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    Load Combinations

    Uploaded by

    Hiren Desai
    This document discusses design loads and load combinations for structural design. It begins by explaining that structural members must be designed to carry service loads imposed on them in an economical way. It then describes the design process of determining loads, modeling with free body diagrams, calculating internal forces, selecting member size, and checking deflections. The document outlines the types of loads including dead loads from building weight and live loads from occupancy. It discusses ASCE load combinations and provides examples of load combination equations from the strength design method. Finally, it works through an example of determining load diagrams for a sloped roof beam under different load combination scenarios.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Load Combinations

    Uploaded by

    Hiren Desai
    143 views14 pages
    This document discusses design loads and load combinations for structural design. It begins by explaining that structural members must be designed to carry service loads imposed on them in an economical way. It then describes the design process of determining loads, modeling with free body diagrams, calculating internal forces, selecting member size, and checking deflections. The document outlines the types of loads including dead loads from building weight and live loads from occupancy. It discusses ASCE load combinations and provides examples of load combination equations from the strength design method. Finally, it works through an example of determining load diagrams for a sloped roof beam under different load combination scenarios.

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    Load Combination

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    This document discusses design loads and load combinations for structural design. It begins by explaining that structural members must be designed to carry service loads imposed on them in an economical way. It then describes the design process of determining loads, modeling with free body diagrams, calculating internal forces, selecting member size, and checking deflections. The document outlines the types of loads including dead loads from building weight and live loads from occupancy. It discusses ASCE load combinations and provides examples of load combination equations from the strength design method. Finally, it works through an example of determining load diagrams for a sloped roof beam under different load combination scenarios.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    143 views14 pages

    Load Combinations

    Uploaded by

    Hiren Desai
    This document discusses design loads and load combinations for structural design. It begins by explaining that structural members must be designed to carry service loads imposed on them in an economical way. It then describes the design process of determining loads, modeling with free body diagrams, calculating internal forces, selecting member size, and checking deflections. The document outlines the types of loads including dead loads from building weight and live loads from occupancy. It discusses ASCE load combinations and provides examples of load combination equations from the strength design method. Finally, it works through an example of determining load diagrams for a sloped roof beam under different load combination scenarios.

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    Design Loads & Combinations

    Prepared by Prof. Marcia C. Belcher, PE

    Design Loads

    Structural members must be designed so they are strong


    enough to carry the service loads imposed on it.

    We also want an economical structural:

    Member that are not excessively large or oversized.

    Design process looks like:

    Determine design loads felt by each member


    Model (FBD)
    Determine internal forces (V, M)
    Select member material/size
    Check deflection limits

    Types of Building Loads

    Dead Loads:

    Called gravity loads because they are vertical forces due to stationary
    objects.

    Weight of building itself


    Utilities, piping, lighting, HVAC, etc.
    Non-moveable objects such as carpeting, flooring, stationary service
    equipment (chillers, bank vaults, etc.)

    Live Loads:

    Vertical loads due to human occupancy, snow, rain ponding, furniture,


    partition walls and moveable equipment.
    Horizontal (lateral) loads due to wind, earthquake, water pressure,
    blast/explosion, collision, etc.

    Load Combinations

    ASCE Publication 7 prescribes likely scenarios of load


    combinations that a structure may feel.

    ie. A structure may feel maximum human occupancy, wind and


    snow at the same time.

    It is not likely to feel maximum occupancy, snow, wind and


    earthquake at the same time.

    Load Combinations:
    Strength Design Method (LRFD)

    Load Combinations:
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.
    6.
    7.

    Ldesign = 1.4D
    Ldesign = 1.2D +1.6 L + 0.5 (Lroof or S)
    Ldesign = 1.2D +1.6 (Lroof or S) + (.5L or .8 W)
    Ldesign = 1.2D + 1.6 W + 0.5 L + .5(Lroof or S)
    Ldesign = 1.2D + Ev + Eh + 0.5 L + .2 S
    Ldesign = 0.9D +1.6 W
    Ldesign = .9D - Ev + Eh

    Where:

    D = dead load
    L = live load
    Lr = live roof load
    S = snow
    W = wind
    Eh = horizontal earthquake
    Ev = vertical earthquake

    Unit Load Calculations: Sloped Roofs

    Most load computations are done in terms of plan view unit


    areas.

    Loads for roof areas that are sloped are commonly expressed
    in terms of weight per unit area of horizontal projection.

    Loads on Inclined Roofs


    LL, W, S

    Simplified Approach:
    Live Loads, Wind Loads, and Snow
    Loads are considered to act on a
    horizontal projection of an inclined
    member.

    SO LOAD DIAGRAM LOOKS LIKE


    THIS AND CORRECTION FOR SLOPE IS
    IGNORED:

    LL, W, S
    Length

    Loads on Inclined Roof


    EXCEPTION:

    cos=DL
    h

    Full weight of dead load and vertical earthquake


    load are computed to act over the entire length
    and applied to the horizontal projection.

    Projected Load: DL x 1/cos


    Ev x 1/cos
    SO LOAD DIAGRAM LOOKS LIKE
    THIS AND LOAD OVER FULL LENGTH IS
    CALCULATED.

    Example: Determining Load Diagrams

    Given: A simply supported roof beam inclined at a 10


    slope receives loads as follows:
    DL =1.2k/ft
    Lr = .24 k/ft
    S = 1 k/ft
    Wh = 15 k
    Eh = 25 k
    Ev = .2 k/ft

    Find: Loading diagram for the beam using strength design


    method combinations.

    Example: Determining Load Diagrams

    Know:
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.
    6.
    7.

    Load Combinations
    Ldesign = 1.4D
    Ldesign = 1.2D +1.6 L + 0.5 (Lroof or S)
    Ldesign = 1.2D +1.6 (Lroof or S) + (.5L or .8 W)
    Ldesign = 1.2D + 1.6 W + 0.5 L + .5(Lroof or S)
    Ldesign = 1.2D + Ev + Eh + 0.5 L + .2 S
    Ldesign = 0.9D +1.6 W
    Ldesign = .9D - Ev + Eh

    Given Loads:
    DL =1.22k/ft
    Lr = .24 k/ft
    S = 1 k/ft
    Wh = 15 k
    Eh = 25 k
    Ev = .2 k/ft

    Solution:
    a. DL adjusted for slope = 1.2 k/ft x 1/cos10 = 1.22 k/ft
    b. Vertical earthquake adjusted for slope = .2 x 1/cos10 = .20 k/ft
    Equations:
    1.

    1.4D = 1.4 (1.22 k/ft) = 1.71 k/ft

    1.71 k/ft

    (this equation has vertical loads only)

    Example: Determining Load Diagrams


    2.

    1.2D +1.6 L + 0.5 (Lroof or S) = 1.2 (1.22k/ft) + .5(1k/ft) = 1.964 k/ft


    (this equation has vertical loads only)

    1.964 k/ft

    DL =1.22 k/ft
    Lr = .24 k/ft
    S = 1 k/ft
    Wh = 15 k
    Eh = 25 k
    Ev = .2 k/ft

    L
    3. This equation has vertical loads (wind) and horizontal loads
    1.2D +1.6 (Lroof or S) + (.5L or .8 W) =

    DL

    Lr

    (k/ft)

    k/ft)

    (k/ft)

    kips

    Load

    1.22

    -----

    15

    Factor

    1.2

    -----

    1.6

    .8

    Factored
    vertical load

    1.464

    Factored
    horizontal load

    1.6

    Sum

    3.06
    (k/ft)

    12

    12
    kips

    12k

    3.06 k/ft

    Example: Determining Load Diagrams


    4.

    DL =1.22 k/ft
    Lr = .24 k/ft
    S = 1 k/ft
    Wh = 15 k
    Eh = 25 k
    Ev = .2 k/ft

    1.2D + 1.6 W + 0.5 L + .5(Lr or S)

    DL

    Lr

    (k/ft)

    Kips

    (k/ft)

    (k/ft)

    Load

    1.22

    15

    ---

    Factor

    1.2

    1.6

    ---

    .5

    Factored
    vertical load

    1.464

    ---

    .5

    Sum

    1.964
    (k/ft)

    Factored
    horizontal load

    24

    24k

    1.964 k/ft

    24 kips

    5. 1.2D + Ev + Eh +0 .5L + .2 S

    DL

    Ev

    Eh

    (k/ft)

    (k/ft)

    Kips

    (k/ft)

    Load

    1.22

    .2

    25

    Factor

    1.2

    .2

    Factored
    vertical load

    1.464

    .2

    ---

    .2

    Factored
    horizontal load

    Sum

    25k

    1.864
    (k/ft)

    25

    25 kips

    1.864 k/ft

    Example: Determining Load Diagrams


    6.

    0.9D +1.6 W

    DL

    (k/ft)

    kips

    Load

    1.22

    15

    Factor

    .9

    1.6

    Factored
    vertical load

    1.1

    Sum

    24k

    1.1 k/ft

    1.1

    (k/ft)

    Factored
    horizontal load

    7.

    DL =1.22 k/ft
    Lr = .24 k/ft
    S = 1 k/ft
    Wh = 15 k
    Eh = 25 k
    Ev = .2 k/ft

    24

    24
    kips

    0.9D - Ev + Eh

    DL

    Ev

    Eh

    (k/ft)

    (k/ft)

    kips

    Load

    1.22

    -.2

    25

    Factor

    .9

    1.1

    -.2

    Factored
    vertical load

    Factored
    horizontal load

    Sum
    25k

    .9
    (k/ft)

    25

    25
    kips

    .9 k/ft

    Example: Determining Load Diagrams

    Which combination controls?

    Equation 3
    Equation 4
    Equation 5

    12k

    3.06 k/ft

    L
    24k

    1.964 k/ft

    25k

    1.864 k/ft

    The maximum effect (stress & deflection) cannot be determined by


    inspection of the loads alone.
    Calculation of maximum stress and deflection for each case is required to
    determine the controlling or worse case scenario.

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