2010 Galois Solution

Canadian
Mathematics
Competition
An activity of the Centre for Education
in Mathematics and Computing,
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
2010 Galois Contest

Friday, April 9, 2010
Solutions
c
2010
Centre for Education in Mathematics and Computing
2010 Galois Contest Solutions
Page 2
1. (a) Emilys new showerhead uses 13 L of water per minute.

At this rate, it will take Emily 260
= 20 minutes of showering to use 260 L of water.
13
(b) By using the new showerhead, Emily is using 18 13 = 5 L of water per minute less than
when she used the old showerhead.
Thus for a 10 minute shower using the new showerhead, Emily uses 10 5 = 50 L less
water.
(c) From part (b), we know that Emily saves 5 L of water per minute by using the new
showerhead.
For a 15 minute shower, Emily saves 15 5 = 75 L of water.
8
75 = 6 cents in water
Since Emily is charged 8 cents per 100 L of water, she will save 100
costs for a 15 minute shower.
(d) Solution 1
Emily is charged 8 cents per 100 L of water and is saving 5 L of water per minute.
8
8
5 = 20
= 25 of a cent per minute by using the new showerhead.
Thus, she is saving 100
To save $30 or 3000 cents, it will take Emily 3000 52 = 3000 52 = 7500 minutes of
showering.
Solution 2
From part (c), Emily saves 6 cents in 15 minutes of showering. Since 3000 6 = 500, it
takes 15 500 = 7500 minutes to save $30.
2. (a) Solution 1
If point T is placed at (2, 0), then T is on OB
and AT is perpendicular to OB.
Since QO is perpendicular to OB, then QO is
parallel to AT .
Both QA and OT are horizontal, so then QA is
parallel to OT .
Therefore, QAT O is a rectangle.
The area of rectangle QAT O is QA QO or
(2 0) (12 0) = 24.
Since AT is perpendicular to T B, we can treat
AT as the height of 4AT B and T B as the base.
The area of 4AT B is 21 T B AT or
1
(12 2) (12 0) = 21 10 12 = 60.
2
The area of QABO is the sum of the areas of
rectangle QAT O and 4AT B, or 24 + 60 = 84.
y
Q (0, 12)
O (0, 0)
A (2, 12)
T (2, 0)
x
B (12, 0)
Solution 2
Both QA and OB are horizontal, so then QA is parallel to OB.
Thus, QABO is a trapezoid.
Since QO is perpendicular to OB, we can treat QO as the height of the trapezoid.
Then, QABO has area 21 QO (QA + OB) = 12 12 (2 + 12) = 21 12 14 = 84.
(b) Since CO is perpendicular to OB, we can treat CO as the height of 4COB and OB as
the base. The area of 4COB is 12 OB CO or 12 (12 0) (p 0) = 12 12 p = 6p.
(c) Since QA is perpendicular to QC, we can treat QC as the height of 4QCA and QA as the
base. The area of 4QCA is 21 QAQC or 12 (20)(12p) = 12 2(12p) = 12p.
Page 3
(d) The area of 4ABC can be found by subtracting the area of 4COB and the area of
4QCA from the area of quadrilateral QABO.
From parts (a), (b) and (c), the area of 4ABC is thus 84 6p (12 p) = 72 5p.
Since the area of 4ABC is 27, then 72 5p = 27 or 5p = 45, so p = 9.
3. (a) We solve the system of equations by the method of elimination.
Adding the first equation to the second, we get 2x = 52, and so x = 26.
Substituting x = 26 into the first equation, we get 26 + y = 42, and so y = 16.
The solution to the system of equations is (x, y) = (26, 16).
(b) Solution 1
We proceed as in part (a) by solving the system of equations by the method of elimination.
.
Adding the first equation to the second, we get 2x = p + q, and so x = p+q
2
We are given that p is an even integer and that q is an odd integer.
The sum of an even integer and an odd integer is always an odd integer.
is an odd integer divided by two, which is never an integer.
Thus, p+q
2
Therefore, the given system of equations has no positive integer solutions.
Solution 2
We proceed as in part (a) by solving the system of equations by the method of elimination.
Adding the first equation to the second, we get 2x = p + q. Since the sum of an even integer and an odd integer is always an odd integer, the right side of the equation 2x = p + q
is always odd. However, the left side of this equation is always even for any integer x.
Therefore, the given system of equations has no positive integer solutions.
(c) The left side of the equation, x2 y 2 , is a difference of squares.
Factoring x2 y 2 , then the equation x2 y 2 = 420 becomes (x + y)(x y) = 420.
Since x and y are positive integers, then x + y is a positive integer.
Since (x + y)(x y) = 420 and x + y is a positive integer, then x y is a positive integer.
Since x and y are positive integers, then x + y > x y.
Thus, we are searching for pairs of positive integers whose product is equal to 420.
We list all of the possibilities below where x + y > x y:
x+y
420
210
140
105
84
70
60
42
35
30
28
21
xy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10
12
14
15
20
(x + y)(x y)
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
Each of the pairs of factors listed above determines a system of equations.

For example the first pair, 420 and 1, gives the system of equations:
x + y = 420
xy = 1
Page 4
From part (b), we know that for positive integer solutions (x, y) of this system of equations
to exist, one of the factors cannot be odd if the other is even.
Thus, we may eliminate the pairs of factors that have different parity (one factor is odd
and the other factor is even) from our table above.
The following possibilities remain:
x+y
210
70
42
30
xy
2
6
10
14
(x + y)(x y)
420
420
420
420
We also know from part (b), that to determine x for each of the 4 systems of equations
generated by the table above, we add the two factors and then divide the sum by 2.
The value of y is then determined by substituting x back into either equation.
We complete the solutions in the table below:
x+y
210
70
42
30
xy
2
6
10
14
(x + y)(x y)
420
420
420
420
2x
212
76
52
44
x
106
38
26
22
y
104
32
16
8
Therefore, the pairs of positive integers (x, y) that satisfy x2 y 2 = 420 are
(106, 104), (38, 32), (26, 16), and (22, 8).
4. (a) Construct the altitude of 4P QT from P to QT .
Let the length of the altitude be h.
Note that this altitude of 4P QT is also the altitude
of 4P T R.
The ratio of the area of 4P QT to the area of 4P T R
1
QT h
QT
6
3
2
=
=
= .
is 1
TR
10
5
TR h
2
10
(b) From part (a), we can generalize the fact that if two triangles have their bases along the
same straight line and they share a common vertex that is not on this line, then the ratio
of their areas is equal to the ratio of the lengths of their bases.
This generalization will be used throughout the solutions to parts (b) and (c).
We will also adopt the notation |4XY Z| to represent the area of 4XY Z.
|4AEF |
AF
3
Using the fact above,
=
= . Thus, |4AEF | = 3|4DEF | = 3(17) = 51.
|4DEF |
FD
1
Then, |4AED| = |4AEF | + |4DEF | = 51 + 17 = 68.
|4ECD|
EC
2
Also,
=
= . Thus, |4ECD| = 2 |4AED| = 2(68) = 136.
|4AED|
AE
1
Then, |4DCA| = |4ECD| + |4AED| = 136 + 68 = 204.
BD
1
|4BDA|
BD
1
Since D is the midpoint of BC,
= , and
=
= .
DC
1
|4DCA|
DC
1
Then, |4BDA| = |4DCA| = 204 and |4ABC| = |4BDA|+|4DCA| = 204+204 = 408.

(c) Let the area of 4P Y V , 4P ZU , 4U XP , and
4XV P , be a, b, c, and d, respectively.
|4P Y V |
VY
4
Since
=
= ,
|4P Y W |
YW
3
then |4P Y V | = 34 |4P Y W | = 43 (30) = 40.
Thus, a = 40.
|4V ZW |
ZW
|4P ZW |
Also,
=
=
or
|4V ZU |
ZU
|4P ZU |
|4V ZW | |4P ZU | = |4P ZW | |4V ZU |.
Page 5
U
X
d
a
V
35
30
|4V ZU |
|4V ZW |
35 + 30 + 40
105
3
=
=
=
= .
|4P ZU |
|4P ZW |
35
35
1
|4V ZU |
3
b+c+d
3
Therefore,
= , or
= or b + c + d = 3b and c + d = 2b.
|4P ZU |
1
b
1
|4U V Y |
VY
4
40 + c + d
4
Next,
=
= , so
= .
|4U Y W |
YW
3
30 + 35 + b
3
Since c + d = 2b, we have 3(40 + 2b) = 4(65 + b), so 120 + 6b = 260 + 4b,
then 2b = 140 and b = 70.
UX
|4U XP |
35 + b + c
c
|4U XW |
=
=
, or
= .
Next,
|4XV W |
XV
|4XV P |
30 + a + d
d
105 + c
c
Since b = 70 and a = 40,
= , or d(105 + c) = c(70 + d).
70 + d
d
d
70
2
2
Thus, 105d + cd = 70c + cd or 105d = 70c, and =
= or d = c.
c
105
3
3
Since c + d = 2b = 2(70) = 140, we have c + d = c + 32 c = 53 c = 140, or c = 35 (140) = 84.
Therefore, the area of 4U XP is 84.
Thus,

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Canadian

2010 Galois Contest

2010 Galois Contest Solutions

1. (a) Emilys new showerhead uses 13 L of water per minute.

2010 Galois Contest Solutions

Each of the pairs of factors listed above determines a system of equations.

2010 Galois Contest Solutions

2010 Galois Contest Solutions

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