatonin
was effective in 2 small trials, but caution is warranted in patients taking
pharmacotherapy. The study concluded that several complementary and
alternativemedicine therapies can be considered as part of anevidence-based
approach to the treatment of hypertension. The potential benefit of these
interventions warrants further research using cardiovascular outcomes.27
A review of 9 randomized trials concluded that the regular use of
transcendental meditation significantly reduced both systolic and diastolic blood

13

pressure compared to a control. In addition, a trial of 86 patients with hypertension

suggested that daily, music-guided slow breathing reduced systolic blood pressure
measured over a 24-hour period.28

A systematic review of the literature on the effect of tai chi exercise on

blood pressure (BP) was performed searching Medline, CAB, Alt Health Watch,
BIOSIS previews, Science Citation Index, and EMBASE systems; researched
Chinese Medical, China Hospital Knowledge, China National Knowledge
Infrastructure, and China Traditional Chinese Medicine databases; and at the
medical libraries of Beijing and Nanjing Universities. Twenty-six studies
examining patients with and without cardiovascular conditions met inclusion
criteria: 9 randomized controlled trials, 13 nonrandomized studies, and 4
observational studies. Twenty-two studies (85%) reported reductions in BP with tai
chi (3-32 mm Hg systolic and 2-18 mm Hg diastolic BP reductions). Five
randomized controlled trials were of adequate quality (Jadad score > or = 3). No
adverse effects were reported. Tai chi exercise may reduce BP and serve as a
practical, nonpharmacologic adjunct to conventional hypertension management.29
A matched case control study on the Effect of Yoga and Meditation on Mild
to moderate Essential Hypertensives was conducted on patients divided in to two
groups of 15 patients treated with antihypertensive drugs along with yoganidra and
15 patients on antihypertensive drugs alone. Yoganidra was practiced for 45min
daily in the morning and evening. Parameters were recorded at the beginning and
again at the end of 3 months. The study showed a significant fall of mean blood
pressure after 3 months of yoganidra. Results of this study suggest that yoganidra

14

can be used as adjunctive treatment with drug therapy on mild and moderate
essential hypertensives.30

c) Review related to Reiki therapy:

An Integrative Review of Reiki Touch Therapy Research showed that Reiki
touch therapy is a complementary biofield energy therapy that involves the use of
hands to help strengthen the body's ability to heal. There is growing interest among
nurses to use Reiki in patient care and as a self-care treatment, however, with little
supportive empirical research and evidence to substantiate these practices. The
purpose of this integrative review is to begin the systematic process of evaluating
the findings of published Reiki research. Selected investigations using Reiki for
effects on stress, relaxation, depression, pain, and wound healing management,
among others was reviewed and summarized for future research.31
A one-year study of the effects of Reiki on psychological depression and
self-reported stress the hypothesis that it is the Reiki energy itself, and not the
"hands on" touch, that is the healing factor, and examined the long-term effects of
Reiki on depression and stress. Findings of the study demonstrated that there were
no changes in the control/placebo group until they received the six sessions of
actual Reiki a year after the first six placebo sessions. Both the hands-on and the
distance Reiki were effective in relieving symptoms of depression and stress.
Distance Reiki was shown to be slightly more effective than hands on, which ruled
out touch as the causative factor. Re-testing a year later demonstrated that the
positive results of the six Reiki treatments had remained intact. The study suggests

15

combining Reiki with traditional forms of treatment for psychological depression,

because of Reiki's effectiveness, and cost reduction.32

An experimental study on the effect of reiki on acute coronary syndrome

was conducted on patients recovering from acute coronary syndrome (ACS).
Randomized inpatients were selected to receive Reiki, a classical music
intervention, or resting control while undergoing continuous
electrocardiographic monitoring via a Holter monitor. Emotional state was
queried by a 10-point Likert scale.Of 229 patients screened, 49 met criteria and
provided signed informed consent. The study concluded that in hospitalized postACS patients, Reiki increased HF HRV (high frequency heart rate variability) and
improved emotional state.33
A randomized controlled single-blind trial of the efficacy of reiki at
benefitting mood and well-being was conducted on 40 university students-half
with high depression and/or anxiety and half with low depression and/or anxiety.
They were randomly assigned to receive Reiki or to a non-Reiki control group.
Participants experienced six 30-minute sessions over a period of two to eight
weeks, where they were blind to whether noncontact Reiki was administered as
their attention was absorbed in a guided relaxation. The efficacy of the intervention
was assessed pre-post intervention and at five-week follow-up by self-report
measures of mood, illness symptoms, and sleep. The participants with high anxiety
and/or depression who received Reiki showed a progressive improvement in
overall mood, which was significantly better at five-week follow-up, while no

16

change was seen in the controls. The findings of both studies suggest that Reiki
may benefit mood.34

A study to evaluate the effect of Reiki as an alternative and complementary

approach to treating community-dwelling older adults who experience pain,
depression, and/or anxiety was conducted on participants (N = 20) who were
randomly assigned to either an experimental or wait list control group. The preand post-test measures included the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Geriatric Depression
Scale-Short Form,Faces Pain Scale, and heart rate and blood pressure including an
experimental component to examine changes in these measures and a descriptive
component (semi-structured interview) to elicit information about the experience
of having Reiki treatments. Significant differences were observed between the
experimental and treatment groups on measures of pain, depression, and anxiety.35
d) Review of literature on the effect of Reiki therapy on hypertension:
As Reiki therapy in hypertensive patient is still a recent practice, very few
literature is available currently which has been listed below:
A study on Biological correlates of Reiki Touchsm healing aimed to test a
framework of relaxation or stress reduction as a mechanism of touch therapy was
done. The study involved the examination of select physiological and biochemical
effects and the experience of 30 minutes of Reiki, a form of touch therapy. A single
group repeated measure design was used to study Reiki Touchs effects with a
convenience sample of 23 essentially healthy subjects. Biological markers related

17

to stress-reduction response included state anxiety, salivary IgA and cortisol, blood
pressure, galvanic skin response (GSR), muscle tension and skin temperature. Data
were collected before, during and immediately after the session. Comparing before
and after measures, anxiety was significantly reduced. Salivary IgA levels rose

significantly, however, salivary cortisol was not statistically significant. There was
a significant drop in systolic blood pressure (SBP). These findings suggest both
biochemical and physiological changes in the direction of relaxation.36
A Blind trial pilot study on Autonomic Nervous System Changes During
Reiki Treatment on Forty-five (45) subjects was conducted. The subjects were
assigned at random into three groups with three treatment conditions- no treatment
(rest only); Reiki treatment by experienced Reiki practitioner; and placebo
treatment by a person with no knowledge of Reiki and who mimicked the Reiki
treatment. Quantitative measures of autonomic nervous system function such as
heart rate, cardiac vagal tone, blood pressure, cardiac sensitivity to baroreflex, and
breathing activity were recorded continuously for each heartbeat. Values during
and after the treatment period were compared with baseline data. Heart rate and
diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly in the Reiki group compared to
both placebo and control groups. The study indicates that Reiki has some effect on
the autonomic nervous system. The results justify further, larger studies to look at
the biological effects of Reiki treatment.37
A pilot study was conducted to investigate the effect of Healing Touch on
state/trait anxiety and physiological measures of heart rate, blood pressure, muscle
tension, skin conductance, and skin temperature in healthy adults. The study used a

18

single group, repeated measures design with a nonprobability convenience sample

of 30 subjects. Physiological data were collected for 10 minutes before
intervention, during 30 minutes of Healing Touch treatment, and for 10 minutes
post-treatment. During the course of the treatment, changes were observed for all

psychological and physiological measures, with the exception of muscle tension

that remained constant. Results suggest that Healing Touch treatment is associated
with both physiological and psychological relaxation. Further study is warranted to
explore the efficacy of Healing Touch as an intervention for stress in healthy
adults.38

19

6.3

6.4

PROBLEM STATEMENT
A study to evaluate the effectiveness of Reiki therapy in reducing the blood
pressure of hypertensive patients at selected hospitals.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To assess the blood pressure among experimental and control group in
hypertensive patients.
2. To evaluate the effectiveness of Reiki therapy on the blood pressure of
hypertensive patients.

6.5

3. To associate blood pressure among hypertensive patients with their selected

demographic variables.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
Effectiveness: Effectiveness refers to the outcome of Reiki therapy that is gained
in reducing blood pressure which will be considered through pre-test and post-test
scores
Reiki therapy: It is an alternative treatment method based on energy healing that
can reduce the blood pressure of hypertensive patients and enhance the general

6.6

well being.
Hypertension: A blood pressure reading higher than 140/90mm of Hg in a known
cases is hypertension.
HYPOTHESES

20

H1: There will be significant difference between pre and post BP scores of
experimental group after Reiki therapy.

6.7

H2: There will be significant association between the blood pressure of

hypertensive patients and their selected demographic variables in experimental
group.
RESEARCH VARIABLES UNDER STUDY

6.8

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: Reiki therapy to reduce the blood pressure in

hypertensive patients.
DEPENDENT VARIABLES: Blood pressure of hypertensive patients.
ASSUMPTION
Hypertension is a global epidemic.
Even a slight reduction of 1mm of Hg will minimize hypertension related
complications.
Many steps are taken to combat hypertension along with allopathic therapy.

6.9

Reiki therapy is an evidenced based therapy with actual physiologic affects

like reduced heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac vagal tone, cardiac
sensitivity and respiratory rate.
Reiki is a gentle but powerful and flexible therapy which can be affective
for everyone in reducing hypertension and for general well being.
DELIMITATION
The study will be delimited to selected hospitals, Bangalore.

6.10

The study will be delimited for 40 patients.

The study period is limited to 4weeks only.
PROJECTED OUTCOME
Reiki therapy is a simple and effective way for hypertensive patients to reduce
blood pressure and prevent various complications related to hypertension.

21

7
7.1
MATERIALS AND METHODS

7.1.1

SOURCE OF DATA COLLECTION

Hypertensive patients from selected hospitals, Bangalore.

RESEARCH DESIGN
Study design will be quasi experimental, pre-test post-test study design.

E = O1 X O2
C = O1- O2

Where;
E = Experimental group
C = Control group
O1 = pre test blood pressure measurement

7.1.2

O2 = post test blood pressure measurement

X = Intervention (Reiki therapy)
SETTING

7.1.3

The study will be conducted among hypertensive patients in selected hospitals,

Bangalore.

22

POPULATION
Hypertensive patients admitted in the selected hospital, Bangalore.

8
8.1
SAMPLING PROCEDURE
SAMPLE

8.1.1

The hypertensive patients who will be present in the selected hospitals within the
period of study and who fulfill the sampling criteria.

SAMPLE SIZE.
40 hypertensive patients admitted in the selected hospital who meets the sampling

8.1.2

criteria in which 20 patients are for experimental group and 20 other are for control
group.

8.1.3

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE.
Purposive sampling will be used for the study.

INCLUSION CRITERIA
Hypertensive patients who will be:

8.1.4

Diagnosed as hypertension and who come to OPD for regular checkup.

Willing to participate in the study.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA
Hypertensive patients:
Whose BP is not under control and changed the drug regimen before a

23

month.
Who are participating other alternative regimen.

8.2

INSTRUMENT INTENDED TO BE USED

8.2.1

SECTION A: Tool to assess the demographic information of the samples.

SECTION B: Sphygmomanometer to assess the blood pressure

METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

A prior formal permission will be obtained from the medical director of the
concerned hospital, Bangalore. All patients falling under the inclusion criteria will
be given orientation regarding Reiki therapy. Data collection procedure will be
explained to all participants. Informed consent will be taken from the hypertensive
patients who are willing to participate. Each participant will be provided privacy
and comfort. The purpose of the study will be explained in simple terms and
confidentiality is maintained. Baseline data will be recorded for all groups during a
15-minute rest period. After completion of the interview, blood pressure will be
measured in intervals of 3 minutes for 3 times using a previously calibrated
aneroid sphygmomanometer in a quiet room in lying down position on the left arm.
Pre test will be conducted for all patients. This will be followed by the
intervention. In the Reiki group, subjects will receive 30 minutes of Reiki. In the
control group, subjects asked to follow their normal schedule. The post test will be

8.2.2

administered for all the patients after the completion of the intervention. After the
completion of study all the control group patients will also be administered Reiki

24

therapy.
METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
It will be analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical analysis.

8.3

Statistical analysis such as standard deviation, percentage and paired t test

will be used to determine the effectiveness of pamphlet.
Co relational analysis will be done to associate the values and demographic
variable.
DOES

THE

STUDY

REQUIRE

ANY

INVESTIGATION

OR

INTERVENTION TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENTS OR OTHER

8.4

HUMANS OR ANIMALS? IF SO, PLEASE DESCRIBE BRIEFLY.

Yes. The study requires implementation of Reiki therapy to the hypertensive
patients in a selected hospital, Bangalore.
HAS

ETHICAL

CLEARENCE

BEEN

OBTAINED

FROM

YOUR

INSTITUTION?

Ethical clearance will be obtained from the research committee of Garden

City College of Nursing.

Permission will be obtained from a selected hospital, Bangalore

Consent form will be obtained from the renal calculi patients who are
willing to participate in the study.

25

LIST OF REFERENCES:
1. Matthew Stoker. Hypertension - a Deadly Silent Epidemic. 2009 Sep 2.
Available from: URL:
http://voices.yahoo.com/hypertension-deadly-silent-epidemic4162647.html
2. Gupta R. Hypertension in India--definition, prevalence and evaluation. J
Indian Med Assoc. 1999 Mar; 97(3):74-80. Available from: URL:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10652905
3. Available from: URL:
http://www.ehow.com/facts_5476259_effects-blood-pressure.html
4. Jesus Saves. High Blood Pressure - Overview and Preventive Measures.
2006 Nov 5. Available from: URL:
http://voices.yahoo.com/high-blood-pressure-overview-preventivemeasures-101134.html?cat=5
5. Aram V. Chobanian. The Hypertension Paradox More Uncontrolled
Disease despite Improved Therapy. The new England journal of medicine.
361:878-887. 2009August 27. Available from: URL:
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0903829#t=article
6. Alvin. Reduce High Blood Pressure with Reiki. Available from: URL:
http://www.minusbloodpressure.com/high-blood-pressuretreatment/reduce-high-blood-pressure-with-reiki/
7. Nikki Mackay. The Science of Reiki. The WHG magazine. Available from:
URL:
http://www.whgmagazine.co.uk/articles/24-the-science-of-reiki-nikkimackay
8. Natural Reiki Healing System - Eliminates Symptoms of Hypertension,
High Blood Pressure by Restoring Good Health with Reiki. 2011 May 22.

26

Available from: URL:

http://www.articlesbase.com/reiki-articles/natural-reiki-healing-systemeliminates-symptoms-of-hypertension-high-blood-pressure-by-restoringgood-health-with-reiki-4801400.html
9. Dr. Fernando S. Antezana. Epidemiologic aspects of hypertension in the
world. Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Available
from: URL:
http://www.gfmer.ch/TMCAM/Hypertension/Epidemiologic_aspects_hyper
tension_world.htm
10. National Cardiovascular Disease Database. Available from: URL:
http://whoindia.org/LinkFiles/NMH_Resources_National_CVD_databaseFinal_Report.pdf
11. Kutty .V.R, Balakrishnan .K.G,Jayasree .A.k, Thomas .J. Prevalence of
coronary heart disease in the rural population of Thiruvananthapuram
district, Kerala, India. International Journal of cardiology. 2005
April:39(1):59-70
12. Biswas. U. K, Kumar A. Study on lipid profile, oxidation stress and
carbonic anhydrase activity in patients with essential hypertension. Journal
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SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE

Reiki therapy is an evidenced based
energy
therapy
having
REMARK OF THE GUIDE biofield
physiological effect on heart rate and
blood pressure . As hypertension is the
leading cause of cardiovascular,
neurological and renal problems, the
study will be beneficial for hypertensive
patients.

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NAME AND DESIGNATION

PROF. SENTHIL KAVITHA

OF THE GUIDE

M.SC.(N) (PhD)
MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
GARDEN CITY COLLEGE
BANGALORE

SIGNATURE
CO-GUIDE
SIGNATURE
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

PROF. SENTHIL. KAVITHA

M.SC (N) (PhD)
MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING

SIGNATURE
Reiki therapy is a safe, effective and
holistic approach for hypertensive
REMARKS OF THE PRINCIPAL
patients in controlling hypertension

SIGNATURE

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10
11

12

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4

12.5
12.6

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12.7